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The Early Stage of the Modernization Process in China: Its Promotive and Obstructive Forces

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1 .

THEEAnLΥ

STAGΞ

oFTHΞ

Ⅲ 。

DERN︳ZAT︳°

NPRUCESS︳

NCH︳

ⅡA: ︳

TSPΠ

。 Ⅲ

T︳

VEAⅡ

D。

BSTRUCi︳

VE「

HCES

a〞

竹′勿智 奶〞

I.

Hadthemodem比

at㏑hdriⅥcondu●tedin tholateC●ingpeHUdacⅡeved比s

expected goal, ambdern也

edCⅡ

aw北

ham°

narchy wUuldhave﹉e甲ergod. Uf

c。urSe,thefaⅢ°

fthe㏑

oharchyis n。ts。methⅡγξtoberegretted.NeVertheless,

U㏑.a’sfa山肛e t。real此

emodornL●

Ionhasboenthe°

auseUfmuchpoverty

●㏑Ungh●rp°

ple.I,thoStudvofCⅡ

na、

modo田

山ηt㏑

n.many叩

nUi缸

shave

mp研

edthemodern出

血°

n.roces§inCh㏑

aandJapanandh.veaskedwh9Japan

c∥

evedmsg°

alm。r.Iapmly::Lo°

H㎎

attheq.est㏑

frUmapUlit●oalpdnt of

Ⅵew,sUmeschUlarsh印Kemp比滋 布dthe。adequato leadershΦUftheManchu gU叩

m甲

ent.Uth田S,froman●

conUmicpo㏑

tofⅥ

ew;havema㏑

ti㏑edthat∥was

becauseChinafailedtUdevd°

prat㏑

nalbourgedsca●

talism.StⅢothershave

ewedthequestiUnfrUmtheangleofcult“alheritageah●saidthatm南asbecause

竹●

t●nalc°nfuc㏑nd°ctr。os lack●

dthe㏑

petusfUranyprUuessivechangein

sU●㏑ty.Actuallv,°rUgres㎡°

nahdreiUgres蕊

Un

inasUdetyshouldnotbeat-tributedjust to onecause.η●

ereasUnsfUrtheManchugove…

t、failuret。

s●

eedup北

SInodeⅡli2aiondiivewerocomplicated.Inthisaiticle,t●eauthUrwⅡ

l

ivtoexam㏑

et…squest㏑

nfrUm迅

hiSt°ricⅢ

pantUfⅥ

ew,em●ha茁Zingcultl1ral

andecUnom㏑

factUrsandCh二h↙srelaIδnswlhtheWestern powers. ⅢstoHa●

sha叩

p㏑

kedtheyearl84Uas四

arkngthebe」

n,ing°

fCⅡ

najs

modefnhistory,on thegoundsthatihthaty°arChinaendedits poIicyofseclu-茁

onandjo㏑

.dtheworldsYstem.Inth●

new∥

stUr梵alper㏑

d,U旺

nasuffcred

repeateddefeats㏑horbattleSwithfUre…intruderdandwasfUrcedto opehher -438一

(2)

.2 .

doUr to th°

ut血

dewUrld.WhVWasSuchalarg°

couni9一

二山 5,UUUyearsδf

cⅣⅢzat㏑

ncont㏑

uallVdefeated●

ytheWestern powerφ

ThegenerallYagroe●

reasUnkthatthoW,Sternc°

u㎡Heswero′㏑oder㎡

zedwⅡ

㏑ Ch㏑

ahadf茁

dtU

makeanyprogresslve。h.h色

ein。

s tr●d比

bnalag沁

ⅢturalSot怡tV.Yetafter.the

UpiumWar,lWasthecommonas●

lation ofmanyC㏑

neset比ellectua1●t。 real二2e

moderhLationandin thelastΠftVyoarsδftheCh’㏑gDynasty,thevbxertedgeat

effUrts to thatend.It●

anbesamthatC㏑

n〞smδ

demⅢ

stoIykreplete、社

h㏑

- . stance忘ofth●士de&●atbnto moderni之at㏑n.

DuringthclaStΠ…yyear§可 theC盯ingdynastY,pnmafYempha由SwaSput

on thcrehoVaJ●nUfmⅡi位江yteCh四lUg9㏑C㏑naan●then。ntheiefUfmof

pUlitical㏑stitut㏑ns.η㏑ Sd}Sti●ngth叩lngMUvement(18ω一18與)wu中was

a虹ned attherenovat㏑nofthemⅢta●◤wassuspendedwhenth°M●hchugUvern.

ment lUst theS㏑U.Japane坤

War.坤

erthatwaI,intellectualsbegantUr由山犯that

therefUrm ofpUl北ical inst二tutionsWasoSβentia1.η㏑Sledto theR●fU1Ⅱ︳M°voment

(1895-1898),wⅡ

chcal!ed●

rthe㏑

i伍t㏑nof一Western mⅡitarv,po上

1caland

p缸上amentarywstems.Neverthφess,theRefUrmMovementwaSqulcklYsuppressed

bytheoonseWat二Vee上t°con竹oⅡ

edbytheEmpfossDowagef.th●

caⅢfUIpolitical

refUrm sUundedag缸

n㏑

19U5whentho mod田

血山㎎

elitei血t。

tedtheCon.

stituti°

.alMovement.Th●

goaloftheConstmut㏑

ialMovementwaβ

thc●

stabli-shment ofapar上

amentafYsYstem,pluspUliticalan。educat㏑nalrefU1︳

︳●

nd

ecUnUm比recδns竹uct㏑n.later,whenCh…aa●apt●dms一ftUwor●#●9外in

m出

由吧 dfeVUlut㏑

nandⅡ

naⅡyoverthr●wth●

Manchumδ

narthvin l9li,the modaⅡⅢ之atiUnd山eentoredihtUaneWera.

Thepef㏑dunderd工scusslUn㏑●is田比沁lekthelaSt色ftYyearS°fthcCh’ing DVnasty.Duringthat

m●,Ch…

ahadaunⅢ

e●gove與m●ntandthe#able●aiti。al s二tuat㏑nneededfUIm●&汩出mt㏑h.Herthreemoder㎡Zat°nmUvem.nts°ould

haVeatta㏑°dre血afkaueacⅢ

evementsfthe9hadnUt°

°

metUan.ndasaresult

oftheJapaheseWar prUVocation,the。ppUsit站

nofthec°

nservaJⅣ

esand●

nally,

therevUlut㏑nhe左

dedbVDr.SunYat-seh.Yetihterms ofreal modemLatbhv由

γ 上ttl°wa忘acⅡcved.Inthisarticle,theauthUiwⅡlfUcus on thetau§es°ft㏑s

failure.

II.

A●

rer。qu你丘

eUfmodern比

a伍on必t6h.Vetalent●d●e°pleWoIkout plansand

fU工伍

em tohaVesuⅢ

dentf㏑andalIesourcestUSuppUfttheseplans.Compara.

(3)

.3 .

t∥

eiVspeaHng,hUwever,peoplearemore二

mportant thanmUneybecausepeUple

can make m。

ney, butWithmonUyalone, a mUdernizaJon program cannot

necessafilvbereal克ed.Hcre,therefUre,weshaⅢ丘“tdkcuSsthequest㏑

nofmen.

Inbtherwords,wcWant to take色lU。kattheleadersUftheInodern比ation

lnUVe-ments㏑thelatUCh,㏑gperiod.

In 士a&伍onal Ch㏑ese socioty, peoplo wero classiΠ°dintotwoStrata.The

upperlayercon㎡

stedofthegentry,ahdbelowthemwerethecommo,●

eople. AdⅡlissiUn to thegentrVclassdep°ndedon pa§singthec山西l se」吋c.exainin色ti。nS.

AfterpassingexaⅡinationsatdf免ient levels,peoplewereawafdedthescholarly

honors of ∫几aη堅少磁羽 色°vernment studont), 玉h刀g名雨ε @mper㏑l student), ε%磁︴θ刀 Φr。Ⅵnc㏑

lgraduate)and6物

切6乃仇fmetr°pol二tangraduate】

thoywere

th°

nq㏕

●edfUrre°ru比ment to thecivⅡservlce: Any male oould take thU

exa㏑㏑atbn proⅥ

dedtheywereversed㏑

thcC°nfuc㏑nclas由cs,althUughfa㏑ilv

backgroundwasSUmeimesta㎏

n㏑

tUc。

nsideratbn.Asar°

sult,thelead㏑

s●at1.m㏑tradⅢUnalCh㏑es°sodotywasc°mpUsed°fg●n●◤wh°w。reversedin

Confuc㏑nethics.that°xan●natbnsYstom lastedfUr morcthan lpUUyearsand W色SnotabUlisheduntil19U51”hen北was血doutastherootcause°fthelack

σfsUc北ⅡprogreSs in〔夃﹂na.2 ﹉

Withthea°Ulit㏑noftheimpeHalexam㏑at㏑hsvstomandtheestab上shent

f巳n。WStVlesVstemofeducat㏑h,d比nabegantUwalkalUngth.roa。°

feduca-t㏑nal 血odo㏕Zat㏑n,andtⅡsin tⅢnhe1●edU旺natUmUdUrnLo你Sodety.When

a ncw sVst.miβestabkshed, 北 takos sUmetmmefUrpe°

pletogetaccustomedto

比.F°rexa㏑ple,al血

Uughthec∥

Ⅱse出汝”e不amin㏑n.sYstemwasabUlish.d,:tho

gentrvclasscont㏑

uedtoexktfUrab°

utth士tVoffUrtVyeardbefUr●北grhduallv

啦thγ

edaway.Unth°

Utherhand,althoughaneψ educationalsVstemwaseStab-上shed㏑19U5,sUmeinstitut㏑n●

fUrthele#㏒

°fWestem knUwledgehadalready

beenest色b上shedlongbefUrethat.F°

rexamplo,asearlyasl851,theΓ

切刀gㄌㄅ力

K功口刀, the日LstWestern→tyl°cU1lege;hadbeens°tu●.Subsequ°

ntlymanyUther

Wostern1好1.schoUlsw●I.●就●bliShedbym三ss㏑nar跆s.In otherwUrds,m°d°

m

.ducaⅡ°

hwasavaⅡ

ablein someparts ofthecountrybefUrel9U5.Itwas in山is

waythatthelead山

略claSSgraduallvbecamemodeⅡ泣於d,whⅡetheinΠuence°f

iad北ionalSUcletydoclned.TheintorweaⅥngUftraditiUnandInodernityis shoWn bythofUⅢo、由㎎aagram:

(4)

.4 .

