非洲菊斑潛蠅兩種寄生蜂 (膜翅目：釉小蜂科) 之種內競爭Intraspecific Competition of Two Species of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

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(1)研究報告 έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪ 22: 279-290 (2002) Formosan Entomol. 22: 279-290 (2002). ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ (ቯਂϫĈ࿏ཻ̈ࡊ) ̝჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬ ᏿ഀ২+! Ο↳‫!܍‬. 行政院農業委員會農業試驗所應用動物系臺灣臺中縣 413 霧峰鄉中正路 189 號. ၡ! ! ࢋ ! ! ள֎࿏ཻ̈. (Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault)) ᄃ ර ࿏ ̈ ཻ. (Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood)) ࠎ ᄂ ៉ г ડ ‫ ߷ ܧ‬ළ ˯ ‫ ߷ ܧ‬ළ ೹ ሕ ᙀ (Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)) ̝ࢦࢋώг჌૙ϠཻĄᅬཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹͞ёѣ૙Ϡ ᄃ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹‫׌‬჌Ă҃ѩ˟۰ּ̝ͧ되ཻ૜‫ޘ‬൑ᙯĂтள֎࿏ཻ̈ࠎ 0.6Ƃ0.8:1ć ර࿏ཻ̈ࠎ 1.9Ƃ2.7:1Ąᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆૙Ϡཻ̝࿅૙Ϡதᄃ၆૙͹̝ᓁӀϡதӮѣព ඾ᇆᜩĄ૙Ϡཻᄃ૙͹̝ዋ༊ᓄതּͧĂள֎࿏ཻ̈ࠎ 1:20Ăර࿏ཻ̈ࠎ 1:15Ą Ϻӈд 25ƨ˭ă25 Ű 20 cm ᑅҹ˧ඌ̰ă૙͹ௐˬ᛬ρᖪᇴࠎ 300 ੸ॡĂЧତ ˢள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈ 15 ᄃ 20 ੸ᅬཻĂགྷ 24 ̈ॡ‫ޢ‬Ă‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ၆૙͹̝ᓁ ӀϡதЧ੼྿ 90.7 ᄃ 98.6%Ă࿅૙ϠதЧࠎ 6.4 ᄃ 11.1%ć11.1 ᄃ 14.4 ͇‫ޢ‬Чѣ 109 ᄃ 205 ੸ཻ̄Ҁ̼Ą ᙯᔣෟĈ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀăள֎࿏ཻ̈ăර࿏ཻ̈ă჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬ăᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬. 前. ሕᙀ̏੃ᐂ̝૙Ϡཻѣ 59 ჌ (Minkenberg. 言. and van Lenteren, 1986 ć Johnson and (Liriomyza trifolii. Hara, 1987 ć Waterhouse and Norris,. (Burgess)) ࠎБ஧ّ៍ካങ‫ۏ‬ᄃቸ෉̝ࢦࢋ. 1987ćDel, 1989ćLin and Wang, 1992ć. चᖪ (Lindquist, 1983)ĄϤ‫׎ٺ‬ᓄത˧੼ă. Chien and Ku, 1998ćMurphy and LaSalle,. ൴ֈഇൺ̈́‫ٽ‬யϠԩᘽّඈপّĂ࡭ֹᘽ጗֨. 1999)Ă‫̏̚׎‬ቁϲዋ༊ᓄത͞‫ڱ‬۰Ă่࿏̈. ‫( ٽ̙ڼ‬Parrella and Keil, 1984)Ąጯ۰ᄮࠎ. ཻ Diglyphus begini (Ashmead)(Parrella. д៍ካങ‫˯ۏ‬ΞӀϡ૙Ϡཻ֨‫ྍڼ‬ᙀ (Jones. et al., 1989) ᄃ࠼㖴ཻ Ganaspidium utilis. ! ! ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ. et. al.,. 1986;. Minkenberg. and. van. Beardsley (Rathman et al., 1991) 2 ჌Ąᄂ. Lenteren, 1986; Parrella and Bethke,. ៉гડĂள֎࿏ཻ̈. 1988)ĄMurphy and LaSalle (1999) ‫ૻ݋‬አ. varicornis (Girault)) ᄃ ර ࿏ ̈ ཻ (Neo-. д೹ሕᙀາ‫ܬ‬ˢડĂቸ෉˯೹ሕᙀϠ‫ڼ֨ۏ‬. chrysocharis formosa (Westwood) ࠎ ‫߷ ܧ‬. ॡĂᑕࢦෛ‫׎‬ώг჌૙Ϡཻ̝ӀϡĄ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹. ළ˯Ă‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ̝ࢦࢋώг჌૙Ϡཻ. *ኢ͛ᓑᘭˠ e-mail:[email protected]. (Hemiptarsenus. ૙Ϡཻ̝჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬. 279.

