42 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α
᩸Ἴ₊⻞ᦸడ̳≛ʠわඖᵧ⨯ᶇἄ
ǖǖ˫⢌ᦸᙟỄᣅ͛
The Study of Tacit Knowledge
in Independent Documentary Film Production
ڏᬑ
ʊᅘञણ⫏⤻ЗႩણ₇()ᷟं
Cher-Wei Chang
Master student, Department of Information and Communications, Shih Hsin University
E-mail: weiabroad@gmail.com
〺ᆙᚷ
ʊᅘञણ⫏⤻ЗႩણ₇()Ԟᄞ࿙
Ming-Shu Yuan
Associate Professor, Department of Information and Communications, Shih Hsin University
E-mail: juanems@cc.shu.edu.tw
〦⼫⥱ņKeywordsŇŘ
₊⻞ᦸņDocumentaryŇ
ř᩸Ἴ₊⻞ᦸడ̳≛ņIndependent Documentary
Film-producer
Ň
řわඖᵧ⨯ņTacit KnowledgeŇ
ř⢌ᦸᙟỄņFilm ProductionŇ
ȹၪ⣬Ⱥ
⿀ᅠߡҙ₊⻞ᦸㅽࡍᱹଭໞኞ⩴ᷟŊִᓜ⇃
ሷ〦わඖᵧ⨯᱿ᶇἄŊ᮫ᅠわඖᵧ⨯ңሷザ˫
⤵ЗȮ⢒グଶᓝᾀ᧚⫨Ŋ₊⻞ᦸడ̳≛ぜʴ༬
⠛ᵧ⨯Ȯԡา᱿ଭŊະ⥿ⴒሷⰱᣅわඖ᱿ⵒ
˷ŊᄑᶇἄᲿ᱿߱⤽᩸Ἴ₊⻞ᦸ⢌̳ᙟỄ
ʠわඖᵧ⨯Ớㆩ⎞᧚ඖדҢわඖᵧ⨯᪀ח᱿
ᅞೣȯᶇἄⲿ⳧ᄽ᪇Ӡኔᔖₗȵ₪ቨȶȮȵ⤐
㔄ȶȮȵཞჶȶȮȵԙⱓȶȮȵҢ˟ȶ᱿ᯗŊ
˫֚ᐉᛖಙ⥏⦹⥏ۊҞ̤૾Ꮘ᱿᩸Ἴ₊⻞
ᦸడ̳≛ȯℶᷪͩᤫ IFņࣀŇȮTHENņ⤟
ᗉᅞೣŇד BECAUSEņ᮫Ň᱿ᅞೣŊ૽ט
⥏≛᱿⧄ⲩʵ˫ᐉջŊഺʑᔖₗҢわඖᵧ⨯
Ớㆩ⎞᧚ඖŊኞר̳ᣅሷาⳖҘ᩸Ἴ₊⻞ᦸ
ㅽࡍ≛Ȯᵧ⨯ḽሳȮᵧ⨯ᾷᾀ〦ᶇἄʠະ
ᮢא≙ȯᶇἄ⧄ॖʁŘ(1)᩸Ἴ₊⻞ᦸడ̳
≛᱿⢌̳ᙟỄഺԊ⢌ŋཞჶŋര⢌⎏ᱹ⠗߈
ΤべᕀŊᔎ㊾⿵ʃᅜו⣰Ⳗ⠗ř(2)᩸Ἴ₊⻞ᦸ
డ̳≛ⲿ⳧ㆴඖᵧ⨯᱿ؚᄇȮҙջȮଭᅠ⢌
̳ᙟỄʀŊሱરໞ₊⻞ᦸŊ₊⻞ᦸവ˫ا
ӛΤː᩸᧚᱿わඖᵧ⨯ř(3)ᄽ᪇ᔖₗ₪ቨȮ⤐
㔄 Ȯ ཞ ჶ Ȯ ԙ ⱓ ُ Ң ˟ ᱿ ᯗ Ŋ ະ ᮢ
IF-THEN-BECAUSE
᱿ℶᷪᅞೣŊሷᲩᅠ૽Τ
ː᱿ᄝⲩԽ˫ᐉջŊᶇἄሱരᔖₗӛ᩸Ἴ
₊⻞ᦸ⢌̳ᙟỄ᱿ 17 Ớわඖᵧ⨯ㆩࠣř(4)ⲿ
⳧わඖᵧ⨯᱿ㆩࠣŊവ˫Қㄇඖ᱿ဝ⢌̳ᙟ
Ễʑר⋱ᱹᮝ᱿ࣀŊሷՀᅠΤːᱹଭʃㆩ
ࠣ᱿わඖᵧ⨯ř(5)ᶇἄᔖₗわඖᵧ⨯᱿᪀חᅞ
ೣŊծؐʻՒણ∳ȮϝʑણȮञ⸇⤯ഛЭሬ
‣⫏˫ד૾Ꮘᵧ⨯⋍ᇓŊわඖᵧ⨯᱿᪀חᅞ
ೣ ᲀ ᣅ ഐ ࢞ Τ ː ԡ ̳ ഐ ೣ ⎞ ㆺ ጁ ᱿ ⸅ ⣬ ߌ
₪ȯᶇἄኞרͧଃ₊⻞ᦸሷ⎟⬶≛ר˫ሷᄓ
ဝʏⲐⳌⳖҘ₊⻞ᦸ᱿ㅽࡍř߱ᵧ⨯᱿⓸ח
ᶇἄᐉʠᵧ⨯Ớㆩ⎞᧚ඖŊרͧᵧ⨯ḽሳ
ד ᵧ ⨯ ᾷ 〦 ㅽ ࡍ א ≙ ř ᶇ ἄ ૪ ⨢
IF-THEN-BECAUSE
᱿わඖᵧ⨯ℶᷪᅞೣŊᱹ
Ңᐉඖ᱿اሷՀᅠわඖᵧ⨯᱿ⲅ⨯ȯ
μ
Abstractν
Taiwan’s production of documentary is
well-developed. But, the related research is
not as sufficient. The insufficient research of
the tacit knowledge in documentary
film-producing due to the reason that tacit
knowledge in the field is complicated, and
besides the un-categorized layers and difficult
to communicate orally as well. In addition to
related techniques, knowledge and
creativeness, it is believed that there are
unrevealed the tacit knowledge behind. This
study aims to probe the types and
characteristics of the tacit knowledge in
independent documentary film-producing, so
as the methods of acquiring the tacit
knowledge of the profession. Via literature
analysis, five major categories: “material”,
“viewpoint”, “production”, “post-production”,
and “miscellaneous” were utilized to develop a
semi-structured in-depth interview with six
selected professional and semi-professional
independent documentary film-producers.
Researchers conduct the coding style of
“IF-THEN-BECAUSE” model to structure types
and characteristics of the tacit knowledge of the
interview contents accordingly. Findings of the
study are: 1)The four major steps in the routine
cycle of documentary film-producing process;
2)Through explicating, internalizing, and
presenting of the knowledge film-producing,
film-producers enable to reveal his personal
tacit knowledge; 3)By utilizing five categories
from the literature analysis and the application
of the coding “IF-THEN-BECAUSE” style, 17
tacit knowledge types were summarized;
4)With the summarized outcome of 17 tacit
knowledge types, concerned parties will be
able to deal with different situation in
film-producing and develop individual tacit
knowledge accordingly; 5)The acquisition
methods of the tacit knowledge including
learning by interacting with related parties,
learning by practicing, learning by contacting
with films, books, and the professional
knowledge. Methods of acquiring the tacit
knowledge are a vital factor to cultivate an
individual’s forms of creativeness and style.
The result of this study will be helpful to
people who are interested in documentary
film-producing by understanding the field and
taking control of the commencing process.
This study built the knowledge types and
characteristics of documentary film-producing,
could used as a reference to the profession.
