古代希伯來的智慧與智慧傳統:一個宗教思想史的觀點

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(2) ~~4H:;~-.jIJJ. 70. ~-==-. f'l1J. a. r~ A~~.J. .. r~~~~.J. .. r ~ . M ~ J ~ R ~tr ~. ~~.~~llimo - H~*,~.r~.J~W'WA~~~~. ~~ : ~~ • D{~ • Jj{~ij 1m ~~/J <¥f1l~Jj. . *lli\.l\1li~fi~fJ.~~. , ~~~~2te~jl& , 3Z.~¥¥iinX:§~'. 0. 1£1f;J:tL.t:: ~. 0. .~r~.Jm~m~A~~ - .@~~ - ~~M~~~~. ~'ilim~¥~~~D~~.'mw~~~r~.Jtr~.W~~ L.::f~;f§{J;J. , ffij~m11* . ~~ . ~ii~1J;~@]5jlj~M. ~r~.J. ,~a~*·~*·m~~& ~ m~MM~::f~~~~. ~~{~ME CP. 0. M.W~$M.ffij~::f~~m.°timr~.J - ~lli~m - m~ ~m~'::f~~~.~M~m~.~~~,~~~~o~~ & ~. .. r ~\l&~ J (maat)~~. ' ~t~~~. ~:£I~::rEl3~~J¥$JtU. 0. m 1UJ~lt. f91e~JliiJTt~Wf::!.tt{1ffi~aJlJ;) r !7g~~ J (nemequ)~~. ' ~~~BP~* ~:J:;m~*'f1laJlW~mE{RttL~~~**. 0. ~:ffi-JJj~~.. tl'i • l'£l{" • BJlffl)~~ , t~~m B m{1ffim~~. ~ m~e~~.2. 'it:#-. ' §5-. yom. phronesis(Jj£. sophia !'l1j~~W. 0. r'"M,#r-t" J. 6i){H~AiQi!'. Of*-Iltl Edward F. Hulme, Proverb Lore. (London: Elliot Stock, 1902), pp. 1-2l. J:. ~1* He. ~A a ft.1e. x fl}] <f IJi) r 'of ,~, J. 2 ~A. '. *. m)}' , Of ~t 1} Iltl. Kurt Rudolf, ,. "Wisdom," in The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 15, ed. Mircea Eliade (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987) 0 fi ~r ~ ~~!~a r J.g,~t J o~. '. ftiHf '. *~ Wolfgang Heick, "Maat," in Lexikon der Agyptologie, Band III. (Wiesbanden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1980) ; E. ~t f.lJ IJiJ r riq It. '*. J. %A. ' *- ~. W. G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature (Oxford: At the Clarendon. Press, 1967), p. 1 (~ATr.';f1t WGL); ,*MtIJiJ:f~ r'"M' J .,giOJ!ltm;J;- ' or. i' Georg Bertram, "¢ p ~ IJ, ~ ¢ P (,) IJ, ,;. ¢ P 0 (J {; IJ ]7, ¢ P 0. *. ..

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(4) #I)-!t-!¥ -t;f -JlJ]. 72. (hakhamim)~W;fElIUl. 0. rfi~J~~~lli*il.#m.~,®~~~~tttt~ fi .~ B~t~{lL. 0. t*&El~~~~MI*JP5(¥-Jg:§ftiN. 2770-2200 if) , flP~~i}*A. ~r~~J~~ffi~~~.W •• ~m,~m**~~~~~~~. VIIl6. 0. 1-:re37lj~ljlJ3*t~J~~W3(*"Jg:§ftiN 1000-961 if)I¥J:5::2:ffl~~(Ahithophel). ~~fi~.~m'~mm~~m~~~~7o~.m~~~~~~ n:2:ffl-tml¥J~ j§. > (The. Words of Ahiqar)Acp{J,::t1ElflPm§~~ ~:ffl~. £::U:(Sennacherib)*1f.~M(g:§ftiN 704-681if)W{1\t~ug-i\Th'!(Esarhaddon)*1f.~:AA(i1§. ftiN 680-669 if)~ljlAl¥Jgff~~8. 0. r. fi~ J ltSJJl:tW~1E1r~JfJ~Fa~~~. ~WI¥JMmoW~:fflffi*.~®~'~T~ffcp~W.l¥JrW ~J. PJ),} , - ~~l~'lalm~~ft:~. ,. :)(±~ ,. PJ{rpj(;WH£ '. ~M;~CfJl<Rj;D. .~~m::t~m~'~~.~l¥Jrfi~J~~9oW~&AW.~~ .*~m.~~cp~AD.cpl¥J~m,~~m~~~+~I¥J~m~. 65, 75, passim_ 6Hellmut Brunner, Altiigyptische Erziehllng (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1957),pp. 10-38;#Jt.Tx. ' -fJltJ1~ilt~.rflJ -~FI)-*ff1~'J 0 7 fJ:.1lll 2 Samllel16, pp. 15-23, in Bruce M. Metzger and Roland E. Murphy, ed. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha (vJ.. T r.~;fjij. NRSV) (NY: Oxford University Press, 1991). The Old Testament Pselldepigrapha, vol. 2, ed. James H.. 8 fJ:.1lll "Ahiqar," in. Charlesworth (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1985), pp. 479 493 ; JJ 9~#~tA."The Words of Ahiqar," in Ancient Near Eastern Texis. Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition with supplement, ed. James B. Pritchard (~A T ro~;fif!. ANET) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 427,"i1-t%11.y"r. 0. 9John H. Hayes, An Introduction to Old Testament Study (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1979), pp. 324-337..

(5) -t~:$"1tJ *-Q!JW .~~~W M·i*,"Jt.--. IjijJl~IO. 0. *. ~.~·!J!·lt6!JibI..f,l;. :tftH&!¥J*~fff3l:~~cp,. p).~tiEf§~!¥JM1*. JIIJlffi1'=:: II. i@. 0. I. 73. ~~ J ~;ltMl~W9;O~. ' El ~1f%x: - ¥-H*llra '. , fJO. W)lC9;ID;fD~B]m*~:JJ. )lC9;O;fD~ B]' ~~1~:t:A~~!J\I:~!¥JruH*. ' $fii&itfff3l:3!l. .~m~,~~~~.~-~.~'m~~e'm~7~~.:t:~ (fJ. m;jjIfJ iID ~. Judaism)1 2. , :it;lt tf: 5 5t m= t!t *,C tJ 1& !¥J ill tt. :t: ~ (Raboinic. 0. 'fi.J!¥J~.~.~~~H~~~~~!¥J.ffi'~~~~~ M~.·ffi~o~~&~M~~gcp~~'fi~:tf~~ • • ~m~. 7'. I. ~~flj J (seboyet)13 : fM:~AtJ;ltff~~it&ZpJT(edubba}1\%~~~1f~. ~f±I[i¥Jif~14. 0. !ttti1--\:1~:t:A*~. : %~Wf1.~IS ft:::g1iifH'~~~~~!¥J 19~!~;ltA ~U!lL~W~~ , :tf%~~~.cp~"g1iJB$Ul~~iR. j1. , l&i§!f~!¥J9;O~VJJ~~1'f=. 1'* '. , ~7g~1\%.~rmg~!¥J~txtJ 0. g~~$o®~!¥Jfi.~§~m~~ffi.'&A~~'fu~.~~. IO~J:.li. II. 0. 'f.f.:Jt. ~ ~ hVf. ;Lt 1t 6!) ;!If lit.. ..::. :ft [tH't J.t $.. ~t ~:r}] fjU~ {~ .'it Illl (llH+;ft 1' ) 18 : 18 ; (y;.l, I!J Jt:t) 7 : 26 12 1111 ,*4~ ~t.fi! i\..~a1*; A ' <if ill) Isidore Epstein, Judaism (Hannondsworth: (1: !f. ). Ul". 0. *. *. 0. Penguin Books Ltd., 1959), pp. 111-120; Jacob Neusner, A Short History of J/ldaism (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992), pp. 119-122; Ephraim E. Urbach, The Sages: Their ConcepL~ and BelieL~, tr. Israel Abrahams (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 1-3. I3Hellmut Brunner, Altagyptische Erziehung, pp. 38-55 . 14:tr ftA.if. k A. 6!)~.t ij fi!Jt iJL ' Illl Samuel Noah Kramer, The Sumerians: Their. *. History, Culture, and Character (Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 229-248. 15 * JIll James L. Crenshaw, "Education in Ancient Israel," Journal of Biblical. Literatllre 104 (1985), pp. 607-12..

