雷射測距導引在戰場上應用，一定要有鎖碼功能，才能針對指定目標完成任 務。密碼是機密製定，在本研究中將避免去量測及分析密碼。但是我們已對要標 碼的技術如調頻、調幅、脈衝率數，以及實際戰術時序等，技術性能力，都說明 了，也有了可以設定密碼的能力了。
LTD for terminal weapons guidance. Most aircraft capable of delivering LGBs can provide on-board autonomous self-designation. Assisted LGB employment uses an off-board LTD for terminal weapons guidance. This is typically accomplished by a ground team operating a designator (such as a G/VLLD) or by another aircraft (known as "buddy lasing").
Assisted LGB employment is often required by aircraft without on-board LTDs (such as A/OA-10s or AV-8Bs) that cancarry and deliver LGBs but have no on-board terminal weapons guidance capability.
‧ The OH-58D Kiowa Warrior is equipped with LTDs. The AH-64A Apache also has an LTD, but it cannot acquire or designate (lase) a small segment of laser codes (1711-1788).
‧ The USMC AH-1W possesses an LTD compatible with all LGWs, including HELLFIRE missiles.
c. Coded Laser Acquisition and/or Spot Trackers
‧ Coded laser acquisition and/or spot trackers are systems which allow visual acquisition of a coded laser designated target. LSTs must be set to the same code as the coded laser target designator in order for the user to see the target being designated. In the case of airborne LSTs, the aircrew acquires the laser designated "spot" (target) and either employs LGBs through use of an LTD or executes visual deliveries of non-laser ordnance. The airborne platforms having coded laser acquisition and/or spot trackers are shown in Figure A-4.
The OH-58D Kiowa Warrior and AH-1W, SH-60B and HH-60H do not have "true" LSTs.
However, if these aircraft are carrying HELLFIRE, the missile can provide some target cueing. The on-board HELLFIRE missile's seeker head sensor provides target symbology in the cockpit display of what is being designated by the helicopter's on-board coded laser designator or any other laser source.
·· Codes. The laser designator and the LGW on the helicopter must be on the same code.
HELLFIRE LGM codes can be set or changed from the cockpit, allowing the aircrew to match the ground laser designator's code. LGM designator coding is important because it prevents the seeker from homing in on other reflected laser energy.·· Laser-Target Line. The laser-target line must be given to the aircrew in degrees magnetic.
(U) Figure A-G-1. OH-58D Mast-Mounted Sight (Army)
OH-58D MAST-MOUNTED SIGHT (ARMY) Description: MMS is an electro-optical system mounted
above the rotor system in a gyro-stabilized turret incorporating a low light-level television, digital thermal imaging system, and LRF/D Function: Sight system is used to detect and identify enemy
targets while the aircraft is masked
LRF/D is used to locate targets utilizing either GRID or LAT/LONG, self-lase its own weapons or designate for all US or NATO standard LGWs Platform: OH-58D (I) KIOWA WARRIOR
Employment: Employment: Provides day, night, adverse-weather target detection and identification
Employed as a scout or as light division attack helicopters PRF Codes: Four Digits
In-flight selectable
System-Unique Capabilities: Tracks stationary or moving targets manually or automatically
Automatically points to 8 digit or LAT/LONG grid for target acquisition
Incorporates digital communications system (ATHS) interface with artillery and LONGBOW APACHE (IDM)
Limitations: As discussed in Chapter II, "Planning Considerations,
" for laser designators
Field of View: Ranges from 2 to 10 degrees depending on the sight and magnification selected
Figure A-G-1.
OH-58D Mast-Mounted Sight (Army)
(U) Figure A-H-1. AH-1W Night Targeting System (Marine Corps)
AH-1W NIGHT TARGETING SYSTEM (MARINE CORPS) Description: Laser designator and rangefinder with FLIR,
direct-view and Coupled Charge Display sensors Function: Same as description
Platform: AH-1W
Employment: Provides day, night, and limited adverse weather target ranging and laser designation capability Used to engage point targets with TOW or Hellfire missiles
PRF Codes: Four digits
In-flight selectable
System-Unique Capabilities: Tracks targets manually or automatically Can launch using direct or indirect methods Limitations: No Air Data Sensor to automatically optimize
FLIR picture
Field of View: Ranges from 1.0 to 30 degrees depending on the sight and magnification selected
Figure A-H-1.
AH-1W Night Targeting System (Marine Corps)
U) Figure A-S-1. AGM-114 HELLFIRE Missile (Army, Marine Corps, and Navy)
AGM-114 HELLFIRE MISSILE (ARMY, MARINE CORPS, AND NAVY)
Description: Third-generation air-launched, antiarmor, laser-guided missile
Function: Used in conjunction with a ground or airborne laser designator
Platform: AH-1W, AH-64, OH-58D, SH-60B, and HH-60H Employment: Employed against armor or other hard
point-type targets
Autonomous designation or "buddy lasing"
for other launch platforms PRF Codes: Four digits
In-flight selectable
System-Unique Capabilities: Can launch using direct or indirect methods
Can employ single, rapid, or ripple firing techniques Seeker lock-on options are LOAL or LOBL
Limitations: As discussed in Chapter II, "Planning Considerations," for all LGWs
Only AGM-114 B/K missiles are authorized aboard Navy ships
Figure A-S-1.
AGM-114 HELLFIRE Missile (Army, Marine Corps, and Navy)
a. General. Laser designators and seekers use a pulse coding system to ensure that a specific seeker and designator combination work in harmony. By setting the same code in both the designator and the seeker, the seeker will track only the energy with the correct coding. The seeker will track the first correctly coded, significant laser energy it sees. The seeker will always lock on to the most powerful return in its view.
The pulse coding used by all systems discussed in this manual is based on PRF.
b. Designator and Seeker Pulse Codes. The designator and seeker pulse codes use a
modified octal system that uses the numerical digits "1" through "8." The codes are
directly correlated to a specific PRF, but the code itself is not the PRF and therefore can be communicated in the clear as required. Depending on the laser equipment, either a three- or four-digit code can be set. Three-digit code equipment settings range from 111 to 788. Four-digit code equipment settings range from 1111 to 1788.The three-and four-digit code equipment is compatible, and any mix of equipment can be used in all types of laser operations. However, when using a mix of three- and four-digit code equipment, all personnel must understand that the first digit of a
four-digit code is always set to numerical digit "1". The remaining three digits will
be set to match the three digits of the three-digit code equipment. As an example, a three-digit code of 657 would be set to 1657 on a four-digit code system or vice versa.The G/VLLD only allows for three numbers to be set. Upon receipt of a 4-digit code, the operator must delete the first number and set the last three numbers on the G/VLLD.
NOTE: Higher PRF (lower number codes) provide greater laser energy for the seeker and LSTs to receive, and so provide a greater opportunity for success.
Lower codes also require more power and so cause shorter battery life.
c. Multiple Codes. Coding allows simultaneous or nearly simultaneous attacks on multiple targets by a single aircraft, or flights of aircraft, employing LGWs set on different codes. This tactic may be employed when several high-priority targets need to be attacked expeditiously and can be designated simultaneously by the supported unit(s).