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The Effect of Varied Institutional Strategies (Visual and Verbal) in Complementing Printed Text

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40  /  Farough Abed

Schramm, W. What the research says. In W. Schramm (ed.), Qutdity in instructioncd tele-    vision. Honolulu: The University of Hawaii, 1972. Seidmann, S.A. On the contributions of music to media productions. ECTJ, 1981, 29, 49-61. Vinovich, G.S. The communicative significance of musical affect in eliaing differential    perception, cognition, and emotion in sound-motion media messages. Unpublished     doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, 1975. Washco, A. Ihe Effects of Music Upon Pidse Rate, Blood Pressure, and Mental Inmgery.     Philadelphia: Temple University, 1933. Yarbus, A. Eye Movements and Vision. N.Y.: Plemun Press, 1967.  Zimny, G.H. and Weidenfeller, E W. Effects of music on GSR and hcart rate. American     Journal of Psychology, 1963, 76, 311-314. Direct reprint requests to: Farough Abed Instructional Systems Technology Rm 210 Mitchell Hall 126A School of Education Indiana University Bloomingion, Indiana 47405 Int'I J. Instructional Media Vol. 17(1), 1990

THE EFFECT OF VARIED

INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES

(VISUAL AND VERBAL) IN

COMPLEMENTING PRINTED TEXT

MING-DER WU

Associate Professor

National Taiwan University

FRANCIS M. DWYER

Professor of Education

The Pennsylvania State University

ABSTRACT     The purpose of this study was to measure the relative effectiveness two types of illustrations in facilitating college student achievement of different learning objectives. It also attempted to evaluate whecher illustrations were able to improve learning when students were reading textbook-like material which consisted of keywords in English. One hundred and ninety-eight students at National Taiwan University participated in the study. Students took four criterion tesrs immediately after receiving the respective instructional units. The results of this study indi- care that a) the use of illustrations to complement print instruction did not automatically improve student achievemenc on all Lypes of learning objectives. and b) variation in the amount of realistic detail in illustrations did not make a significaru difference in facilitating student achievement on the individual criterion tests. INTRODUCTION     Visual illustrations have been commonly used in many instructional settings, from kindergarten to college, to complement print instruction. It seems that the in- clusion of illustrations in textbooks is based on the assumption that illustrations are effective in facilitating student achievement on learning. In general, illustrated text requires relatively more time and is more expensive to produce than text-only mate- rial. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effects that illustrations have on aiding learning.

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42  /   Ming-der Wu, Francis Dwyer