19U5

FrUmthoabUved㏑

gram,丘

canbeseen:that鈕

tha噯

the9earofl9°

5沁

the

㎡d二b二ewatershed.theobliquelinesmark theioaldemafcation.Althoughia&t㏑

n

hasbeenUnthed●

c上neWhⅡemUdern北yhasgainodInomentu珥theformerhas not

W北heredawaYtotallV.

Educat㏑nalbackgfound㏑

uyhasagreat inΠ

uenceUna●

ersU㎡s血Uught

andp●rson㏕

y.Asth°Socialelit●in th。lateCh’ingDynasty︺eiedrⅡiedmainiyin thetra山㏑

nalC㎞

●S●c1日㏕CS巨ndh含

d∥

tleknUwl°dgeofWestcrn t㏑㎎ s,th斑

handlingoftho moderm2a伍°

nmvowas ineⅥ

tablyinnu°nced.by竹a&伍onaleth㏑al

values.Forexample,●u山 theSelf.Stoengthen山

MUvemont㏑

embeis ofth●

modernlzmge批

eⅡk●Π㏑

oeKung,TSengKuo-fan.ndⅡ

Hung¢

hangallempha.

sl2.dtherehovationUfIniⅡta…◤teohnology,becau忘●theledu.at二omlba。kgroun●

wasm缸

nly竹aditi。nalandthel knowlodg●ofWestern tⅢngswas。η北

odtUthe

gun§

andcanhon theyhadseendw㏑

gthefUro地nⅡ山●S°nS.Inth●t minds;there.. 及汀

e,ChlnawUuldbeabletb●

efend北selffrombut由deintr㏕onandquell internal

rebelliUns aS1ongasl ㏑proved北s mil北arytechnolUgy.In ot●

erwUrds,they

believed that traditiUnalCh㏑eSeculturo tδuldbe safeguardedas longasChina

posossed advanced mⅡitary t°chnUlUgy: A slogan prevalent at that 垃

me waS

“Ch㏑ese learn㏑g fUr the fUundation. Western loarlung fUr application”. This

indicatos th熱thetideUlogVwasIadli°na1. Ⅲ osUc㏑lel北

ebocame血

。reconsdous°f伍

eneodfUr㏑

odemLaⅡ

ondlIr㏒

theperiodUftheRefUrinMUveInent.Theyb°gant°realiZethat itw色Snec°ssafy -43∫_

(5)

. .69 .

to learnfroInthoWesterncoun臼﹂eSnUt only.bouttechnologicaldevelopmentbut

al§

oaboutt●

●refUfmofpol。㏑al inst北uⅡ

Uns.KhngYu.w㎡

;theleaderofthe

movement,beⅡ

evedthatthepowerUfWesterncUuntⅡ

swasrUotedn°

t onlyin

thel advanced Inil北a呼 te●hnolUgy but ΠlsU ㏑ Uther th土s. Inthepr°cessUf

p〥上t●alrefUrmadvU●at°

dbyKhng,therewasacallⅥ

gorUuslytbrefUrm the

pUliticalSyste㏑

.AlthUughKhngandhksupporterswerealsUmembers ofthe

gent=y class, many Uf thom had tr●volled abrUad and h廚

dreadWestern bUbks

about pollical;s。cialandecUnUnicscienc°s in transla●Uη.CompaJ9edw北

hthe

1●ader§ofthe Self-S打engthen●

ngM。

vement;theyhadabetterunderstand…吧 Uf

theWesternworld.Asaresult,the只

efUrmMovementwasr沁

her㏑content than

thoSelf.Strehgthen㏑

gMoVe㏑

ent.Neverth°!ess,becauseKhng’SrefUrm prbgram was toovast㏑scopeand●h●measⅢ°

sadopt.dbyh㏑

nweretUodrastic,h°was

ΠnallyfUrc●dihto o文ⅡebyhiscUnSewativeopponents. ﹉

Theestablis山Ⅲ…ent°faphrl㏑menta呼SYstemwasthe°ent一山conoern。fthe

CUnst丘u伍●halMUvement,alSUin比㏑

tedbyK●

ngYu_w說

.Ⅲ

oConst北ut㏑nalkts

were°onvlnce●that°

nceapafⅢ

amentwasestabl㏕

d,pe。plethiUughoutthe

counIvwouldunleandthecouniywould●

ec°Icha…dstrUng功

h㏑

ShUrt

peΠ

。●。f位

mo.η

yfaⅡ°

dtUuη

dγs!白ndthofactthat北

wasnUteasVfUrChina

tUimple印entac°nst北ut㏑nalsVste㏑thelateC∵㏒ Dvn●st9:TakefUr㏑stance

theestablishm。

nt ofapar㏑

ment.B°fUreelect㏑

nscouldtakeplace,aoo.ntrv-〝吐de censusWould have t。 b● conduct●d tb gather infUrInatiUn ab°utvUters.

Be由dos,北

Wouldtakealongumet。

mak●peUpleunderstahdtheimpUrtanoe°f ●lecⅡons,esp。

allyathtiη

ewhenab°

ut8U%UfthcC缸

nesepUpula伍°

nwas

il上terate: ﹉

Alt●

Uugh”

。st。ftholead引心oftheConsti山啦onalMovem°ntcamefrom the 竹aditi。nalgen竹

yclaSs,hotafewofthemhadrece∥

ed日m°derneducation由ther

inC㏑

na,Japan,EurUpe;or theUn北

ed︼

㏑tes.3 UbⅥU.slyth°Const北u∥onal

leaderswere㏑Uremodein inUutlook thantheleaders ofthe proⅥ

ous

modom-此at㏑

nm。

▼ements:Nevertheless,theConstitut㏑nalleaders stⅢ

hmⅥ

e㏑pha_ 茁Zedtrad北㏑n由lethitalvalues.

From theabove,北isclearth“thele日

derSofthemUdernVh1°

nm°

vemehts in thela●Ch’二ngpeⅡ

odwereUnthewhoIeprofUundlyinΠ

uencedb9打

aditional,

that必Confu●㏑n,cultⅢ°.It〝therefUrei㏑erati晚

toeXam㏑

ethe㏑

ΨactoΓtho

(6)

.6 .

CU!fuc㏑ne」Ⅲc,on themodernLat㏑

nofCh止

n.

Wh●therConfuc㏑houltⅢ°facⅡ北

atedorⅢ

h山

redmUder庇

at㏑n一has.lUng

been岔C°niUVerslalsu切

ect.Inthel95Us茁

ndthe196US,n°

ta few schUlarS

fUllowedMaxWeber’sthe°●of‘thisw°rldlVten蕊on’’andsa二dthatCUnfuc㏑hi血

h在danadverse e“bct on modern也ationbecauseit lackedsufΠdent motivefUrce

fUrchange.Th心

kndofjudgmentwas㎡

ost olearlVelud●ated㏑thewr北㏒

Sof

MarvandArthl1rW山

fYaleUn∥

siy.ArthⅢ

W山

ts出

dthattheC㎞

ese

poopletendedtU㏑

me〝°th●mselves…

thememoHesUfpa就

JUrVbutscarc中

y

madeanYpIanSfUr progross.4Ⅲ

S㏕

先 MarY甲灶翅班比 S缸thatthefaⅡΨ

e可

th.

Self-Strengthe㏕到

tMUVe㏑

°.tdl1H㎎the工e圯

nofE㏑

perUrT㏑ng㏄h血shUuldbe

attributed to Confuc如mi虹h、 C°nServatiVe bent.9 Uh theotherhand,therapid eoonomic developm.ηt UfConfudan soc㏑t㏑

ssudhasTaiwan, HUng KUng,

S土理β

poIeand SouthKbrea由

hCethe l99UshascausedmanyschUlarStodoubt

Wober’stheUry.Somebft●em,﹉

suchasWm.η

㏑odUre°.Bary●

ndⅡ

㏑masMetzger,

evonbe上mβthatCUnfuc㏑n“

miasfwtheredmoder血

1on.. RecentlV,PrU. fessofMot2gerev●nexprossedtheoplILiUnthatth●tension ln thefat㎞on

ro-lation“p二

ntheCUnfudhneth比

Ⅱ由出比fItherm°der㎡2at㏑n.,What,then,㏑the

realreasUnfUrthela●

kofprUgre聑

in m。der㎡2at㏑

n㏑

thelateChlngperloφ

Ⅲ elackofoo#.ct1●adership isconsideredbysomeasaba茁oreaSUn.B

Ubv㏑uslV,hof㏑a1●°nclu㎡on﹉h五syetbe●nreached°nt●

eques1onas to

whetherConfudani田niSadvantageUust。m。dorh犵atk】1,anddiscussions ofⅡⅡs

matter ooⅡ㏑

uetUbevery㏑

虍好.’

