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利用碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質防治作物白粉病

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(1)Plant Pathology Bulletin 14:125-132, 2005. 利用碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質防治作物白粉病 謝廷芳1,2. 黃晉興1. 謝麗娟1. 臺中縣霧峰鄉 行政院農業委員會農業試驗所植病組 聯絡作者,E-mail: tfhsieh@wufeng.tari.gov.tw,傳真:+886-4-23302803 接受日期:中華民國 94 年 5 月 26 日. 1 2. 摘 要 謝廷芳、黃晉興、謝麗娟 . 2005. 利用碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質防治作物白粉病 . 植病會刊 14:125132. 測試 0.5、1.0 及 2.0% (w/v) 碳酸氫鈉、碳酸氫鉀及碳酸氫銨等三種重碳酸鹽對番茄白粉病 菌(Oidium neolycopersici)、豌豆白粉病菌 (Erysiphe pisi) 及玫瑰白粉病菌 (Sphaerotheca pannosa) 等孢子發芽的影響,發現均可有效降低孢子發芽率,其中以碳酸氫鈉與碳酸氫鉀的效果最佳, 且在 0.5% (w/v) 時即可表現顯著 (p<0.05) 的抑菌效果。以切離葉測試重碳酸鹽類與聚電解質 FO4490SH 抑制番茄白粉病的效果,顯示 0.5% (w/v) 碳酸氫鈉、碳酸氫鉀與 0.03% (w/v) FO4490SH 均可有效降低白粉病的發生,其中以前兩者的抑病效果最明顯,而碳酸氫銨則無法 有效降低白粉病。田間測試 0.5% (w/v)碳酸氫鉀、0.03% (w/v) 聚電解質 FO4490SH、二者混合 液及化學藥劑等對番茄、豌豆及玫瑰白粉病的防治效果,發現碳酸氫鉀、碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質 混合均可有效降低白粉病的發生,防病效果與化學藥劑之間呈不明顯差異 (p>0.05),三者的防 治率均達 83.2% 以上;而聚電解質的抑病效果則較其他三種處理的效果為差,且聚電解質與碳 酸氫鉀混合液並未能增進病害防治效果。由豌豆白粉病的田間試驗發現,噴水處理亦具有抑制 白粉病的效果,與對照不噴水處理之間呈顯著差異 ( p < 0 . 0 5 )。綜合三個田間試驗結果,顯示 0.5%(w/v) 碳酸氫鉀的防病效力與化學藥劑無異,可推荐給農民使用。 關鍵詞:番茄、豌豆、玫瑰、白粉病、重碳酸鹽、聚電解質、防治. 緒 言 白粉病為世界性的植物病害,尤其在溫帶地區常 造成嚴重的產量損失,例如由 Leveillula taurica (Lev). Arn.引起的番茄白粉病可造成 40% 的產量損失 (15)。在 台灣本病好發於秋末春初,尤其在設施內栽培番茄、洋 香瓜(32)、胡瓜、玫瑰(19)等作物時,常造成嚴重的為害。 防治本病多仰賴化學藥劑防治 (1, 5, 21) ,缺點是極易產 生抗藥性 (20, 23, 32)及農藥殘留等問題。有鑑於此,開發替 代性方法如栽植抗病品種 (9, 32)、生物防治 (16, 21, 29, 30, 34) 、以 矽化合物 (24)與磷或鉀鹽 (28)誘導抗病性、噴佈抗蒸散劑或 高分子薄膜 (8, 13, 36, 37, 38, 39)、核胺光動素 (33)、礦物油或植物 油 (17, 21, 22, 27)、重碳酸鹽 (21, 39)、植物萃取液 (4, 18, 26) ,以及噴 水(16, 19) 等方式來防治白粉病的發生,一時蔚為風氣,而 且具有相當良好的成效。 台灣秋冬季常見 Oidium neolycopersici L. Kiss 引起. 番茄白粉病、 E rysiphe pisi DC. 引起豌豆白粉病及 Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lev 引起玫瑰白粉病。研 究指出在葉表噴佈抗蒸散劑及重碳酸鹽,可有效降低 白粉病的發生 (39);謝和黃兩氏曾報導陽離子型聚電解質 可在葉表上形成薄膜,並降低百合灰黴病的發生 (14)。因 此,本研究的目的擬評估碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質於田間 防治上述三種作物白粉病發生的可行性,以提供農民 除化學藥劑之外的另一項選擇。. 材料與方法 病原菌的製備 由田間取回自然感染白粉病的番茄 (Ly c o p e r s i c o n e s c u l e n t u m M i l l . )、豌豆 (Pisum sativum L.) 及玫瑰 (Rosa r u g o s a Thunb.) 罹病葉片,其病原菌分別為.