     Rcscarch on ihc cftccts of illustrations has resulted in t,lixccl and contradictory findings. By reviewing 55 illustrations-rclatcd experimcnial studies, Lcvie & Lcntzlll concludecl ihat illustraiions could improve lcarning of print text, but the cflccts, ,1. illustrations depended on how thcy wcrc used. In an analysis c,1. 74 studies on visualized and conventional instructic,n carricd out in college classes. Cohen.  Ebcling. and Kulik {2 } reported that visualizecl instruction had no significant effects  on studcnis achicvcment. In a report of the rcsults of a systematic cvaluation on vis-  ual learning. Dwycr[3] concluded ihat " . . . tor specific cducational objectives visualiiation of content material is no more ctlcctivc than the x: , mc instruciion without \Pisualizatioii'(p.l).      On the other hand. illustrations consist of many types whcn used in textbooks.   Dwycr [4 ! listed eight types of illustrations based on the amount of realistic detail  possessed by the individual visualii_cd ircatment, and he pointccl out that an in-  crcasc in realism in a visual did not always cause a significant incrcasc in learning.   lt is obvious that if the effects ot'illustrations arc to bc stLidicd, the rcatism charac-  tcristics of illusirations should be taken into considcration.       Since 1965. Dwyer ancl his associaics conducted Il,, ,rc than 100 syslcmatic rc-   search studies [4.5.61. In these studies. a 2()OO^vord instruccional unit describing    the human heari. its parts. and its intcrnal process was dcvclopcd.  A fter receiving   different types of prcsentation. ilic stuclcnls rcccivcd diflcrcnt critcrion tcsts. In a   report ot' cwerall studies. Dwycr[71 concludccl that all typesoI' visuals wcrc not    cquaIIV cf tcctihc in facititating studcnt acliievcmcnt of diflcrcnt cdticational objccP    tivcs. The present study was dcsigned lo dctcrniine whcihcr ihc s:tnic rcsulis‘,叫uld   be tound xx-hen Dwyer's instructional unil was translatcd i m[《 , (.hincse. Ilc)wcvcr,   quite a fc\v texrbooks used by college students in Taiwan arc in F.nglish. anci it is   not uncommon that in many cases students need to nieinorizc kcywords in the tcxt    in English. Under these circunisianccs. studcnts must undcrstaml(hc I,’ canin:[19‘ ’     keywords firsiin order to have a compleic "ndcrstancling《 、f         xI. 'rw smdy  ̄   aticmpted io dctermine whether illustratiuns can aid lcarning c,r tcxt whc" kcy- u,ords in the Iext are in English. Related Literature     The et'tectiveness of illustrations has reccivcd wide atteniion in rcccnt clccadcs. The advantages of illusirations in i1、、 prtwing lcarning wcrc found in many stuclics. Peeck [8] indicaied thai illustrations thcilitate the learniiig of s ̄e spccifiablc in- formation in a text. Florence & Geisclrnan[91 suggested t1、 “ t illustrations with  iconic symbols were easicr to locate and easier to recall from memory.  Anglin l101  touncl that. in both immediate test ancl clclaycd tcsting. studcnts whl, rcad illusinitccl prose materials achicvcd significantly highcr scores ihac tlic)sc siujc"ts xvho rcad ihc samc prohe materials withoui ihc iIIListrations. IJcvinllll li,, “1 cighi assumcd functions of illustraiions: decoration. rcn   cration. mc)iivaiion. rciicration. rcp-   rcscnlation. organizaiion. intcrprctarion. and iranstornlatic)n .  I.cvic & I.cnti [ lI in-  dicatcd the possiblc functions ot' inustraiionh as:‘l{Icntional. allcctivc.cl、9”itivc. Varied Instructional Strategies   ,   43 and compensatory. Other research has shown that visuals also clarify and reinforce printed instruaion and assist in understanding relationships and abstract concepts necessary to specify learning objectives. Methods and Procedures     Subjects of this experimental study consisted of one hundred and ninety-eight undergraduate students enrolled at National Taiwan University. Twenty-six of the subjects were solicited from the College of Science, while the rest were from the College of Liberal Arts.

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44  '  Ming-der Wu, Francis Dwyer