(6) :1Jj- >t ~~ -l: 4. 74. 1B*!I§~X:*BS1~>L,:gB171. 0. fl\~5'!!JEI3W*B'JX:±(soferim)*gI~'6. -. Jlf]. , 1±1~. *A~~~MEA~~~~~~~@~~., m.~~~.*Mm BlfL~. , J!~~mT1i~1$HJt!l§~Bl:m~JJJ~~17. El39§l1§-pfTff\1'~~U1'FBl9§l~X:~::fImf!z~'8. 0. , 1±;ffl1B*~1\)g,x:~. ~&$,~~~1§-~~rfi~J.'fu~~r9§l.JBl~.::f~OO. A§. §. (Job)'. 'i*. 0. Ol'l*~ > (Tanakh)j;) (~§ ) (Proverbs)'. j@*. (1'j][~) (EcciesiastesIQoheleth)-=..5ff:ff& r !I§~~ J. (~1B §c) "~ T~~H~z. .Bl£.~~~~~re~ o .~~~~1±~~~~~Z*'~~ {~*gI> (Apocrypha' JJnUii. I. *!Il!. J. )pgpfT?;"Bl (mtL). r~~~~) (Wisdom of S%man/Ecclesiasticus). 0. (Sirach)W. (pfTi'. !\i'2:~I\'lBl:fJ!1~*~*1§-b'tt. *~~I\'l~li~gffB ' ::ffbJiffi~~~ r lE~ J (canon)l\'l~ , 1:£~~BlffJJ! ~M~.X:. o ~~r~~Jx:*~~mT»(a~). rl§':g*~ J )WtLttj@*1'*JtBS. (Pselldepigrapha ,)jjij't~. [:pBl:gB171*~~19 ~. 0. (if~jiJj:j). ~£lE~ {~*~} r::p glfg,!*::fJM~. , fu~~~Bl~~~fBi'§-a1±pg20. 16;fL'~{"f nt r~ ¥o;;r: 11f- mi f,o , {£ it. '*. (Mishnah). r fi~ J IIffim~. 0. ~ *-~ ~;t: 1:: ~!l!-¥-. e..lJi ~1f-li. 0. YL ~ L. -ti ' pp. 602-604. 17 *- fll! Gerhard von Rad, Wisdom in Israel (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1972), pp. 15-23.. 18 Jlt. J3 fA::, lit 1~ t' ~ A ffl' II-.J >t;f$. tF ,?., mi -t ' .i. #- -Ii ij.L'i\f ~ ;fHi] 0 ~IJ;;r:-li*x'H~~lfJ. 191h~ Apocrypha. W.. 1*~.r. M, X i'Ji. 0. Pseudepigrapha ai] >t-*.~ f9. Z. '. Judaism Outside the Hebrew Canon: An Introduction. ur ~ flll to. Leonard Rosl,. the Documents,. If.. David E. Green (Nashville: Abingdon, 1976); George W. E. Nickelsburg,. Jewish Literature Between the Bible and the Mishnah (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981) 0 :ff nil Mishnah .~&'.x*!f ' ~Illl Jacob Neusner, The Mishnah A New Translation (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988).. 2°-ti 9 'if t~ John H. Hayes ~4 -ti 17 'if 91) Gerhard von Rad ..::..-\fi.!!p itlJi -*. 00 ~*.

(7) -I;~l(.:If;1a *-fA 11' ;t!.w1l' ;t!.~J.ic.--11!1. *. ~ .'£·1JI ~ ary ltt/.!!;. ~J!:9~~x~f'Frfo .l--) r ~ ~ J (proverb)~ r f~ j§. 21. ::fifMmALtiI!ti¥J ::f [l§l]ili~~pJT!tH,~:j3Ftt. 0. '. J. 75. (saying)t~m£~. ~iJ%~*~~H~§. ,. V{iJ (admonitionlexhortation) , ~Fdl~~Bpm m ~ § (fable) , ~~B . I\.iDIl!J (allegory)ZIm ' W~~~i¥Jfk~1~ffl !tj ~3 ' ~ifli~xfm~f'J~~ , fm'§ tp~~X~~m[O]MH~B8wfm ll:t&il?HU~J1J7t ' ;!tcpxWlLmsl m~~ffl'J2:m X m.tm EliliW ' 1o/JiJJU:$r:t(onomasticon) , @7GX~fm (apocalypse)1"f ' 1f~pJT1£~lf22 0. 0. ~mmllii¥J~'@*$hli¥J~. x ~f'F£fim~WZf'F'::fW. JI:JkA1IlEIJ xilU. ;ffi-{Er*{t!JMttjt:tnOO~.~{'F~&ffi:tnMTmF~::EC(£flzWl¥-J[§. 0. %1-922 1F) , j;j:!t r ~.!l~H~~A ...... {'F(i~)~§. ~li§ ... ···~\'4§ifli1j[* ...... m~ft~. ,. Rffi'i7./<.~. ,. -='f-tiJ ' ~~~ -'f. 5\:TJiJ::Elf~B~pJTmF~. ' ...... 1lff)~A*~{t!!.i¥J~.~3 J Zi&( (71J.:E*c) .t 4 31-34) f.!Ht ~~OOili~':tn • • ~ ::f- ~ffimo~m~~1"f~.~~~*m. ~~I!. 0. ~,~~x~f'F£Z~m.~~~¥~~~~'ill*$hl~~:tn r ~-=~~M J. (Second Temple Period,. [§ftiW. 516-[§ft 70 1F)23. 0. ftll:t~~i¥J. ~~~~CP'~ • • ~El~~.M ~~ ~m'~~~.~'~.'. 1t 11' ;t; X 8f:. 0. jj 7~ Otto Eissfeldt. #. iJ,. A}. ;ft AA fA r~.r;t!.. J. tf £ ' JL Jt.. The Old Testament: An Introduction, tr. P. R. Ackroyd (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1965), "The Writings," "Apocrypha," "Pseudepigrahpa" "::" ~t~o. 2Lff:#-~.r !.!. X. -$*3 Aery r.~ 11'- ' or t-1llI James L. Crenshaw, "Wisdom in the Old. Testament," in The Interpreter's Dictionary ofthe Bible, Supplementary Volume, ed. Keith Crim (Nashville: Abingdon, 1976). 22 ~;t. J:.~i!!d~{IUJi J. Hayes, An Introduction to Old Testament Study, pp. 337 346 ~:r..&.. G. von Rad, Wisdom in Israel, pp. 24-50 -=-::t -t:;t lit ~ AA ~ 1~ , or. t-:Jf -it-~1Il :1f-~rJj-7'J*fAtf £ 0 23Bemard W. And~rson, Understa~ding the Old Testament (England Cliffs: Prentice- Hall, Inc., 1966), pp. 489-496..

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(12) 80. mr~*-\:;4-.JlJJ. 1JX:'IJ; , '~'If~ , 0~~~lEtfJ::E~~~ :. :j:~ ,. 'Nt-fh".tt~jj~:.t, Jtt~#.Lh:.t J (1(,.::..---1:) I. &.7 ~~ -!- 3*:.t .&.; 1+. ' -tt &.7 !4 -It X. "tf J. I. 1J;. :Y' 1; "t-§-ffli.-i-} t!:. 0. I. ;it ~\UIHt !!l :.t ffli.- #. -f%AJ. (1f,;lt. .--1:). (1(, .;:..-1- -:t). ;#!. ,@" ~ ,§;:.t J (1f,.::.. +A .--1:)3 3. ~~lli~~~mlli,ft-ffi::E~~MtfJmm~.~~,ft~~~~ :ffi1s*lJi±wr ' ~Lf:g,;f~i§~{fJ , ~!It*~jitfJ1#~ O~§) 1134 0. ~~:ffi~*tfJmm~.W.@lli.~mtfJ~.m.~~~lim .@'~~M.~~'~~.~*ff~fu~~~ft~m~m~~~ _ 35. 0. ~i&1ftm~~rl3~8"J~~1iW~~tt;L~. , fuI!iU~lli:ffi11~r*fil-W:. W.tfJ.~1i o ~~&~~.~~U~m&mMtfJ~~,~~I~ ~~. J. m. I. *~;fcj~~~~. J. (ultimate point of reference) , fE!~~'Mffi$1ID~:OJtJ. m.m~~M.~.offi~;L~'~:ffiffi*tfJV.a~m~~~m m,ft1ifiW§m~Wm~~.~tfJ*ft.~,~I~N~~.J -1®:;tA8"J1W-*~t'1~-~mm~.tfJ£~ {fJ;Lrl3~'. 0. RSlft:(£t~ §'!. I~N~fD.'. f£AtfJ B-=f1JD~ J (1027)' '~fD.~~~ lE@AB"Jf*Il!1!J (10:29)' I ~§'FtfJ7Czp. , ~~~.pJT·Kf~ J (\ lJ) , I ~ A&'~~fD~8"J;~,~ J (I2:2)~*ft{§{J';L~g~!£f1tJ~7U ' El3Jl:t!1F 33 ::t~t ANET, pp. 421-425.. 34!f,y J;'l;it Ox -t) "t£)o). 0. ~. 22: 17-24:22. -·R '. ~ -t ~# 4*. 0 (r-r rHI.,1j\ iAA.i,y 6~ illl. FJll R. J. Williams, "Wisdom in the Ancient Near East," in The. Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, p. 949; B. S. Childs, Introduction to the Old Testament as Scriptllre, p. 548. 35Miriam Lichtheim oJf 1E !~,& f)".ii!i 1~::t H P.; 6~~.r ~, ::t *,& Jt-]!J III ::t 1t.J-ttJ! ~ nij. 1% ' e, 5~ ~ftl i! it !i. .ii!i X iii. 61] JR,. ~ :. t-:it Jt. Late Egyptian Wisdom. Literature in the International Context: A Study of Demotic Instructions (Orbis Biblicus et Oriental is 52) (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983)..