(2) (Chien and Ku, 1998, 2001b, c)Ă‫׎‬൴Ϡ࠹. ਕ˧̈́၆૙͹ᓁӀϡத̝ᇆᜩ. ၆૜‫ޘ‬Чࠎ 38.86 ᄃ 44.71% (Chien and Ku,. ! ! д 25ƨ‫ؠ‬໢ă࠹၆ᒅ‫ ޘ‬65Ƃ85% RH ̈́. 1998)Ą‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ̝૙Ϡ͞ё̶ᛳρᖪಏࣶ. Ѝ‫׹‬ഇ 14L:10D ˭ĂА૟ 4 Ҍ 5 ঀ૲ѣВࡗ. γ૙Ϡ (solitary ectoparasitism) ᄃಏࣶ̰. 300 ੸૙͹ௐˬ᛬ρᖪ̝ឫ೧֑ࡺĂ‫ٸ‬ˢ 25. ૙ Ϡ (solitary endoparasitism) (Lin and. Ű 20 cm ତཻϡᑅҹ˧ඌ̰Ăֶ૙Ϡཻᄃ૙. Wang, 1992ćChien and Ku, 2001b, c)Ą‫׌‬. ͹̝̙ТּͧĂ̶ࠎ 1:30ă1:20ă1:15 ̈́ 1:10. ჌૙Ϡཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹̝͞ёѣ૙Ϡᄃ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹. ඈα჌ĂЧତˢ 10ă15ă20 ̈́ 30 ੸̏Ϲԍ. ‫׌‬჌ (Chien and Ku, 2001b, c)Ąд 25ƨ. ͷѣயӉགྷរ̝ௐˬ͟᛬ள֎࿏ཻٕ̈ර࿏. ˭Ă‫׌‬჌ᅬཻ˘Ϡ࡭Ѫ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀρᖪᇴЧ. ཻ̈ᅬཻĄ1 ͇‫ޢ‬૟ឫ೧֑ࡺொ΍ĂӀϡ౅Ѝ. ࠎ 497 ᄃ 385 ੸ (Chien and Ku, 2001b,. ‫( ڱ‬Chien and Ku, 2001a) ࢍᇴЧ఍ந֑ཧ. c)ĄࠎซҖᄂ៉гડ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ̝Ϡ‫֨ۏ‬. ̰̏జ࡭Ѫ̝૙͹ᓁᇴ (Β߁జ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ̝૙. ‫ڼ‬Ăώ͛˜ീྏள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈ᓄതॡ. ͹ᇴᄃజ૙Ϡཻ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ̝૙͹ᇴ)Ăᄃ၆૙͹. ̝჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬Ăጔਕ‫ޙ‬ϲѩ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ̝࿶ֈ͞. ̝ᓁӀϡத (૙Ϡཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴƝֻᑕ૙͹. ‫ڱ‬Ăᖣֻ͟‫ޢ‬૙Ϡཻᓄതᄃᛖ‫̝ٸ‬ણ҂Ą. ᇴ)ĄҌ‫ٺ‬૙͹૜‫ޘ‬၆ᅬཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹͞ё̝ᇆ ᜩĂܼӀϡ࣠ෛ‫( ڱ‬dissecting method) ᄃ΍. 材料與方法. ཻ ᇴ ‫( ڱ‬adult emergence method) ҿ ‫ؠ‬ ̝Ąͽ࣠ෛ‫ڱ‬ᑭෛள֎࿏ཻٕ̈ර࿏ཻ̈࡭Ѫ. ㆒、寄主植物、寄主昆蟲及寄生蜂之飼育. ૙͹͞ёॡĂ݈۰ܼдϲវព຋ᙡ˭Ăు˘૟. ! ! ώྏរٙϡ̝‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀᖪ໚ă૙. ତཻ‫֑ྏֻޢ‬ཧ̝˯ܑϩ೬˭Ăۡତࢍᇴజ࡭. ͹ ങ ‫( ࡺ ֑ ෉ ۏ‬Phaseolus vulgaris var.. Ѫ̝૙͹ᓁᇴć‫ޢ‬۰‫ܼ݋‬дϲវព຋ᙡ˭Ă૟. communis Aeschers) ̈́૙͹‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ. ֑ཧ̰̏జ࡭Ѫ̝૙͹߄΍֭ซҖྋ࣠Ą൒‫ޢ‬. ̝ᓄത͞‫ڱ‬Ăт Chien and Ku (1996) ٙ. ‫׌‬჌ཻЧֶ‫׎‬జயӉ૙Ϡ̝૙͹ᇴĂ੃ᐂࠎྍ. ࢗĄள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̝̈ᖪ໚ăᓄത͞‫ڱ‬. ཻ̝૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴĂ҃‫࡭ࢴפ׎‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴĂ. ̈́јཻ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᄃ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹̝ડ̶. ‫ࠎ݋‬Ķᅬཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴů૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹. ඈĂ‫݋‬т Chien and Ku (2001a, b, c) ٙ. ᇴķĄΩֶ΍ཻᇴ‫ڱ‬ᑭෛ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹. ࢗĄӈͽ૲ѣௐˬ᛬‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀρᖪሕࢴ̝. ͞ёॡĂӮଳ̙৔ᗼ૙ϠཻϠхᒖဩ̝͞ёĂ. ឫ೧෉֑ࡺĂᓄതள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈Ą૙. ᚶᜈឰ‫׎‬൴ֈĂͽ̄΃јཻᇴ੃ᐂࠎྍཻ̝૙. ͹ρᖪజ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ૙Ϡٕ‫࡭̝ޢࢴפ‬Ѫᇈ. Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴĂ‫࡭ࢴפ׎‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴĂϺࠎĶᅬ. ‫࠹ې‬ҬĂజ૙Ϡ۰఼វเҒăវቲᗫ࿺ă֗វ. ཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴů૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴķĄՏ˘఍. ٛ‫ܜ‬ăវ࿸႕ăঐ̼გ̰൑ຳქҒ̝̰ट‫ۏ‬ă. ந௡ซҖ 3Ƃ12 ࢦኑĄ. Ӕஎ‫ޘ‬౫༑‫ې‬Ăజ‫ࢴפ‬۰វเነҒăγԛҩ. ! ! 2. ᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆‫׎‬யӉᚮ‫ۋ‬ă‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᚮ‫ۋ‬. ‫ܜ‬ăវ޴ͷ෇ᒺăঐ̼გ̰̪ണѣຳქҒ̝̰. ̈́࿅૙ϠӉ̶ο̝ᇆᜩ. ट‫ۏ‬ă๋˾఍঻ѣ઀ஃ̝វ୵Ą. ! ! ֶፂ˯ (˟ă1) ีྏរՄफ़ᄃତཻ͞‫ڱ‬Ă ‫ޞ‬ତཻ‫ޢ‬Ѩ͟Ăдϲវព຋ᙡ˭ᑭෛ‫׌‬჌ᅬཻ. ㆓、成蜂之種內競爭. ჌̰ม̝யӉᚮ‫ۋ‬ᄃ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᚮ‫ۋ‬ĄயӉᚮ‫ۋ‬. ! ! 1. ᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆‫࡭׎‬Ѫ૙͹͞ёă࡭Ѫ૙͹. ͞ࢬĂள֎࿏ཻܼ̈ۡତࢍᇴ֑ཧ̰Чజ࡭Ѫ. 280 έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˟‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