       The content material employed in this stucly was a Chincsc t r;Lnslatic,n with some modit'ication of Dwyer's insiructional unit. IL was a 2000-word insiructional unit describing the human heart, its parts, and the proce.sses whicl] occur during the sys- tolic and diastolic phases [4,5l. The content material was selcctcd spccifically bc- cause it provided a hierarchy of several typcs of learning objcctivcs, extencling f rom the learning of basic facts, concepts, etc. to complex problcm solving.    All students participating in this study received thcir rcspcccivc instructional unit in textbook-like format. Students were randonlly assigncd to onc of five treat- ment groups. Siudents in Treatment I, the control group received Chinese tcxL with- out illustrations. Students in Treatment Group II received ihc sanic instruccional text which was complemented by twenty simple line drawings of'thc heart which were illustrating basic information presented in the text. Stuclents in Treatment Group III received the identical texi; however, their instrtictional text was com- plemented by twenty detailed shaded drawings. Students in Treatment Group IV received a text only version of the instruction, however, approximately 200 relevant English keywords were embedded in the text. For examplc, whcncvcr the worcls "aorti' was mentioned in a sentence, it was spelled in English while the other words in the sentence were in Chinese. Studenls in Treatnlent V received the text com- plemenrcd by simple line illustrations along with the same English keywords rece- vicd by studcnts in Treatmenc IV. Studcnts in each treatmc"t group were allowed to intcract with their respective instructional unit for a long as they lelt necessary to acquirc the intormation being prescntcd. Criterion Measures     Immediately after receiving the instruction, students(c,c,k n、ur sclf-paccd critc- rion tests. They were allowed to诅 ke as much time as nccdcd io coinplcic one criterion test before proceeding to the ncxl. Studcnls in all fivc trcaf mcnt goups re- ceived identical test items. Since the instructional units for Trcatnicnts IV and V consisted of English keywords. the test items tor these two groups tiscd English terms whenever appropriate. For example, when a keyword tcrms such as 'tricus- pid' valve appeared in test items for Treainlent Group IV and V. it was spcllcd out in English while other words in the sentence were in Chinese.      Tcsi ilcms were clcsigned to evaluate student achievcmcIl[1,1' spccific learning objectivcs. Tcst I. Drawing Tcst. was to evaluatc student k”c,wlcdgc《、1. spcciric lc、ca- tions of the parts of the heart. Students were required to draw a diagram of the heart and place the numbers of the listed parts in their respective locations. Tesc 2. the Identification Test. consisted of 20 multiple-choice items to evaluate studcnc abiliiy to identify numbered parts on a Iine-drawing of a heart basecl on inll、rmation rc- ceived from the instruction. Test 3. the Terminology Test. consistcd of 20 multiple- choice items to measure student knoxvlcclgc of specific terms. dcl'initions, facts rclatcd to the heart. Test 4. the Comprehension Test. also consisicd of 20 multiple-  choice items to evaluate student undc rstanding of the heart, its p:Erts. and its intc rnal activities during the systolic and diastolic phases. Scores rccciveLI c、u ihcsc tour tcsts xx;crc combined in an 80-itciii Total Criterion Tcst, which was clcsignccl io Varied Instructional Strategies   /   45 measure studenrs' total understanding of the concepts presented in the inscructional material.    Each correctly answered item was scored as one point. The reliability coefTi- cicnt tor each test employing Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 was: Tcst l, r=0.86; Test 2, r=0.84; Test 3, r=0.81; Test 4, r=0.74; Total, r=0.94. Results     Significant differences were found to exist among the means on four of the five criterion tests (Drawing Test, F=10.51, df=4/193, p<.001; Identification Test, F=9.08, df =4/193, p < .001; Terminology Test, F二7.04, df =4/193, p < .001; Total Criterion Test,  F二 7.86, df =4/193, p < .001).  Insignificant differences were found to exist in the comprehension test. The Scheffe Procedure was used to analyze dif- ferences among the means. The alpha level of significance was set at the .05 level.     On the Drawing Test, students receiving the simple line treatment (Group II) and detailed. shaded drawing treatment (Group III) achieved significantly higher scores than students receiving the treatment without illustrations (Group I and Group IV) (Table l). Table 1       Scheffe Procedure Showing Mean Comparisons: Drawing Test ---- Treatment Group     N    Mean    S.D.    Results ----       38      7.94      4.62      11>1 11       40      11.67      6.14      II>IV 111      41      11.97     4.82      111>1 IV      40      6.32      3.89      III>IV V       39      9.33      3.66 ----      On the Identification Test, students receiving the simple line treatment (Group II) and detailed, shaded drawing treatment (Group III) achieved significantly  higher scores than students receiving the treatment consisting of English keywords,  but without illustrations (Group IV). Students of Group III achieved significantly  higher scores than students receiving the treatment wichout illustrations (Group I) (Table 2).

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46  /  Ming-der Wu, Francis Dwyer