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(15) 1;1\:If>1a. *- 61 t' ~, ~l!- ~el' fe!, 1.t Ht,- -100 ~ ~t ,~, !JI Jt 61 liJ/.;f.!;. .~Jt.!!¥EtJro~~-- lIJfUj~~;~~. fBW *JltEtJ~~W~JE. 0. r m$z~ff~' J. 83. (divine mystery)---~t-). t-¥5JIJ:J~HtiJ.El'I'i!Hj~~ ~~ mR~~. , tiP~ '3t:g:. Iff '. w.:~'iff[fl;fD ~~mi f:J §6¥§nffilZ~(23:1-10)l1Jm@:~ffi$'11 z~1ml i¥Jffi$ -:z;;;: J1:~ r;t;1Z IllIi § +'> # r 9(l 133 O:;A -e;; m l~eh ,',(± i't.(-1 r ,!®' J;;': § A ill ~lcJ)IB .:±::. L 'f1)(1)lt;p)t. J '?'(, ~7KullH J tc0J1::.. :lVCll!:I'l:J l;;XmollH J / , ... !'lEI aj!j. 0. r flilf! ~~ffil J r!T1f:x {-t. 0. (~ffi~)~m~k~~®~., -& m~fi.i¥J~.El~'. ®~g~i¥J *~ k'ili - &MMEtJ~§~~,~~n~i¥J~~El~. ~m~~ttgi5t~A ,\~L\M§3m. 0. 0. J1:UI~~3'z:*ftt§~f~MkiliWlli *i¥JIPJ~ f'F6'D. ~~3'z:I3J.11fiE f$i¥J ~ Affi$zrl3~) (Man and His God)38flH!fl~W. ~EtJ( ~ffi~ ). '3'z:~m~-oo~~·@~·'3t • • i¥J.A~~ft. • • •~wm.~'~~~~ffB~@'~*~.AR. olPJ. i¥J'. jIiiJ-tt~i¥J (~~i\~mtfi.zffi$) (Ludlul Bel Nemeqi)39ili~g2~ - f.lL.A. lIfUli~~lt~ $j:J! B~B''J~~J;j.E::~1&1~~1~'*1&ttffi$i¥J:ax0Ji. 1tfHB<Jm$.Wi). (The Babylonian. (Ett Theodicy)4031JjJ*'3t:g:::tfW~M :bt -*- :jli¥J 0. ti~~A'~~0. ~~~fti¥J~Jffio~ - Ett~i¥J(AM:g:.f:J ~.) (A Dialogue about Human Misery)41£~k~-~tt~~ , ~~t)UH¥U. ~0EtJ~~,. • • eAi¥J~.om®~£~~*ffi*i¥J(~ffi~) zM ' fZSIJl:Cft.:±.Jffi . 3'z:5~miw~~1&::tf~~~I1JFl~i¥J42 (f$:31l~) £~kili~JE{'Mti¥Jmi!!:fi. ' ®lHt Ut-){Bg2} ~ ntl::l9!m1X . ~'£;.i¥JfI£§ml &,~I3J.1W~$Kt§tt ' ~~t)'M::tfI1J1f:X(2J3) , 0. 0. ill~~~~ * ® § ,~::tfill~IPJW'. rfZSl~Bm~*~~ o l1J~fi. l8 x.~t ANET, pp. 589-591. 39x.~t BWL, pp. 21-62; ANET, pp. 596-600.. 4Ox.~t BWL, pp. 63-91; ANET, pp. 601-604. 41 x.~t. ANET, pp. 438-440.. 42 ~ JIll 1. H. Hayes, An Introduction to Old Testament Study, p. 355..

(16) 84. :¥!T Jt. ~AJEC. '. '* -t 4. - JlJ]. Wl~~A1!MlJ. ~:t.JW1JHii(9:3-5). (2:16)' '%CJ It9JJt~JETt!=tJ:1-f{~i3'9 , 5t;lW~~r'ED$i¥Ji}~ , §il5U ' M~ , :g~ ~ 1£Jlt. ~X~M'ffit!=t~gililt9~rrT*fimo (.m.)~A~~m~ - ~~~.i¥Jt!=tW'-Wi¥JA'.' ~~ftffi$8"J±:*~. , ~t~Ai¥J~~W~*§ :. , ;If it ;1f.; if,; , tf. 0. ~ tic .ft-. at A ~ k. t.\rti1;1f~Jt-!Zt;.f.~H11t~. m.m~~~J.E~(3:I). B-. 0. 5l;J4 ¥. , A;ftltt-:i!J. 1. ~ ~ 4. il!: A·.::. (311). , Jlt- , JE8~ J (timeliness)tlP{*~~l~±:~U~ ,. A~ • • ~i¥J.~ o lt9~ftWE~JEA.~.i¥J~~tt~, - W ~ ~:!H~~§~ 'mh~~@' mH&tm~, ftB*~~~.~~J. (211). 0. ~~~tt'&~i¥J~.±: • • ~.~~~,~~m*~mlWffiR~ 8"JF.$!&1&i¥J~.(9:7-11). ~rg:S!DJlt'. 0. ({.milt). i¥J~~:i\E~~W~i¥J7tJiJ; ±: .~. 0. ftX~. JElWAi¥Jffit!=t~~W~$~i¥J.~~M~~'®ill~~~~.i¥Jm ~ttW :~~g~"I:1ffif~N ~{J'. A {J~Pf ~ t)Jff1~~1=r ' {~~~ , %1& 8"JW1U J - .(the final judgment)tlP~tig.~M)7i-(11 :9; 1214) It9Jlt~JE.fSi. t!=tB"J~.{i!{ii ' ~~1~±:~g~1~~~~~~Utlpx.ff~~ , IIAiJ~~ ~ 0. 0. ~~W x. ~-WF.$~~~~(.m.)fi~~i¥J~.~mo M;fj~t*& tJ. ' cp I~3(tn}]rfi~~i¥J. ( § ~~~~) (A Dispute over. Suicide)43 , tn3jl1l;-lll~A~~~ 'mx~~~EH~~. , WX§:!itm~~. fiti~o~cp~A~.t!=t~i¥J$~W~R,~&%c~F.$Affi~ ~ ~~i¥J •. •. '~~~JE'~.'W(~m.)i¥J£R~~~. o~. JH\ii] -t- t~B"J ( 1J~~~3$) (The Dialogue of Pessimism)44~Ut)_ j: , -{~. 43 X. 'it 44 x.~t. ANET, pp. 405-407.. BWL, pp. 139-149; ANET, pp. 600-601..

(17) -t'f't:J1;1a ~lUHj ;l!,~~~of !l~f<k--1~ *~z.~,~JI >t!JiJlbUI'..\;. 85. :±Amt- $Z iE ' &:p:pr[ID~7G~~ , {~Afllj{~~J.$:1!l ' 1W::±~m~ii~~:OO ' lE&: jfflfjZ1m~Ait:OOi¥J*6* ' EBJl:ttEl~1tJ {-tMti¥J{itttt'f§l~5 ~fj=1'¥J\ ~tn-i£ ' =1'U{'Ma~m~-I¥J Ji!!,~w~'"'~)~ttj!Jj! < {-t~~} i¥J)lCw46 ~:1.~1E1g:~fil3 ' illt&)f~~' ~'Ifi' ~mE' i)\~~~$. 0. 0. 0. 1E1~~ <~§} Ef';J~~Awil~3t~,. <*,s fs §(D W. < {JI~in. .~&:~~i¥J 3t~o~ ~&mi¥Jfi.ft.i¥JttM~.~M~~ ~' tB t1J.5i. 9!J~J!t*Ij:1J. 0. ftilHll~~~A3'tE - $B'g§6r",~. ,. ~~~HE. ~'$~~$i¥Jft~~W'~-fi.~.~mtttfi.i¥J~M~ - fj &:~o~~.'~~i¥J.~'.ttA~i¥J •• ~~m~r~i¥J. ff~ J 151lg1~¥UM~. 0. !i\tt~J1:tfjfi.i¥J¥~m1~*fFsjffi~~. , {EL~~. m~.~ fi.~~ •• ~i¥JW$'W~*ffi*i¥Jfi •• ~~&J @:m~ i¥J~Fa9. ='. 0. ~~±¥i1t:e~~~. ~ftMm~ttt~*,~~~***~m'~mm+~~i¥J~OO fI(~5tllrJ 336-323. "T) , 1iEijIiJfEl8~t~CPWJWJ~i¥JtttW- ' 9t1IT - @fft*. ~~~o~.~~~~'OOTi¥J*~ - ~~~'EB~~$~~1I~. '" ~ m. ~. (Hellenism)47. m(the 0. *. Ji A J pJT il~B'g r 12. n~{ 3t 1t M J B¥JJJtJfJ!! ~~1&i(!=)- S ~ ~~~ t)f~:&.52:~ ~ *tmm cP. 45Jean Bottero. Diadochi) ,. tq,A Jll:.,Iit 11' J'D;10 ~!JiJ.i! ::I:: A.~jj ~of MwfiE. jJ !JiJ;jif Fit. ' r7ii 1* ~ 6g. ~.~;jif4~~~$#~~t~~L~,*~~ak4.~!JiJ*~t.. JJ/,::I:: -. ~t 1i- ;t!JiJ. *. ~Ht;t. ;. ~ JUt-. Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and. the Gods (Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 251-267. 46~~~1:t, p.263.. 47::jf. nij kfVlt >t 6g JU'i.i! '. tQ$: i~ II: 11' M ~ dii ~. *' 1llI. Peter Green, Alexander to.

