Grammar

构词法 (Word Building)

了解英语单词的构成规律，对我们记忆、使用单词都有帮助。英语构词的方法主要有三 种，即合成、派生（加前缀、后缀）和转化。　　　　　　　

1. 合成词由两个或两个以上的词合并而成，又称为复合词。常见合成方式如下表：

常用合成方式

2. 派生词是指在一个单词的前面或后面加一个词缀而形成的新词。常见的词汇前缀、后缀 如下表：

常见的词汇前缀

前 缀 构 成 方 法 例 词

un- 加在某些形容词前，

构成其反义词

happy adj. (幸福的) — unhappy adj. (不幸福的) important adj. (重要的) — unimportant adj. (不重要的)

dis-加在某些动词、形容 词或名词前，构成其 反义词

appear v. (出现) — disappear v. (消失)

honest adj. (诚实的) — dishonest adj. (不诚实的) order n. (秩序) — disorder n. (紊乱)

en- 加在某些名词或形容

词前构成及物动词

courage n. (勇气) — encourage v. (鼓励) large adj. (大的) — enlarge v. (扩大)

类 别 构 成 方 法 例 词

复合名词

名词 + 名词 形容词 + 名词 副词 + 名词 名词 + 动词

weekend basketball blackboard midnight outdoor outside sunrise sunset

复合代词

代词宾格或物主代词 + self (selves) some (any, no) + one (body, thing)

myself yourself himself herself ourselves themselves

something somebody someone anything anybody anyone nothing nobody

常见的词汇后缀

3. 转化。英语中，有的词可能具有几种词性，而词性的确定取决于该词在句子中的作用。

例如：　

That way, the wind and water don’t carry the soil away. （water “水”为名词）

Please remember to water your plants. （water “浇水”为动词）

The show starts on March 21. （show “节目”为名词）

Mary will show you the best way to grow roses. （show “展示”为动词）

Let me have a try. （try “尝试”为名词）

I will try to improve myself. （try “努力”为动词）

Marco Polo wrote a famous book about his travels to China. （book “书”为名词）

I will book tickets online. （book “预定”为动词）

不定代词some, any (Indefinite Pronouns: some, any)

some与any是表示不定数量的代词，意思是“一些”，具有名词和形容词的性质。

1. some在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。作定语时，后接可数名词复数形式，也可以接不可

后 缀 构 成 方 法 例 词

-ment -ing -er -or -ion -tion

加在某些动词后，构成名词

develop v. (发展) — development n. (发展) meet v. (遇见) — meeting n. (会议) teach v. (讲授) — teacher n. (教师) act v. (表演) — actor n. (男演员) discuss v. (讨论) — discussion n. (讨论) explain v. (解释) — explanation n. (解释) -ful

-y -ly

加在某些名词后，构成形容词

care n. (小心) — careful adj. (小心的) wind n. (风) — windy adj. (有风的)

friend n. (朋友) — friendly adj. (友好的) week n. (星期) — weekly adj. (每周的)

-less 加在某些名词后，构成词义相

反的形容词

care n. (谨慎) — careless adj. (粗心的) home n. (家) — homeless adj. (无家可归的) -ness 加在某些形容词后，构成名词 dark adj. (黑暗的) — darkness n. (黑暗)

happy adj. (幸福的) — happiness n. (幸福) -ly 加在某些形容词后，构成副词 busy adj. (忙的) — busily adv. (忙地)

clear adj. (清楚的) — clearly adv. (清楚地)

Some of the little ones are chasing each other. (作主语) I have seen some of your paintings. (作宾语)

I’ll send some to Li Ming. (作宾语)

I heard some new animals arrived at the zoo. (作定语) Danny would like some water. (作定语)

注意：

some也用在征询对方意见、建议的一般疑问句中，表示委婉、礼貌。例如：

Would you like some tea, please?

Do you need some help?

2. any常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，在句中作定语或宾语。例如：

The grocery had many traditional foods, but I didn’t know any of them. (作宾语) Sorry, I don’t have any crayons. (作定语) Did you have any trouble finding your way here? (作定语) Are there any pandas here? (作定语) You can take any of these books. (作宾语) We probably won’t see any flowers until May or June! (作定语) If you have any news about that, tell me right away. (作定语) 注意：

any 用于肯定句中表示“任何”的意思。例如：

You can choose any book you like.

if引导的条件状语从句 (Adverbial Clause with “if”)

从属连词if引导的条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样，用现在时表示将来。if的意思是“如

果，假如”。从句位于句首时，从句与主句间用逗号隔开。例如：

If we have a meeting for our club, I’ll book tickets online.