(3) ૙͹វ˯ᄃ‫ཻ̝ܕܢ׎‬ӉᇴĂ֭੃ᐂЧ఍நᅬ. ㆒、成蜂之種內競爭. ཻ̝ᓁயӉᇴăπӮՏᅬ̝யӉᇴă࿅૙ϠӉ. ! ! 1. ᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆‫࡭׎‬Ѫ૙͹͞ё̝ᇆᜩ. ᇴ (Տ˘૙͹វ˯ٕ‫ཻܕܢ׎‬Ӊᇴ෹࿅ 1 ௕. ! ! ள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈࡭Ѫ૙͹̝͞. ۰)ăՏ˘૙͹វ˯ٕ‫ཻܕܢ׎‬Ӊᇴ̶̝οѺ̶. ёĂѣ૙Ϡᄃ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹‫׌‬჌Ąώྏរ̙ኢͽ࣠. தඈĄ҃ර࿏ཻ̈‫݋‬Аྋ֑࣠ཧ̰Чజ࡭Ѫ̝. ෛ‫ͽٕڱ‬΍ཻᇴ‫ڱ‬Ăଣീᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆‫࡭׎‬Ѫ૙. ૙͹Ă൒‫ޢ‬т˯੃ᐂ૙͹វ̰Ч఍நᅬཻ̝ᓁ. ͹͞ё̝ᇆᜩॡĂ଀ۢ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹͞. யӉᇴăπӮՏᅬ̝யӉᇴă࿅૙ϠӉᇴăՏ. ё되ཻ૜‫ޘ‬൑ᙯĄтᅬཻᇴ̙ኢࠎ 10Ƃ30. ˘૙͹វཻ̰Ӊ̶̝οѺ̶தඈĄ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᚮ. ੸ॡĂள֎࿏ཻ̈‫׎‬૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹தӮჯ޺д. ‫ࢬ͞ۋ‬Ă‫ֶ݋‬Ч఍நมπӮՏᅬ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᇴͧ. 38Ƃ44% ٕ 39Ƃ42%Ăර࿏ཻ̝̈૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ. ྵ̝ĄՏ˘఍ந௡ซҖ 3Ƃ8 ࢦኑĄ. ૙͹தӮჯ޺д 66Ƃ70% ٕ 70Ƃ73%Ă఍ந ม൑ព඾मள (ܑ˘)Ą่ள֎࿏ཻ̈ᅬཻдЧ. ㆔、未成熟期之種內競爭. ̙Т૜‫ޘ‬ॡĂ‫׎‬૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹தӮྵ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ. ! ! 1. ᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆‫̝΃̄׎‬࿅૙ϠதăѪ˸. ૙͹தҲĂ‫׌‬۰ּ̝ͧࠎ 0.6Ƃ0.8:1 ٕ 0.6Ƃ. தăјཻᇴ̈́ᅬّ̝ͧᇆᜩ. 0.7:1 (ܑ˘)ćර࿏ཻ̈ᅬཻдЧ̙Т૜‫ޘ‬ॡĂ. ! ! Ϥ‫׌ٺ‬჌૙ϠཻӉ̝ြ̼த੼྿ 95.8 ᄃ. ‫׎‬૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹தӮྵ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹த੼Ă‫׌‬. 96.5% (Chien and Ku, 2001b, c)ĂЯ҃૙Ϡ. ۰ּ̝ͧࠎ 1.9Ƃ2.3:1 ٕ 2.3Ƃ2.7:1 (ܑ˘)Ą. ཻ̄΃̝࿅૙ϠதĂಶֶፂ˯ (˟ă1) ีྏរ. ! ! 2. ᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆‫࡭׎‬Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧ᄃ၆૙͹. Մफ़ᄃତཻ͞‫ڱ‬Ă૟Ч఍நᅬཻ̝Ķ(࿅૙ϠӉ. ᓁӀϡத̝ᇆᜩ. ᇴƝᓁயӉᇴ)Ű100ķആ̝ĄΩ‫ཻ̄ޞ‬Ҁ̼. ! ! ༊‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻᅬཻᇴࠎ 10Ƃ30 ੸ॡĂ‫׎‬. ‫ޢ‬Ăੵͽ΍ཻᇴ‫ۡڱ‬ତࢍᇴ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ̝ᅬă. ˘̰̝͟࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴᄃ‫׎‬ᅬཻᇴม̝ᙯܼ. ฯཻᇴ되ّͧ (ᅬཻᇴƝ(ᅬཻᇴŮฯཻᇴ)). ӮӔШ˯٦‫ۏ‬ቢͅᑕ (ဦ˘ă˟)Ąͷ༊ள֎࿏. γĂ‫ֶإ‬Ч఍ந̝Ķ(πӮՏᅬயӉᇴůπӮՏ. ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈ᅬཻᇴࠎ 10Ƃ15 ੸ॡĂ‫࡭׎‬. ᅬཻ̄ᇴ)ƝπӮՏᅬயӉᇴŰ100ķĂҤീྍ. Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴ (Чࠎ 198Ƃ273 ੸૙͹ᄃ 189Ƃ. ཻ̄΃Ӊ൴ֈҌјᖪഇ̝Ѫ˸தĄՏ˘఍ந௡. 257 ੸૙͹) Ӯྵ 20Ƃ30 ੸ᅬཻ (Чࠎ 290. ซҖ 3Ƃ8 ࢦኑĄ. Ƃ 293 ੸ ૙ ͹ ᄃ 295Ƃ 297 ੸ ૙ ͹ ) ॡ ࠎ ҲĂ఍நมӔព඾मள (ܑ˘)ĄΩ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ. ㆕、統計分析. ၆૙͹̝ᓁӀϡதĂϺЧᐌᅬཻᇴ̝ᆧΐ҃˯. ! ! Чีྏរྤफ़ੵͽ LSD ീྏ‫ ٕڱ‬t ࣃ. ̿Ă‫׌‬۰ม̝ᙯܼӮӔШ˯٦‫ۏ‬ቢͅᑕ (ဦ. ീྏ‫ژ̶ڱ‬Ă֭ଳ 5% ព඾ͪ໤ͧྵ఍நม̝. ˘ă˟)Ą‫̚׎‬ள֎࿏ཻٕ̈ර࿏ཻ̝̈ᅬཻᇴ. मளّγĂ‫إ‬Ӏϡਫ਼ᕩ̶‫ڱژ‬ពϯ૙Ϡཻ̝Ч. ᄃ૙͹ᖪᇴࠎ 15:300 ੸ॡĂ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ၆૙. ീྏีϫ (ŷ)Ăт࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴă၆૙͹̝ᓁ. ͹̝ᓁӀϡதĂЧ੼྿ 90.7 ᄃ 86.0%Ă‫ࣃ׎‬. ӀϡதăᓁயӉᇴăπӮՏᅬயӉᇴăπӮՏ. ᔵᄃ 20 ᄃ 30 ੸ᅬཻ̝఍ந௡ (Чࠎ 97.2. ᅬ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴă࿅૙Ϡதăཻ̄ᇴ̈́ᅬّ. Ƃ98.0% ٕ 98.6Ƃ99.9%) มѣព඾मளĂҭ. ͧඈĂ되ཻ૜‫( ޘ‬x) ̝ᙯܼĄ. ‫ ྵ̏ࣃ׎‬10 ੸ᅬཻ఍ந௡̝૙͹ᓁӀϡத (Чࠎ 67.2% ٕ 61.2%) ព඾಼̂೩̿ (ܑ˘)Ą. 結. 果. ૙Ϡཻ̝჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬. 281.