The coding style of “IF-THEN-BECAUSE” is
an effective method to verify the identity of the
tacit knowledge. The outcome is valuable for
audiences who are interested in the
independent documentary and can use it as a
helpful reference for further researches in the
knowledge sociology and management.
Ԋ⤵
ѯᢋႬኈҀൠޠܺȂཿҢԇޫ᎐ڨѵٿႬ ኈޠፑᔟᇅᔇᕼȂӶԂກ༷ޠᛂτᔇΩίȂбҀ ൠϛᘟ۾៊մଝޠෂȂ೩ӼႬኈτኆԄϜኈȃᏱ ȃᓹಉࣲ๊ϑసябޠႬኈҀൠȄȶखᓄбȷࠔ ऐખࢌԥӠຬȂ౫я߬ಂޠԚᕽȂԚ࣐ႬኈҀൠ ϜޠུᒶᐆȞᆹЉಉȂ2006ȟȂ೩Ӽ഻ձϬ൷ؒԚ ҴϏձࡊȃѫೣᇨձᇅึყܗӊᒧज୧๊Рԓ44 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α МእбҀൠȂՍၦܰឹȃࡈ༉ȃᇨб๊ ࢻโȂ༉ಜޠึбࢻโϑดϛᎍңܼбҀൠȄ଼ ՚ԈȞ1990ȟණяᇄᢋႬኈஆޠಝᔗпᑀҴᇨ ձȃঐ഻ձޠᗎ༗࣐лȇՅҦܼᇨбޠཿȃϊ ಁٗӪȃߕӬਣίԒሇޠᢏད๊੬፵Ȃ࢛ٳᑀҴ ᇨбܛяޠႬኈȂӶಊܙαЇՅԥԂޠԚᕽȞՕ ᅮȂ2007ȟȄҖ 93 Ԓ֕Λ৬ޠȶҢڽȷȂଇΟΡ ΚدࡤউԄե८ᄈࡤ៊ޠҢࣁȂኻޠឋᚡኅڨ τ ಁ М ࡼ Ȃ ٯ ᕖ ூ б Ԓ ࡚ ಊ ܙ ࠆ ॗ Ȟ ུ ѯ ᄍ 10,411,950ϰȟȞеࣃᄕȂ2003ȟȇᆨ௦Җ 94 Ԓ ޠȶณԾȷᇅȶᙛᅍ֒ȊعࡇȷȃҖ 95 Ԓޠȶۊ ᙻޠৈЉȷȃȶᚃҢȷІȶჳདྷณ४ȷ๊Ȃखᓄб᠂ ดԚ࣐ଲጤႬኈޠѫΚᆎᒶᐆȄଷΠӶଲጤႬኈޠ ߓ౫ϟѵȂпϵຝܛᇨክϟႬຝखᓄбȶखᓄᢏᘉȷ ࣐پȂΚقӗޠҐρखᓄбձ࣐ளᄙҭክܺޠϲ ৡȂԚ࣐ᑀҴखᓄбΚঐ२्ޠึᖑᆔၿȞᜎЉȃ ݔࡧዔȂ2007ȟȄखᓄбޠಊܙԚ࣐бಊܙޠѯ ࢙ȂൟᆏѯᢋႬኈඉหޠҢΩॗȂӶѯᢋႬኈᐤѭ ቹίᎄྶଅᓄȄ ѯᢋ 70 ԒхпࠊޠखᓄбȂӼп࢈ۻᐡᜱܛᇨձ ޠࡈᏳȃུᆹखᓄб࣐лȂᚡ؆ႈુЎᜱᛅܗ ҖಁឋᚡޠᢏᘉȞၿ݃Ȃ2000ȇеኒཐȂ2006ȟȂ ӶಁӼኈϏձȃᏱևΩϟίȂ՚ϰ 1989 Ԓп ࡤޠखᓄбϲৡၷϟࠊᡘᙵ൳ȂԄӓෂᏱࣃם༮ яޠखᓄбڑጓȃҖఋᇭኈޠநକȃѯࠓτॲ खᓄܛԚҴȃክܺᆔၿޠӼϰ๊२्٩โȂᡲ खᓄбூпӶѯᢋࡼ៊йӼϰޠึȞݩࢷȂ 2002ȟȄՅҖ 95 ԒѯіҀखᓄбཿসᙜཿϏ ཽޠԚҴȂखᓄбཿޠᎉᄑഃᅛԚםȂᔯຝѯᢋ ҭࠊޠึȂпᇨձखᓄб࣐ᙜཿޠኈϏձȞђ ΤᙜཿϏཽޠཽসȟϑԥΚԼӼ՞ȂؑԒखᓄбޠ ໕ङԥڎԼഌϟӼȞఘҞ߀Ȃ2007ȟȄԥᜱ౫ϭѯ ᢋखᓄбҀൠᑀҴखᓄбޠҢȂє֥пίංᆎ ݸȈȞΚȟӊᒧ࢈ۻህᏳߝҢԇȇȞΡȟؾޠख ᓄбϵѨȞєࢃӓෂȃυຝࣩȃᒊЭᙬᡞ๊ȟȇ ȞήȟႬຝѯ၅ֆ๊ήᆎםȞеࣃᄕȂ2003ȟȄӶ ϛӤޠȃ࢈ۻޠښ࡚ίȂᑀҴखᓄбޠҢҼ ԥڐᑀ੬ϟȂZhangȞ2004ȟпϜޠᑀҴखᓄб ࣐پȂᑀҴखᓄбΞҦܰбҢϜኈᡞښ തϟѵޠኈбȂґစԥᜱ࿌ᇰӤȂစҦߩۣР ޠᆔၿձࠣ༉ଛژѵໍ៕Ȅშ 1 ࣐ҭࠊѯ ᢋᑀҴखᓄбҢޒݸȈ შ 1! ѯᢋᑀҴखᓄбҢݸ खᓄбϟЯ John Grierson ᇰۢखᓄбޠϲోሰє ֥ȈȞΚȟпᄃҢࣁޠኈᇅᖑॲձ࣐ଅᓄޠષ ؆ȇȞΡȟ֖҇౫ঐᢏᘉȂٯၜមܰឹίٿޠ ᄃҢࣁȇȞήȟखᓄб҇ڏԥܓȃजདпІ഻ ཏȞၿ݃Ȃ2000ȟȄҦܼષ؆ȃᢏᘉІܰឹޠ֖౫ ᜱᖓژखᓄбޠϲోȂܛпӶखᓄбޠᇨႇโȂ ѯᢋᑀҴखᓄбޠҢݸ ࢈ۻህᏳߝ ؾखᓄбϵѨ Ⴌຝѯ၅ֆ л्ၦߝٿྜ ϲႬኈτኆ సяႬኈҀൠ ኈ ᆪၰ ϊಁҀൠԚ࣐л्֖౫ᆔၿ ഻ձՍၦܰឹȃࡈ༉ȃᇨб๊ࢻโ ڨȃ࢈ۻښ࡚ȃҀൠᇅึᆔၿኈ ߩ ۣ Р ᆔ ၿ ኈ Ϗ ձ