(2) 126. 植物病理學會刊 第 14 卷 第 2 期 2005. Oidium neolycopersici、Erysiphe pisi 及 Sphaerotheca p a n n o s a,以無菌水將葉表面的白粉病菌先行沖洗下 來,再將罹病葉之葉柄以濕棉花包被,置於 100% 相對. 水做為對照組。將各處理之番茄葉片以取自田間之番 茄白粉病菌孢子進行噴霧接種,孢子懸浮液製備如上 述,接種時以葉片結 0.2-0.5mm 大小之水珠為度,處. 濕度的濕室中,於 24℃ 下培養四至七天。俟新的孢子 產生後,以無菌水將孢子洗下,經二層紗布過濾,再 以離心機 (Sigma 3K12, Laboratory centrifuges, Martin. 理後蓋上皿蓋保濕,置於 2 4℃ 黑暗定溫箱下 10 天 後,記錄葉片罹白粉病的面積率。. Christ, West Germany) 3000g 離心 10 分鐘,去除上層 液,加入無菌水再離心,連續二次,然後以血球計數 器 (hemacytometer) 計量,並加水調整孢子濃度為. 作物白粉病罹病度的調查與計算. 1x105 spore/ml 備用。. 重碳酸鹽與聚電解質的製備. 記錄番茄白粉病的罹病度 (disease severity) 時,由 上而下估算五個枝條,每個枝條記錄五個複葉,每個 複葉計有七個葉片;調查玫瑰白粉病的罹病度時,先 由小區選取中央 15 株,每株由頂端葉開始調查 10 組. 將試藥級碳酸氫鈉 (NaHCO3)、碳酸氫鉀 (KHCO3) 及碳酸氫銨 (NH4HCO3)(Yakuri Pure Chemicals Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan) 等三種重碳酸鹽與無菌水分別配成. 複葉,記錄發病葉數及罹病度。將葉片罹病度分成 5 級:0=無病斑;1=1∼5 個病斑;2=6∼15 個病斑; 3=16∼30 個病斑,4=31∼50 個病斑;5=50 個病斑 以上,再依公式「罹病度%=Σ(罹病指數×該指數罹病. 1.0%、2.0% 及 4.0%(w/v) 溶液,貯藏於 5℃ 定溫箱中 備用。 稱取陽離子型聚電解質 FO4490SH [polyelectrolyte,. 葉數) (5×總調查葉數)×100%」計算出罹病度。 記錄豌豆白粉病的罹病度時,由小區逢機選取 10 株植株,每株由基部開始調查 10 組複葉,每個複葉共. poly(acrylamide / dimethylamino ethyl-methacrylate cationic monomer)] (SNF, St-Etienne cedex, France),於 使用前 24 小時先以無菌水配成 0.2% (w/v) 母液備用。. 二個葉片,記錄葉片罹病情形。罹病度之計算係將葉 片罹病面積分成 4 級:0=無病斑;1=1∼10% 葉片面 積罹病;2=11∼25% 面積罹病;3=26∼50% 面積罹. 重碳酸鹽與聚電解質對三種白粉病菌孢子發芽的 影響. 病,4=51% 以上面積罹病,再依公式「罹病度 %=Σ (罹病指數×該指數罹病葉數 ) ( 4×總調查葉數 )× 100%」計算出罹病度。. 取 15μl 上述不同濃度的三種重碳酸鹽分別與上述 等量的 O. neolycopersici、E. pisi 及 S. pannosa 等三種 白粉病菌孢子懸浮液混合,另以稀釋成 0.04% 和. 碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質防治番茄白粉病的效果. 0 . 0 6 % ( w / v ) 的聚電解質 F O 4 4 9 0 S H 與等量的 O. n e o l y c o p e r s i c i 孢子懸浮液混合,滴於 8 孔載玻片 上,每處理四重複,以無菌水作為對照組。載玻片以. 試驗田的塑膠布簡易溫室中進行。試驗採逢機完全區 集設計,將種植 1.5 個月的番茄栽培田各劃分成 20 小 區,每小區大小為 3.0x0.6 m。於發病初期 (5月16日). 三角玻璃環墊高,置於含 10 毫升無菌水的 9 公分培養 皿內,蓋上皿蓋,套上封口袋保濕,置於 24℃ 黑暗定 溫箱下 48 小時後,取出玻片以顯微鏡觀察孢子發芽情. 分別處理 0.5% (w/v) 碳酸氫鉀水溶液、0.03% (w/v) 聚 電解質 FO4490SH 溶液、兩者混合液及 5% 三泰隆可 濕性粉劑 (5% Triadimenol WP, 興農股份有限公司,台. 形,發芽管長度超過孢子寬度始判定為發芽,每重複 記錄 100 個孢子。. 中縣) 2000 倍稀釋液共四處理,並以自來水處理為對照 組,每處理四重複。每星期噴施一次,噴佈藥液以整 株葉片濕潤至滴落為度,連續三次,並於第 2 次噴施. 切離葉評估重碳酸鹽與聚電解質防治番茄白粉病 的效果. 前 (5 月 23 日) 及第 3 次噴施後第 7 天 (6 月 6 日) 依上 述罹病度調查方法記錄病害之罹病度。. 由溫室取回生長一個月的番茄 (農友 301 品種) 植 株葉片,以自來水沖洗乾淨後,以吸水紙吸乾葉片表 面的水滴,葉柄以濕棉花包裹,將葉片葉表朝上,並 以三角玻璃環墊高,置於含 10 毫升無菌水的 9 公分培 養皿內。處理時每片葉片表面以中脈分為兩部份,一 部份分別處理 0.5% (w/v) 三種重碳酸鹽溶液或 0.03% (w/v) 聚電解質 FO4490SH 溶液,另一部份則處理無菌. 田間防治試驗於西元 2000 年 4∼6 月份在農試所. 碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質防治豌豆白粉病的效果 田間試驗於西元 2000 年 2∼3 月份在農試所試驗 田的塑膠布簡易溫室中進行。試驗採逢機完全區集設 計,將栽培田各劃分成 24 小區,每小區以栽培土 (滿 地王 2 號介質,農友種苗公司) 種植 20 株豌豆 (黑目品 種),每包栽培土種植四株碗豆,並以立網固定植株,.