Table 2

      Scheffe Procedure Showing Mean Comparisons: Identification Test

Treatment

Group       N     Mean     S.D.     Results

I 1。 V

12.23

15.22

15.73

10.82

4.31

4.46

3.16

4.83

 II >IV III > I  III > IV V      39       13.28       4.57 --  --      On the Terminology Test, students receiving the simple linc treatment (Group II and Group V) achieved significantly higher scores than students receiving the  treatment without illustrations (Group I and Group IV). Students receiving detailed  shaded drawing treatment (GrouplII) also achieved significantly higher scores than students of Group I. (Table 3). On the Comprehension Test no significant differ- ences were found between students receiving the varied treatment.s (Table 4). Table 3          Scheffe Procedure Showing Mean Comparisons: Terminology Test ----- Treatment Group      N     Mean     S.D.     Results --   --        38     10.55     3.88     11>1 11      40     14.25     4.70     II>IV 111         41     13.68     3.50     111>1 IV         40     10.82     5.14     V>l V      39     13.76     3.43     V>ly ---- Table 4       Scheffe Procedure Showing Mean Comparisons: Comprehension Test  ̄---   -- Treatment Group      N    Mean    S.D.    Results ---        38     10.10     4.03     An       h      Analysis of vari- 11      40     12.30     4.32      anceindicated 111         41     11.50     3.83     notwogroups       were significantly IV      40     11.12     4.21       different at the v        39    12.48    3.73    0.051evel. ---- Varied Instructional Strategies   /   47 Table 5       Scheffe Procedure Showing Mean Comparisons: Total Criterion Test

Treatment

Group       N     Mean     S.D.      Results

40.84

53.45

52.90

39.10

48.87

14.28

18.02

13.14

16.54

12.59

II >l  II >IV  III > I  III > IV       On the Total Criterion Test, students receiving simple line treatment (Group II) and detailed, shaded drawing treatment (Group III) achieved significantly higher scores than students receiving the treatment without illustrations (Group I and Group IV) (Table 5).    The main results were concluded as follows: l.  The use of illustrations to complement textbook-like instruction did facilitate    student achievement of most but not all of the learning objectives. 2.  The effects of illustrations diminished when students received the treatment     which contained English keywords. With the exception of the Terminology      Test, no significant differences were found to exist among students receiving      the simple line treatment-plus-English Keywords and students receiving the     treatment without illustrations. 3.  Variation in the amount of realistic detail in illustrations did not effect student achievement.

Discussion and Conclusion

      Illustrations were found to be effective in facilitating student achievement on the Drawing Test. This finding supports the stimulus generalization theory [16] which indicaces that when the test situation is similar to the learning situation, maximum learning is achieved. On the other hand, the Drawing Test evaluated student knowl- edge of spatial information provided in the illustrations. The exposure to illustra- tions during the instruction becomes a substantial factor for learning the infor- mation.     Illustrations were also found to be effective in facilitating student achievement on the Identification Test and Terminology Test. Students required verbal and spa- tial information to achieve on those two criterion tests. Illustrations and the key- words accompanying the illustrations provided appropriate stimuli.     The Comprehension Test was designed to evaluate students' understanding of complex procedures and processes that were less easily depicted by illustrations. c 0   0   1   0   c n 3   4   4   4   3

¨

o 0   0 、 0 3   4   4   4

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48  /  Ming-der Wu, Francis Dwyer