ܰឹԄեᒶ؆ȂጃҴᢏᘉІஉܰឹȂ֊Ᏻᅌ فഥԄեӶੇޠᇨձᕘძίȂᒶᐆȃၽңཿޠ ޤᜌᇅႇ܂စᡜತᑗޠᗵܓޤᜌȂٯᙥҦϨቅ Рԓڐߓख़ȃ֖౫ȃᔗңӶܰឹኈбޠႇโȂ൸ Ґःفདྷ्ଇϟୱᚡȄҐःفӍშᙥᗵܓޤ ᜌޠڦᇅϸȂ֖౫ঐӶखᓄбᇨձࢻโϜޠ ᗵܓޤᜌȂԥֆܼᗵܓޤᜌޠᒲᜌȇٯᕤ၍ᑀҴख ᓄбϏձᇨձखᓄбࢻโϟᗵܓޤᜌᕖڦРԓȂ ᚅఽڐᗵܓޤᜌᕖڦϟ੬፵ȂԚݏѠٽ࣐ࣻᜱःف ስޠՄȄ
ᄽ᪇⤽
₊⻞ᦸ᱿าᚠ⎞⢌̳
₊⻞ᦸ᱿હ∑⎞ҙᚠ
ȶDocumentaireȷΚມକྜܼ՚ϰ 1879 Ԓݳᇮ ّᏱঢ়ጢޠȶݳᇮڑȷȂ឵םৡມȂཏࡿȶڏԥ Нᝧၦਠܓ፵ޠȷȇᐤѭᏱঢ়ໍΚؐՄᜍ၏ມཋȂึ ౫ڐܼ՚ϰ 1906 ԒۗᇅႬኈҢᜱᖓȂ՚ϰ 1914 ԒпࡤԚ࣐ӫມȂڐϲోᅌᡑ࣐ȶڏԥНᝧၦਠܓ ፵ޠȃпНᝧၦਠ࣐ஆᙄޠኈбȷȞ٩Ȃ2001ȟȄ John GriersonᄈखᓄбяۢဏȈȶखᓄбΞᄈ ᄃޠ഻ആܓ౪ȷȞ෭ඐ॒Ȃ2002Ȃp57ȟȂٯᇴ݃ख ᓄбޠڎঐ੬፵ȈΚȃखᓄᄃҢࣁޠኈᇅᖑॲȇ Ρȃ֖҇౫ঐᢏᘉȂٯၜមܰឹίٿޠᄃҢ ࣁȞеኒཐȂ2003ȟȄWinstonȞ1995ȟࠍᇰ࣐Ȃȶ഻ ཏȷཏکȶȷȂՅȶ౪ȷхߓȶᔜቒ๗ᄻȷȄ BernardȞ2004ȟᇰ࣐खᓄбഇႇ֖౫౫ᄃޠȃ ٲȃޑࣻᜱϟᄃၦଊȂᙥҦᄃኈڸޑࠣٿඣ ᛳٳၦଊȂЖስᢏ፭ໍΤུޠзࣩᇅུޠᡞ ᡜȄԨᅵȞ1988ȟۢဏखᓄбᄈ࢛Κ࢈ݾȃစᔽȃ НϾȃॗٲҢࣁܗᐤѭٲӈձقಜȃᐍϟଅᓄܗ ൣᏳޠኈбȇՅؚࢻȞ2000ȟၐಡӵඣख़खᓄб ޠ੬፵Ȉпٲ࣐ߓ౫ᄈຬȂϛຏᄻȃ ᕘძȂѠпя౫၍ᇴܓޑկೞ၍ᇴڸߓ౫Κૢ ϛңᅌসߓᅌȄȶखᓄбȷΚᆎȶዂጚޠ྆܉ȷ Ȟfuzzy conceptȟȞNichols, 2001, p21ȟȂڐۢဏᇅᇨ ձРԓཽᓎਣхՅᡑȂดՅԥٳࠍᇅ༉ಜ ҇ߴίٿȂٯй۾៊ίџȇखᓄбӶܼ܇ᄃ֖ ౫ᄃަཽޠȃٲȃޑȂณ፤ڐఅٲܗजᏱޠК ݳȂሰпࡋᢏޠِ࡚ྦጃӵඣቹܛᢏᄇޠᄈຬȄկ ϛӤུܼᆹൣᏳޠᄃࡋᢏȂखᓄб҇ණٽ഻ആ ܓޠᢏᘉȇւңखᓄбᆎᆔၿޠ੬ܓᇅᏅΩٿኈ ܗఃึᢏಁȂϛ༊࡛ҴᢏಁޠᇰޤȂηӶܼ༉ႁ ੬ۢᢏᘉȂႁژखᓄбޠަཽܓҭޠȄ₊⻞ᦸ᱿᳠૪⎞Ҫ
ȶᄃӕ౫ȷኈ഻ձϜȂΚᆎߓႁᄃם ޠРԓȂηණٽΚᆎᢏ፭ձࠣޠِ࡚ȞݡȂ 2004ȟȇහኌᙡԼऌȞ۞ኋहȂณСȟۢဏȶӕ౫ȷ ȞrepresentationȟΞ഻ձޠߓ౫КࢳϟΚȂ २Їᔗᄈຬޠࡋᢏ੬ኊȄBob Connolly ᇰ࣐Ȃखᓄ бޠӕ౫ᄃϟजᏱȂሰ्ϛᘟစႇᄃᡜޠȂഇႇ ᢏᄇȃᒒٙᡞᡜȃึ౫ୱᚡȃᏒѠөঐᢏᘉٿ ᔯຝᇅ౪၍ୱᚡȂໍՅ׳я഻ആΩޠٿྜȞеኒཐȂ 2003ȟȄҦԫѠޤȂଅᓄܓޠᄃᇅᔜቒԓຏᄻޠࣩ ጤഃᅛȂखᓄбηѠп௵ڦቒԓޠКࢳȂᆓ ຝ഻ձՍٙޠᡞᡜпІᄻࡧึདྷȂໍՅႁژڐ֖ ౫ୱᚡȃᄃ౫഻ആΩޠۡԠȄՅखᓄбณ፤൸ϲৡȃ םԓܗᏳᅌՅّȂԥڐᙵ൳ٯঅூفޠ੬፵ȇ೩ ӼःفखᓄбޠᏱঢ়Ҽଭᄈखᓄбޠ࢛ٳ੬ܓ खᓄбяαޠୣႥȄखᓄбޠӕ౫л्ో ᇑίӗϳᆎዂԓȈ1.ၒཏዂԓȇ2.၍ᇴዂԓȇ3.ᢏᄇ ዂԓȇ4.ᇅዂԓȇ5.ЇٙՍࣹዂԓȇ6.ߓ౫ዂԓȇ ϸրڏԥϛӤޠཏဏ֖౫ȃٯၽңӶϛӤޠޒݸ ȞBarbash & Taylor, 1997; Nicole, 2001ȇᗻᘏȂ 2002ȇݔԢݎȂ2002ȇտվЊȂ2006ȟȄ₊⻞ᦸ᱿⢌̳ᙟỄ
खᓄбޠፁࠐึϟίȂϣߕ࿆ᇰ࣐खᓄбޠ഻ ձ҇ӲᘫژखᓄбҐٙޠҢႇโȂฑᘉሰ२ུ ᆺฑܼȶखᓄбޠҢႇโȷȞϣߕ࿆Ȃ2004Ȃp25ȟȇ п౫ϭѯᢋޠखᓄбึȂӼљᚕϛΠȶձ፤ȷ ޠᢏᘉяึȂη൸ᇴႇܼ२खᓄб഻ձޠഌ ӌȂЇՅ܈खᓄбޠҢႇโȇپԄӶڐఁᏱޠ ጓᛠܗኈޠଇ፤࿌ϜȂӼљҦձࠣȃձޠ ِ࡚ٿፚ፤ȂϡԂձࠣჃᓿᇅජᖑȃࠔґ२ڐ ႇโԄե഻ആȄBarbash & TaylorȞ1997ȟȃRabiger Ȟ2004ȟІеኒཐȞ1998ȟ๊Ᏹཋᐍखᓄбᇨձ ࢻโȂҐःفпშ 2 అख़ԫࢻโȈ46 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α შ 2! खᓄбᇨձࢻโ