Aswecanseo,Ⅱ

歐or沁alresearch㏑th.pasthaS

to sUmeoxtentbeen㏑

Πuencledbypr”叩㏑gacadem㏑竹end斗IntheYe.“﹉befUre

196U,academiciendsfavorodthe‘

he。Iythat trad北ionalet紅calvaluesaIed“.

advant●geoust°thereaⅢzatiohofmUderILlzatk刃landthat巨non.Wostern s°ciety

would ㏑ev北

ablybeoonfrUntedW北

hnuInerousdif三cult跆

s in the colfso of

mode“

uzaIonf北

didnot relinqukh北s竹ad比ion..° Sincethe l96US,h°wever,

thktheorvhascom°

tUbe山

scred北

ed:Ⅲ

erehasb°

en.sw㏑

gto theoppos。e

extreme.Insteadofbe㏒

茁nobstacle,trad北㏑nhaSb°enregafdedashel°fulto the

promot㏑nofmodernizatioh.i一 Japanhass°

metinesbeenusedasanex●

mplefUf just輛

tngthenewtheoryΓ

Ufcourse,Wedon°

tcondonethepractic°bl㏑dlV fUllUw㏑gprevaⅡihgacadem沁trehds…researchwork.Indep.ndent th㏑㏒ bas.d on independent studyis土nportant.

Confudankm k repr°sent.dma㏑

lybythe4日

昭厖t工

Jandt㏑

M●∥ε拋J.啟nce

theThngindtheS.ngDynast㏑

s,t●esctw。claS出cshavenot onl9b。

enreadby

th°gen廿

yclaSsbuthavealsUboenreg田

dedbyth°c°ⅡiInon peopleasthe伊Ⅱd山吧

p血

ciplesgovernmgan㏑

diVidlmrs c。nduct. NUVerth●less, 北isS●ang● fUius to

(7)

.7 .

Findthat.herear.a,rg.ments°

UthfUrandaga㏑

#econ°m㏑develUpmentin thes● twowo一㎡:Inthe⊿刀aㄉε札 fUrpxa㏑p1●,thefUllU田ngpas興geadVUcates●conomk

develo●

m.nt :

When.theMasteiwent…

Wei,ZanΥ●口如 YuIacted.sa山iver●f血§ ′ c㏕ 圯aTheγasteIUbserved,“HUwnume…usafethepeUp㏑!”而

﹉ 幣●,↑㏑cethev缸甲husnumerU氏γ㏑ tmUre﹉sh叫bedUnefUrthe㏑∵

駎 曲 一them′’waothe犯plv:牲

ndwhentheyhaⅦ

bee,enHched,

wh-mUre曲

am”°ne?,,Ⅲ.Masters缸d,“Teachthem.’’-2

〃 叩 ε比6.一

h叩

aic缸 p日S支吧●S●●ⅢngfUrecUnoⅡ

icgrowth,fUrexamph

dukeWanⅣ

en︳UfTanglT’

… 封 aske●Mend汰abUuttheprUpef

WaYofgUvem㏒

akngdUm.Menc平ss茁d,”ThebusinessUfthepeUp㏑

mayn。tberem二●slv.attend●dto.

Men…喲 甲sUq.Utedtheυ°δ竹.rPUθrr,小SaYing:一

thed叩

山山

tgUandgatherthegrass, andatη逛典ttwlstyour rop●S;

The●etupqu”klyUntheroofs;-—

S。°nmu斑We㏑ mw㏑g㎎血

the師

n.-3

MoreoveI,healsUsaid:

Th●W妙Ufthepeop1●is●Ⅲ 止 一。Iftheyhaveace比田㏑ 小比” 茄d,thev

wm㎞

、.fkedheart;iftheyhavenUtaceIta㏑l∥el血o°d,th呼●㎡Ⅱ

﹉ nothave●6xedheart.〦4

WhathehaSsaidisan indication thatthereisacloserelatiohshΦbetweenwealth an●㏑C田血 ㏄ .Mon山略 Wantedall thepeUpletUbewell off.

IntheLw㎡

s,b°

thCohfucmsandMendushadtheuhderstahd出

aSwe

havetodaythatth°

grUwthof加

dustryandco㏑

merce㏕

llbringwealthtUsode一 Ⅳ.C。nfucms s“出 ‘‘Ⅱ」

emechan㏑

,whowishestUdoⅢ

sworkwell;must丘

t

sharpenhidtUUls.’’isIndeed,theimprovement oftUUlsandihstmm●nts is thekey to°nhanceindustIa1●nd●ommerc㏑

ldevelopment.Mendus一

adthefUⅢ

ow㏒

田乎:“

Agreat田

u●Cerd。

es not,fUrthesakeofastㄐ

dw°

rha.,alter ord°

aw●

yw北

ht。

ema出

山吧︴

ino.IIHou几

naIneofalegendaryarcherIadnUtnγ

the -432_

(8)

.8-SakeUfa螄

mafcherjchangeI曲 mlcfUrdra㏕ngthebo、′:,.T。seclro.standard ofeXceⅢencek imp°rtant inan…dustr㏑l北edsock比

y. .

Desp北

etheabove#●

t°㏑eηtsadv。ca●

ngeconom㏑

de▼elopmen●,●°ni田γ

Ⅵews °

analsbbefUundinbothConfuciusandMencius.ThemostweⅢ

.known

example你

estatement ma&bYMe…

ciuswhenieweⅢ

s中

心㎎

Huiof

工iang:

Thek㏑ts缸d:“VeneIables江,sinceyouhavehotcUuntedlfaIto●°

me

heIe,a&就anceUfathUusand〞lUne〞isabUutUneu比IdUfan市㏑ ︳,

mayIpr●sumU thaty°u aIeprovided〝πthcounsels to pIoFlt

myHng-d。mγ’M。ncmsIe田㏑色

WhVmusty°

urM的estyugethatw°rd℉rU-_ ntγwh“IaInpI°vi&dW二th,arecounsels t°behevUle.°eand㎡

ght-●Uusn●ss,andthesearemyonlVt。pios.’’

i7 :

Jud」㏑

gb′

q田「°nt就andards,“㎎

血 你出色

UUdruleimercs中

mstUhavebeen

no reasonfUrM.hcius todiscUⅢagehlIn.Un othdioccasionsalSo,M°nciusshows h心血sⅢ¢

。fprd沘

.Seekng.Forexampla .′

Hewh。iises批C°ck-。roW㏑g,andaddresses比mselfeaInesuvto the一

●Iact㏑eofⅥnue,is.山Sc”l°

。fShunIalegend田ymleisam tohave mledarUun°22UUB.C.,under拉is reign,thecUunt呼Ⅳ〔s notedfU工peac。

andUrder1.HewhoIises飩●°ck-c了°啪ng,mdaddIθβB●s㎞ feaI.

nesuY.othepurmm ofg中,i9a●isciue。fch㏑IarUbber︳.∴8

It is strangefUrMendustUrefer to thosewhUseok mater㏑lga㏑as iobberS.

thoughth例

呻knbSudhre!汀

°

nCein the′

π

aㄉ

ε

f9,。

necanbofUuhd﹉

inanother

impoItantCUhfuo㏑

stwUrk一

th。G〃a〞

e●r勿

gf

Virtuei§theroot;w°alth二Stheiθsu1●‥ ‥Hence,theaccumulaton。f

wealthis th。w紗tUScatterthepeopl”andthelettingmbescatteied

amUigthem isthew叩tUcU…汜tth●peUple.一.When”wh。pIe㎡des

φer●出中 “

t恥

m.●.Ⅱsr到dm●S…sch呵吵 … 。ss,h.mu斗 beunder由einnuenceUfsU㎎血a1,meanman.‥∴

m心

tate,g…iS

nUttUbecon“de6dpro”.血y,but㏑sProspe●

,﹏

be水

d㏑

r逛井此e°u忘heS忘.一9

Ub㎡δuslY,二hth°aboveparagraph,mateⅡ狂ga㏑赤

dH」

朮eUu忘it忘sarecUh﹏deied

as㏑

om●atib1.W北h●a°h°ther.Inthe4刀aㄉ

ε

9J,thereareplent9of●xh°rmt㏑ns tUendⅢcpovert9:

(9)

9

Thebㄐ

ectUf㏑

upeI二Urman is truth.FUUdis not㏑sU切ect.‥The

sup.Ⅱor mηidη*●us﹉1●stheshUuldnUtgettmth;heknUtan〩iUus

lest poveiYshUuldcom°uponⅡ

m。

A㏄…血古【,who品m㏑dkuUn”伍,andwhUka…猛 edUfbadclUthes

and”

fU°d,is平Ut nt!。bedk叩

rsedwith.午E﹏

Γ

avagance㏑ads to

in血bUIdina“

on,ahdpar血

onytU㎡

eanne.s.It怎betteitUbemean

than tobe㏑subord㏑ate.22AdmIableindeedwasthevltueUfH血 IYUnHui,m.favUHtedisc”leofC。nfu.㏑〢!Witha血㎡glebamboodish

UfHce;a出egUurdUfd】血k,an●IMngi㎡㏑smeannarrUwlane.Ⅶ㏕ e

otherscQuldnUthave叩umdthe山st平ss,…由dnUtamUwh、jUvtφ beaffectodbyit.A…9ableindeed↓asthevirtueofHS∥23 ’ Wi伍coaIse●c●tUeat,wi伍water tod=㏑k,an●myben●edarmfUia

PⅢbw;IhavestⅢjoy”themidst oftheseth㏑gs.R㏑hesand hoηUu↑acqu土●dbVumghteUus呷.sareto measnUatingd●ds.η