(3) 碳酸氫鉀防治作物白粉病. 127. 每處理四重複。於發病初期 (3 月 4 日) 開始處理 0.5%. E. pisi 及 S. pannosa 等三種白粉病菌的發芽率均不高,. (w/v) 碳 酸 氫 鉀 水溶 液 、 0.03% (w/v) 聚電 解 質. 介於 29.8∼35.0% 之間。以 0.5、1.0、2.0%(w/v) 三種. FO4490SH 溶液、兩者混合液及 5% 三泰隆可濕性粉劑. 重碳酸鹽處理孢子,發現均可降低孢子發芽率,其中. ( Triadimenol) 2000 倍稀釋液共四處理,每處理四重. 以碳酸氫鈉與碳酸氫鉀的抑菌效果最佳 (表一)。在不. 複,並以噴水與不噴水處理作為對照組。每隔 7 天噴. 同重碳酸鹽濃度處理下,碳酸氫銨抑制白粉病菌的能. 施 1 次,連續 3 次。並依前述罹病度調查方法於第 2. 力會隨著使用濃度的增加而增加;而碳酸氫鈉與碳酸. 次噴施前 (3 月 11 日)及第 3 次噴施後第 7 天 (3 月 25. 氫鉀的抑菌效果則在三種濃度處理間無顯著差異性. 日) 記錄葉片罹病度。. (p>0.05),亦即在 0.5%(w/v) 下即可表現顯著的抑菌效 果 (表一)。聚電解質 FO4490SH 亦能降低番茄白粉病. 碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質防治玫瑰白粉病的效果 在西元 2000 年 3 月份,於南投縣草屯鎮玫瑰栽培 區進行防治白粉病的田間試驗。玫瑰品種為加娜紅。 田間試驗採逢機完全區集設計﹐每小區 20 株,四重 複。於發病初期 (3 月 7 日) 開始處理 0.5%(w/v) 碳酸氫 鉀水溶液、0.03% (w/v) 聚電解質 FO4490SH 溶液、兩. 菌的孢子發芽率,惟抑菌效力較碳酸氫鈉或碳酸氫鉀 為差 (表一)。. 切離葉評估重碳酸鹽與聚電解質防治番茄白粉病 的效果 番茄切離葉處理三種重碳酸鹽類與聚電解質. 者混合液及 30% 白粉松乳劑 (30% Pyrazophos EC, 興農. FO4490SH 十天後觀察白粉病的感染情形,顯示. 股份有限公司,台中縣) 2000 倍稀釋液加展著劑「全透. 0.5(w/v) 碳酸氫鈉、碳酸氫鉀與 0.03% (w/v) FO4490SH. 力」1000 倍,共四處理,並以水作為對照組。每隔 7. 溶液均可有效降低白粉病的發生,其中以前兩者的抑. 天噴施 1 次,連續 3 次。並依前述罹病度調查方法於. 病效果最明顯,而碳酸氫銨則無法有效降低白粉病. 第 2 次噴施前 (3 月 14 日) 及第 3 次噴施後第 7 天 ( 3. (圖一)。. 月 28 日)記錄葉片罹病度。. 碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質防治番茄白粉病的效果. 結 果 重碳酸鹽與聚電解質對三種白粉病菌孢子發芽的 影響 在 24℃ 下經 48 小時的觀察,O. neolycopersici、. 田間塑膠布簡易溫室中番茄白粉病於三月初自然 發病,發病時由下位葉開始出現白粉病的病斑。於第 一次噴藥前調查白粉病的罹病度,發現各區罹病度之 間無明顯差異性。在第二次噴藥前,即處理後一星期 調查各處理之白粉病罹病度,發現 0.5% (w/v) 碳酸氫. 表一、碳酸氫鹽與聚電解質 (FO4493SH) 對三種白粉病菌孢子發芽的影響 Table 1. Effect of bicarbonates and polyeletctrolyte FO4490SH on spore germination of three powdery mildew pathogens Spore germination (%) 1 Treatment Concentration (%) Oidium neolycopersici Erysiphe pisi Sphaerotheca pannosa Water (Check) 35.0 a2 32.5 a 29.8 a N a H C O3 0.5 3.0 e 1.5 d 3.0 d 1.0 0.3 e 1.0 d 3.0 d 2.0 0.3 e 0.7 d 2.0 d K H C O3 0.5 2.3 e 1.0 d 3.5 d 1.0 0.5 e 0.5 d 1.0 d 2.0 0.8 e 0.3 d 1.0 d N H4 H C O3 0.5 17.8 c 20.8 b 24.5 b 1.0 8.5 d 10.3 c 15.5 c 2.0 3.0 e 3.7 d 12.0 c FO4490SH 0.03 20.0 c ND ND 0.02 28.0 b ND ND The percentage of spore germination was determined 48 hr after incubation at 24 ℃. , Data in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05) according to Duncan s multiple range test. 3 ND: Not determined. 1. 2.

(4) 128. 植物病理學會刊 第 14 卷 第 2 期 2005 水處理間呈明顯差異性 (p<0.05),其結果與處理後一星 期之調查結果相仿,不噴水對照組的罹病度達 69.8%, 而 0.5% (w/v) 碳酸氫鉀、碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質混合 液、5% 三泰隆可濕性粉劑等三種處理的白粉病罹病度 則在 5.0% 以下 (表三)。. 碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質防治玫瑰白粉病的效果 在噴藥前調查玫瑰白粉病的發生情形,顯示未處 理前之白粉病罹病度並無顯著差異 (p=0.05);第二次噴 施前調查結果顯示,各種處理的白粉病罹病度皆比對 照噴水處理的罹病度低,其中碳酸氫鉀和聚電解質混 合液已具明顯的 (p<0.05) 防治功效;第三次噴施後 7 天之調查顯示,30% 白粉松乳劑 2000 倍稀釋液、0.5% 圖一、以切離葉評估重碳酸鹽與聚電解質防治番茄白 粉病的效果。 Fig. 1. Effect of bicarbonates and polyelectrolyte FO4490SH on disease severity of tomato powdery mildew. Detached leaf method was performed at 24 ℃ for 10 days as described in materials and methods. The concentrations of chemicals were 0.5% (w/v) for three bicarbonates and 0.03% (w/v) for polyelectrolyte FO4490SH.. (w/v) 碳酸氫鉀溶液及碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質混合液均具 有明顯的防治功效,而聚電解質 FO4490SH 雖可降低 罹病度,然在分析上與對照組之差異不明顯 (表四)。. 討 論 本研究於實驗室中測試碳酸氫鈉 (NaHCO3) 或稱小 蘇打、碳酸氫鉀 (KHCO3)、碳酸氫銨 (NH4HCO3) 等三 種含有重碳酸根 (HCO3-) 之重碳酸鹽 (bicarbonates),. 