ၦਠٿྜȈ Ґःفᐍ౪Ս Barbash, I., & Taylor, L.Ȟ1997ȟ. Cross-cultural filmmaking: A handbook for making documentary and ethnographic films and videos. berkeley: University of California.; Rabiger, M. Ȟ2004ȟ. Directing the documentary. Boston: Focal.ȇеኒཐȞ1998ȟȄखᓄбޠࠊဋձཿȄӶе ኒཐጢȂНϾखᓄбःଇ༙Ȟ֥௳፟ᙐᓄȟȂ61-88ȄѯіҀȈ࢈ଲНϾ࡛೪ېসཽȄ
खᓄбޠᇨձଷΠڏᡞޠᇨձࢻโѵȂᜱܼច֥ ӶखᓄбϏձҐٙޠณםӱષȂ឵ܼঐޠᢏ ᘉȃ഻ཏȃᇨձ྆܉ІᇨձစᡜȂپԄӕ౫ዂԓޠ ༮ആ๊ȂӶखᓄбԚޠႇโࣲᅌ२्ޠِ ՔȄചথȞ2002ȟᇰ࣐खᓄбޠᇨձሰє֥ϥঐ् ᘉȈȞΚȟᚡ؆ሰ्ԥϲోȃҮࣾᇅፑऐȃ֖౫ೞឹ ޠ੬ᘉІᚡ؆ޠ੬ՔȇȞΡȟᇅೞឹޠ௦ដڸࣻ ȇȞήȟፚޠѾȇȞѳȟࢉٲࢳဤޠ౪ȇȞϥȟ ᒯޠ๗ᄻȄеኒཐȞ2003ȟණژΚঐᐍޠ ഻ձ҇စႇȶᢏᄇʖᡞᡜʖདྷʖᒶᐆʖಣӬʖ ߓ౫ȷޠႇโȇखᓄбϏձሰၱखᓄбຝ࣐ ߓႁঐлᢏϏڏޠࡧᆱȂϲৡᇅםԓϟ׳ژ ᆨஞޠ๗ӬȄᄈܼखᓄбϏձٿᇴȂԥӬᎍޠષ ؆Ȃࡼ៊ϛᘟӵЇࡧȂٯජඬӬᎍޠϏڏȂԥֆܼ ԚΚഌᓻؿޠձࠣȄٸᐄಁӼᏱޠᢏᘉȂҐः فᘫાखᓄбᇨձޠϥঐጓᛠȈષ؆ȃᢏᘉȃܰឹȃ ᒯᇅڐуȂԄߓ 1Ȅ ߓ 1! खᓄбᇨձޠጓᛠ ષ؆ ષ؆ޠഌӌєࢃᄃзࣩޠȃٲȃޑȂпІ഻ཏึདྷޠഌӌȂη൸ኈбҢޠஆᙄȄ ᢏᘉ खᓄбϏձమᙥҦኈб֖౫࢛ٳᢏᘉȂپԄ״ցަཽޠِ࡚ȃܗᄈ࢛ٳឋᚡޠᄙ࡚ᇅࣽ ݳ๊Ȅ ܰឹ ឵ܼखᓄбϏձ഻ആܓ౪ޠഌӌȂη൸є֥Ӷܰឹጓᛠȃឹኈᜣᓟۼίޠ౪Ȅ ᒯ Ӥኻ឵ܼखᓄбϏձ഻ആܓ౪ޠഌӌȂଭᄈኈбޠᒯԋ௷Ȅ ڐу ଷΠαख़्ષϟѵޠಡȂپԄၦߝ።࡚ȃٲԋ௷ܗᇅೞឹ๊ࣻޠഌӌȄ ၦਠٿྜȈҐःفᐍ౪
᩸Ἴ₊⻞ᦸņIndependent DocumentaryŇ
᱿าᚠ⎞ᱹଭ
൸ȶᑀҴᇨձȷޠۢဏՅّȂࡿਗ਼ޠԥڎᆎཏဏȈ ΚᆎኈбޠҢዂԓȂѫΚᆎࠍኈбҐٙܛຨ ፞ޠཏဏȄഛᦸ᱿ᮝᮟᑁೣ
ᇨձᎭՍϐџ൷׳Ⴌኈึȃክ๊ߟၰȂࣦՎ ഀၦߝഎ҇Ս௪ȂѬ࣐ᡲՍϐޠձࠣϵܼ፞ зȞអȃЎឡȂ2006ȟȇ࡛ۢဏᑀҴखᓄб࣐ ȶᇨձखᓄбӶٙӌαϛᗶ឵ܼᡞښϲޠႬຝѯܗ ኈຝҭᇨձϵѨȂпؾϾޠၽձРԓȂпঐϾޠ ҴൠܰឹڸᒯኈຝձࠣȷȞ࡛Ȃ2006Ȃp18ȟȄഛᦸ⯿⥔⧠᱿า∑
ԫഌӌӶܼᇴ݃खᓄбձࠣܛ֖౫яޠȶᑀҴᆡ ઢȷȂΞᙥҦ഻ձݨΤܼखᓄбϜޠࠕདȂ ߵٻᢏኈҢࡧՄᇅՍࣹȞࢳ࡛Ȃ2007ȟȄ HandymanȞ2003ȟᇰ࣐ 1960 ԒхۗȂᑀҴख ᓄб߰ΚޣᅌߩлࢻȃᜟጣϾఋထޠึᖑᆔ ၿȂєࢃӤܓᠿȃυܓឋᚡ๊ȇᇄᢋᑀҴखᓄбޠ я౫Ȃτङ 1980 ԒхϘۗȂକӱȶϊႬφ ϾឹᓄኈᐡȷޠୱзȂڐϜпȶᆧՔϊಣȷւңႬφ ឹኈᐡܰឹЇᄈឪұࡅ᎐ᚋᔇޠ౫ൠᄃݸȂٯᙾᓄ࣐ ᓄኈழτ໕ึଛȂӱՅखᓄбॷӒԚ࣐࢈ݾឋς ܗ৶༗ყᡞܛւңޠӵί൭ᡞȞၿ݃Ȃ2000ȟȄȶᑀ ҴखᓄбȷཿޠឹኈᏣ؆ȃᙾᡑژІϾޠ՞ ឹኈᐡȂл्Ӷܼᡜᜍᄃखᓄбޠᙾᡑᇅཏဏ ȞBerry, 2006ȟȄᐤစߞႁΚзखȞ՚ϰ 1906 Վϭȟ ޠತᑗᇅึȂଲጤखᓄбȃखᓄбዪȃखᓄбኈ ޠя౫ȃखᓄбϜЗϟԚҴ๊ȂථұΠखᓄбޠඉ ᑺȂखᓄбѠᆏϟ࣐ΚߟȶᏱऌȷȞRich, 2006ȟȄ൸ ኅހޠȶखᓄбȷጓᛠՅّȂȶᑀҴखᓄбȷӱᔗ ަཽᕘძᇅॴߺҖܛึяޠΚᆎखᓄбڦӪȃй ࡼ៊ึϜޠስȄBernardȞ2004ȟ።खᓄбϏ ձ҇ᗀفٲᄃȞfactȟȂՅߩϊᇴࢉٲȞfictionȟȂ ഇႇ഻ཏܓޠԋ௷Ȟcreative arrangementȟȂՅߩ഻ആ ຏᄻȞcreative inventionȟȇηखᓄбึߞεп ٿȂᄃޠ྆܉ϛᘟӵᓎਣхစҦᏱۢဏᇅུȂ Ԛ࣐ःفޠ२ᘉȄӶȶᄃȷޠࠊණϟίȂᑀҴख ᓄбϏձᔗԄեತᑗࣻᜱឋᚡޠޤᜌȃစᡜȂ ϟᙾඳ࣐ኈޠ֖౫ȂΞҐःفܛమଇޠ२ᘉȄ48 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α