Inshort,Confu山嘰 Sl地tedmater㏑lg.㏑,just日ShiSdiscblessaidthattheMaster

S°Idom spoko ofprof比.”26

T°sl1Inu●,-theroareafgumentβbothfUr.ndag●insteconoⅡcdevelop㏑●●t

一 the4刀a厖θrJahd砌防 刀C油S.NeVertheless,fthequestio﹏isⅥe由edasawhUle,

thecentr㏕m。江㎡ th●

CoifudanandM品

ciancanUhkthecult小隬t站nUfetii抗l

and”

Uralpf㏑c”

les.Andofal!thes°

p血

dplos,:%enevUlencσ’

kgⅣ

ntUp

pHoHty. BefUrethe】

middlo oftheChIhgDynasty,theChines.p°

pulaIo.had

alwaYsrem由曲

daboutlUU㏑

ion.Withan田

翠n由nceUfiatuIalresUl1r&ξthe

U∟nes°peoplecUuldlead日Ⅱ跆ofrela」

mseindoo㏑

rt.AlthUugHn㎡

iUf

themWere●

●h,fewofth●

mwere㏑

屯切ect po﹀erty.ItwasnU‘s廿angether●fUre

fUrthesUcⅡ

d…

tbadvU●a伍

.spliu㏕

l中,●°nsid㏕

ngthe伍

“ 伍●tt●

ev叩

j●y●danevenbetter lifethantheordiharvpeople.Itwasbecau§eofth“reasbn

that in the2,UUUyearsuptUthen,pebpleacceptcdth●Coifuchnide●advUcat一

ethicdandm“

itywhⅡediscUura」

ngthe…

s…

t6fm“

eⅡ

g各

.Th各wh6le

situationchanged,howeVer,Wlhthes.dden increas●Ufpopulation tU4UU㎡

Ⅲ㏑

h

duHngtheIniddI°°ftheCh︴ngDynasty.Itwas notuntⅡthenthatpeoplebegln toexpeHencedrIcul」bs.

BUththe4〞

a尨

ε

rJ●

ndπ

θ

t加jcUnSist m㎡

yUfthesa,in白d。fth●

setwU

sages.Inth°

setwoworkd,thereaJema班

yad㏑

°

i∥

ndc●

η

c°mⅡ

etⅡ

csand

Ura上ty,althbughtheyarenot systematicallv缸

φ

hged.血fferent interpretatiois

UfthesetwUdas“

cshavebeen㏑

adeat血

ffeiont_

es.FUrexamp坤

,WangAnt

sh血(1Ul2一

1U86)whow日

sp…

meministeiduΠ

ngthere㎏

nbfEm●

erorShen

(10)

.lU.

Tsl1ngUft“

NUrth…

SmgDvna吋

y,㏑

terpr“ed﹉th●

。°nvefSat㏑

n●

°

m唧

η

Meh由

andI山

地 H血

ofL紐

ngrefeIedto.b°

veinadifferentWay㏑

order一o facⅡate㏑s poⅢ伍caliefUrInsthroug●ec°

no㏕

oc。nsiuc伍Un.Hes缸出

ToMentm吋the↓or●pIo●t㏑eans t°bi㏑gp工ont tUouIcouηt呼叩d

peUple‥‥ In”nm㏑g迎y田㏑entam曲S,heupheldthep山肥φeUf

山典∞°u興eSs.%

WangAn-sh班

Was oneof●

h°fewschUlarSψhU●nt●●pretedth°田

easof

Confuc㏑sa血

dMendusasb●

㏑g…favUrofc●o●°m㏑developmont.AftertheSung

Dynastywh㏑

he,dodin l279A.D‥

CUifuc●nsch。lars tend●

dtUfUcusth由

attentbnUn

oraldkc●上noatthe°Xpen紀ofpractical isSues.The斑

tua1onhas

rem狂ne● unchangede﹀°n﹉

uptUmodorn lmeS.”

ItktherefUrenbψ

onderthat

sUmepeUpleaccuseConfuσa㏕sInofla°●ngthemUt∥.fUrcefUIηoder血Zat㏑n.

: Ⅳ . ﹉

TUoope㏕

thε紅 na、ch田唾 ㎎ 斑tuation,…oIeaderSUftheSd}Strengthen㏒

Move㏑ent 竹梵

dtUf㏑

d主th°Uret㏑albaskfUrth●lrefUrm p=句ects㏑●

heCo9”

-d白ndasd托

s.WhenⅡ

Hㄐng-changan●Pr㏑ceKungufgedthatChi,aadoptfUr●地﹏

technologvtowaidofffU-e地

uattacks,the9ideaw.s°

bⅥ

uslybased.nthe

t1le例γ °fpr°由時SSp=op。unded㏑theCbnfuc㏑ndassics.SchU!ars quUtedthemeaβ

UfConfu由

andMe,c㏑

stU”

stifYthenoedfUr田

cialc”nge:F。

=●xa…Ple,

ChengKu.n.Y㏒

m●

: 一 ‘

Aman°

fⅥ

此●

eW°

uldmakepIo●

。racco㏑ o●at㏑ns

cUrdmgtUthe伍

mes”fD.ε〞加θ

Ur奶

〞〃φ乃光

nfuc㏑

WaSthe位

ous aInUngal!thesag.s,a,d北is︴逛出比

°●St。m●keproperacCo㏑m。dat㏑ns to the

ti㏑田” 〔竹θ刀ε翃6);色nd一‘ImPa.s●外 fUll。wedbychangeandchange〝碰llead– 。

馭班utiδi.Per●●t曲ti°nca.beguarante°daft㏄sUluti°n”fBUUπ.raa確θJ).28

EchU山名 theafUre.men“onedtheorvoftheBUUπUrU㏑㎎csab。ut‘tmpasSe,

change;andsUlut°n,”

WangThoη

a…ta㏑edthat“

therekhUtⅡ

ngin thewoHd

thatwⅡli°m缸n㏑nchangedfUrever.”η Heals°said:“Confu“us.‥aftert●

kng

intoconsmerat㏑

nthema吼

sanddemer北

softhepU上

c㏑

sadoptedin thefUur

dynasties,fUrmulatedap“●cYth“c。uldbest su北h你伍

ma.‥

rco,fuch坶〝t●

tUdaY,wem.ybecerta㏑

th井

hewouldleamfro㏑

Westerncountr怡s in田

akng

甘andportat㏑nfadl北k沁

,armS,a”

mun北°

nand㎡

aoh。e,,’’3° Unt●e●

eod●

r

change,Hsu.hFu┤班fengsaid: “Asag●inaysometimestakeoth●

r㎎

”asaInodel,

(11)

but in othef伍

meshem主

yalSoch色

ngethesystemsadoptedbyUther§

ages.”3i Ⅲ esoareonlvafewexampl°sto showthatschUlarsweretr”

ngtU”

stifYtheneed

fUrchangewlththesayl名s°fC°nfuciuSandMon°ius.

Uηthe。

therhand,sUmeotherConfuc●

nschUlars tUokarathercons°Ⅳ.dt∥° attitudetowardthemodam北ati°ndrive:F。ro文ample,theGrandSccrett口

yWUJen

said: ﹉

Ihavelearhedth之ttheWaytoestab上shanatiom is to layemphasisUn

pηpHetvand山teo叩n●ss,nUt on powθrandplUtt㏑

g.The…

nda.

mentaleffUi。sin them㏑dsUfpeople,nUtin t。chniques.平

He㏑

血Stedthat北wa§no.seto leafnWostern technUlUgv:

U曲

pφpleUflUyaltvand斑nceitvcanhelpus● 。

叩bdu°fUre圯ners,

andU㏕9●.oplew二thprop…etyand巾曲”Uusn●sscanhelpustUstreng.

thenourselves.T㏑s isa伍出名understahdablenUtUnlvtUthewise.WhⅡe

§tudY㏑

g…

eC°nfudanclas缸°s;SU”epeopletakefUre珀nersasthel

teach●r.Fiom th〝,wecanalnUs●ieadthelm㏑ds.It iscertain t●atthey

wⅢhotb●ableto mastoiwhattheyhavelealned.Eveniftheyhavea

6。°dc°mmant ofWhattheyha●elearn●d,hoWcanwebesurethatthey

i arehone就

andhavede山catedthemselvesto thecount﹁°3●

Mahyothersch°lars sharedWoJe●s叭wpo㏑t.s.

Inthelat°Ch’l名pynaSty,scholars㏑fa▼

rofWestern比

色tibn:asweⅡas

thoso﹉opposedto it●11句HedtouseConfuoianethic§to support thUlargum°ntS. NevertheIess,underthethreat°fWestern technUlUgy,especiallV印血工t田γ ●°ChnU.

lUgY;北

Seemod㏑

eⅥtablct●

atChinashouldleamfrom thoWest.Desp北

ethot

oppo茁“on to th恥,W。Jen●ndhis suppUrterscouldnndn°betterwayto subdue

fUr曲ers.C。nsequ●ntlVt●eyceasedthel oopos∥

UntUtheWester且

矻atbn

prU-gram.

Although th● leaders ofth° Self.StrongthcningMovement seemedtohave

ga㏑

edtheupperhand,theywereafr狂

dthatthcVmightboatta●

kedbythecUh.

seⅣat∥

esrtheymadera血

calchangeS.UntheUthorhan●

,hUwever,theywere

also res竹工ctedbyCUnn℃㏑ndoctrineS,an●JⅡs prUbablywastherUotcau忘eofthe

與 。

wprUgfess ofthem。dcrnV●t●

ondHⅦ

.For°xample,althUughtheyrealLed︴ho

lnportanceofbu●1●㏒ r色ⅡWaysandexplormgundergroundresotlrces,t●

eydidnUt

daretUtakcactbn.ASaIosult;theSelf-Streng山向山始 M°v。

m.ntWas血

㎡tedto

therenUvat㏑n°ftheordnancei。dustry.