鉀、0.03% (w/v) 聚電解質 FO4490SH、碳酸氫鉀與聚 電解質混合液、 5% 三泰隆可濕性粉劑 2000 倍等四種 處理均可有效降低白粉病的發生;惟聚電解質的抑病 效果較其他三種處理的效果為差,但與對照噴水處理 之間呈明顯差異性 ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) (表二 )。第三次噴施後 7 天,即第一次處理後三星期之調查結果亦顯示,各種 處理間的番茄白粉病罹病度與對照組噴水處理間呈明 顯差異性 (p<0.05),其結果與處理後一星期之調查結果 相似。對照組噴水處理的白粉病罹病度達 30.0%,處理 聚電解質者罹病度為 14.3%,而其餘處理的罹病度則低 於 4.0% (表二)。. 以及聚電解質 FO4490S H對作物白粉病菌孢子發芽及 病害發生的影響,發現其中的碳酸氫鈉與碳酸氫鉀最 具抑制病原菌發芽及白粉病發生的功效。田間測試結 果亦顯示 0.5% (w/v) 碳酸氫鉀具有明顯降低番茄、豌 豆及玫瑰等白粉病發生的能力,其效果與推荐藥劑無 異。 重碳酸鹽類之中的碳酸氫鈉 (sodium bicarbonate)最 先被用於作物病害防治上 (11, 12) 。隨後,植物病理學家即 展開利用重碳酸鹽類防治作物病害的研究,期作為除 化學藥劑之外的另一項病害防治的選擇. (2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 21, 25, 38,. 。重碳酸鹽以防治作物白粉病為主,作物包括甜椒(7)、. 39). 番茄(6)、瓜類 (3, 21, 28, 39) 、葡萄 (10)、蘋果 (2)、木瓜 (31)、玫瑰 (12,. 碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質防治豌豆白粉病的效果 豌豆在種植一個月左右即開始由下位葉發生白粉 病,在發病初期調查各區白粉病的罹病度之間並無差 異性存在。在第二次噴施前調查各處理間白粉病發生 的情形,顯示各種處理的白粉病罹病度皆比對照不噴 水處理的罹病度低,其中 0.5%(w/v) 碳酸氫鉀、碳酸氫 鉀與聚電解質混合液、5% 三泰隆可濕性粉劑等三種處 理的防病效果最為顯著 (p<0.05);而噴水與聚電解質 二處理的防病效果稍差,但亦與對照不噴水處理之間 呈顯著差異 (p<0.05)(表三)。第三次噴施後 7 天之調查 結果亦顯示,各種處理間的白粉病罹病度與對照不噴. 、日衛芧 (38)、迷迭香 (25)等。重碳酸鹽類對人體無害,. 27). 而且對環境的衝擊非常小,在作物有機栽培的體系 中,成為病害防治不可或缺的一項利器。由於它具有 明顯的抑菌功效,已被全世界有機農園廣泛地接受與 應用。 Gale 與 Poljakoff-Mayber 兩氏 (1962) 利用抗蒸散 劑(S-789: a vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer emulsion) 在 葉表形成薄膜的特性,有效降低甜菜白粉病的發生, 首先證明抗蒸散劑具有預防葉部病害發生的潛力 (8)。近 年來,植病學者陸續證實利用此種類似角質層特性之 抗蒸散劑,可有效阻斷病原菌的入侵,進而達到預防.

(5) 碳酸氫鉀防治作物白粉病. 129. 表二、田間利用碳酸氫鉀和聚電解質 (FO4490SH) 防治番茄白粉病的效果 Table 2. Effect of potassium bicarbonate and polyelectrolyte (FO4490S) on control of tomato powdery mildew caused by Oidium neolycopersici in the field test Treatment Water (Check) 0.5% KHCO 3 0.03% FO4490SH 0.5% KHCO3 + 0.03% FO4490SH 5% Triadimenol 2000X. Disease severity (%) 1 1 wk 29.2 a2 4.2 c 20.9 b 2.6 c 2.4 c. 3 wk 33.0 a 4.0 c 14.3 b 0.7 c 0.8 c. 1. The disease severity rating was based on a scale of 0 to 5: 0 = healthy leaf; 1 = 1 to 5 spots on leaf; 2 = 6 to 15 spots on leaf; 3 = 16 to 30 spots on leaf; 4 = 31-50 spots on leaf, and 5 = over 50 spots on leaf. A disease severity (DS) for each replicate was calculated using the formula: DS % = Σ(nd)/T, where n = number of leaves in each rating, d = disease rating (0 to 5), and T = total number of leaves in each replicate. Data were determined 1 wk after first spray (on May 23, 2000), and 3 wk after first spray (on June 6, 2000), respectively. , 2 Means (n=4) in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05) according to Duncan s multiple range test.. 表三、田間利用碳酸氫鉀和聚電解質 (FO4490SH) 防治豌豆白粉病的效果 Table 3. Effect of potassium bicarbonate and polyelectrolyte (FO4490S) on control of pea powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi DC. in the field test Disease severity (%) 1 Treatment 1 wk 3 wk No Water (Check) 54.8 a2 69.8 a Water (Check) 13.3 b 46.7 b 0.5% KHCO 3 0.0 c 1.2 c 0.03% FO4490SH 20.1 b 36.4 b 0.5% KHCO 3 + 0.03% FO4490SH 1.0 c 5.0 c 5% Triadimenol 2000X 0.8 c 3.2 c The disease severity rating