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Optimal Allocation of Testing Resources for Modular Software Systems

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Table 3: The reduction in the number of remaining faults.

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Figure 1: The reduction rate of remaining faults vs. the total testing-effort expenditures.

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數據

Table 2: The optimal testing-effort expenditures  using algorithm 1.  0RGXOH ;  L &amp; L 
 IRU H[ L 
L&amp;; IRU H[ L 
L&amp;; IRU H[                            
Table 4: The optimal testing-effort expenditures  using algorithm 2.  0RGXOH ;  L &amp; L 
 IRU H[ L 
L&amp;; IRU H[ 
LL&amp;; IRU H[                            

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