(12)

-428-. 12 -428-.

UptUtheperiUdoftheRof㏑

mMovemeⅡ

t,themodem山

土珀 由

teandth.

conseivative d上te conInued. to hold diamo伯HcaⅡy oppo㎡to at伍tudes toward modermzation,alth°

ughbothofthemhadbeeneducat●

dalongtraditional上

nei

ⅦⅢeK’

angYu.woiwasabIotU”

stiㄉⅡsr°fUm programwith°

xamplesfrUmthe

clas蕊cs,Ⅲs opponentsattackedh山n◥〃比hthesam●clas缸cs.

Somehaveaskedw●

ethertheleaders°ftheConstitut㏑

nalMovomentand

th°

191lR.vUIutionalsUweieinnuencedbyConfuσ

ane血

s.Thea.swershould b°po由t∥o;alth。

ughthe9hadbeenbpposodto●

ach°therbefUro the●bo上t㏑

nof

the㏑

●erialexamination sVstem.㏑aders ofth°Uonst北utionalRefUrmMUv●

ment

likeL㏑

ngU∵

H加

hoaidChangUΓ

nhadw。

hSchUIarlVhonUrs㏑thej㏑p㏄㏑l

exam㏑at㏑ns,ahdthelead●

rofthel91lrevUlut㏑

n,Dr.SunYat邳

9n,°㏑phatl

tallY㏑血

catedthathohadboen㏑

Πuon●

edbytheCohfuc㏑

netⅡ

..ButlshUⅢ

d

be…

adeclearherethatalthUugh山ee比obecameincrea由

nglVmodeHlmtho.arlv

years ofth●twentiethceht呵,t●ievUlut㏑nariesw.re血Ur●dete一Ⅲ㏑.dthanth●

oUnst北utiUhalkts tocastawaythebondageoftrad北㏑nalid°as:

LcadersUftheConstitutionalMo祐

moitandtho191lRevo1●

tion stood UppUsed to each othef.

「Γhe fUrm.r believed that the count, could be mved

thrUughthe●nfUicement ofaconStitutbnal monaIchv,thatk,thrUughar●fU1一1︳

thatwouldke.pthoUrlH巳lS。σalandpUⅡt㏑al structⅢo㏑tact.Thelatter㏑茁St●d

on overthrU㏕

ngmonarch㏑

alruleandestabⅡS㏑略 aI●publicanfUr血 。

fJⅣ

i

mentandcon蕊

deredthisasaprereq斑s北efUithorough.go㏑grefU1Ⅲ.Intheyears

befUrethel91l Revolutio.,th●set”ogrUupswithLithepro-mod●ⅡⅡzat㏑

me山

cr二t沁笓

edeachother.After血

erevUlut㏑n;however,theconstitut㏑

nalktsboY-cottedthefevolutionarvcause,thusunde」m吐n㏑gpart ofth°r.voluti°n工ㄇ◤effUits

to re。rganizethoc°untrV.3β

IneachstagesUfthelateChtngmodern笓

a伍

ondr”

e,thelea引山自cladswaS

diⅥedinto moderh笓ingandcoiScrvati嗨gr°ups.B。thgroupsbelieved㏑the

valueoftheCUnfuc㏑

neJicand竹

iedt°support山

eio9,i。

ns㏕

thregardt°

Ch㏑a’

sm°

deⅡⅡzatiUnwithoxamplesfrom thoConfucianclassics.Thom°da口Ⅱ.

zmg e1∥e﹉afgued that it 由as aC°nfuoiahtheorVth●t society should change accUrdingto theumes,whⅡethecons.rva伍VeSpledgedto s●feguafdtheConfuc●

tradition:ConSequently,thetw°oontend出p田伍o忘‘Iiticiz.dandbo9c。tt●

deach

other.Althoughth怎culminated㏑Soc㏑l prUgresd,㏑some工espects lweaken°d bothsides.It is nowdⅡficultfUrus toaScerta㏑wh●therthe竹a山“onalCohfuc㏑

n

ethicreallvobst。

uctedthemodorn出

出㏑n prUc。

ss,butlk●

u●

thatunderthe

le㏕°必Ⅲ

poftheCUnfudan tmat㏑

nalists;th°

tempo ofthe㏑

°dern。a田°

n曲

inCh㏑

atendedtoborather slow.。fcUw●e;thesloWprogresscanalsobeat廿

(13)

13

●utedt°manYotherfactofs,m●仕曲 始

aque血

onwe、㏕l nowexamino.

:

〡 ∵ ﹉

V.﹉

:

Aswehav.men伍

on.d﹉bofUro,tho出

mmd㏕

:cond北㏑

nofa°

ount,isalsoa

det咖

」㏒呂faCtUr…m§血°山川此出

bn.If北

lacks suⅢaentca,tal,●如Ⅲbe Lip。s田

uefUra.oΨ

ytUdevelUpthe」

musiyi㏑

rtant tUtheie血zatibnUf

㏑°der㎡羽喵

on.Dmth.‵

cr㏒

gU唧

menthaVeenoⅢ

monUvtoca呷

°utth°

moder一

t㏑

hprUgram?

If acount呼

want6tochangeffom

n礎

…cultⅢal society﹉㏑toa capita上st

°ne,∥has to.s●pp.ft你㏑d喲Ⅱal°

。nsmcti°h、㎡thagrioultⅢe.Indusi四growth ㏑

T獅

ank一

rem1lt oftho㏑ΨI●mentat㏑

noftⅢ

shndofpUl。

y㏑thel95Usand

thel96Us.Farmers reallVsufferodalUssatt一at位

meast旅

PrUΠtswereusedfUr

induS色出Ⅱ devel。p㏑°●t. NevertheleS母9 had they notend叮

。dthat loSS,北w°uld

hav●been㏑Us㎡blefUiuStU.田

。ytUda′sreηγkab1.indusⅢ

algrUwth.

At the turhofthe

●.n1Ⅱy, tho Chinese governmentfaⅡodto reali之

oth.

㏑Ψ

Urtanceofha遨

㎎ 鍵︻c〢

turesupport㏑

dustrV:More。ver,th。tra山t㏑nal

g田γn中

eup-dΨ

!。

#en●

°●tU一thee。°

nUmicactM曲

sUfth.peUp㏑

and﹉

coⅡo。tedasfeψtaxesfΓom t●emas pos蕊ble.Trad1●

。hally,thetaxes°o班ec‘e●

by

th●g°verIunontf●ll m茁㏕

V㏑

tUtw。atogo㎡egpUll ta〤andlandtax.PoⅢ

taxwas

p缸a°cUIangt。then●

mberof.dult malesbetwoenl6and6。

years°fa,go ina

famⅡy,在

ndmelandtaxwasp缸

da°cor血ngto theacreageof1日Ⅲthatahousehbld

owned.It is p㏕

oftheia&t㏑

nalConfuσanet㏑cthat‘七herearethree㏑

。 i

offencosagamstf山缸 ●二ety”Ifa山吐et。●upport paientswhentheyareh上ve,faⅢ1re∴

tU山

°

thema●

ecentbuHalupon the“death,and&㏕ⅢetUpro●l肥

eanhel),and

Ufthetkee,●

Ⅱ.la就kth●grave就

Uffence.Undcrtho㏑

nuenceUftⅢ

set虹cal

valuo,eachcUupIo●opedt°b● abl。toglveb#tht。FlvesonsandtwUdaughters;

Neverthe1.ss,despit●thel一aspLatio,吃°haVeinoIeβons,pe°pledecⅢnedto paythe iequiredaIno.nt°ft日X.ASar●sult,ovaslUnsandoηⅢnis缸ons jn

populatiUnre-璽str.tionwerocommon throughoutthe。oun竹y.This﹉

waSmUroeⅥ

dentafterthe r山興

ftheEmperUrKhng.h軋atk,aftert●eseventeenthcentu呼.T°°VercUme

thk﹉malp】巴Cti●ea●d,●tthesaIn.位m°,get日CleaJ9ideaof一theactual populatioh,

EmperUrKhngH“

d“汰㏑

d㏑

1713toconvert thepo∥﹉taxt°aⅡXedain°untfUr

eachd必由Hct,regard1●ss°fth°numbero「.dult males.B.一山﹂sded蕊

ohhadagreat

impact onCh。﹂asmresult.d㏑

ah㏑

moderateincrease㏑thepopulationwⅢch

㏑turn ledto th..xhausⅡ

onUfnaturalreso1Ircos.

(14)

-426-.14.﹉

Tohaveab說

。understand㏑g.ftherelationbetweon theoonsumpt㏑

nUf

n巨tl1ralresUl1rces茁hdthepopulation,北二§neoessaIYforus tocxaⅡ ineth.popula-tbhgrδ由

thiatebverthepast3pUyears.Acoor血

ngto thestu血

esofHUΠ

ng.ti

an●山吨

htP田

1血s,的theChinesepo●ㄩatiδ

n㏑

“eased打

om加

etUsevent㏑

es

ihthep㏄

bdfrUml4UUt。

1913:Duringtlesameper㏑d°f位me,thetothlH°ieage ofarabl色 lan●㏑creasedthree也

mes,andthey始

ldper〞“ofarableland°ne〞 你equⅣalehtto o.o“xth。fanacre)w日d°ubled台eethod㏑

grambelow>

CⅡ

a’sP°

11lation,ArableLa.dandFbodYield

㏑tI●P田㏑dfr。

ml4U°

to1982

Year Population ﹉@旺i上ion) ArableLand @旺il上

on怮

) PerM●

.Y㏑

ld (CattV)

14UU 65_8S- 37U i39﹉ :

16UU l2U一

15U 67U

L65U

lUU一

15U 6UU

一一 1685﹉

一。

:74U

一一

175U 2UU-25U 9UU

一一

177U 27U 95U 2U3

185U 41U l21U 243

1873 35U l21U -—

1893 . 388 124U

一一

1913 .41U 136U

一一

﹉ ﹉ 1933﹉

5U3 1534 242

.1957 647﹉

1678 276

1982 1UUU

一一

一一

SUurcogYeh一ch㏑nWang,五〞 σ 孔Xatbη加 坳 〞 勀Ja加a,Iπθ一口9fJ㏄

am-bΠdge,MasS.HarvardUn”er由”PreSs,1973),p.7.

emarks:TheΠ

即「efUrp。pulat㏑

n in l982kbasedoharocentcensuS,Conse一

quentiV,the㏑creasein popl1lat㏑ncancelledoutthc㏑creaso㏑ag㏑ultl1ral°utput

wⅡ

chwasmadeposs山

leby㏑

creasedacr°ageofarabl°la丘

dand㏑

Ψ

rUvedprU-ductMtV.Comment㏒

Unthks丘

uatbn,MarkEMnusedthethooⅣ

oftheh口出

-levelequi上

brmm

竹aptUexpla㏑

whyCh㏑

awasunablo tUmakeabr°akthrUugh㏑

eConomicandsUa缸

development.aBWh.tElⅥ

nm。

antwasthatalthoughCⅡ

㏑〞§ agHcultufaltechholUgvreacheda㏑出 levelUfdevelUpment,enabl軸gthepeasants

(15)

. l:9 .

to increase thei product山πty, the ra°id incroase㏑pUpulati。nmeant that the peoplewereonly日bIetU血●keabareI咖g.InUtherwUr●s,th。peasant『output

wasalmostallconsumed,withomlyγ

訂y㏑mitedsurpIusbeingleft﹉fUre●on。Ⅱic ●evel。pment.

Nevertheless,from thed珀野●

mabo叩

,wecanse°thattherewhs stⅢ

afUod

sⅢpluslIlth。lateCh︴

ngperiod.Inl873,fUrexample,therewerel21UmⅡ

lion

〃“

oflandandthey始

ldpor〞

was somo243catt㏑

sUf田

a㏑.Un●ernU工l1lal

conditions, gross output shou1● have been 294,U3U nillion catti●s. Since tho

averag.Ch山oSecUns.medabout one一●attyofgra㏑perdayandthetotal(】nes●

populationatthatt㏑

owaS41UmiⅢ

n,themη

ualgr缸n oonSumption sh。uldhave

been l49,65UmⅡlionc.tties,onlyabouthalf。

fthetotalUutput.UfcoⅢ

βe,this

w.swhatcouldbee本

●eCto●

undernUrmalconat㏑

ns.Ⅲ

eactualout●

utwas

probablydecreasedby3Uperc●nt or sU,dueto thei.cessant n.tⅢald6adtefsand

W缸SUfthelat●Ch’

ingp…

Ud.Evenw北

htⅢ

s如

nuⅢ

。utPutφ

bUut如

5力2i

mⅢ

°

ncatti.S),th°reshouIdhavebeonastlrplusofatleast5U,UU。

iiⅡoncatties eadhyear,andtⅡscouldhavebeeh﹉convertedihtoareInark.blea”ount。fcap北al

fUr industⅡaldevelU●ment.

η{ 如…reto●

set”

a伊

沁Ⅲ

tⅢalsⅢpl外fUr㏑du“Iald°

velUpmentwas

partlYaresult ofth●laok ofunderstanang一

°

fmoder㎡zat㏑

namUngtheso屾

.l㏑e andpartlyaresult ofthe●olicyofl地

ttaxa伍

on.EmperorKhngh㎡

sdeckion﹉not. tU㏑

Wtaxacoor山

㎎ to山

enumber●

fadult maleS㏑afamⅡ

ywas㏑

udedㄙ

sa

benevUlent pUl二cvin theeaflvyearsUfthee地hteent●centurv.Th沁

poIcY;hU中

ever,became.h㏑

drancetUChina、piogr●

ss.Ierthe㏑

m_n…eteenthcentwy.In

the2UUye研

safterEmperUrKhngH㎡

staxpU1●ywasenfUrc.djthat怕,㏑the

poriodfroInl713to1913,thesourcesofgovernment revenuerema㏑edla,rgelythe

same,exceptfUr somoadditionalta本eS:M甲●whⅡ°,c°

mmod北

ypΓicos 竹ipIed.Let

ustaketheyeaI●

175Uandl91Uasanexamp1o.Annualgovernm●

htrevenues㏑

19IUwere﹉

onlv54●

eroent°fthel75。igl1refyoutak●㏑Π

atbn㏑

t°con茁

dera-:tion.99 In Uther words, gove㎜ont revonuos decreas°d by ono half㏑

stead of

imcreasmg.

ASa四

SultUfthel由

t伍xation pUlicv;串Uvern平ent revenueswerenUtsum一

.c㏑ntto support﹉

anUVerall indus竹ⅡVat㏑n一program in th.mⅡmin“eenthcentwv.

Accord㏑

gtochahgChung一

i、estimate,thegross na伍onal pr°duct加

188U-is

2〃8UmilⅢ°ntaUls,●n●thegovernmontf㏑hn.㏑lbudget㏑

191Uwas2U8mⅢ

iom

taels.Suppos㏑

g山attheGNPin l91Uwasthesameasth“

18βU,°nlyabout7.5

per。°nt°

fthel91UGNPwas.sedbythegovcmmoht...Ⅱ

kafa伍

erlU-percentagecomparedwiththel°

p田Cent recorded㏑J巨

pan㏑

188U.Withouta

(16)

. 6 .

§竹°

ngInanc㏕

b白曲

,the山

山 °s●gUVerΠmentwasunab1●tUunderta﹏m°dem_

.

眨at㏑n prUJ°ctsUn°nyl打gescale.TheK㏑ngnanAfsenal,:fUr●kamp1.;w㏑山iⅣ吧S﹉

estab㏑”

dduri㎎

theS。lf-Siengtheni㎎MUve㏑

entasthejlm曲

㎎ ㏑amfactⅢor

UfadVancedw°

aponrvfaⅡedto tl1rn outlarge●

uantitiesofmodemamsand

a㏑m山曲 ㏑i‘faun山UhmlYh…quaⅢyUr to o6iductsySt°mat㏑research㏑tU

ofdn日nC●prUduct㏑

nbecauseⅢ

s●lln曲l°peratingcap北alnuctuatedψⅡdlyfrUm﹉

Veai:tUVei.tiThc●

ffUrt tUest中li與aoonstimt㏑nalsvsteη㏑

a血aWaS矼

sU

fm§士色

tedby〢

㏑anaⅢ

problem6.Itwa.°

nlyth●…

thatthcC∵

t吃

govemm●

朮﹉

began心免dhard.prUssed”f㏑°ne〦ThrUugh●Un就ant。蒞

ti●n。

by.中

centfal

gUVernm●nt,thelU●

Ⅲ●

uth°

t㏑s㎡s.becam●

°

xhausted;andsUmeUfthemoven

hadtUb。ar山

…色

ld°

Π

d竹.匆

Howo沌

r;mWasnUtth●

casethatCh㏑

aWasumb1●

tU ra曲° ca●伍

lfUI

odem曲

乩㏑

n.AS叩

h●vealreadγm°nt.neo,thei。w●i●fU“

dableagr●cⅢ

t血

l

surpluseS that ●°●ld﹉have be.n ●sed fUr ㏑du由由山蹈t㏑

n.In

竹色dⅡ出〕

nalCh㏑

aj

hU一︷βr;↓emth…asi。teq一allYd好比山uted,色n●m°

heVwasa血

由郎●

d㏑

th°hand● ofti。出enivclasS_Uft●

etUtalGNP。

f2,9SU㏑

Ⅲ㏑ntaels㏑188。,675血Ⅱl㏑

n

taels°

r24percent)was㏑

theh在

ndsofthegont,wh㏑

hnumberedonlv8。

U,UUU

°b°ut2per&nt ofthetUtal populat●n)..s it一日S°fC°ⅢseL田ηssniefUrthe平

tU﹉ooi血methoi partUftheGNP.Had;theVinvest●dl。percent ofth°

t…

。。

me㏑

dus㏕

devel°

m●

nt,chin如

omdhave比

.n.杺

untrvⅣ

hah㎏

hrateof

㏑Ⅶ血

ment...a山

㎡SabⅢ妙’tU㏑”

st mhbeseenlUmthe㏒

mt.Uf㏑

dustr二al

gro-thθ

.4percent)betweenl?12andl’

undertheNational斑gUVerIun.nt.“

η Ⅲsra卹㏑dus山lgrUwthSh。u1●b●se.nasr.sultingfrUη.graSpUfthe晚nfi_

cance°fcap。

al蟋

ment.

In﹉i●&t㏑

nal(h㏑

a,p.Up1●﹉曲

gardCdthUlandtheV°

wnedasth°nlVcon. t≡

96pert9.”

托…”

accumulatodcnoughmonev,thevwUⅢ

dbuVlan己

r

thev﹉∞ 血

dnUt恤

●1…●

nd●

YW㏑

te↓

thevwU血

dbwvthe#mUnevunder

t●

.扣

●n¢‘阿 celv.nyo四啪

shUdtU…

e6tt㎞

Γ

moi.,㏑

bu血

●蕊.Through oontact”北hfUr山與erS;hUw.ver,theyboga●tU●hang.the土meas.η㏑ 9.4pefcent 封

wth斑

te㏑山㏕

us呵

W平

a”

SultUf山曲 m。

lUgicalchangc:恥

masRawsk

nδtodth“

mo…

q…m:s㏑

d呷

Hmdeγ

elUpm.nthaSareg”n缸

n#“

e,m°stUf

the斑

dⅢ由呼

be㏒

●oncen竹atedinShangh缸andtheNbrtheast.S㏑ceN°rtheast. ℃h㏑

a.nter.dtheJapan.wsph.reof㏑

Πuoncoaftei tl93!,We㏕ll not●●alhere w北h﹉北岱●〤●田怕●ce㏑㏑●ustfⅡd.vUlopment.Inst.adw。are色°工㎎ t°dkcuss the

expe“

…∞

.●

fShanm_

.I一

1’3●,Shangiai’s㏑dus竹

produ●t㏑na°c。unt°

dfUr:

.1.lpercUntUf卹

Gro外

Na”

nⅢInoustr血Product′‘

WhvwasSha班

典缸 able

tUb●bδme色

h㏑

duSt」h!i2edc丘y?thero●SUnfUithis必p●rtlybec●use北

kad比

y

_423一

(17)

. 17 .

WhereconⅢmerc㏑lactiv北iesalreadyhadboenΠourish㏑gfUrseveraldecades,and

paItlybecausethepUlitical stabⅡitY…theSh●ngh缸fUre㎏nc。ncess㏑nsencoⅢt

agedpeopletoInakeinvest㏑ents.

VI.

FinⅡ

9weshaⅢ

examinetho山mpactofChih′s on°

bunterwihtheWest on

北S㏑odernLat㏑

n:1kJ°

hnK㏑

gF打

!k、Up㏑

nthattheC㏑

而se●eUpl。,s

lethargv㏑IroSponangt。th.westerncha!lengeg.”Ⅱs●t。rep●破edbattles㏑

wⅢchChinawasalwaysdefeated,andthat,undcrsu●hclcumstances,Ch㏑

awaS

reluctant toabSorbknowl°dgeabout moderniza伍on.●

9 ButwhydidthoChinese

peUplenot make.c°IoctreSponse?D“cussingthk.matterfrUmth●

ewpU㏑tof

etradⅡ

naloultⅢ.日ndfUre地nre1.t㏑n耴

Π山

bank maintainedthatthe!u沁

lit9

between﹉Ch㏑aandtheWest reSultedfIo中

c…

a、lack。funderStand㏒ofthe

ooncopt ofmod可

血2at㏑

n.Undoubtedly,“

sargumentca…ansⅣ吧r。nlypart of

thequest㏑n.Aclearerp沁tur●

maybeδ

bta…

edifweproc.odfrom thestudyof

the獅

.sepeople、

r.sponsetbWesternarms,●

㏑mun北㏑

n,tommod北

㏑s●

nd

mk山

onafi外t。山

eWe就

erners’requestsfUrtheopen㏑

。f打ad加略ports,t田㎡t。H㏕ concess㏑

nsand㏑

demnitios.

η

leCh㏑

es.areηoted-fUIb㎡ ethnoo●n竹㏑.UndeIthespell oftk疝

bwn

great廿aat㏑

n,the(Ⅲ

nese中er°oontemptuUuso「thingsfUI山

.WhenWest.m

th㏑ 1水°

clocks,watchesandtoydwe工

o㏑

iodu●edint。(1山

m,thoCⅢ

nese

dospkodt●°

maη

dhadno inten●

nofpro●

udngthemthems.lves.W北

hthat

mUntality,Ch㏑afaⅡed﹉toIedLZethelnportanceofscienceandthereforereaoted

slowlyt°

theWorldtrendofIⅡ

odern比a“on.N.vertheless,thesituationchang.d

somewhat when Westerners 缸㎡

Ved㏑

laigenumbersafterthemⅡ

.niIlcte●nth

centurv.﹁′i山advancedshj°sandcannon,‘heyfUrcedChinatUaccept theite1Ⅲ 一s.

N。

tun伍

lthen&dtheUⅢ

nesepeoplebeon toadm北

thatfUre站itⅢ山扑 w°ie

Su訂i。

rtUthels.ThiscanbeSeon lo㏑

thefUll°w山

statementsbYTsengKuU.

fanand工iHung.chang.Tsengs㎡

d:

BHta㏑andFrancebUastedoftho叩pe●Urmyoftheish●sandthe

.ffec中en●§Uf山曲 甲nnon.T”㏄ 缸e比amyth二ngsth外w●havenUt

s叩n㏑

h一ab…

UEe.r叩

canp叩

asethemafewata∥mean●get

h。1●Ufth。m,p●opleinCh㏑

wⅢge●accus.。medtU﹉

themandwm㎡

°

lUngeIb.astU㏕shed.Mea山

祕田

-Br批ainandFran&Ⅲ

no lUigerbe

(18)

.18.

abi●tUusethemtUdom㏑ateCh㏑a:.s

Lisharedth。same°pin㏑

n:

Ihavebeenab°aidthewar出ipSUftheBritishandFrenchadmialsan●:

haveseenthattheicannUnareingeni。usandun二fUrⅡ

thelalnmuη

i-“°ηis nn●an.φ.veⅡymade,the士W●pUnsarebr圯…,andtheitIoops

havea㎡arti田app田tm叩dareUrderlV.Theseth㏑gsar.午”amv supe山”t●tho㏄Ch二n●.:∴ervdaYIw拉nand㏑“rua四′

。f比°↑

tUbehumble,tU●earthehumⅡat㏑n,andtUlearn oneor tw。secret

﹉‵ methUds●o血 theWest●m●is in thehbpethat﹉we…呼 ㏑“中㏄

ur :

kn。wledge.叩

η伍

:wUrdsUfTsengandⅡ

clearlvind沁

atethattheCh。

eseleadersatthat u血ealreadvr°山 2edtheSup●●o血y“fUre地nthing一M㏄

。。

ver;theYpurchased

f。re地n-guisahdcannδntUsuppred●th°Taip㎡r°

elⅢon.Itwa§b●causo ofthe土

increaSed一knUwledge°

fWesteih”

sthatthoylater pro㏑Ut.dthoself.Stfeng. th°

n㏒

M。vement.

Letus nowtake色lU。

kattheCh㏑

ese●eUpl↙sattitudetUWardfUfe地nc。

m-㎡d山妙 色δ°

ds.WhehfUre㎏

nm°

rchants mstarrived㏑

a㏑

,theywerchUtw。

l

co㏑cd.Chinadidn°tUpen tra山ngports tofUie地與erSㄐntⅡthUyWerefUrcedt。by fUre地n troδps::EvenafterthetreatypUrtswereopened;北WassUm。位m● thatfUr-e地

n㏑

erchan“

werenUtalloW叩

tUd。buSiness㏑the●∥es.ⅢkeventuaⅢ

ymade

conΠ北tsbetwe°

nCh㏑

esoandfUre珀ners.naV。mable.s.Butgradua1lY,theCⅢ●●se

peUple&㏄

o咇

thatfUre㎏nc°

mmod比

iesworesuperbitUthUsc﹉:produced㏑

Ch㏑aahd﹉

theybogantUⅢ

so mat”es instead。

fnints,andtUusefUre㎏

n-Inade

y田

6andcloth㏑

●t°

adofind站

enous ones.Ihshort,theyftStr句

。ctedfUre屯

n

∞血mod比㏑●befU坤Π

nallvacceptingthem.s.

∴Fore㎏n印issbnar㏑salsUhad色great㏑Πueiceon th°modam也atbnofCh㏑a:

ChinesepeUpleW申eashostilet°fUfe㎏n mi●sb●ar跆shStheyWer°tUfUre珀n

merch●nts.1Π° ChriStianrel㎏i°nwascr北沁iZ●dassuporStiti。usaηdheterUdo文:

eoplethU●

ghtthat itwas-medat“

d屯

ng°●tpe°plσscy●.balls nn●hearts,

em.sculat㏑

g㏑

fants,andr°

mU曲

t㏒W。

mbsUfpregnantwo㏑

en′切

Asa

…沁ult,ther●wis●﹉s竹°ngan伍<㏑Hst㏑

nsentimentamongthe●

oUple:tnⅢs study

Ufatt北ㄐdest。”

ardChⅡ

sti色n北y; Lu Sh血-ch’二

angpoI∥

edbutthattheCh…

esc

peUp㏑disli幹d﹉

e㏑

ti…

it99“

bec卻

etheieiψ

ishnYd如

geementbctw°

en

Confu°㏑

nandChHst㏑

ndoctiihesbut si…

plybec叩

SetheYhated“

怕umter一

feience..● thatsent土nentwasanatl1raloutc°

me。

fCh出

n’s丘玲tdkaS竹

。uSen一

(19)

. 16> .

。°unterwiththeWeS●

,theUpmmwar.

ActuallY,fUre地●mis蕊onaΠes℃

UnductodmanyotheractⅣ

it㏑s㏑ad血t㏑

ntU

thepreachi吧°fChrisuhn北

y.TheSeihcludedoduca1onandphⅡ

anthropy,andthe

in甘°duct㏑n°ftechnologV色ndWeStern medicalsci●,ce.Be茁des,thrUug●thel

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-417-. 23 -417-.

NUTES

.ChungIChang,mεa加“εφ 刀工r99。β工翃 θJUπ幼 ε〞RU口ε加 Ⅲ 力εtεθπ幼 石 θπ〞”ㄉ a加菡ε

SUεㄉ9,,(Seattle:UηⅣer斑tyofWa血ngtonPIess;1955);Ping-︴HU,協θZ,a曲erUr‘〞tceJJ 加r〞′ε石〞C乃加a:⊿〞 εε竹 好 助 ε滋J拓Ut〃工●,,,竹6●-‘9〃(NewYUrk:JUhnWⅡey#S°ns,

1%Φ.