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Ս Polanyi ණяᗵܓޤᜌޠᢏᘉՎϭȂϛӤᏱስ ϟᏱᄈܼᗵܓޤᜌޠၜមᇅःفȂ۾իя೩Ӽ ϛӤޠ྆܉ІᔗңȂѠُᗵܓޤᜌःفޠ२्ܓȇ ดՅȂGourlayȞ2002ȟᇰ࣐Ȃ֊߰ϛӤስȃϛ Ӥᢏᘉޠ፤ᜍȂϬᙠ׳яӔޠ੬ܓȄҐःفЖ ख़ϛӤᏱޠ፤ख़ȂࣩۢᗵܓޤᜌޠӔܓ፵Ȃᙥ пᚅఽᗵܓޤᜌޠۢဏᇅጓ൝Ȅ൸ኅހޠۢဏٿ ᇴȂᗵܓޤᜌޠۢဏѠпୣϸ࣐ኅဏІ੮ဏڎᆎȄ ኅဏཏࡿۧґϡпѵᡘϾޠޤᜌȂߤܼঐܗಣ ᙒ࿌ϜȂϛৡܿᇨձԚၐಡНӈޠޤᜌȇڐϛѵᡘ Ѡӱ࣐᐀ԥޤᜌϛޤၿԄեϡп༉ሏܗѵᡘ ޠԚҐାȃࣦՎҐϛ༉ሏȇՅ੮ဏࡿϛ ಓጇϾޠޤᜌȂߤܼঐٙαȂϛᇨձԚၐಡ НӈޠޤᜌȞቔు߈Ȃ2005ȟȄ Polanyiηᇰ࣐Ȃܛԥޠޤᜌϛᗵܓޤᜌ൸ ෛܼᗵܓޤᜌȄᗵܓޤᜌ឵ܼঐޠȃᜳп༉ ሏޠȂйෛஆܼ࢛ٳ੬ੇძᇅϟίޠঐᡞ ࣐ȇӉեঐޠᄙ࡚ȃၦଊޠһࢻܗ؛๋എཽ ᇅᗵܓޤᜌਁਁࣻᜱȞvon Krogh & Roos, 1995; Gourlay, 2002ȟȄ൸ᗵܓޤᜌޠҐ፵ՅّȂڐᄃ൸ Κᆎȶ౪၍ΩȷȞunderstandingȟȂΚᆎስཽȃױ ඬٯ२ಣစᡜȂпႁژ౪හӵښѻޠ ΩȂЗαޠᓷཽΩӶᇰᜌޠөᆎቺԪαഎ ڏԥлᏳܓᇅ؛ۢܓޠձңȞ।ਐȂ2008ȟȄZander & Zanderᇴ݃Ӷ࢛ٳძۼίȂᗵܓޤᜌѠпߓ ႁޠȞHowells, 1996ȟȄՅ ErautȞ2000ȟᇰ࣐Ȃ উѠංоഇႇഌӌᇰޤٿຠզძȂկࠔЎ ඣᛳуউᄈძޠΠ၍Ȅউᄈܼᗵܓޤᜌٯณݳ ᐍජඬȃܗཏᜌژ၏ᆎޤᜌޠԇӶȂดՅӶ८ ᄈٲȃޒݸޠ౪ᄙ࡚ІРԓȂࠔཽٸඊ࢛ᆎР ӪໍȂณݳഇႇّᇮђпఅख़ȄGourlayȞ2002ȟ វ݃ᗵܓޤᜌߩᇮّϾȃߩԆϾޠޤᜌםԓȂ ᜳпഇႇᇮّߓႁܗᙥҦНԆߓ౫яٿȇՅРȃ ుȃࢪݾϧȃጿԈȃԨᝌৎȞ2004ȟηᇰ࣐ᗵ ܓޤᜌڏԥࢻܓޠ੬ኊȂᜳпңقಜޠȃጢጇޠ ᇮّఽߓႁȂѬѠཏཽՅϛѠّ༉ȂҦܼґጢጇȂ ӱՅᜳпዂҾȃᜳп༉ሏȄ CastilloȞ2002ȟᙥҦᗵܓޤᜌߝԆ༲ޠ֖౫Ȃఽ ྀӵᡘ౫яᗵܓޤᜌޠፓᚖᇅܫຬቺԪȇԄშ 3Ȃ ߝԆ༲ޠദᆓഷۗޠᗵܓޤᜌȞtacit knowledge of tacit knowledge viewȟȃಒΡቺ࣐З౪Ᏹޠ౫ຬ Ȟpsychological phenomenon viewȟȃಒήቺᄃ፻ܓ ޠහኌȞpractical intelligent viewȟȃಒѳቺ࣐ޣញޠ ᢏᘉȞinnateness viewȟȃಒϥቺਰЗᇮဏޠᢏᘉ Ȟcore semantics viewȟȂഷۼቺ࣐ቺ८Ȟskill viewȟȄፓᚖᇅܫຬޠโ࡚ȂҦίՎαȂ឵຺ܼፓᚖ ၮܫຬޠޒݸȂӱՅӶঐޠᗵܓޤᜌ౫ϜȂȶ ȷޠഌϸഷڏᡞȂηഷৡܿߓ౫яٿȄშ 3! Castillo ޠᗵܓޤᜌቺԪ
ၦਠٿྜȈɆA note on the concept of tacit knowledge.ɇ, Castillo, 2002, Journal of Management Inquiry, 11, 54. ᗵܓޤ ᜌϜޠ ᗵܓᢏᘉ З౪Ᏹޠ౫ຬᢏᘉ ᄃ፻ܓޠහኌᢏᘉ ޣញޠᢏᘉ ਰЗᇮဏᢏᘉ ቺ८
ԫѵȂPolanyi ᗵܓޤᜌຝ࣐Κᆎᄙȃᅛໍޠ ႇโȞprocessȟȂᇰ࣐ᗵܓᇰޤȞtacit knowingȟ ᡞ౫ᗵܓޤᜌޠཏဏȂηѠᆏϟ࣐ᗵܓΩ໕Ȟtacit powerȟȇᇴ݃ڏԥ౪၍ٲޑȃࡧસٲӈጤસޠ ΩȂٲӈӱᔗϛӤޠძђпᐍӬȂпᕖூܛ ሰޠ๏ȂᆎΩ߰ޠΚᆎȶߤԥޣញޠདྷ ᐡښȷȞmechanism of imagination-cum-intuitionȟ ȞPolanyi, 1969ȟȄӶٲ࢛ٳ࣐ܗࣁਣȂ ཽਗ਼ІঐޠޣញᇅདྷȂഇႇ౪၍ᇅࡧસޠΩ ᐍӬٲӈȂᗵܓޤᜌޠ౫ཽЇӶ࣐ᇅࣁ αȄSternbergȞ1999ȟпȶโזܓޠȷȞproceduralȟ ᇴ݃ᗵܓޤᜌޠ੬ܓȂᇰ࣐ᗵܓޤᜌޠҐ፵ᇅ೧ᙊ Ȟknow-howȟڏԥஞϹᜱᖓޠȄഇႇȶโזܓȷпІ ᗵܓᇰޤޠ၍មȂծоᡞ౫ᗵܓޤᜌޠۢဏȄᗵ ܓޤᜌϛ༊ᆎច֥Ӷঐлᡞ࿌ϜޠҐ፵Ȃڏԥณ ݳّख़ȃѬѠཏཽޠ੬፵Ȃᗵܓޤᜌηᇅ೧ᙊஞϹࣻ ᜱȂኈঐӶ࣐ȃࣁܗޣញདྷޠߓ౫Ȅᆤ ӬпαᏱޠᇴݳȂҐःفᘫાᗵܓޤᜌӔޠ੬ܓȈ 1. ᗵܓޤᜌྜՍܼঐޠȂሰ्๗Ӭძȃ ȇ 2. ᗵܓޤᜌڏԥҭዀܓޠȂєࢃউޠЗ౪ޒ ᄙȃቌঅᢏȃ߭܉๊ȇ 3. ᗵܓޤᜌѠϸ࣐྆܉ܓޠᇅܓޠȇ 4. ᗵܓޤᜌڏԥፓᚖޠቺԪȇ 5. ᗵܓޤᜌϛܗϛܿጢጇȂᜳпߓႁȃ༉ክȃ ྜྷᇅϸٵȇ 6. ᗵܓޤᜌڏԥᄃ፻ȃโזܓ੬፵ޠޤᜌȂ ౫ӶᄃርᐈձܗࣁϜȇ 7. ᗵܓޤᜌ܂܂ӶϛՍញȃณཏᜌޠݸϟίߓ ౫яٿȇ 8. ᗵܓޤᜌளᙥҦߩҔԓޠРݳᕖڦȇ 9. ᗵܓޤᜌӶߞਣޠᄃ፻ႇโܛತᑗޠစᡜ ܓޤᜌȄ
わඖᵧ⨯⓸ח᱿〦ᶇἄ
Tschannen-Moran & Nestor-BakerȞ2004ȟःفఁ يስӼ໕ᏱޠᗵܓޤᜌȂᙥҦୱ 16 ՞Ᏹ ໕ᙵࠕޠᏱȂпљ๗ᄻፚޠРԓȂᕤ၍ڐᇰ ޤᇅᏱᄃ፻ޠႇโȂӲڐႇџܛ᎐ႅޠ֩ᜳ ძᇅ၍؛РԓȂໍՅւң IFȃTHENȃBECAUSE ޠ ጢጇРԓȂፚጉϡпጢጇȄIF хߓӒࠊޠޒݸȃ THENཏࡿӒࠊޒݸܛᔗᄈޠ࣐ȃՅ BECAUSE ࠍߓұ၏࣐ޠ౪ҦȄഇႇڎ՞ስঢ়ޠᒲᜌޤ ᜌҭᇅᘫȂःفഷࡤᘫાя 12 ঐրȈӬձᇅ ަཽޠМࡼȃ౪Үࣾޠሰؒȃජඬښ࡚ޠᕘძȃ ᕖூၦྜᇅ᠍Ωഋ৸ޠ࢈ݾܓѾȃ೪ۢःفឋ โȃःفᄃ፻ޠ՜ഀᜱ߾ȃ՜ഀঐޠዦᇅᅗཏ ࡚ȃࡼܼջ݉֩ᜳȃݨ२ኦቹႇโȃϵٯ౪ ӤᏕຠЩȃ೪ۢҭዀʝฑᘉޠᆱࡼȃᝓᙲޠዀྦȄ PrasarnphanichȞ2005ȟޠീς፤НःفРݳϸ ࣐ѳঐࢳȈ८ȃᗵܓޤᜌޠᒲᜌȃᗵܓޤᜌጢ ጇІᘫᗵܓޤᜌȄഇႇፚ 25 ՞ϛӤስޠقಜ ϸݚ৲Ȃٯпљ๗ᄻܗߩ๗ᄻޠୱȂᗄᓄڏԥл ᚡܓޠࢉٲȂᙥڎ՞ስঢ়ᒲᜌࢉٲϜޠޤᜌ ҭٯϡп IFȃANDȃTHENȃBECAUSE ޠጢጇȂ ᡲᗵܓޤᜌڏԥ๗ᄻٯৡܿ౪၍ȂႁԚΚयࡤໍ ঔҔȂޤᜌҭᘫાȄഷಥᘫ 14 ঐȈ࡛Ҵ ߭Ӊȃ࡛ҴѠᎭܓȃጓ൝ܓޠښȃᆔ౪ᔇΩȃຠ զ୧ཿቌঅȃᆔ౪ၦྜޠᜱᖓܓȃᆔ౪గȃᒶᐆ ٻңޠхߓȃᒶᐆϲഌყԚসȃ၍؛ፑऐȃྜྷ ȃᒶᐆʝᆔ౪ܛЖяޠȃጃᇰሰؒȃߵໍӬ ձȄHaron & AliasȞ2006ȟࠍпಣᙒᗵܓޤᜌޠ ᢏᘉȂःفା๊ᏱಭᐡᄻޠᗵܓޤᜌȇӤኻᙥ IF-THEN-BECAUSE пڦಣᙒޠᗵܓޤᜌȄഷಥ ഇႇःف๗ݏᘫાȂᘫાяΝঐಣᙒᗵܓޤᜌޠ ȈଢؒՍשᅗཏ࡚ȃջ݉ሬᛥȃ࡛Ҵަཽޠᜱ߾ȃ ӱᔗᡞښగȃ౪ᔗᄈཿሰؒȃښङӱષпІ ౪ፑऐȄ
わඖᵧ⨯᱿᪀ח
ᗵܓޤᜌޠᕖڦѠۢဏ࣐ȶᕖڦᗵܓޤᜌޠႇ โȷȂ܂܂ᙥҦߩҔԓޠᏱಭРԓܛᕖڦȞPolanyi, 1967; Howells, 1996; Hedesstrom & Whitley, 2000ȟȂ ུКȞnoviceȟഇႇᑗ྄ᇅٿᕖڦȞacquireȟᗵ ܓޤᜌȂٯйዤጜ၏ᆎȞPolanyi, 1962; Brown & Duguid, 1991ȟȂӶᗵܓޤᜌޠҐ፵αᄃଡ଼ޠՅߩ ᏱޠȂစᡜޠڦூՅߩޣ௦ޠఁᏳȄ࡛لȃ ϊ҂Ȟ2007ȟηණژᗵܓޤᜌᕖڦӶτᏱҢ഻ུ Ϝޠ२्ܓȂпȶᄃ፻ఁᏱȷձ࣐ߵໍτᏱҢᕖڦ50 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α ᗵܓޤᜌޠРݳȂҦܼᄃ፻ఁᏱቩᏱҢᡞਃޠ Ωȃᄃ፻ఁᏱޠძηණٽτ໕ޠᗵܓޤᜌષ ؆ȂණٽᏱҢᕖڦᗵܓޤᜌޠΩȄ൸ᗵܓᇰޤޠᢏ ᘉȂReberȞ1993ȟпᏱಭޠِ࡚ђпଇȂуߩ ҔԓޠᏱಭϸ࣐ϲᗵᏱಭȞimplicit learningȟȃࡧՄޠ ᏱಭȞdeliberative learningȟᇅძЇᔗᏱಭȞreactive learningȟȂٯණяᗵܓޤᜌޠᏱಭقಜၷᡘܓޤᜌޠ ᏱಭقಜԟҢȂᡘܓޤᜌޠᏱಭقಜ๊҇ژ ᗵܓޤᜌᏱಭقಜึᛨۢϟࡤϘഃᅛໍϾՅԚȄу ᇰ࣐ᗵܓᇰޤณཏᜌйϛೞՍٙܛᄇញޠȃΚᆎ ᄈܼޤᜌޠᏱಭሰؒᇅᏱಭ࣐Ȃηᕖڦᗵܓޤ ᜌഷл्ޠᏱಭРԓȄથȃ૧Ȟ2007ȟ۾៊ ReberޠᇴݳȂᇰ࣐ᗵܓᇰޤє֥ϲᗵقಜᐡښȃԚ ϸᙾඳᐡښȃᐡձңᐡښȄȶϲᗵقಜᐡښȷԇ ӶܼᑀҴঐȂՍӵఃңϛሰစႇཏᜌȂউϛሰ ңѵᡘޠᄙ࡚џښȂԒឮቩߞᄈڐึᔔֆϛτȂ ΚᆎᇅҢٿޠΩȇȶԚϸᙾඳᐡښȷཏࡿᗵܓ ޤᜌᇅᡘܓޤᜌΚঐഀ៊ᡞޠڎᆓȂഇႇΡϟ ޠђϏᇅһϤձңȂᗵܓޤᜌԥѠᙾϾ࣐ᡘܓޤ ᜌȂՅᡘܓޤᜌηԥѠϲϾ࣐ᗵܓޤᜌȇȶᐡձ ңᐡښȷࠍᇴ݃ঐӶᗵܓޤᜌޠϸٵႇโཽҢ೩ ӼߣᛥϸٵޠᐡȂ឵ܼঐܓޠߴៗܗጓޠᐡ ښȄစҦαख़ѠூޤȂᗵܓޤᜌᗵ֥ܼᏱಭޠ࣐ ϟϜȂᏱಭٯϛཽཏᜌژᗵܓޤᜌޠԇӶȂՅйӶ ᏱಭޠႇโϜԇӶϲᗵقಜޠᐡښȂѵӶޠᡘ ܓޤᜌᙾϾ࣐ঐޠᗵܓޤᜌȂԫΚᙾϾޠᐡښ ΚঐϛᘟһϤձңޠഀ៊ႇโȄӲᘫᗵܓޤᜌޠҐ ፵ȂSternberg, Wagner, Williams, ɍ HorvathȞ1995ȟ ᇰ࣐ᗵܓޤᜌӶҐ፵αڏԥȶโזܓޠ๗ᄻȷȃȶၷ ЎᕖூᕘძܗѵӶМࡼȷȃпІȶӶᄃርᔗңϜ֖ ౫яٿȷޠ੬ܓȂϸրϸոӶᗵܓޤᜌޠȶᇰޤ๗ ᄻȷȃȶᕖڦȷᇅȶٻңȷήঐძϟϜȇӱՅӶȶᗵ ܓޤᜌᕖڦȷޠძۼίє֥пίήᆎܓ፵Ȉโזܓ ๗ᄻȃၷЎᕖூᕘძܗѵӶМࡼȂпІӶᄃ፻α ԥңޠȄ
ᶇἄ⥑⤺⎞૪ᅡ
ᶇἄᅞᘍ
ҐःفпȶНᝧϸݚݳȷᇅȶ࡚ፚݳȷձ࣐ л्ޠःفРݳȄԄӤ Sternberg ๊Ȟ1995ȟܛख़ ᗵܓޤᜌᕖڦϟ੬ܓȂᗵܓޤᜌȶၷЎᕖூᕘძܗ ѵӶМࡼȷޠ੬፵ȂᡘұᑀҴঐᡞޠᗵܓޤᜌᕖڦ ᇅஊᎵԥڐੇϟȇйӱᗵܓޤᜌȶӶᄃር ᔗңϜ֖౫яٿȷȂӱՅᙥҦљ๗ᄻԓޠፚτ ᆫȂᄈڨໍᄃଡ଼စᡜᇅޤᜌޠፚȄҐःف ւ ң Tschannen-Moran & Nestor-BakerȞ2004ȟȃ PrasarnphanichȞ2005ȟᇅ Haron & AliasȞ2006ȟܛ ٻңޠጢጇ๗ᄻ˕˕IF-THEN-BECAUSE ձ࣐ᄈঐ րڨϲৡໍ๗ᄻϾໍՅᒲᜌȃᘫા၏ስᗵܓ ޤᜌϟϏڏȄഇႇНᝧϸݚݳᘫાяखᓄбᇨ ձޠϥঐጓᛠȈષ؆ȃᢏᘉȃܰឹȃᒯᇅڐуȇ ፚτᆫᇅᇨձϲৡ२ᘉȂԄߓ 2Ȅᶇἄଃ⩽
Ґःفл्ϵӔႬຝखᓄᢏᘉȃϜҖखᓄ бึڟཽᇅखᓄбᙜཿϏ๊ཽᆪયȂᇕखᓄб ϏձޠፚӫȂٯп߰ւܫኻޠРԓᒶᐆڏԥ खᓄбᇨձစᡜձ࣐ፚᄈຬȂՅւңഢ౩ܫ ኻ൷ؒᙜᑀҴखᓄбϏձȇڨᄈຬӔॏϳ ՞ȂԄߓ 3 ܛұȄ⫏ᅆӠኔ
Ґःفп࡚ፚᇕࣻᜱၦਠȂٯ௵ңНᝧϸ ݚᘫાՅԚޠ࢝ᄻ࣐ϸȂٿၦਠϸݚȄҐःف ኊؒڨޠӤཏໍᓄॲȂٯпિ์ህֆଅᓄ २ᘉȂࡤ៊ւңНਫᡞ࡛ҴഃԆጉпໍጢጇȂ စႇጢጇϸݚࡤޠ๗ݏȂӕ፝ڨጃᇰጢጇޠၦ ਠԥᇳȃܗሰ्၅щޠഌӌȄ ၦਠϸݚл्᠅ࢃڎঐഌӌȂє֥ᗵܓޤᜌϟ ᇅ੬ܓпІᗵܓޤᜌᕖڦРԓȄԥᜱᗵܓޤᜌϟ ᇅ੬ܓޠഌӌȂॷӒഇႇखᓄбࣻᜱНᝧȂᘫ ાяષ؆ȃᢏᘉȃܰឹȃᒯᇅڐу๊खᓄбᇨձ ޠጓᛠȂٯՄ Tschannen-Moran ɍ Nestor-Baker Ȟ2004ȟȃPrasarnphanichȞ2005ȟІ Haron & Alias Ȟ2006ȟ๊ޠጢጇРԓȂӒഇႇȶโזܓޠ๗ᄻȷȃ ȶၷЎᕖூᕘძܗѵӶМࡼȷȃпІȶӶᄃርᔗң Ϝ ֖ ౫ я ٿ ȷȞ Sternberg, Wagner, Williams, & Horvath, 1995ȟ๊੬ܓୣրяڏԥᗵܓޤᜌޠ፤ ख़ȂໍՅп IFȃTHENȃBECAUSE ມཋձ࣐֖౫ᗵ ܓޤᜌޠȶโזȷȂٻڐڏԥ๗ᄻܓȂη൸Ѡпߓ ౫я၏࣐ܗ၏ٲӈޠӱݏȂԥֆܼᚅఽӶٳߓ 2! ፚτᆫ ፚτᆫ Մၦਠ 1ȃ፝ୱ்ޠஆҐၦਠᇅঐཿनෂȂє֥ঐձࠣᇅኈစᐤȄ 2ȃ ்፝ٸྲȶঐձࠣȷޠစᡜՄίߓԥሰ्ঔܗ၅щޠഌϸȉ ࣐եԄԫȉ ڨޠஆҐၦਠ 3ȃ ்፝ٸᐄঐखᓄб഻ձޠစᡜȂፚፚ்စ᎐ႅႇޠୱᚡܗޒݸȂٯ пᇴࢉٲޠРԓఅख़ؑঐϛӤࢳޠစᡜȄ 4ȃ፝ୱ்Ԅե౪ٳୱᚡܗޒݸȉ 5ȃ፝ୱ்࣐եԄԫ౪ȉ 6ȃ፝ୱ்ኈԫ࣐ޠӱષϨቅȉ 7ȃ፝ୱ்ٳစᡜϜᏱژϨቅȉ PrasarnphanichȞ2005ȟȈ Tschannen-Moran & Nestor-BakerȞ2004ȟ 8ȃ்፝ፚፚեп௦ដखᓄбȉԄեᏱಭܰឹखᓄбȉ 9ȃ፝ୱ்ԄեஊᎵܗᕖڦखᓄбޠࣻᜱޤᜌȉ ڨԄեᕖڦᗵܓޤᜌ ໍࢳ ձཿϲৡ२ᘉ ҭᄻࡧ དȃҢࣁᡞᡜȃ൭ᡞ лᚡःفȞၦਠᇕȟ лᚡᢏᄇȞߒȃٲӈᢏᄇᇅ ᇅȃൠଢ଼ȟ ҥഐ።ࢦ ःفൣ֚ ِՔޠۢ՞ ၦߝޠ༔ ࠊᇨਣ ȞPre-productionȟ დܰбٲۤ Ⴒᆘޠᔤۢ