was based on a scale of 0 to 4: 0 = healthy leaf; 1 = 1 to 10% leaf area infection by powdery mildew; 2 = 11 to 25% leaf area infection; 3 = 26 to 50% leaf area infection; and 4 = over 50% leaf area infection. A disease severity (DS) for each replicate was calculated using the formula: DS % = Σ(nd)/T, where n = number of leaves in each rating, d = disease rating (0 to 4), and T = total number of leaves in each replicate. Data were determined 1 wk after first spray (on March 11, 2000), and 3 wk after first spray (on March 25, 2000), respectively. , 2 Means (n=4) in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05) according to Duncan s multiple range test.. 1. 表四、田間利用碳酸氫鉀和聚電解質 (FO4490SH) 防治玫瑰白粉病的效果 Table 4. Effect of potassium bicarbonate and polyelectrolyte (FO4490SH) on control of rose powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa in the field test Disease severity (%) 1 Treatment 1 wk 3 wk Water (Check) 13.1 a2 14.9 a 0.5% KHCO 3 6.3 ab 2.0 b 0.03% FO4490SH 8.0 ab 7.1 ab 0.5% KHCO 3 + 0.03% FO4490SH 4.8 b 2.1 b 30% Pyrazophos 2000X 6.3 ab 2.5 b The footnote was the same as Table 2. Data were determined 1 wk after first spray (on March 14, 2000), and 3 wk after first spray (on March 28, 2000), respectively. , 2 Means (n=3) in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05) according to Duncan s multiple range test. 1.

(6) 130. 植物病理學會刊 第 14 卷 第 2 期 2005. 植物病害發生的功效 (36)。例如抗蒸散劑可降低高粱、玉 米及小麥 (36)、大麥 (35)、繡球花與紫薇 (37) 等白粉病的發 生。另外,謝和黃氏 (1999) 發現陽離子型聚電解質 FO4490SH 不但可以降低百合灰黴病菌孢子發芽,並使 發芽的孢子不易侵入表皮組織,而且可有效抑制發芽 管中酯化酵素的分泌,以達到降低病害的目的 (14)。本研 究發現聚電解質 FO4490SH 亦可降低番茄白粉病菌孢 子的發芽率與白粉病的發生率,惟抑菌及防病效力不 若碳酸氫鉀顯著。 很多研究報告顯示重碳酸鹽配合抗蒸散劑或礦物 油可有效降低玫瑰 (12)、瓜類 (39)及日衛茅 (38)的白粉病。本 研究亦發現碳酸氫鉀配合聚電解質可顯著降低田間番 茄與豌豆白粉病的發生,但並未有加成的效果。然 而,試驗發現單獨使用碳酸氫鉀偶而會造成作物葉片 產生灼傷小藥斑的情形,而碳酸氫鉀添加聚電解質的 處理則不易產生葉片灼傷。綜合實驗室及田間各項試 驗結果得知碳酸氫鉀確實可用於防治作物白粉病,值 得推廣給農民使用。. 謝 辭 本計畫蒙農委會科技計畫經費補助,研究期間蒙 本所許清榮與張銘山先生協助田間試驗進行,英文摘 要復蒙柯文雄教授修正,謹致謝忱。. 引用文獻 (LITERATURE CITED) 1. A n t h o n y, A. P., Keinath, P., Vi rginia, V. B., and DuBose, B. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides for prevention and management of powdery mildew on watermelon. Plant Prot. 23: 35-42. 2. Beresford, R. M., Wearing, C. H., Marshall, R. R., Shaw, P. W., Spink, M., and Wood, P. N. 1996. Slaked lime, baking soda and mineral oil for black spot and powdery mildew control in apples. Pages 106-113 in: Proceedings of the Forty Ninth New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, O'Callaghan, M. (ed.) Quality Hotel Rutherford, Nelson, New Zealand, 13-15 August, 1996. 3. Casulli, F., Santomauro, A., and Faretra, F. 2000. Natural compounds in the control of powdery mildew on Cucurbitaceae. Bulletin OEPP 30: 209-212. 4. Daayf, F., Schmitt, A., and Be ′langer R. R. 1995. The effects of plant extracts of Reynoutria sachalinensis on powdery mildew development and leaf physiology of long English cucumber. Plant Dis. 79: 577-580. 