2.WUlfgangFranke,田εRerU/〞翃 〞4DU拉ㄉ力Ur油ε ”“加”磁:a加“oE印〃加“bπ

S,,J〞〃φ陌ipelRa㏑b叩βridge,1993,Iep血〕

3.ChangP℃ng乎uan,工ㄌεcU力69J′田〞ㄉ刀a妳9Ja刀dt乃εI9JIRεvUJt〞ㄉ刀(Taip由;TheIhstmute°f

MUderηHistU呼UftheAcade㏑ia&山a,1983eat㏑n,,pp.26.●,U.

4.ArthurW由如t“Values;RUles,andPerson山伍es,”㏑ CU,,r,ε滋′n羽炤〞a〞而外,ed:姆扣thui

中啷 tan●DenisTWitchett°tanfUr出StanfU工dUni托rmtVPress,I962),pp.3.23. 5.Ma呼wr珀h6,η比 切f〞S〞刀〞Urψ…θJεcU●.,er.,●〞山π mεrㄅ,.g-奶曲R你f●〞〞切 ,iεω

-Iθ〞U怡wYUrkAtheneum,196Φ.

6.Wm.TheodoredeB田9,et.毗肋 εV砌ㄉ工φ昭 Ur仲?《′η即ε〞力加〃 仰

ew”

rk一c。mbia

U㎡Ve邱渱yPress,1975》ThUmasMet2ger,母apt rrU〞Prε〞m〞e9.6●怕

WYUrkCUlum㏑

a

′ Un㏑r由VPIeSs,1977).

7.ThomasMetzgerexp中SSedt㏑s。pin°n inat●kwi山theauthUr二nthespIingofl983.

8.RobertDernberger,‘叮heRoleoftheFor°塘neIs㏑CⅡna’sEconom㏑Development,lB●U一

1,┤p,”in﹉ε物o磁ㄅ πU&〞Ec.〞U〃ˊ 加 山砝吋U”a口乃 沿〞 επI9e,ed.byD〢ghtPe虫inS

φtanfUrd:StinfUrdUn山eI蕊tVPress,1979,pp.19.47.

9.CⅢnγaU.c…,‘TheC。nfu°anEth●andEc°nom㏑DevelUp㏑eηtARe”ewUfW●beI’s

TheUrY,’’t泛方乃U拓U9●r乃J,,,NU.26(AuBust l98S9.

lU.DeanC.Tipps,“M。dernlzat㏑nTheUry●ndtheStudyofNaⅡonalSodet始

gACHt沁

al

Perspect二ve’’;‘ㄌ〃u田好′99eSt“〞〞〢 刀∫φε〞r,,‘〞〞田J工.〞

,VUl:lS,N.2Ⅳ

ai山I97a9j

H.R由

nhardBend*,叮中山t㏑handMUdernizat㏑nRecUn“dereJ∴ㄌ●,VU1.9,Nd.3,(i967), pp.292-346.

12.⊿刀仰 ”,BUUkXIⅡ,Tsze︴u,s●eJames㏑gge,ηεFp..rBUU妳,pp.266η67.

13.Mθ〞ε初J;B°UkIⅡ,TangWanKungσbrtI),seeLegge,p.239.

14.乃女l,pp.2β外24U.

15.⊿〞〞哦 B。

kXV,W°

ⅡngKung,seeLegge,p.299.

16.砌ㄉπε〞‘,9ookVⅡ,T缸●Sin(PartI9,see︼吧g.,p.474.

!7.拓銘d妳,B°°kI;K㏑gH“UfⅢang,seeL毛ge,p.12,. 18.Menεf2.,,B。okVⅡ,小血 S二nCaItI),s●eL把ge,p.464一

19.r乃εC′銘〞t銘′刀加π←See㏑gge,pp.β79381.

2U.4π〞εε你,B。°

kXV,W斑

ㄐngKung,se●Legge,p.3U3.

21.⊿刀aㄉ●J,B°okIV,LeJ㏑;seeLgge,p.168.﹉

22.4πaㄉε札 BUUkVⅡ,ShuR,seeL●gg●,p.2U7.

23.′πa厖ε符,B°UkVI,γungYey,seel£gge,p.188.

24.⊿′t〞εrJ,B°

。kVⅡ.Shu只,seeLegBe,p.2UU. 外.⊿,..跆ε你,B°°kI〤,Tsz°Ha●,seeLegge,p.216.

(24)

. 24 .

.WangAn-屾

,叭

RepVtUTsenBⅡ

即 ng”,乙加-cn切刀 乃∫9●刀6乃ε刀

g山

o伸

” 跑 千切9●g K竹πedition),V°1.92.

η:LuPaU{h,ien,a竹翅9J.9”痛 〞竹 ●乃加 σ 如 由 KuanWenB°°kCUmpany,1978),p.

33玩HuangC血lchieh,一Ⅲ ●DevelUpme血UftheCUnfuciahId。dU即Un盹批eUusnesj

andProntBofUr●th各Ch’㏑ Dynadtv,”apaper presented.nJulv27,1984,attheSumIner

SVmpos㏑㎡ °nthec㎞eseIdeUl°g㏑alHistUrvspUnsUr。dbytheAcademiaSinLa㏑TⅢpd. 28.CheigKuan.v㏑g,J比9●g1乃曲 ”′9ε刀 °eWandsupplementede山t㏑n,TalpelTheSt●dent

Bo°kSt。了°,1’‘5);●.25.

29.WaηgTao,γΠen.faφartI9一,㏑T●U9”a力加ε刀︴“”〢-Pㄉ方fShangh茁:上891),VU1.1,p.1°.

3U.W加屯TaU,t℃m∥-sheng︴”hㄗ『,Uu㎡r”vU1.ll,p.l1.

31.H山hFu.ch’eng,..CiUu.Yang…’ui∴加 幼 略 〃 山 勿 π.c%9σ節 由 HuawenBUUkCUm.

panV,1971),VU1.l,p.44U.

笓.PaU-ch血,ab“-p.η9.w“﹏ 曲 栩UσheRe唱nUfEm“rUrT’ung-ch的●a…lWenh缸B。°k.

C●mpanY,1971),VU1.47,pp.?4-25. 33. 乃 戈i;VU1.48,pp.lU-12. 34:SuηKu卻吧 。 e,協刀-ε乃︴磁 翃 切 刀 一

切濨 刀 功㎡功翅 π 幽θ昭 ︴仍〞(Ta”elT茁wanCommerc二出

PI●ss,198?>

“.ChangP℃ng,uan,田ε 仍9..9竹t“bm.竹” ●99d山6i9iI水〞U〞” 九 .P.εσ〞.一changP’en士

Yuan,乙如昭 a9…ㄅU刀〃扭 竹田U山ε略 p”加 σ aΦ.lSh㏑Hu°Publ二sh二吧 H°u由,reed二ted

in1981),p●.42-S8.

3aⅡng.uH。,s〞“.jeJU刀比tPUP”磁 tㄉ九 ●rc〞田a,fθ‘εI9JJφa㎡bridg●,MassiHarVard

UnⅣer㎡tVPresS,19599,pp.25名5.

j9.協j〞.;DW地htPe虫㏑ s,⊿『

。a〞9.●〞J。e,,‘

J●P加加 〞… ao9,.,iJ鋁i%εC㏑cagU:Aldine,

:1969).

38.MarkEⅣin,”比 屁 〞〞rη●r而ε

a…

εJε昆j〞φianfUr出StanfUr°●nⅣe↑ityPress,1973),

pp.285-316.

39.Y。h-。

htnW㏑

g,西羽

t%’

atㄉ刀切f〞′ε′加JC乃9刀a,I”θ-I9fi(Cambridge;Mass一HaiVard Uη”er缸tyPress,1973),pp.llU-llS.

如.Chung︴Ch●培,幼εi〞c.〞εUr幼εaJ化肥 茈 刀●r99(Seattle:Un”ersitVUfWasⅡngt。nPress:

1962),pp.2?6-297.

41.ThUmaSKennedV,mε⊿r〃JUrK加卬卯t〃羽b磁翔 9犯t油田加 油 εa9〞磁U′而 翃 “ f9●〞妳rF,9,

Iβ6。i●●J(B°uldγ,CUlUrado:WestViewPr●S飢197S9,pp.15牛155;WeⅢngt°nK.K.Chan, 跖 舒C磁兇弼 」比 刀磁 ′工刀

a祤拓U&′rE,,iεrPriε加 乙t紹a切ga…a㏄.η● ㎡ge,Ma.si

H6rvardΨnive‘缸tyPreSs,1979),p.9U.

佗.a羽mg我的 乃∫工ε刀.r●m磁t工 〞 切,︴a.山 加 σ a”●i:Academia啟nica》HupehPrUvmce

°ySuYtn.feng,1981),P●.926η2β;shantungPrUv㏑ceφycHangYifa,198砂,Pp.341

377;Fuk㏑n£hekang玎aiwanAIea(byⅡKuU.c∵i,1982),pp.399.482;Hu呼nProvincc (byChangP●ng.vuan,1983),pp.9βl-253;K抎ngsuP:UⅥnce(byW●ngShu-hu缸,198°,

pp.3U6-315.

43. Chung-liChang,T乃θf9.cU〞θUrt乃εCh工刀t6εUt刀ir,’,pp:326.327.

研.AccUrdingtUW田tW.RUstUw,thea甲UuntUfinve就mentatbUththe㏑比ialStageandthe

maturepeⅡUdwaslUperceht.See㏑sboUk砒S翅gεsUrEcU刀U〃96GrUw〞乃 ●

。ndUn:

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