If I work hard this evening, I’ll complete my research.

If all of us make a small change in our life, it will make a big difference to our environment.

I’ll go with you tomorrow if I have time.

What will happen if he comes to our neighbourhood?

常见的引导条件状语从句的连词或词组还有unless (除非)，as long as (只要)等。例如：

One can’t learn a foreign language unless he studies hard.

As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.

宾语从句 (Object Clause)

在复合句中作宾语的从句叫作宾语从句。在某些动词、形容词和介词之后都可以带有宾语 从句。

1. 及物动词后由连接代词引导的宾语从句

常用的连接代词有：that, what, who, which, whose等等。例如：

I never knew that garbage was so interesting.

Take what you need. Give what you can.

Do you know who he is?

I can’t remember whose coat it was.

常跟连接代词that引导宾语从句的动词有：agree, believe, decide, hear, hope, imagine, know, notice, say, see, think, wish等等。在口语和非正式文体中，连接代词that可以省略。例如：

Do you know (that) our basketball team is going to play in another city?

Ms. Liu believes (that) most people want to be honest.

2. 及物动词后由连接副词引导的宾语从句

常用的连接副词有：how, when, where, why等等。例如：

Could you tell me how we can get there?

Did anyone find out when the Olympics began?

3. 某些形容词后的宾语从句

常用的形容词有：sure, glad, sorry, happy, afraid等等。例如：

I’m afraid I can’t afford it.

I’m sure you’ll like this experiment!

注意：

宾语从句中，主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，从句的谓语动词按句子意思可用任 何时态；主句的谓语动词是过去时，从句的谓语动词多用过去时态，若从句表示的是客观 真理或永久性情况，通常用现在时态。

副词的比较级和最高级 (Comparative and Superlative Adverbs)

八年级上册归纳总结了形容词的比较级和最高级的构成及用法。副词比较级和最高级的构

成及用法与形容词基本相同，只是在副词最高级前的定冠词the可以省略。其构成和用法举例如

下：

1. 在单音节词和少数双音节词 (如：early) 词尾，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。例如：

hard — harder — hardest；slow — slower — slowest；early — earlier — earliest Push harder!

The days are getting longer and the sun rises earlier in the morning.

It lets us get things done more quickly.

3. 下列副词的比较级和最高级的变化不规则，需特殊记忆。

well — better — best；much — more — most little — less — least；far — farther — farthest By working together, they perform better.

Mine flew farther than Jenny’s airplane, but Brian’s flew (the) farthest.

现在完成时态

现在完成时由助动词have (has) + 过去分词构成，表示动作发生在过去，但仍然和现在有联 系。在八年级上册，我们学习了现在完成时的两种基本用法：

1. 表示到现在为止动作已经完成或刚刚完成，但结果影响到现在。例如：

They have mastered all the bakery skills.

（学习烘烤的动作已经完成，这项技能的掌握影响到现在。）

2. 表示开始于过去、并延续到现在（或将继续进行或刚停止）的动作或状态，常跟表示一 段时间的状语连用。例如：

I have been in Canada for two weeks.

We have lived here since 2000.

另外，英语中的动词按其动作发生的方式、过程的长短分为延续性动词和瞬间动词。瞬

间动词往往是不能用现在完成时表持续性的，但这些动词的否定结构则可以用在现在完成时。

例如：

I haven’t seen you for ages.

My mum hasn’t bought anything for three months.

被动语态

语态是表示主语和动词之间关系的动词形式。英语动词分为主动和被动两种语态。主动语 态表示主语是动作的发出者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：

People named the first passenger train the Rocket. (主动语态) The first passenger train was named the Rocket. (被动语态) They called this dance the pow-wow. (主动语态) This dance was called the pow-wow. (被动语态)

被动语态由“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”构成（be有人称和数的变化），被动语态强

调动作的承受者，其执行者有时不必提及，如要提及，用“by+动作执行者”短语。例如：

The Olympic slogan is created by the host city.

I am not so easily cheated.

These dry places are called deserts.

A girl was hit by a car at 15 Park Road.

Were these words written last week?

The date of the All-Star Game will be announced next Thursday.