The test emphasized mainly on students' verbal information obtained from the in- structional unit. The advantages of illustrations disappearecl on che Comprehension Te st.       However, the effects of illustrations on learning were not found when students  receiving their treatements consisted of English keyword. English is a second lan-  guage for Chinese students. It seems that those English keywords related to the  heart were difficult for them to comprehend. One possible explanation of the loss  of advantages of illustrations is that information conveyed by the text was complex,  thus requiring students to interact more with that information. Under those circum-  stances, students needed to sustain their attention in order to process the complex  information and paid less attention to information prc)vided by illustrations.       Simple line illustrations were found to be as effective as detailed, shaded draw-  ings in facilitating student achievement on the different criterion tests. This result  seems to indicate that simply increasing the realistic detail in illustrations does not automatically increase its instructional effectiveness. The assunlption of realism  theories that teaming will be more effective as the number of stimuliin the learning  situation increases is not supported by this study. One possible explanation is that  the difference of he degree of realism between simple line illusiration and detailed, shaded drawing is so small that no significant difference cc,Lild be R, ,1nd when ern- ployed in instruction.      The results of this study indicate that visualizarion is an importanr inscructional variable in improving student achievement. In this stucly visualization was used as a rehearsal strategy to focus student attention on the critical learning attrihutes and to allow time for the incoming information to remain in short-ternnnemory long enough to be elaborated upon and encoclcd for long-terni menmry. Anclerson [23l, Murray & Mosberg [24], Atkinson & Shiffrin [25] and Linclsay & Norman [26] have comended that the longer an item of information is maintained in short-term memory by rehearsal, the greaier the probability that it will be retained for re-  trieval. The different visual rehearsal strategies did not promote differential learn- ing. Even though the visuals increased in realistic detail from simple line drawings {o detailed shaded drawings may not have been sufficient to instigate increased  levels of information processing prerequisite for students to ef fcctively interact with the instructional content and subsequently perform on criterion tesls measuring achievement of the more complex educational objectives.    Specifically, the study supports the finding that illustrations are differentially effective stimuli in facilitating student achievement of different objectives. How- ever, the effects of illustrations need further study when the instructional unit con- sisted of keywords which students have difficulty to comprehend. Different presen- tation methods may be needed to aid the learning of cliffercnt educational objecrives. The resuhs of this study indicate: first. the use of illustrations tc, comple- ment self-paced print instruction does not automatically improve siudent achieve- ment of all types of learning objectives; and second, viiriation in the amotint of realistic detail in illustrations does not make significant diffcrenccs in facilitating student achievement. Additionally, on inspection of rhc mcan achievement on the Varied Instructional Strategies   /   49 instructional criterion tests indicates that visualizations can significantly improve student performance when used to complement print instruction. However, the use of visualization alone does not maximize student achievement. Apparently, visual-  ized instruction needs to be complemented with additional kinds of learning strate-  gies which willenhance the rehearsal function and move greater quantities of infor- niation from short-term into long-term memory. Additional research is needed to examine the instructional effectiveness of varied types of learning strategies as they impact singly and in combination on various types of visualized instruction. REFERENCES l.   W. Levie and R. Lentz, Effects of Text Illustration: A Review of Research, Educ. Com-    mun. & Tech. 1., 30, 195-232 (1982). 2.  P. A. Cohen, B. J. Ebeling and J. A. Kulik, A Meta-analysis of Outcome Studies of     Visual-Based Instruction, Educ. Co,nmun. & Tech. J.. 29, 26-36 (1981). 3.  F. M. Dwyer, A Futurist Projection for the Program of S\Jstematic Ervduation. Paper      prcsemed at the 1982 AECI' Convention, Dallas, Texas (1982a). 4.  F. M. Dwyer. Strategies for hnproving Visiial Learning: A Handbook for the Effective      Selection Design and Use of Visualized Materials. State College, PA: Learning Serv-    ices, Box 784, (1978). 5.  F. M. Dwyer. Enhancing Visualized Instruction: Recommendations for the Practi-    tioner. State College, PA:, Learning Services, Box 784. (i.   C. A. Dwyer and F. M. Dwyer, The Effect of Visualized Instruction and Varied Rehear-      sal and Evaluation Strategies (Verbal and Visual) in Facilitating Students' Long-Term         Retencion on Tests Measuring Different Educational Objectives, J.  Visual VerbaILan-     guazing, 5, 15-27, (1985). 7.  F. M. Dwyer, The Program of Systematic Evaluation: A Brief Review. In7J Instruc-    tioiud Media, 10, 23-38 (1982b). 8.   J. Peeck, Reteniion of Pictorial and Verbal Contenc of Text with Illustration. J. of Educ    Psvchol., 66, 880-888 (t974). 9 D. Florence and R. E. Geiselman. Human Performance Evaluation of Alternative Graphic Display Symbologies. Percept & Motor Skills, 63, 399-406 (1986). IO.  G. A. Anglin, Prose-relevant Pictures and Older Learner's Recall of Writcen Prose      Echtc. Conunun. & Tech. 1., 34, 131-136 (1986). Il.  J. R. Levin, On Functions of Pictures in Prose. In F. J. Pirozzolo and M. C. Wittrock        (Eds.). Neurops)'chological and Cognitive Process in Reading, New York, Academic     Press. (1981).  1 2.    H. T. DeMclo. Visual Sclt-Paccd Instruction and Visual Testing in Biological Sciences      at the Secondary Level. Unpublished doctoral disseriation. The Pennsylvania State     University. (1980).

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