(4) 1, 2). 表㆒ 異角釉小蜂與華釉小蜂雌蜂在不同密度時之致死寄主能力與寄主總利用率 Table 1. Host killing capabilities and total host utilization rates of Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Neochrysocharis 1, 2) formosa at various densities of female wasps Wasp density (no. females /tube). % hosts killed by parasitism Dissecting method. Total no. hosts killed3) n. x ± SE. n. Adult emergence method. x ± SE. n. x ± SE. % total host utilization3) n. x ± SE. H. varicornis 41 ± 2Aa 7 42 ± 2Aa 12 67.2 ± 1.3c 38 ± 1Aa 8 40 ± 1Aa 12 90.7 ± 1.6b 39 ± 1Aa 5 39 ± 1Aa 10 97.2 ± 0.9a 44 ± 2Aa 6 40 ± 3Aa 12 98.0 ± 0.5a N. formosa 10 6 189 ± 4c 3 66 ± 1Aa 3 70 ± 5Aa 6 61.2 ± 1.0c 15 11 257 ± 5b 5 69 ± 2Aa 6 71 ± 1Aa 11 86.0 ± 1.8b 20 6 295 ± 2a 3 70 ± 1Aa 3 70 ± 1Aa 6 98.6 ± 0.5a 30 6 297 ± 2a 3 68 ± 4Aa 3 73 ± 1Aa 6 99.9 ± 0.1a 1) Each treatment was provided with 300 3rd-instar larvae of L. trifolii in an acrylic cylinder (25 x 20 cm) at 25℃, 14L:10D, and 65-85% RH. 2) Means ( x ± SE) within each row followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different at 5% level by t-test. Means ( x ± SE) within each column followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD. Data on the percent total host utilization were transformed to angles by arcsin percentage prior to ANOVA test. 3) Including hosts killed by parasitism and by feeding. 10 15 20 30. 12 12 10 12. 198 ± 4c 273 ± 6b 290 ± 3a 293 ± 2a. 5 4 5 6. ! ! 3. ᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆‫׎‬யӉٕ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᚮ‫̝ۋ‬. ཻᇴࠎ 10Ƃ30 ੸ॡĂϤ࣠ෛ‫ڱ‬ٙ଀̝ྍཻπ. ᇆᜩ. ӮՏᅬ˘̰͟‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᇴᄃ΍ཻᇴ‫ڱ‬มӮ൑. ! ! ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻᅬཻᇴࠎ 10Ƃ30 ੸ॡĂᅬཻ. ព඾मள (ܑ˟)Ăͷྍࣃ되ཻᇴม̝ᙯܼӮ. ˘̰̝͟ᓁயӉᇴ되ཻᇴม̝ᙯܼĂӔШ˯. ӔШ˭ۡቢਫ਼ᕩͅᑕ (ဦ˘ă˟)Ąҭள֎࿏̈. ۡቢਫ਼ᕩͅᑕٕШ˯٦‫ۏ‬ቢͅᑕ (ဦ˘ă˟)ć. ཻᅬཻᇴࠎ 10Ƃ15 ੸ॡĂ̙ኢд࣠ෛ‫ٕڱ‬΍. ҭπӮՏᅬ˘̰̝͟யӉᇴ되ཻᇴม̝ᙯ. ཻᇴ‫̚ڱ‬Ă‫׎‬πӮՏᅬ˘̰̝͟‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᇴ. ܼĂ‫׌‬۰‫ݒ‬ӮӔШ˭٦‫ۏ‬ቢͅᑕ (ဦ˘ă˟)Ą. (11.6Ƃ11.7 ੸૙͹ٕ 10.8Ƃ11.5 ੸૙͹). Тॡ༊ள֎࿏ཻ̈ᅬཻᇴࠎ 10 ੸ॡĂ‫׎‬πӮ. Ӯព඾ྵ 20Ƃ30 ੸ᅬཻ (5.5Ƃ8.7 ੸૙͹ٕ. Տᅬ˘̰͟யӉᇴ (8.4 ௕) ព඾ྵ 15Ƃ30. 5.8Ƃ9.3 ੸૙͹) ॡࠎ੼ć҃ර࿏ཻ̈ᅬཻᇴ. ੸ᅬཻॡ (5.7Ƃ7.1 ௕) ࠎ੼ (ܑ˟)ć҃ර࿏. ࠎ 10 ੸ٕ 10Ƃ20 ੸ॡĂ̙ኢд࣠ෛ‫ٕڱ‬΍ཻ. ཻ̈ᅬཻᇴࠎ 10Ƃ20 ੸ॡĂ‫׎‬πӮՏᅬ˘͟. ᇴ‫̚ڱ‬Ă‫׎‬πӮՏᅬ˘̰͟‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᇴ (6.4. ̰யӉᇴ (11.5Ƃ12.4 ௕) ព඾ྵ 30 ੸ᅬཻ. ੸૙͹ٕ 4.4Ƃ5.8 ੸૙͹) Ӯព඾ྵ 20Ƃ30. (10.0 ௕) ॡࠎ੼ (ܑ˟)Ąពϯள֎࿏ཻ̈ᇴ. ੸ᅬཻٕ 30 ੸ᅬཻ (3.2Ƃ4.6 ੸૙͹ٕ 2.8. ᄃ૙͹ᖪᇴࠎ 15:300ă20:300 ̈́ 30:300 ੸. ੸૙͹) ॡࠎ੼ (ܑ˟)Ąពϯ༊ள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃ. ॡĂٕර࿏ཻ̈ᇴᄃ૙͹ᖪᇴࠎ 30:300 ੸ॡĂ. ර࿏ཻ̈ᅬཻᇴЧࠎ 20Ƃ30 ੸ᄃ 30 ੸ॡĂ. ᅬཻมӈѣព඾̝யӉ̒ᕘĄ. ᅬཻົдТ˘૙͹˯ѣкѨ‫้̝ࢴפ‬ШĄТॡ. ! ! ᅬཻ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹͞ࢬĂ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ̙ኢ༊ᅬ. Ϻ៍၅଀ۢ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ̙ኢᅬཻ૜‫੼ޘ‬ҲĂӮ. 282 έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˟‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

(5) 圖㆒ 異角釉小蜂族群介量與雌蜂密度之關係。 Fig. 1. Relationship between population parameters and female wasp density of Hemiptarsenus varicornis.. ૙Ϡཻ̝჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬. 283.