5. Das, N. D. 1987. Study of the comparative efficacy of saprol with some other fungicides against powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC) of pea. Pesticides 21: 40-42.. 6. Demir, S., Gul, A., and Onogur, E. 1999. The effect of sodium bicarbonate on powdery mildew in tomato. Acta Hortic. 491: 449-452. 7. Fallik, E., Ziv, O., Grinberg, S., Alkalai, S., and Klein, J. D. 1997. Bicarbonate solutions control powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on sweet red pepper and reduce the development of postharvest fruit rotting. Phytoparasitica 25: 41-43. 8. Gale, J., and Poljakoff-Mayber, A. 1962. Prophylactic e ffect of a plant antitranspirant. Phytopathology 52:715-717. 9. Gawande, V.L., and Patil, J.V. 2003. Genetics of powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni D.C.) resistance in Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Crop Prot. 22: 567-571. 10. Henriquez, J. L., Montealegre, J., and Lira, W. 1998. Evaluation of ultra fine sun spray oil to control the powdery mildew (Uncinula necator Schw. Burr) of grapes. Invest. Agric. (Santiago). 18: 25-32. 11. Homma, Y., Arimoto, Y. and Misato, T. 1981. Studies on the control of plant diseases by sodium bicarbonate formulation. 2. Effect of sodium bicarbonate on each growth stage of cucumber powdery mildew fungus (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) in its life cycle. J. Pestic. Sci. 6:201-209 12. Horst, R.K., Kawamoto, S. O., and Porter, L.L. 1992. Effect of sodium bicarbonate and oils on the control of powdery mildew and black spot of roses. Plant Dis. 76: 247-251. 13. Hsieh, T. F., and Huang, J. W. 1997. Application of film-forming antitranspirants for control of plant diseases. Plant Pathol. Bull. 6: 89-94. (in Chinese with English abstract) 14. Hsieh, T. F., and Huang, J. W. 1999. Effect of filmforming polymers on control of lily leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica. Europ. J. Plant Pathol. 105(5): 501-508. 15. Jones, W.B., Thomson, S.V., 1987. Source of inoculum, yield, and quality of tomato as affected by Leveillula taurica. Plant Dis. 71: 266-268. 16. Jarvis, W. R. and Slingsby, K. 1977. The control of powdery mildew of greenhouse cucumber by water sprays and Ampelomyces quisqualis. Plant Dis. Reptr. 61: 728-730. 17. Ko, W. H., Wang, S. Y., Hsieh, T. F., and Ann, P. J. 2003. Effects of sunflower oil on tomato powdery mildew caused by Oidium neolycopersici . J. Phytopathol. 151(3): 144-148. 18. Konstantinidou-Doltsinis, S., and Schmitt, A. 1998. Impact of treatment with plant extracts from Reynoutria sachalinensis ( F. Schmidt) Nakai on intensity of powdery mildew severity and yield in.