(18) *fy':~~-l:;4.-.J!I). 86. {AfJtfJl;b~I~J:l WTI~J:lB"JJ\mJlli48. ' 0. J;J1&~=F-w!j:(*1g§5LM= 8~if6:b) YZ:fflIJt{tx:1b'&*I¥J'f,J~. , mil~~t'€fr)~s't[ , ft~J;J591*I¥Jj])[YElf~~ ,. ~*.m~·*~·~~·~~~tt~,m~M*~I¥JE±o~ -. 1Jffij ,. WIm,]!jl!ll!Ps~~fl*l¥Jx1t. '. 'f,J53U~*EB!~~Wi§U?(B"J~)(. ~'ilift.~~ • • o~mUtt~.,ft~~~~~~I¥J~~~, lf~ fPGJ. ,- x1t~~r5 J. .fJl~(syncretism)49. Q. ®~ - @~~I¥J·m~~I¥Jj:~x~,ft~~WT@I¥J.*A~. ~ • • ~~I¥J&~o.m~~~fl*MU~ttm~'. YElB"J:ffl18*ffr±fr~§~:%Ji,. • • • M~m. , j:~Wlf-*j])[mr5fF ' lZSIJl:t~Yz:ffi-~fl. x~~~~~~.m~o~~I¥J.*~HAAffi~W~~ffi&'~~. , ~5~ff~*§~~1HRx1t @11'ntcp - J!:tAt!:¥3£I,jlj:9Em ~.'fPG~MMttI¥J0il'U~~cp~~~8@' • • • • '-~.. 1a~1N~. 0. I¥JJ.*Am~~°:ffi-ffi*I¥J~~@~-W~I¥J~~'ili~~~M~ m~~f!!J*Jt~:J.~lZSIff~~~'. {:ffi-ruJ W {pJT*fr~~~in. EiP~;!tf~. Actium: the Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age (Berkeley & LA: University of California Press, 1990) : 1] 7r~:f. ~ r.~ 11' 7i dQ Of -*- /Ill John. Bright, A History of Israel, pp. 414-420; Helmut Koester, Introduction to the New Testament vol. 1: History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1982), pp. 1-31. 481t;0- e.~iJJ!~ JQ~l!-Jlt.R9 .I..¥]J a!J1.f$1l! nij 1.% ' Of ~ rJt] Menahem Stem, "Palestine under the Rule of the Hellenistic Kingdoms," "The Social and Government Structure of Judea under the Ptolemies and Seleucids," in A History of Jewish People, ed. H. H. Ben-Sasson (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976), pp. 185-200; Elias 1. Bickerman, The Jews in the Greek Age (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 69-129. 49H. Koester, Ibid., pp. 39-42. SOH. Koester, Ibid., pp. 228-259; Leonhard Rost, Judaism Outside the Hebrew Canon, pp. 33-46..

(19) *- 61),1jf M, ~~,f $ ~M,-- fm ;j; #,~ 12, Jt aiJ fl1I.l'!;. -I;f(.~1a. ~Lf'FSI. 87. 0. (*~)fi-M~~~~M~~ • • ~~:~~.hl~~' R ~BMilim~.~ o~~ *ffi~ - ~~E~Mrn~~±,~~~ft iiU-J\O~t)*1B?lot~pxJt1'F. '. ,& , ~Jlt1'F6b~~nX: r ~~*~m~ J. (Koine Greek) , Mz.~g§ftM---t:tf.. a~fUf.T52. <*ffi>. 0. f&;tti%~~ftlW-<==£F.~J3;;~. f~1JJ{'ME1B-ttJ:~~~~g~. ~$~Jljjjj . *ftT~~~'ff~~fitJ*i1WIDiI~ B9~'. , ~!MfllgtfpJlfr$EtlGto/.J!ff. 19mfi ~~M1-\~~ (1fiffi) l'N$'C~7G'&~~~*'t1t)'&1~Jl:tm~~~:~'iHJ1lr : rJt-±-{Jg-l\i-it~i1t~~". r #..:1-a::tr"f;Yk.il!:~ ,. 0. ~:#;$fn.*fjrt"fA~,f::trJ (3824). jt~:#~{Jg,*f£J (5123). ~«~~fi.~~.m~~,&;ttw*~m~tt'~~~~~$Mlli .ffi*.ME$~~.~W~m~.~o~.~~~~~R<*ffi ). ~+~.~E+~.$·~~~7ffi~~.~.~~~$'C~~A· ~~~~~~r~~J. ~~lY:Jt~lli. .. ,~~~~r~MEJwr.MEJ. pJT~~i:!J1-\1tAMYJU~*~m~~~:gA. 0. <*ffi>. . ~~~J)]1t. .'ili~to/.J.£~®~mWft'&~~~~~~~$~m~~ ·m ~*fB*$'Cijjfl~~§t2.1~BP~ml:ft~~~Et. ' 7}:Wf&ttJ:(44 1-15). 0. ~~~~*lli' (*ffi)~mr~N~~J~~.~*~·~ .ftJ *1$MEfJM!~*'§~ffllfr$fi<{J\. :. r $jH~: J:..i.J(. ~ ;tt ag fltj ~ ...... J. (114). r ~ ~#"'%-:#:it iltJ:..i.::tr ' ~#"H:#~t,*Jt-i!::tr J r #";fi]5~:#:itiltJ:..i.::tr ...... m:.iltJ:..i..%-~1£-for* J 51 Jt~t. 52 ~ fill. (2327). (25 :10-11). NRSY, pp. AP 86-160. The Wisdom of Ben Sira, tr. and commented by Patrick W. Skehan and. Alexander A. Di Leila (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1987), pp. 8 16..

(20) ,wrlt<$-t4--.JIJ]. 88. t£~WJ:jffJj§. , (:ffitn ~1t1l:t~N{,,~1m1t~~1'T:ffi{a*I¥J*~~~ i4tr:t(Torah)L' l2Sl1l:txcpJEf-f rjjj$j§ J ' r-jjj$31[J Z~(215)( ;- ff,IjJ2r !t l'D~L'?::f(IJ*JCi¥J1fit!llZ~X~$') 1-. :. Jjt ilt J:. .i..;t- - It -4 it- ~;t ,. ~ fe;t- YA it- ~-t ;};- ~ 1> J. r ~,~ ~ iltJ:..i..3t ~ j'E ~ ~;t- b1 #. ~N{AM:gN~~~~I¥J-1mm®. *~W~.~. ••. '. (216). ;};-;t- ;U"T ¥- ~l)~.f,@, J. (3834). /fi&JPDt)X±I¥JW~%iJl:~z. '. ~~m~~®~~'fu~3~ffiWo.~(*. ffi)~~ffiW.W~~.~.~I¥J~~ti~~~'~~.~~Effi fJ~ffl*I¥JHWfw416-29). 0. :ffiffiJ~i~tJ·~til¥J{J'lt~ :ffi1a*I¥J~~. 0. , :(£*1¥J1z:ffinfttx1t~~'iEcp , ~*JT~*~ {i1!!14{IfHJti¥J~J'I,~/NiBIll ' ff~mr@:;tAPJT¥-'f7*t~. ~'~fi~~~~~~$,u~~.rMx·MA·M~J tJt1ftr:ffinti1t~~'iEI¥J*~JEI,~flj~. '~m. 0. (PJTmr~~~1i) ~-~~~ft:.~1fBx. tl:H3 - /f~DZJi¥JQ~. '. I-l!*Jm1~:;tAZ =f-. ' t):ffinIJiX{'P~~5tiW~_i!!:*C53 {'P:tt~~;!t1'Pr5"rJ ;a;J~~1HljjjfipJT~r~ , -15®~£*g~~ , f~;!t~~1RlIi*z~ , §3 - 15®!'lIJ~~~~tJ~~~ , -aJttl~1l:t~1i1'P:tti¥J1Jtil: ' B~xf:l!W (~j§) i¥Jmf5Jj:f~ j§ ffj.~*~;!t1!ID 0. 0. (pJTmr~~¥1i) -aJ¥J~5t~=*f§~1:»54. 7k~. , J":*l1)Z{iti!!:~~i¥J=5ty:t~. '. t:lIJttJ.?t~1&i¥J**1j. 0. 0. ~-f§~{:»~~Et9EL.:t~. ~2m0~!1451.?t7k~. !3e~i¥J~A~-aJtm~~)t=g:. , ®~Bg. , {g*6Jj'ij~7k±~. 53:J:..~t...NRSV, pp. AP 57-85 : n~~hH:,tF.f.,W~:tJt!>..~ , ElJ!,Ij¥ ' ~Illl David. Winston, The Wisdom ofSolomon (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1979), pp. 12-25. 54 Y;I,T-=.fl/I{j!J:7J-i!-' *-ftA* David Winston z:tJL' JL .1."li$,.~' pp.9 12 0.