(6) 圖㆓ 華釉小蜂族群介量與雌蜂密度之關係。 Fig. 2. Relationship between population parameters and female wasp density of Neochrysocharis formosa.. 284 έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˟‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

(7) 1, 2). 表㆓ 異角釉小蜂與華釉小蜂雌蜂在不同密度時之繁殖子㈹數、取食寄主數及其種內之競爭力 Table 2. Number of progeny and hosts killed by feeding of Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Neochrysocharis formosa 1, 2) and their intraspecific competition at various densities of female wasps Wasp density (no. females /tube). Total no. eggs laid. Progeny/female Dissecting method (no. eggs). Adult emergence method (no. adults). No. hosts killed by feeding/female Dissecting Adult emergence method method. Competition % superparasitism3). % mortality developmental period4). H. varicornis 11.7 ± 0.8Aa 11.5 ± 0.5Aa 6.0 ± 1.0c 0 11.6 ± 0.3Aa 10.8 ± 0.5Aa 6.4 ± 1.6c 0 8.7 ± 0.1Ab 9.3 ± 0.3Ab 16.4 ± 0.6b 18.2 5.5 ± 0.2Ac 5.8 ± 0.2Ac 23.1 ± 3.4a 29.8 N. formosa 10 129 ± 1d 12.4 ± 0.4Aa 13.1 ± 0.7Aa 6.4 ± 0.4Aa 5.8 ± 0.9Aa 3.8 ± 1.0c 0 15 190 ± 8c 11.5 ± 0.3Aa 12.9 ± 0.3Ba 5.3 ± 0.4Aab 5.2 ± 0.3Aa 8.5 ± 1.9bc 0 20 242 ± 2b 12.1 ± 0.1Aa 10.3 ± 0.3Bb 4.6 ± 0.2Ab 4.4 ± 0.1Aa 11.1 ± 1.5b 14.9 30 300 ± 10a 10.0 ± 0.3Ab 7.3 ± 0.3Bc 3.2 ± 0.4Ac 2.8 ± 0.1Ab 32.0 ± 1.5a 27.0 1) Each treatment was provided with 300 3rd-instar larvae of L. trifolii in an acrylic cylinder (25 x 20 cm) at 25℃, 14L:10D, and 65-85% RH. Data consist of 3-8 replicates. 2) Means ( x ± SE) within each row followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different at 5% level by t-test. Means ( x ± SE) within each column followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD. Data on the percent supperparasitism were transformed to angles by arcsin percentage prior to ANOVA test. 3) (no. supperparasited eggs/total no. eggs laid) x 100. 4) (no. eggs − no. adults) /no. eggs) x 100. 10 15 20 30. 84 ± 6d 107 ± 2c 130 ± 4b 171 ± 8a. 8.4 ± 0.6Aa 7.1 ± 0.1Ab 6.6 ± 0.2Abc 5.7 ± 0.3Ac. 8.5 ± 0.4Aa 7.2 ± 0.2Ab 5.4 ± 0.3Bc 4.0 ± 0.3Bd. Ϗ൴னдТ˘૙͹˯ߊயӉ˫‫ࢴפ‬Ą. ֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈யӉॡĂ၆̏జ૙Ϡ̝૙. ! ! 4. ᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆‫׎‬࿅૙ϠӉ̶ο̝ᇆᜩ. ͹‫׍‬Ᏸᙊਕ˧Ă่༊‫׌‬۰ᅬཻᇴᄃ૙͹ᖪᇴĂ. ! ! Ϥܑˬ଀ۢĂ‫׌‬჌૙ϠཻӉдՏ˘૙͹˯. ࠎ 20:300 ᄃ 30:300 ੸ॡĂྍਕ˧̖Ч‫זצ‬. ̶̝οᐛத되ཻ૜‫ޘ‬ѣᙯĄ༊ள֎࿏ཻ̈ᅬ. 12.1Ƃ19.2% ᄃ 9.6Ƃ32.3% ̝ᇆᜩĄ. ཻᇴࠎ 10 ᄃ 15 ੸ॡĂՏ˘૙͹˯ய˭ཻ̝Ӊ ᇴ౵к่ࠎ 2 ௕ĂͷՏ˘૙͹˯ཻӉᇴࠎ 1 ௕. ㆓、未成熟期之種內競爭. ۰ĂπӮࠎ 94.9%ćΩ༊ᅬཻᇴࠎ 20 ᄃ 30 ੸. ! ! 1. ᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆‫΃̄׎‬࿅૙ϠதᄃѪ˸த. ॡĂՏ˘૙͹˯ཻ̝ӉᇴᔵྵкĂ౵੼ΞЧ྿. ̝ᇆᜩ. 4 ᄃ 5 ௕ĂҭՏ˘૙͹˯ཻӉᇴࠎ 1 ௕۰Ă̪. ! ! ༊‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻᅬཻᇴࠎ 10Ƃ30 ੸ॡĂ૙. ЧπӮࠎ 83.4 ᄃ 76.7%Ąර࿏ཻ̈ᅬཻᇴࠎ. Ϡཻ̄΃̝࿅૙Ϡத되ཻᇴม̝ᙯܼӮӔ. 10Ƃ20 ੸ॡĂՏ˘૙͹វ̰̝౵੼ཻӉᇴĂ. ۡቢਫ਼ᕩͅᑕ (ဦ˘ă˟)Ąт༊ள֎࿏ཻ̈ᅬ. ᔵࠎ 2Ƃ4 ௕ĂҭՏ˘૙͹វཻ̰Ӊᇴࠎ 1 ௕. ཻᇴࠎ 30 ੸ॡĂ‫̝΃̄׎‬࿅૙Ϡத (23.1%). ۰Ă̪྿ 87.1Ƃ96.3%ć҃ᅬཻᇴࠎ 30 ੸ॡĂ. ྵ 20 ੸ᅬཻ (16.4%) ᄃ 10Ƃ15 ੸ᅬཻ (6.0. ่̙Տ˘૙͹វཻ̰̝ӉᇴྵкĂͷՏ˘૙͹. Ƃ6.4%) ॡࠎ੼Ă఍நมमளព඾ (ܑ˟)ćර. វཻ̰Ӊᇴࠎ 1 ௕۰Ăዟഴࠎ 65.2%Ąពϯள. ࿏ཻ̈̄΃̝࿅૙ϠதĂϺͽᅬཻᇴࠎ 30 ੸. ૙Ϡཻ̝჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬. 285.