(7) 碳酸氫鉀防治作物白粉病 cucumber under high disease pressure. Crop Prot. 17: 649-656. 19. Liu, H. L. 2001. Management of rose powdery mildew with automatic water sprays. Plant Prot. Bull. 43: 7-16. (in Chinese with English abstract) 20. McGrath, M. T. 2001. Fungicide resistance in cucurbit powdery mildew - experiences and challenges. Plant Dis. 85: 236-245. 21. McGrath, M. T., and Shishkoff N. 1999. Evaluation of biocompatible products for managing cucurbit powdery mildew. Crop Prot. 18: 471-478. 22. McGrath, M. T., and Shishkoff, N. 2000. Control of cucurbit powdery mildew with JMS Stylet-Oil. Plant Dis. 84: 989-993. 23. McGrath, M. T., Staniszewska H., Shishkoff N., and Casella G. 1996. Fungicide sensitivity of Sphaerotheca fuliginea populations in the United States, Plant Dis. 80: 697-703. 24. Menzies, J. G., Ehret, D. L., Glass, A. D. M., Helmer, T., Koch, C., and Seyward, F. 1991. Effects of soluble silicon on the parasitic fitness of S p h a e ro t h e c a fuliginea. Phytopathology 81: 84-88. 25. Minuto, G., and Garibaldi, A. 1996. Comparison of methods of control of powdery mildew (Oidium sp.) on rosemary. Inf. Fitopatol. 46: 33-37. 26. Paik, S. B., Kyung, S. H., Kim, J. J., and Oh, Y. S. 1996. Effect of a bioactive substance extracted from Rheum undulatum on control of cucumber powdery mildew. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 12: 85-90. 27. Pasini, C., D’Aquila, F, Curir, P, and Gullino, M. L. 1997. Effectiveness of antifungal compounds against rose powdery mildew ( S p h a e rotheca pannosa v a r. rosae) in glasshouses. Crop Prot. 16: 251-256. 28. Reuveni, M., Agapov, V., and Reuveni, R. 1996. Controlling powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea in cucumber by foliar sprays of phosphate and potassium salts. Crop Prot. 15: 49-53. 29. Sundheim, L. 1982. Control of cucumber powdery mildew by the hyperparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis and fungicides. Plant Pathol. 31: 209-214.. 131. 30. Sztejnberg, A., Galper, S., Mazar, S., and Lisker, N. 1989. Ampelomyces quisqualis for biological and integrated control of powdery mildew in Israel. J. Phytopathol. 124: 285-295. 31. Tatagiba, J. S., Liberato, J. R., Zambolim, L., Costa, H., and Ventura, J. A. 2002. Chemical control of papaya powdery mildew. Fitopatol. Bras. 27: 219-222. 32. Tsay, J. G., and Tung, B. K. 1992. Ecology and control strategy of powdery mildew of cucurbits. Pages 93104 i n: Proceedings of Symposium on Obligated Fungal Diseases of Crops. The Plant Protection Society of Republic of Chinese. Taichung, Taiwan. (in Chinese with English abstract) 33. Tzeng, D. D.-S., Tzeng, H. C., Chen R.-S., Cheng, A.H., Tsai, C.-C., Chen, C.-W., Hwang, T.-C., Yeh, Y., and DeVay, J. E. 1996. The use of MR formulation as a novel and environmentally safe photodynamic fungicide for the control of powdery mildews. Crop Prot. 15:341-347. 34. Verhaar, M. A., Huwegen, T., and Zadoks, J. C. 1996. Glasshouse experiments on biocontrol of cucumber powdery mildew ( S p h a e rotheca fuliginea ) by the mycoparasites Ve rticillium lecanii and S p o ro t h r i x rugulosa. Biol. Cont. 6: 353-360. 