(21) -tfl;..-{a*l!I.J~ M.-!§j.~.r !M*M.--1m *-#.'~!2- JtI!l.J{iJl..,!,5. 89. if • ~=gM5}@:~*~N~!i¥J*1tft).&pfTmF~:EgH1l;tm1ilJi!~r*ftt!J( ~~ , J;./.*.:5C~tt sophia '$i:2.) 9§I~~.IJ'-~~i!tLPfT:fi~tt ' -§f% r ~f@~ , i. 0. ~ ~,~-'~ft ,~tt'~~'m~' ~~ '~lli'~~' %~. • • , • • ,~~,t~' • • '~~'~~'~.'~~'~ iD ' J{'¢~1m J (7:22)=+-:*:JJi:¥-ijif ! ff,l'ff§ Z ' 1~ JiJI$~i¥J~~ep f~M(~-~¥!lP~*:!t(817-21). 0. m:10Ci:1~ij:~i¥J~~!lE::g:5ffi(~+-$'::¥~iHfL~). , tt1l:t*5g~~E';b. AA@W~.&i¥J~~~~~lli~~i¥J~.o~~tt~~~~*m*~. .~ • • ~'~~~~~KE~~~Ai¥Jmm'~~'~¥~*% ~ m (l23-5). , ~;g~~:If*. r :!t't1ep~~~. (1210) , ~Ji:1~iJI$J~'1&:n1~:f!x: II ~~~RA~~~f*j-t:;¥~~tfi~~(+1\~:¥+fLlt&P~op:JtOP1\g):) , fl~:ffl-1B*Alli±-*.&(Exodus) , l$;fD.*~iJI$lfjl~~±-*'&At):f!x:~~ J. 0. ~~~*~~. 0. ~cp±-*'&Ai¥J rf}]1m~Uf J f§1qJJ!~JJ:~1:tW.b(l5:14-19). <PfTi.fF~9§I¥1D ~W:~~0:~W~~~. 0. , ~~W~~ , 7l<:!tW. ~ ~i¥J~tt,tt.*m* • • w~~~~~~~i¥JM~o~~~£ *L~ff%tm~i¥J5ER~!~m~j:~{.'fi".~. , .L-).~~~ci¥J~1tWM~ , ~~~~~~~i¥J*~~~'.~mM~KA~i!tZ~,®9§I • • Mt1:E 1l:tgX:J~~1l:t -El~i¥J~fIF¥¥~ <*m> W (pfTmF~~f! 0. .) m~~i¥J~.,~tt~*~~~*.WCPi¥J-.&~o~.~ ~ 1¥J¥-i1ir~~~~frl1f~~mt1i¥J r 1=r~ - *5:lf!: J fB*I¥J¥-i7**~;~W*:¥x1"§1qJ~HH.'. '. itJ!1J '. f*Jf)l=7t~tti¥J:ny:t. ®~t)*. '. £;ffi~. ~• • o~.1¥J9§I~~~.llii!t~.'fu~.~~mi!t,ttm~~ ~~~~.m~~,®~~m~m~~ - .~.~~.~% = .~ !l:V:ffP8"Jlli~~55. 0. "~~~~.M~.m~~. •• ~~'_k~~~*~~~l!I.Jti.~k~.

(22) 90. #Jf!t,*-l:4-.J!n. 12] , t~~Afte~W~ ~.~~~~*~~~~M'WW*ffi*~~~R~~ .ffl. &. ' {GJirt:utx:lJfJ1fx: '. , ~P~5&~~tMAit ° 19-:r1B*~5&.f1HJc1'&!f!-~P1'f -ft§Z~~~ ,~,~~rrgi*~ ° <~ ~ } 1M!-§I~§3-5&~,~,iWI~. mA.&'~!f!-MW~~~~fi.~*~~'~W~.A~'~m.. ;!tf¥1±WIJfJ.7( ~~ tiB ~ ~~ EtlG~!f!- : I. 4. Jj~:if.-. "* i!. -l(:.6g ~ jj~. 4.:k.. fJ} t!1 i! ;1i; ~h.z. 7t ' :lIlAf T ~. ,. 1:t JL 1;- , 1:t:k.. fJ} , *Af i!I:- .w. ~:J- ff.r ' ~ EAt j.. .... .. }JI' at JJ]q'f1.l;.:r..~iji. , E1 E1 ~1t-!~. ,. '. 0. ~ 4.1t. '*~,*,4.1tdiiff.rJlm~J (8:22-23,30). ~~Rft~.~m~~~@~~'~W"~~,~~m~~m&lli ApJT~g11!Ji!: ° Il:t - fi~&UDTF~Ars9'. r ~+~~~D j/~ft °. 1£tmF9. , ~!)lXr9D ' ~tmF9Ml ' *Jin~ ...... 1fJ\11'~~~ , IZ9fJt~§~:foj~B'J §E ' fJt*n~~~lElli[~~ , fJt~D ~~tJj~l1. ...... J (82-3, 6-7) , iliA ~. ~~~1'fl1.~~.AA~o~.~,. (~ffi~)m=+A.~mW.. ~~~tt,lli[mm~'~~Y~J (812-22) ° ~l-JIl:t~~w.¥-Jm. giJili~ffi$~m11:\{~. '. 'W.~.fi~.~~~ - H. tJ~~~.~*'imwte~mfrEl. , tJ~.I¥JYm~ypg11Ars9ilimmfflf.556. ' tJ. °. *ffi**~~~*~~~MIZ9~~M~~~~§~~.'~~. M.~o~~(M.n~M.).~~e.~~I~M'M*'~A'. 1i ~t J. (8:7)~ ~ :#-~Ed.i 1il-!4.J1J(. ~~.r:t-'!& Ijt. T. I. } l'i. '* if~;Jf ~~ ~ B!] e k-1.t,ti. tit:;,5- J B!]lbI.rJ; m1:f ~. 0. .tut.::/f; 1a. *. 'it Of i'-1llI Otto Eissfeldt, The Old 0. Testament: An introduction, p. 60 I. 56Roland E. Murphy, O. Carm. ;fit °Ht.1.Ji B!]~.r Mit - ~t -!4 -i: i'l ~ ilt~.z fb1iJ!]. 1Ht- ' !B Jlt.!~~IJ ilt;if. '*. ~:f. or $I- JL Jt "Wisdom and Creation," in Journal 0. of Biblical Literature 10411 (1985), pp. 3-11..

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(24) 92. ,liT ~"'-f-t4-.J!/}. 3Z..L-~H&~ 5f§l~l¥JpJTmF~.:Emi9U. "§l/f1I J. '. '. ~*J-"§l~~m~ttt~~. r~Elf~~J:tI¥JD~~14H~tI:l r- 3:.w 'III. , &'1~ ~ ffiJ1&i:N;, :. r ~t~A~~~~*~'~~~~~4;~.m~4~J~~. r~~~'~4~A+~~ •• ;~ •• *'4*~~~t. .;!jt...... ~~~,. ~~'::r-~1j ,. 'in--ti'Hti!!:J. r "§l~XA J ~,~~~J]UI¥J*",\~Hli~~:1J ±Y!~~W~,. '. (8:10,13). ~5IA~7J<~~~. ,-. mro$. 0. .%~~~A~~~.J~~ffi~~ • • 'm.~.~M~*. , ~YZWn~~~ra~*~X{tJf~~ ~£§ ~ilifH~±~ R ' Wn~ , ;f,j;f1j2:lt:tiQ~rUl~ffi$~·Uf ' ~D1t<:J-tJT:tfi(Isthar) , ~M~(Maat) , ±~~ nffi(Isis) , ~9tJi~(Apluodite)~ , ~Jl:tYVTf.y~m ' 1L~mm :ffl18*itIJ ~:lCI¥J~tt1t"§l ~ , ifJl:ti2JfHHQ~~t'iE~1'p9 ~~J]U~±~&~E§nffi*ff ~~~ , t)R~IUJJl:t{:tL~ffi${$n~~t'iEf{j , Jltt ~~tH:(em' ~T' li$ {te1Z"§l.JEI,~. 0. 0. 0. ~*. ' ~A~) , ~-'fWf,i~PJT~~ffi$~~-ES60. iJ&51 J. 1'}:~x{t. '. 0. *~@ItJt~l1iiJV\I¥J@Im.. :ffl{tV~B"JAf~{t9§lr,MD :J't. '. Miiim:a~ t'iE1=rB"J* ~~ ~~. ~'.~W~~,~~~~~~g8~B"J~~~~o. ttm~~B"Jmttt~.'~A~B"J9§l.ffi~.B"J~~~ffiJ~B"J ~ ~oB~~A~B"J~./f~~ilitttm.M~RB"J~~'i2/f&~4. 1:t1i{:tL '. 59 *-Iltl. ~t~B"J~~. , {ElJ~jiliJ!~1:~~1&B"J7J<~~/ft5 ' ffiJifffi*. Elizabeth S. Fiorenza, "Wisdom Mythology and the Christologica1 Hymn. of the New Testament," in Aspects of Wisdom in Judaism and Early. Christianity, ed. Robert L. Wilken (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1975), esp. pp_ 28-33. 60 *-Illl Hans Conze1mann, "The Mother of Wisdom," in The Future of Our Religious Past, ed. James M . Robinson (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), esp. pp. 233-243..