(8) (32.0%) ॡ౵੼Ăͷᄃ 10Ƃ20 ੸ᅬཻ఍நม. ҭྍཻ̄΃̝ᅬّͧ (0.47Ƃ0.53) ‫ݒ‬되ཻ. Ӕमளព඾Ăҭ‫ ̚׎‬10 ᄃ 15 ੸ᅬཻ (3.8Ƃ. ૜‫ޘ‬൑ᙯĂЧ఍நม൑ព඾मள (ܑα)Ąдර. 8.5%) ̈́ 15 ᄃ 20 ੸ᅬཻ (8.5Ƃ11.1%) ‫׌‬఍. ࿏ཻ̈ॡĂ‫̝̰͟˘׎‬ᓄതཻ̄ᇴ되ཻ૜‫ޘ‬. நม൑ព඾मள (ܑ˟)Ąѩඕ‫ڍ‬ពϯ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡ. ϺӔШ˯٦‫ۏ‬ቢͅᑕ (ဦ˟)Ăтᅬཻᇴࠎ 10. ཻ̄΃၆૙͹̝࿅૙ϠதĂົᐌ‫׎‬ϓཻᇴ̝࿅. ੸ॡĂ‫׎‬ٙᓄതཻ̝̄ᇴ (131 ੸) ព඾ྵ 15. ‫ޘ‬ᆧΐ҃ᆧкĄ. Ƃ30 ੸ᅬཻ (194Ƃ220 ੸) ॡࠎ͌ćТॡྍ. ! ! ள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈Ӊ൴ֈҌјᖪഇ. ཻ̄΃̝ᅬّͧ (0.61Ƃ0.65) Ϻ되ཻ૜‫ޘ‬. ̝Ѫ˸தϺ되ཻ૜‫ޘ‬ѣᙯĄт‫׌‬჌ᅬཻᇴᄃ. ൑ᙯĂЧ఍நม൑ព඾मள (ܑα)Ą. ૙͹ᇴࠎ 10:300 ٕ 15:300 ੸ॡĂ‫׌‬۰Ӊ൴ֈ Ҍјᖪഇ̝Ѫ˸தӮࠎ 0Ă҃‫׌‬჌ᅬཻᇴᄃ૙. 討. 論. ͹ᇴࠎ 20:300 ٕ 30:300 ੸ॡĂ‫׌‬۰Ӊ൴ֈҌ јᖪഇ̝Ѫ˸தЧࠎ 18.2Ƃ29.8% ᄃ 14.9Ƃ. ! ! ள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈дᄂ៉̚ొ‫߷ܧ‬. 27.0% (ܑ˟)Ą. ළ๩̰Ă่̙Тࠎ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ̝ᐹ๕ཻ჌. ! ! 2. ᅬཻ૜‫ޘ‬၆‫ཻ̄׎‬ᇴ되ّ̝ͧᇆᜩ. (Chien and Ku, 1998)Ăͷ၆ྍᙀ‫׍‬ѣૻ๕̝. ! ! Ϥܑα଀ۢĂ̙ኢͽᑭෛజ૙Ϡ૙͹ᇴă. Ժ‫ט‬ሕਕ (Chien and Ku, 2001b, c)Ąώྏ. ٕᑭෛ̄΃јཻᇴĂӮពϯ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ˘̰͟. រᙋ၁д 25ƨ ˭ă25 Ű 20 cm ᑅҹ˧ඌ. ̝ᓄതཻ̄ᇴ되ཻ૜‫ޘ‬ѣᙯĄтдள֎࿏̈. ̰Ă༊ள֎࿏ཻٕ̈ර࿏ཻ̈ᅬཻᄃௐˬ᛬‫ܧ‬. ཻ‫׌‬۰มӮӔШ˯٦‫ۏ‬ቢͅᑕ (ဦ˘)Ăӈᅬཻ. ߷ළ೹ሕᙀρᖪ̝࠹၆૜‫ޘ‬Ăࠎ 1:10ă1:15. ᇴࠎ 10 ੸ॡĂ‫׎‬ٙᓄതཻ̝̄ᇴ (88 ੸) ព. ̈́ 1:20 ॡĂ‫׌‬჌૙Ϡཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹̝ਕ˧ĂЧ. ඾ྵ 15Ƃ30 ੸ᅬཻ (109Ƃ120 ੸) ॡࠎ͌ć. ྿ 90.7Ƃ98.0% ᄃ 86.0Ƃ99.9%ć‫̚׎‬Я‫ࢴפ‬. 1, 2). 表㆔ 異角釉小蜂與華釉小蜂卵在不同雌蜂密度時之分布百分率 Table 3. Percent distribution ( x ± SE) of Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Neochrysocharis formosa eggs at various 1, 2) densities of female wasps Wasp density (no. females /tube). 2). 2. No. wasp eggs laid per host 3. 4. 5. H. varicornis 0.6Ȧ 0c 0Ȧ 0Ȧ 0.6Ȧ 0c 0Ȧ 0Ȧ ! 0.8 ± 0.5ab 2.3ȥ 1.2 ± 0.6Ȧ 0Ȧ 1.5ȥ 4.6 ± 0.7ȥ 2.5 ± 1.3a 0.5 ± 0.3ȥ N. formosa 10 96.3 ± 1.1a 3.7 ± 1.1c 0b 0b 0a 15 91.2 ± 2.1ab 8.1 ± 2.0bc 0.7 ± 0.3b 0b 0a 20 87.1 ± 0.8b 11.8 ± 0.5b 2.0 ± 1.3b 0.2 ± 0.2b 0a 30 65.2 ± 1.9c 24.9 ± 1.2a 7.4 ± 1.8a 2.3 ± 0.1a 0.2 ± 0.2a Each treatment was provided with 300 3rd-instar larvae of L. trifolii in an acrylic cylinder (25 x 20 cm) at 25ƨ, 14L:10D, and 65-85% RH. Data consist of 3-6 replicates. Means in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD. Data were transformed to angles by arcsin percentage prior to ANOVA test. 10 15 20 30. 1). 1 94.9 94.9 83.4 76.7. 286 έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˟‫ס‬ௐˬഇ. ± ± ± ±. 1.1ȥ 0.6ȥ 1.4Ȧ 1.0ȧ. 5.1 5.1 14.5 15.6. ± ± ± ±.