35. Ziv, O. 1983. Control of Septoria leaf blotch of wheat and powdery mildew of barley with antitranspirant epidermal coating materials. Phytoparasitica 11: 33-38. 36. Ziv, O., and Frederiksen, R. A. 1983. Control of foliar diseases with epidermal coating materials. Plant Dis. 67:212-214. 37. Ziv, O., and Hagiladi, A. 1984. Control of powdery mildew on H y d r a n g e a and C r a p e m y rt l e w i t h antitranspirants. HortScience 19: 708-709. 38. Ziv, O., and Hagiladi, A. 1993. Controlling powdery mildew in euonymus with polymer coatings and bicarbonate solutions. HortScience 28: 124-126. 39. Ziv, O., and Zitter, T. A. 1992. Effects of bicarbonates and film-forming polymers on cucurbit diseases. Plant Dis. 76: 513-517..

(8) 132. 植物病理學會刊 第 14 卷 第 2 期 2005. ABSTRACT Hsieh, T. F. 1,2, Huang, J. H. 1, and Hsieh, L. J. 1 2005. Control of powdery mildew with potassium bicarbonate and polyelectrolyte. Plant Pathol. Bull. 14:125-132. ( 1 Plant Pathology Division, Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan; 2 Corresponding author, E-mail: tfhsieh@wufeng.tari.gov.tw; Fax: +886-4-23302803) Sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on spore germination of three powdery mildew pathogens, Oidium neolycopersici, E rysiphe pisi, and S p h a e rotheca pannosa. Data showed that the spore germinations of these pathogens were significantly (p<0.05) suppressed by all three bicarbonates, especially sodium and potassium bicarbonate at 0.5% (w/v). Detached leaf method also was used to evaluate 0.5% (w/v) bicarbonates and 0.03% (w/v) polyelectrolyte (FO4490SH) for control of powdery mildew. The result showed that all treatments except ammonium bicarbonate reduced the infection area of powdery mildew on tomato leaf surfaces, especially sodium and potassium bicarbonate. Three field trials were conducted in central Taiwan to evaluate the applicability of potassium bicarbonate, polyelectrolyte and fungicides for control of tomato, pea and rose powdery mildew. Each trial was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. Potassium bicarbonate at 0.5%, and 0.5% potassium bicarbonate plus 0.03% polyelectrolyte were effective in decreasing the disease severity of powdery mildews on all three crops tested. The treatments were as effective as fungicides. The percentages of disease control in all three treatments were more than 80%. The severity of powdery mildew was only slightly reduced by the treatment of polyelectrolyte alone on tomato and pea. Polyelectrolyte did not increase the efficacy of disease control by potassium bicarbonate in this study. Spray with water also slightly reduced the disease severity of powdery mildew on pea in comparison with no water spray. This study showed that 0.5% potassium bicarbonate could be used as an alternative method for control of powdery mildew in the field. Key words: Tomato, pea, rose, powdery mildew, bicarbonates, polyelectrolyte, control.

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