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(27) 1; -i~:If; 1a. *- 61~,f ft· ~~ ~,f !~ 1* t.<k- -11!J ~ ~i .'8 ;lJ!. 9.: 6!) Wi.:tJi. zm. Ei:lll:tJ£~8"J r 7i:§:X:~ J ~-flU,jjlll;:x:1l1J[. 63. 0. 95. , :(£B~rs9~~Lt). JfHI3@]~;ffi-1B*Ms!:i¥J:1J:r:t. ' ffl§ :r-PR&\JEWr~~~$ , ~53U~i!t ~1¥.J~~Wffi$i¥J~1&tif*IjA~ :(£~rs' M~_U~ IJl-~7i:§~~ , Jm:JJ1. 0. ~- ~ ~~~i!ti¥J*~i!tW'~~X$i¥J~~~7i:~m~~~~i¥J *1B * ~::g~mA$i¥J~~~:@:64. 0. ~nlG~g§JtmJ~= i!t*c:fJJMi¥J. (+ = D~~i11IDIj). (Testaments of the. Twelve Patriarchs)3:.~1*~.g-i-iMc~~:X:~lm~W7i:@:X:~~1"~ffilf1x65. 0. ~~m.(~i!t~)~~+ft.'~~~Am~W~~~M~~X +=-f-8"J~*~1$*1C. '. j]Dt)~1$f~lli. fiJAil,t-1.§i!t~~H~~~~DlEU[. 0. Jlt+=~~~1R :jt 1Th'ltl~lM. , ~tfJ: '. ~.. '. ' 'IfiltWl ' Cg , EI fljiJ~. D•• §.~,~m.~o~~~~Xi¥J~~*Ai¥J~~.m~* , ~TIDII~-f-m~Nffi$ , ~9'1$$)1 , ~ffl§ il1&Ms!:&\~~ Z$(+[!l~:¥+/\~) AJ~~7i:§~~ , '59;D3j~~&\Jl] , ~*IJi!tW 'J!;A ' *::g1%~ffij~:f§*~~~L(l8 : 1-14) m~~[g-f-1~*~ffi: tQ'5. ~~. 0. 0. ~-f-m~~,~~,m¥m§.~~~~A~~W~.1$$ffij~N. ~~o @~«*0 • • ~i¥J3j.~~~ftJl]'UBi!t~i¥J$~~. tJ ' MS:fX~3:. i¥J~~( = +~:¥ =+1i$:) Wl1@' *AB'91'-*1Cffi$~. (+=~ffi:i1!IDII) i¥J~:f§1R. 0. , ~18~-~iiJ '. tm2X - 1~~~,'GIJ~~m. '. m. • •ftA~W. ~ Ms!:~.i¥J~.,~m&mm,~~~.~~~. ••. ~~~#~M~~~~Ao *~~ff.~-~.o#~.~k~~~ 81 ~ ~ ~~ r*J Z. ' or Ill} Paul D. Hanson, The Dawn of Apocalyptic. *-. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979), pp. 1-31. 64;ff III' r k~ ~ ~ J *; A. ·Wr*J Z. 111 ~ ~Jf ' Ill} John J. Collins, Apocalypse:. *-. the Morphology ofa Genre (Decatur: Scholars Press, 1979), esp. pp. 1-27. 6SX ~t The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, ed. James H. Charlesworth (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1983), pp. 775-827. (~A T ~~;ffi Pseudepigrapha).

(28) 96. #JT!t. *. -l: 4- -.JlJj. ~.~*~o.~~~~~.~~*.~~*m~~~'®~*m W~~~~~~~W.~-.'~~~~~~~ffl~~'~*~~. rlJf§1t. 0. (~[9t)Jtli:ill) (The Fourth Book of Ezra)66?X:nX:~iffi5C-OO~6:. ~'~.*~~~®.iffi5CM~lim~~~~~~~ill~D'ffi ~ tt~~~~B~~.°?X:$ = .~+[9.~.~~ill~.~~t@ ~~. , lE2.t3;!t:2fs:AWL±'~~~li '. ~f~~m~t~ij I. '. *. B; M~1s. '. l!l.IJ. ~~mg~~~-®~om~~~ft~'.±'~~fi~.*A~. ~. •• ®m'B~~~0.WR~.~~~: r 4~~~~4*~~~~4?~~~ffl~~~.~~4~. a~~*.+~?A~~~~.~**~~'.~T*~~ ~~#4?A~~~4~~a~~~'±.~t.,~~t ~'" .\R, ......~-*- rp~ ~ ;f,t~ i~AE' J (4:23-25). ~f~J,{IJ~~1~*B~'~~.. 0. 19£j*A~~~. , ~:lJD~;~1JH~f~~~ ,. ~~mlt'~A~~'.A~~m~.~B~~~~~*o~~*. B ~M~lstzDfiiJ 1l!U9;O ? ~~t~7j=;;tzD""f : rk~*~.~M*~'~~~~4~kAA.;M.~*~ T;~ '~$jj"~. ili'**"; ~J:.';A~·tt' £J~~.Ht·J (54-5). J1:t~m$f~,ftm~.~-~7JK~~~.. '. ~1~~-Ji!liAm9;O(59-IO). ~tzDt)~ill~t*~~7j=;;%t1J~~;mA~~(13.53-56). . Di. 0. (~=B~) (2 Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch)67¥:JW (~[9.L-:J-~ill). [OJ. M®ffi~'~~~~5CM~tm~*~~*~9;O~.~B.~D· ~~~~.~WL±'fi.*A$~~~m°:2fs:?X:m~.~~~~~. 66 ;tAt 67 :J:.1jt. Pseudepigrapha. pp. 517-559.. Pseudepigrapha. pp. 615-652..

(29) -6f<,,*"~a *-flJt' M,~Al-;li.r ;lt1*-"A.--1~. *. ~.\~H~, JtaiJ-ibI..~. 97. , f'F~tC/~1J;1m ' iI&~~lfB!:'I~tJ!11M m1m:¥~~~-~*~;<::'M(g§7C~j 587 iF) , J;)5tW;<::'1'S ' ~1=r- Jl~. jI~~~~j§5C-GOif*~ (f]I5[!!',w~r"" ' (I:I-8:5). 0. ~.~.~~~-GB~*~,~~.~~mlliWUMm.m.. ~)B9 rl:l'm. :. r.~~~#.J~?~±M*~~~.?A~M*~~.. 173 3Ji 1: -it;IJ:#- ;fjl.~, ?. J. (2119). ~~ @~~.W~~~'~~~~ •• ~~~W~~~~.;<::,~,. ®~~~~~.~~.'mW*BW~m*.o~M~.~~lli. m' ~A&:\iii:$ , fu~:l&1&~**U*.(27 : 1-30:5) ~1&~iU~:~Ifz@]~~. 0. , ..t.:t:~4ij-~~;<::'1&llfUPM~ , ~ifr$. .B9~~~~.*A~~~m.o~~~~~.~m.~.~~$. , 3ltL~:J''iFGQ}~ , 1If£~~~1! ' ~tCJ\ ~ . ~~ma..t.:t:~~~~~;~~WR~~M'fu~~ •• ~@. (f]~~t1. 0. mW~i!I~~~. 7f\ f&~~1&MJ~(781-87:1) r ~@~WR. J. 0. W r ifr$~1t~WR J. ~~~m,*A~=g:~IEWifr$. B90.~Boffi~M~m~.~~~~m@]A~m~,@~u.* ~~R~~.&mm~'fu~~~~~mrr~~~mM~o~~~ MB9~~m~MJ~,~~m~~=g:.mlli~~M~~'IIf£~~ .:t:gjmWWA.8~ra9~3i:~~. 0. r ~.~~~~. J. • ..t. '{!3.~Jl:t~Jl:tr<UBP. ~B~&~~~~*~,mWfu~T.~o~~~~'~.~m. ~~~ra9a'9{Fcj~N. ; ft!!.fF,a'9ff1:Egj..t.:t:~*~~@§ , iEHM&7f\mW*~. .~~~.~~~H~o~~~mR~§,mg~m~~~~R~. B"J~4":. W~IIJ. ' '. fu7f~'m~T Ic,\~~~:j)i. , ttftmT ~ ff~~~ , ffii ~1&~**U. fum=!tffl*T l c,\~~MWt. 0. ~~:fflf8*~~~ J;)~~~~. m~.WR,~mAMm~~~W~m~m*ffl~~~.~':fflffi.