(9) 1, 2). 表㆕ 異角釉小蜂與華釉小蜂雌蜂在不同密度時繁殖之子蜂數與子㈹雌性比 Table 4. Adult progenies of Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Neochrysocharis formosa and their female sex ratio at 1, 2) various densities of female wasps Wasp density (no. females/tube). Dissecting method Total no. hosts parasitized. Adult emergence method Total no. adult Sex ratio (Ə/(Ə+Ɛ)) progeny. H. varicornis 10 15 20 30. 79 104 109 133. ± 5c ± 2b ± 3b ± 5a. 88 109 111 120. ± ± ± ±. 3b 3a 6a 9a. 0.53 0.47 0.47 0.48. ± ± ± ±. 0.04a 0.01a 0.04a 0.02a. N. formosa 10 127 ± 5c 131 ± 7c 0.65 ± 0.05a 15 173 ± 4b 194 ± 4b 0.65 ± 0.03a 20 212 ± 4a 205 ± 6ab 0.61 ± 0.05a 30 204 ± 8a 220 ± 9a 0.64 ± 0.06a 1) Each treatment was provided with 300 3rd-instar larvae of L. trifolii in an acrylic cylinder (25 x 20 cm) at 25ƨ, 14L:10D, and 65-85% RH. Data consist of 3-8 replicates. 2) Means ( x ± SE) in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD.. ૙͹҃࡭Ѫ૙͹ּ̝ͧĂ˫Чҫ 56Ƃ62% ᄃ. Ƃ50.0%Ą҃Ϗјሢഇ̝ᚮ‫ۋ‬Ă˘ਠჹЯ‫ٺ‬ᅬ. 27Ƃ32%ĄГѨពϯள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈၆. ཻ၆૙͹̝࿅૙ϠதĄள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈. ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀௐˬ᛬ρᖪĂቁѣૻ๕̝Ժ‫ט‬. ̝૙Ϡᛳಏࣶ૙ϠĂ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ҖࠎᛳயӉ‫ࢴפ‬. ˧Ą. ̙‫׀‬х҃૙͹Ѫ˸‫ݭ‬. ! ! ૙Ϡཻ̝჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬ĂΞ̶јཻഇᄃϏјሢ. destructive type) (Chien and Ku, 2001b,. ഇᚮ‫ ۋ‬2 ჌Ąјཻഇᚮ‫ۋ‬Ă͹ࢋд‫ٺ‬ᅬཻม၆. c)ĂЯ҃༊૙͹វ˯ٕវཻ̰Ӊᇴ෹࿅ 1 ௕ă. ૙͹̝ӀϡĄள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̝̈ᅬཻЯ. ٕ૙ϠཻдТ˘૙͹˯யӉă‫׀ࢴפ‬хॡĂӈ. ၆૙͹̝Ӏϡத̂Ă߇ᅬཻ˘ό‫ٺࢨצ‬ΞӀϡ. Ξጱ࡭૙Ϡཻρᖪม̝჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬ᄃѪ˸ᇴ̝. ̝૙͹ᖪᇴॡĂ‫ك‬ඈ჌̰̝யӉᄃ‫ࢴפ‬ӈயϠ. ᆧΐĄώྏរ൴னĂ༊‫׌‬჌ᅬཻᇴᄃ૙͹ᇴ̝. ᚮ‫ۋ‬Ąт༊‫׌‬჌ᅬཻᇴᄃ૙͹ᇴּ̝ͧĂЧࠎ. ּͧࠎ 1:10Ƃ15 ॡĂ૙ϠཻӉ൴ֈҌјᖪഇ. 1:10Ƃ20 ᄃ 1:10 ॡĂ჌̰ᅬཻมٕЯயӉ̒. ̝Ѫ˸தЧ྿ 18.2Ƃ29.8% ᄃ 14.9Ƃ27.0%Ă. ᕘĂ࡭ֹ‫׌‬჌૙ϠཻπӮՏᅬயӉᇴЧഴ͌. Ϥ‫ٺ‬ѩࣃ̙ҭᄃ݈̝ࢗ૙Ϡཻ၆૙͹̝࿅૙. 15.5Ƃ32.1% ᄃ 19.4%ć˫‫׌‬჌ᅬཻᇴᄃ૙͹. Ϡத‫ܕ‬ҬĂͷϏ൴ன૙ϠཻдТ˘૙͹˯ߊய. ᇴּ̝ͧࠎ 1:10Ƃ15 ॡĂ‫׌‬۰ᅬཻᔵࣧࠎಏ. Ӊ˫‫ࢴפ‬ĂЯ҃Оᙋᅬཻ၆૙͹̝࿅૙Ϡன. ࣶ૙ϠĂҭѩॡజ࢝ᏴፄдТ˘૙͹˯кѨய. ෪Ăӈࠎѩ‫׌‬჌૙ϠཻϏјሢഇ჌̰ᚮ‫̝ۋ‬͹. ӉĂͽ࡭‫׌‬۰၆૙͹̝࿅૙ϠதЧ྿ 16.4Ƃ. ЯĄ. 23.1% ᄃ 11.1Ƃ32.0%ćࠤҌ༊‫׌‬჌ᅬཻᇴᄃ. ! ! ૙Ϡཻ̝࿅૙Ϡன෪၆‫׎‬୉ཏ̝ᘦ‫׍ؠ‬. ૙͹ᇴּ̝ͧࠎ 1:10Ƃ15 ॡĂᅬཻٕЯдТ. ࢦ ࢋ ّ Ă ᛳ ‫˘ ٺ‬჌ ዋ ᑕ ͅᑕ (van Alphen. ˘૙͹˯൴ϠкѨ̝‫ࢴפ‬ன෪Ă࡭ֹπӮՏᅬ. and Visser, 1990)Ąώྏរᙋ၁Ăள֎࿏ཻ̈. ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴЧഴ͌ 25.6Ƃ53.0% ᄃ 28.1. ᄃර࿏ཻ̈၆૙͹૜‫ޘ‬Ӯ‫׍‬አዋ˧Ąтд૙Ϡ. (non-concurrent. ૙Ϡཻ̝჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬. 287.

(10) ཻᄃ૙͹̝࠹၆૜‫ޘ‬Ҳॡ (1:30 ᄃ 1:20)Ă‫׌‬. parasitoids. ჌૙ϠཻӮΞᖣ၆̏జ૙Ϡ૙͹̝Ᏸᙊਕ. jamesonii. Chinese J. Entomol. 18:. ˧Ă҃ਫ਼ᔖ‫׎‬჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬ćҭࡶ૙Ϡཻᄃ૙͹̝. 187-197 (in Chinese).. ࠹၆૜‫੼ޘ‬ॡ (1:15 ᄃ 1:10)ĂྍཻٕΞᖣ‫׎‬. on. fields. of. Gerbera. Chien, C. C., and S. C. Ku. 2001a. Instar. ၆૙͹̝࿅૙Ϡன෪Ăซ҃ჯ޺‫׎‬୉ཏ̝ᘦ‫ؠ‬. preference. of. five. ّĄ. parasitoids. of. Liriomyza. ! ! ள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃර࿏ཻ̈ᓄതॡ̝౵ዋ૙. (Hymenoptera:. ͹᛬ഇĂࠎ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀௐˬ᛬ρᖪ (Chien. conidae). Formosan Entomol. 21: 89-. and Ku, 2001a)ĄҌ‫׌ٺ‬჌૙Ϡཻᓄതॡᄃ૙. 97 (in Chinese).. ͹̝౵ዋּͧĂ‫݋‬ᑕಶ‫׎‬ᓄതཻ̄ᇴă૙͹ᓁ. species. of. trifolii. Eulophidae,. Bra-. Chien, C. C., and S. C. Ku. 2001b.. Ӏϡத̈́ፆү̝͞‫ّܮ‬ඈ҂ณ̝Ąώྏរ‫ޙ‬ᛉ. Appearance. д 25ƨ ˭ă25 Ű 20 cm ᑅҹ˧ඌ̰Ăள֎. Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Hymeno-. ࿏ཻٕ̈ර࿏ཻ̈ᅬཻᇴᄃ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀௐ. ptera: Eulophidae). Formosan Ento-. ˬ᛬ρᖪᇴ̝౵ዋᓄതּͧĂЧࠎ 1:17Ƃ18. mol. 21: 247-255 (in Chinese).. life. history. of. Chien, C. C., and S. C. Ku. 2001c.. ᄃ 1:15Ƃ18Ą. Appearance. 誌. and. and. Neochrysocharis. 謝. life formosa. history. of. (Hymeno-. ptera: Eulophidae). Formosan Ento! ! ώ ࡁ տ ٚ Җ ߆ ੰ ྺ ຽ؎ ࣶ ົ 83 ࡊ ԫ -1.3-ᖏ-24 (13) ࢍ൪ྃӄొ̶གྷ෱Ăᖰѩ࡭. mol. 21: 383-393 (in Chinese). Del, B. G. 1989. Natural enemies of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), Chro-. ᔁĄ. (Goureau). matomyia horticola Chromatomyia. 引用文獻. and. Hardy. syngenesiae. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Tuscany. van Alphen, J. J. M., and M. E. Visser.. Redia 72: 529-544.. 1990. Superparasitism as an adaptive. Johnson, M. W., and A. H. Hara. 1987.. strategy for insect parasitoids. Ann.. Influence of host crop on parasitoids. Rev. Entomol. 35: 59-79.. (Hymenoptera). Chien, C. C., and S. C. Ku. 1996. Morphology, life history and repro-. (Diptera:. of. Liriomyza. Agromyzidae).. spp.. Environ.. Entomol. 16: 339-344.. ductive ability of Liriomyza trifolii.. Jones, V. P., M. P. Parrella, and D. R.. J. Agric. Res. China 45: 69-88 (in. Hodel. 1986. Biological control of. Chinese).. Liriomyza. Chien, C. C., and S. C. Ku. 1998. The occurrence (Diptera:. of. Liriomyza. Agromyzidae). 288 έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˟‫ס‬ௐˬഇ. trifolii and. its. trifolii. on. greenhouse. chrysanthemums. Calif. Agric. 40: 10-12. Lin, F. C., and C. L. Wang. 1992. The.

(11) occurrence of parasitoids of Lirio-. Pareella, M. P., and C. B. Keil. 1984.. myza trifolii (Burgess) in Taiwan.. Insect pest management: the lesson. Chinese J. Entomol. 12: 247-257 (in. of Liriomyza. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am.. Chinese).. 30: 22-25.. Lindquist, R. K. 1983. New greenhouse. Parrella, M. P., J. T. Yost, K. M. Heinz, and. pests, with particular reference to the. G. W. Ferrentino. 1989. Mass rearing. leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii. Proc.. of Diglyphus begini (Hymenoptera:. 10th. Eulophidae) for biological control of. Int.. Congr.. Plant.. Prot.. Brighton, England. 3: 1087-1094.. Liriomyza. Minkenberg, O.P.J.M., and J. C. van Lenteren.. 1986.. The. leafminers. Liriomyza bryoniae and L. trifolii (Diptera:. Agromyzidae),. their. (Diptera:. trifolii. Agro-. myzidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 82: 420425. Rathman, R. J., M. W. Johnson, and B. E. 1991.. Tabashnik.. Production. of. (Hymenoptera:. parasites and host plants: a review.. Ganaspidium. Agric. Univ. Wageningen 86-2, 50 pp.. Eucoilidae) for biological control of. Murphy, S. T., and J. LaSalle. 1999. Balancing. biological. control. stra-. tegies in the IPM of New World invasive field. Liriomyza. vegetable. spp.. (Diptera:. Agro-. myzidae). Biol. Control 1: 256-260. Waterhouse, D. F., and K. R. Norris. 1987.. in. Biological control: Pacific prospects.. Biocontrol. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.. leafminers. crops.. Liriomyza. utilis. 454 pp.. News Info. 20: 91-104. Parrella, M. P., and J. A. Bethke. 1988. Larval development and leafmining. 收件㈰期：2002 年 6 ㈪ 11 ㈰. activity of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). 接受㈰期：2002 年 9 ㈪ 10 ㈰. (Diptera:. Agromyzidae).. Pan-Pac.. Entomol. 64: 17-22.. ૙Ϡཻ̝჌̰ᚮ‫ۋ‬. 289.

(12) Intraspecific Competition of Two Species of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Ching-Chin Chien* and Shiu-Chih Ku Department of Applied Zoology, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, 189 Chung-cheng Road, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan, R.O.C.. ABSTRACT ! ! Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) and Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) are the two dominant indigenous parasitoids of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) on Gerbera jamesonii Bolues ex Hook. f. in Taiwan. The modes of host killing by female wasp are parasitism and host-feeding. The ratio of oviposition to host-feeding regardless of female wasp density ranged 0.6-0.8:1 and 1.9-2.7:1 for H. varicornis and N. formosa, respectively. However, its density significantly affected superparasitism and the total host utilization rate. The optimal wasp:host ratios for propagation of H. varicornis and N. formosa were 1:20 and 1:15, respectively. When 15 female wasps of H. varicornis or 20 female wasps of N. formosa were provided with 300 third-instar larvae of L. trifolii in an acrylic cylinder (25 x 20 cm) at 25ƨ, the total host utilization rates and superparasitism rates after 24 hours were 90.7% and 6.4%, and 98.6% and 11.1%, respectively. There were 109 and 205 adult progeny which emerged after 11.1 and 14.4 days, respectively. Key words: Liriomyza trifolii, Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Neochrysocharis formosa, intraspecific competition, female wasp density. 290 έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩˟‫ס‬ௐˬഇ.

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