(30) ;fJT~*-t4--JlJ]. 98. 3!G¥J ~~{~H7t83 JIt ~$ ~~- r'§J~. 0. fllJ:tlr-.J~~. A'. g§jCf;g-t!UCJ;J13't ' ~Hi€8'T~±lIIfmPD1~;fIj.A:gtt1~*AIt:J M.$,~m.~~r'§J'~~.B. ••. ,~~~g§jC~O~f;g = ~. .~W~&-~li~B~Bm.~~~,~~~.~w~w~mm. M'~~.M.mm~~ffm~W~~~m~~'~w *~{~!H1Vli.&nx1~*A!&IUl{J'~. •• ~m*. F,,1:fm ?it ± J;J~ !tt~Mtffi~~lit~W 0. !tt~~~~~'nxmfi~~~~~~~,m~~~~~~m7 - ~ ~.~Us!~lli~. 0. am~~~~,~*a.~8Wffi.ffi~£*~ft~~@.~. ${" '. -mB1jlj]WTt~l.~tms~1Jo;fIj;flJttE~. {l1li(iBi~JlliBlWi zt¥tB9~&~IW3[Sassanid)). 0. ,. ~-~lJmWJ1PJ~tt:h.Jj~Btt. {.$Mt~~ j§J~~IZSJ~W&Z L::]fn. ~$~ • • *~.m~'~m~~zT.o~~mmffi~ttm~* m~.zTW~~®~~IUl~,~.~~.~mo~~?it±* .. . fIflili ; ) , 5gHtllJf~i~MlHlPix:NIID;fD$~'& •• Mt'.M~U&~~~.w~.~m.rr*~ •• '~.~~ ~~ r. fILtt J. (rabbi , ii~m. 1~*A~#lffi$~1i~${J' {lffi:;;ttEl1fJffi~ta:. '. 0. TILtt:;;~1)iU1IJWgifi:¥. '. ~B1jlj]WTt~WBtt. J;JD{.$$*~15~{$jI*~f§{mm.iit68. 0. TILtt-1500M~'~-1500lZSJm~~m~r'§J~&A~~~~M. 68 Bij ,*~:J- .1. 4.i tt. ~ili ;.t. '* 1A:lf3 A m:. ~ "~~. , vr ~ /Ill. George Foot Moore,. Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era: The Age of the Tannaim, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), pp. 83-109; Shmuel Safrai, "'The Jews in the Land of Israel (70-335 CE)," in A History of !he Jewish People, pp. 314-342..

(31) 1;~l(.:ij;1a .J!UI-J1l' !l!~~J !l. f*'Jt.--fOO if; <1~.~,!J!, Jt6!J1ii/..'tli. f~' Jt[JmtttmW~~f~j§~JipxlI~1td)~. , ~~*fi§*j~51~ffiw{. (~~J{ml > (Mishnah)tiP ~~U-.Hlz:t tB"JM'Il~ rg. (Oral Torah). 0. ,. m~ r 0 1t~*~. 0. J. Jl:t~49:i!f< j§5t-t;Oif~=OOifF8~~(=JjjfrBflz:%:gffitti1. JjIjI~r",~JHIw*~~mB"J/f[OJ~~. .~rl'3' J. 99. , 11X.fm~5t. r ~~. J. (*,Iif'fjc~)' r. ' r!J:..A J (Mll:tI) , r 1~~ J ($;~l1fHl't)' r mf!!~z ~~ J. r~if J. &P '. 1\*JJ-[ , 1\+.=.1jt69 ffitt11"i1~~f§fr:pW~mr,,~~MT~ ~ • • '~~~0ffi ~~ • • '~~~B /fm'~~ ~~/f ~~ ~~ , /flTf'!t~j!fjB"Jil7\~ 1tP.11"F8~~~51~*~~1I~ , {E3J~*ffll'm$ ~~ @1A liiglj , ~glfHgt;r411i ' ~EN ' ~o]'Il#iIJ ' :g~il&m~~Jt~ , 0. 0. •• ~~ ill~rr®~llir. ~~ ~J. 'M~~~m.~UfiWm. fi' .*ffi**~~~~A~$~'ilim~*~~B"Jm~,*~m ~& !f.1it(i$vll70. 0. (W~m~)~~~~m~W)$B"J-1jt'~~-/f~~$.. ~®.&~~m~ n®B"J~. ~j§o~ 1jtB&~ffi~ ~W 1\+ = m,*m/f[OJ~,~, .mtB"J~ ~ili /fffi[OJ ° M~/f~m(m~. »In 21& ' tE!~1~H£ ~ J1:t!llJ~~ ~z~71 , ~~1t~~zf.N11ffWffll'. 69 t- Jlll. Hyam Maccoby, Early Rabbinic Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge. University Press, 1988), pp. 16-32; Jacob Neusner, The Mishnah: Introduction and Reader (philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1992), pp. 1-5. 70Jacob Neusner it ~iL tt. ~Iii ;l;. <1t {£ it if ifiJ i;14t ;fJ "ff $1Q Aif. tf ' Of t- Jlll .jt Between Time and Eternity (Belment: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1975) : J5. e.. 91- t- Jlll Hyam Maccoby, Early Rabbinic Writings , pp. 33-34. 71R. Travers Herford, "Pirke Aboth: Its Purpose and Significance," in Occident. and Orient. Being Studies in Semitic Philology and Literature. Jewish History and Philosophy and Folklore in the Widest Sense, in Honor of Haham Dr. M Gaster's 80th Birthday (Gaster Anniversary Volume, 1936), pp. 244-252..

(32) .wrlt*-c4-.JIJj. 100. i6t!12. 0. (mttM§)n~*~.~mlli:. r.~~~~~~~ ~ ~.. ' *t.J~5:21'-~:ZXft:~ , :ZXft:~1'-*€l5IG 9;D Jt 9;DH4lt{~Ufl:lfirWo1ffP~fi~i¥J(~~)nx~ {iQ{I"~7 ={4~ : **'H~~ 'I!it ' ~ ~J{f~r'~ , rrHiJt~N~J (\:1) 1:EJlt~lilli ={4fujF.%]ll~ Z~ ,. (Torah) , ~lt{.M~ *t.J~5:2. 0. 0. 0. - F.%~R~. z ~~tt'~~~~~@,~m-ffi~A~~.~.. §~~'1'-~®T o *ffi*i¥J~~1:EJlt~~~~, - aMz~.~. ~*ff®.$~~.~. · ~-F.%~.rm~J 'ffi~1'-.~~~ ~~&~~~~ft:Z.~'~.~ · ~~5:2·~ft:~·ft~~ •• - ~®T,~~~ ~ m.Z~mtt°Jlt - .~-.Rrr' ~ zffi~. i¥J••fu.z~~~~ o ~~-~mlli~~i¥J.m~.~.~~. 11- ' t)liJf3i:~~~ , l:~fBr'f,tF.%::t.~pg~ Jlt={4~~1'-Mt .• ~ . lr5iJJpg~aA8i¥Jtl3t"BH'J ' sltU3.~g®~i¥J.$1:Etv:tt. 1: mtt{l'%M.Mti¥J{B-i!t~~AAF.%]llff~ , $fL0• . fO!@: • ~ ~ • • ~·~*·~m~~~'~ = B~om~~mA]ll.~&~,. i@~~*~z*~W**~z]ll~ liJf~~~gfU~~.l'lP~~i¥J~~ : 0. 0. 0. r tiL ~t.1iZ ;.f.gz.l/1t.-IDt. :. '* 'IC. ~iU£ ~Ji ~ ,t.&·(; ...... J (2: 14). r~~6.-IDt.:~.AM.~*~~U.~.#~~~~*. mi7l<-tt{/.J!,fHh J. (3 :3). r~~~~*~~~~~.-IDt.:~.~~~~*~~ o ~* ~~~,~~~~~.o~~M~.~~'~~~~~t. M;•...... J. (3 : 17). 12M. B. Lerner, "The Tractate Avot," in The Literature of the Sage, Part I. ed. Shmuel Safrai (AssenlMaastricht: Van Gorcum, 1987), p. 264. n x~t Jacob Neusner, The Mishnah: A New Translation, pp. 671-689 ..

(33) *. 1;~.I(.:It;1B jJt ff.l~.r M·w~.r ;1!11f-f'.it.--1ID. ~.~,;IJ!. R.lJilliJl..r);. 101. r#~.~d:*~~~'*~~~'~k~~&~~~* ~e. J. (413). r t.Ht. ~{~~ -t ~ryiif U1C4:i ~t.)",* ?"HIW:i ~t.){~ jf .j!j- Jl:1:.~ 1; : 1.t 1(17. }*1U£'. ;r-*"AJl:I:.~*-' ffil~1.t{:.it*k~Jl:I:.J (2:8). fj~*:!iH~~£~(3\7). , {§Jl:'::iJJ:tJ ~ ~BP*§~~N~i¥J~D~ A JE 0. .~.~'R~~AT~~'.A~~~~~~0.~~i¥J~.' II~ffi'fCIJ~'i'.l-:AJl:t~~(51,. ~. ~*~Il9JltJ£~~D~. 0. ,. \9,20,23) , /f~m~m~~*,~:15~Jl:t~~16. 1=r~~~ml. '. ~i§1C1Ji¥Jft{J'. '. m ~tE ~LIiifE. ~~~~~m~T'~~~$i¥Jm* o tL tti¥J~~f~ g *1llf\fm9;§~:tJ. f9tlPD. r t!!:W~ ~$ffiJ~ ...... J (12)' (31)'. m...... J. (510·11) mmgm. ~Apfi /fi!& J. (4:17). 0. (46)'. (57)'. ,. r A~tz:9;fj ...... @tt~tz:9. < ~~) i¥J~1=r~f-ttt :15J:t. 0. ~~Jj[ i¥J/f[r'l]~*:. f~3IJ~nlxt)f9:§ ::r ~ ~m~~. r tz: ~~JJflP/f.~L/\ mgig; ~ [\g. r~~~jt~-t:;"""J. /m...... J. '. r fL~~~~~~tm:~AtU&. '. '. ~~mfj!1=r. fLl{ff~~*~~~1j. r tE~~fJ§~i¥J.·~WH1=r~Jlj]~*1:i¥J~g~ J. ~-:15JID 'llitt11"~~ yz:ffi-JlHtxft~ff~Ti¥J!f.lI.~*~J,illt!!:. '. ili~~ T/f~ 'i' ~i¥Jg.~~W~~%J:t o. m· .~ '§M~:ffi. m* ~ ~.'m~.~W~~.WM~a.~i¥J ~ ~'. ( lli~~. .) ~ ~~~~ * ~~~ . ~~&~~~~.~@~~ o. (lli~~. ~)$. - ~ ~ M~m~lli~ ~ ~i¥J.$' * .~.~~.~.i¥J. lR:gnH€ '. &fffi~f~ :ffi- n~. ,. ;t~i¥Jg.~~. ; fffit*m:ffJ9;§ ,. ~,l¥Jm ~ e(gnome!9Z sententia)J!~1Ez:~~mf.1j1B J:t75. 74:fl. '*. nQ .jjUt.~.r ;f! J~ n,t •. ~IL% {If ~ It.). M1.f. ' or -till]. ~ IA7~. 0. Henry A. Fischel, "The. Transformation of Wisdom in the World of Midrash," in A.lpects of Wisdom in Judaism and Early Christianity, pp. 67-87. 75 ~ Ill] Antony J. Saldarini, Scholastic Rabbinism: A Literary Study of the.

(34) iff !!:..'$ -c 4 -.Jl.J). 102. <llittt~ 8. ) ~tt1l!::t~Jjnl~~i&m1:fiI '. ±tlli Ed¥~ ~ CP{A~. ~~.~A · tU~.*ffi*.~mm~,~~m ~ r~~J o ~. tt 11" 1-:J- ~ ~u rrJ:1J Jtcp ~1ifll~ Wf)'tfJE '. .~~ ~*~. *$} px m1"§1m11511lh. 8j. m ~ ' ®B$}fupxm.~W.~Jtpx~w.~~ o ~~®m ~ ~w ~,~n~AA~ o m~w~~~~~a*~~.,tt~®m~~* ~~ ~ ~@wma.~M,&®tr.~~~@'~~8*A~~m @~.. 0. mpF-®fI'H*tfi~~~~1Ef'JJiSI, ~W~~:1JJ:t - *. ~i±lftl!.fI"~ff~-fltitx:. ' A @t_X*~3i~mJ1i!Z~~. '. 1~+ 3Z. PJ. 0. i:±=n iJii=!Ri=!. ••~~~ - m~~~~~'~~~.~B~OO *3t~gJ~~Jtcpttt~m~r~ f~t)~j§ Jtm= @*C~llitt1~*. *ffi*~~. pX. 0. ~mpxWM o ~M~.M8 tt~~D~ffi mJ~~x.~w. ••. 'm=~~M~ W ~. •• px$,mpxM~~~.~.~£oX.~~.. ~~~'~m~.~~3t.ft.~~ r ~. J ~ IWriji~1E~~.*1t. •• ' • • 7~ . 0. !l:t - {~-*!tZB~1J:)fM- r~~. J. (trajectory))if'J ' tt~~~M~. m~~mi±l%@'~.~'~~1:.~'.A~'~~'llitt~ ~ f.i~~~1ID~. , 1ft~fltfl"BP~**-g-Mi±lt) T ~@lM~6 :. m - '*ffi*~~.W~.z. •• ,WX~ - @~~~~~~. .~*W~H~ o ~.~~.W~~ili~m~~-M~~~ ~ m~ :1J~m~~m. . gt~~.x.~~m. ' ]!~~:;JU~~tt~~fEl~1JD1-:J- 5t. Father According to Rabbi Nathan (Chico: Scholars Press, 1982), Chapter 2; Henry A. Fischel, Ibid., p. 78..

(35) -t~"t~ 1a ~II-J "'.r ~W"'.r M· i"*Nr.- - iOO;f, ~,'e.;IJ!.:t ai) lbI..'!S. fi . Min:Jfjg~~¥:W ~=. '. 103. 0. ${8*i¥J~~tj{fttlt~~~~El. ' ~;f~{}. , J1:tn:JfjU~k:g.tJ. ~~ ~m ~~i¥Jo@~~ - ~~.~m~.i¥JW~*~&~M~~. fi. . ii1~ ~ttftP.f:lX:ElJli¥J~~~fJli±l]l~jl!i!~i¥J*~-e:tJ. 0. ~~ ·~~~M~~~OO.,~~·~~~&·±~·~ft,. P)bt;ltpJl*1li¥Jffi$Jm;fD~. , 11!~${8*~~.~1i@~~.i¥J~~. ~o. m[9 , ${B*i¥J~~{~~1111~fJli±lWi~(polarities)~mi¥JfJl~ : fi.~ ·.~i¥Jmtlt~.'fu~~~·~~i¥J~*~~.;~.~ ~~~~~.~fi.'fu~.~~~i¥J.A~fi.;~~.·mA ~@ ~ ~~i¥Jfi~'fu~~~~~~~tlti¥J~tti¥Jfi.o@~ ••. •. ~~~.~,.a~~~~~'~~T~~.®~W~ •• m~. Jjil¥Jli*~Mf{j~OOi±l. 0. •• ~m~.i¥J~' •• ~.i¥J~~~~~ •• ~~~~m~ ~~~~mo*ffi*i¥J~.~.~BmWAAm~ ~~ 'fi~~ftfu. *~. •• i¥J~&M*o@~~£~~*'.*A* •• 'ffiMr~. :if J. ~~j[E8~'L'~ ~iftJiiWx:{t7J(~i¥J9;D~{5JT;f~~ffil~. 0. .¥m. =~.~'~~i¥JM~·w.~%~m~~-&i¥J.~o~.~tt. 1!:l.\:~ i¥J%~. , ~7G?jf. r ~~ J WMill1*~~i¥J*~- ~tt-~. =OO~-i¥J~.~ o w(~~m)~.i¥Jo~.ft~(B.W ) (Talmuds)W (~W~¥JU (Midrashim)~ , ~~~tt{f"~M*~W{1ftiftlIi¥J. ~M~~~~~76. ,. ~fI&tWffi$~tfu{lLT?J:fli~. , 1~¥U~*A ~~B'9:@:. ••• mo~~~~m~fti¥J~.,~~mAMi¥J~~'fu~ - B. 76Ephraim E. Urbach, The Sages, pp. 1-4..

(36) 104. oWT. /~JlfH§t!>t11Ji¥J~*77. 0. cpE~M~J:Fr5 ~tiliB"J1~:t:Affr±~. Jt ~ -t %- -. jjlJ. , r±l9§l:t§-lli:tt. *. ~~'~.~~·*~ ·~ ~·BM~m~~®i¥J~~~. ,. . ~~ . )f[/tD=tI%J~Jj~-~78 i1[.¥1lI1-\ (Zionism)' r 9§l::%t J 1JJ~~.1iit ' ~1ffJ;!tT. im~~~W~cp 1§' B~:g.:E. t@:t:A. r £~~~~jiltJ J. , !-:)JfMJH~1Bt!:!:!-J@.)1Ij:U.~i¥Jmm$flHjF9 1W:~~~Ez. :j¢W~:t§-1r'i¥J~1;7]IUJ~m-Jl:t r1J ~ - IXI -"f~~. 0. :ffl18*~~i'MUjf[. 0. 0. 77Philip S. Alexander, ed. & tr., Textual Sources for the Study of Judaism (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 19(0), pp. 9-10. 78 ,lUltllt Jt gJ li! J;.A1jt}l; aHi;I;f-1iiJ ' ti tt,{r1 ai) ~h m.~~fth\.£. J]/A1. '}f !~;fl ~~~~.o~k~~.J;..~~.,~~~~ • • ~.a~aliiJ~.. 'if Nil ~ - it.. ;. *. Illl H. H. Ben-Sasson, "The Middle Ages," A History of the. Jewish People, esp. pp. 421-438, 490-516. 79Isidore Epstein, Judaism, p. 320..

(37) -t ~-\;.:II;1a *- fA t' Ml4 {f fl· ~ f<,k.- - 1m. *. ~ .w, 1J!. !t fA lfJI.t6. 105. Wisdom and Wisdom Tradition in Judaism:. A Perspective of History of Religious Ideas. Yen-zen Tsai Institute of History. National Cheng-chi University. The article is a critical introduction to the origins, developments, formation, and characteristics of the wisdom tradition in Judaism. "Wisdom" as a world view that guides people's practical life was rather popular in the world of ancient Near East. The Hebrews shared this concept, and, based upon it, they developed a unique wisdom tradition thanks to their unusual historical experiences and religious beliefs. The article thus begins the discussion of this subject from its inceptive stage, traces its various manifestations in the Second Temple Period, and ends with the rise of Rabbinic Judaism. Important themes emphasized in this process of wisdom formation include the Jews' historical encounters, nationalist sentiment, identification with the holy land, interpretation of the Torah, faith in Yahweh, and last but by no means the least, the prominent role of the wise or the sages. This article makes an extensive use of Jewish wisdom literature. For comparative purposes, it also draws on literary works of parallel nature produced by different cultural traditions and in different historical stages. Its major aim is to illustrate the mutual interactions between the Jewish.

(38) 106. ;¥Jf Jt ~~ -t; ~ - Jl.)J. wisdom tradition and the context in which it was shaped, as well as to highlight the importance of "wisdom" in the history of religious ideas.. Key Words: History of Religions, Near East, Judaism, Wisdom.

(39)