Barbash & TaylorȞ1997ȟȇ RabigerȞ1998ȟȇ еኒཐȞ1998ȟȇ ݔԢݎȞ2002ȟ Ϗձᙜଡ଼ޠϸପ Ꮳ؆ၿڏޠජඬ Ᏻᅌޠۢ՞ ޠᄃଡ଼ᐈձ खᓄбޠឹኈजᏱ ౫ൠජඬ ౫ൠޠᄃଡ଼ ೞܰឹᄈຬޠঘ౪ୱᚡ ୱႇโޠජ ܰឹਣ ȞProductionȟ ८ ೞܰឹޠฬ८ᇅᖑॲ೪ۢ
Barbash & TaylorȞ1997ȟȇ RabigerȞ1998ȟȇ ϣߕӑȃၿ݃ȃݩࢷ Ȟ1998ȟȇ ݔԢݎȞ2002ȟ ᒯ౪፤ޠᇰޤ ᄈܼᒯ౪፤ޠᕤ၍ם ᐍᡞ๗ᄻޠ೪ۢ ฬ८ ᖑॲ ॲ ᒯޠࠍ ᙛណ ᄃርᐈձ ࡤᇨਣ ȞPost-productionȟ ᒯ೪റޠጃۢ ጤܓᇅߩጤܓޠᒶᐆ
Barbash & TaylorȞ1997ȟȇ RabigerȞ1998ȟȇ еኒཐȃϣߕӑȃᙐල๊ Ȟ1998ȟȇ ݔԢݎȞ2002ȟ ึҁܗႬφ໐ӈ Սשࡈ༉ ୧ཿРԓ ېଋึ ࠷ङ᛬ॐ Ⴌຝክ Ⴌኈክ ึਣ ȞDistributionȟ өኈ ൷׳ȃᒶᐆȃђ
Barbash & TaylorȞ1997ȟȇ RabigerȞ1998ȟ
52 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α ٲӈ࣐ϜޠᗵܓޤᜌȄANDȃBUT ๊ມཋΞ ңٿቩђጢጇޠፓᚖܓȂຝڨޠఅٲݸՅໍ ມཋޠቩȇࢉҐःفп IFȃTHENȃBECAUSE ձ࣐л्ޠጢጇРԓȂຝڨޠཏُݸՅ؛ۢ ђΤ ANDȃBUT ๊ມཋȄഇႇНᝧூޤȂIF ཏࡿȶӒࠊ᎐ႅޠୱᚡȃޒݸܗძȷȂTHEN х ߓȶ၍؛ޠڏᡞРԓȷȂՅ BECAUSE ࠍࡿਗ਼ȶւ ңԫᆎРԓޠ౪ҦȷȄՅᗵܓޤᜌᕖڦРԓޠഌ ӌȂࠍᗄᓄፚޠᐍϲৡϡпϸݚȂࣻ ᜱޠ឵ܓȃ८Ӫᘫાᐍ౪Ȃϸݚܛூ๗ݏኊၛ ঢ়ϟཏُӕໍঔҔȄ ߓ 3! ڨஆҐၦਠ хဵ ᙜཿ Ԓឮ ܓր ፚС Ᏹᐤ खᓄбᇨձစᡜ ፚਣ A ᙜᏳᅌ 32 υ 2008/06/10 ᆉς τᏱڏԥኈࣻᜱஆᙄȂःفܛۗ௦ ដखᓄбȂпኈϏձ࣐ҢȂٯࡼ៊ܰ ឹखᓄбȄ 00:31:00 B ᙜᏳᅌ 33 υ 2008/06/10 ᆉς τᏱڨႇኈଌጜȂःفܛۗஞ ௦ដखᓄбȂпኈϏձ࣐ҢȂٯࡼ៊ ܰឹखᓄбȄ 00:37:17 C চᙜᏳᅌ 25 ع 2008/06/12 Ᏹς τᏱ᐀ԥҥഐ።ࢦޠષᎵȂᎭՍשᏱಭ ܰឹखᓄбȂखᓄбᇨձ༊ڐಁӼϏ ձޠΚഌϸȄ 00:47:50 D ᙜᏳᅌ 41 υ 2008/06/17 Ᏹς ኈϏձȂӶཿࣩܰឹखᓄбϑԥΫ ᎸԒޠစᡜȄ 02:54:23 E ᙜᏳᅌ 30 ع 2008/07/16 ᆉς ःفܛۗ௦ដȃᏱಭखᓄбȂпኈ Ϗձ࣐ҢȂࡼ៊ܰឹखᓄбȂ ឵ܼᙜϏձȄ 00:56:57 F চᙜᏳᅌ 25 ع 2008/10/24 ःفҢ τᏱۗ௦ដȃᏱಭखᓄбȂःفܛ ӱܛᏱࣻᜱȂۗஞ௦ដखᓄбȂҭ ࠊϬࡼ៊ܰឹखᓄбȄ 01:24:12
ኞ⎞⤽⧄
᩸Ἴ₊⻞ᦸ⢌̳ʠわඖᵧ⨯ㆩࠣ⎞᧚ඖ
Ґःفпષ؆ȃᢏᘉȃܰឹȃᒯᇅڐуձ࣐ጓ ᛠȂഇႇ IF-THEN-BECAUSE ޠጢጇРԓȂ ፚϲৡђпጢጇ֖౫Ȃூяпί๗ݏȄഌӌଇ፤ пߓੀᇴ݃ጢጇ๗ݏȂٯӶഷࡤޠഌӌ֖౫ܛԥ ๗ݏȄ₪ቨ
Ӷષ؆ޠഌӌȂഇႇНᝧࣩۢȂષ؆є֥ᄃз ࣩޠȃٲȃޑȂӤਣηє֥ڨᇅೞឹޠ௦ ដȃࣻȃ׳൷ષ؆ȃᚡ؆ޠึདྷ๊ႇโᘫ࣐ષ ؆ޠഌӌȇӶԫႇโϟϜє֥ঐޠҭዀȃ࣐ᇅ ձݳ๊੬ኊȂձ࣐ᗵܓޤᜌޠᒲᜌஆᙄȄ⊓บ₪ቨ⎞Ң˟ʶ᱿〦⊓ඖ
࣐Πђષ؆ܛڏറޠΩȂڨ A ഇႇཧପ ѯᢋޠᐤѭनෂȂ՜ഀϛӤਣхनෂࠊ܂जޠ ȂᡲϛӤԒឮІርႅޠೞឹᇅϛӤਣх Ңഀ๗Ȃпೞឹձ࣐၏ਣх੬ܓޠхߓȂఅख़ѯ ᢋ࿌хѭޠࢉٲȄڨ Bȃڨ E ᇅڨ F ࣲᇰ࣐ȶঐޠစᡜȷᒶᐆષ؆२्ޠ ӱȇӱՅӶᒶᐆኈбષ؆ޠഌӌȂཽᓻӒՄ໕Սٙ ܛᜱЗޠឋᚡȃՍϐԥᑺ፹ޠឋᚡпІᇅՍϐࣻᜱ ޠឋᚡȂᓎਣҢϛӤޠርႅȂӱՅᒶᐆࣻᜱ ޠષ؆Ȅڨ D ึញೞឹᄈຬڏԥᇅѵࣩᢏདৰ ࣦτޠ੬ੇܓ፵ȃܗՍϐೞೞឹޠ࢛ٳݸ ដȂໍՅҢԂۊЗȂٯۗفೞឹϛ࣐ ޤޠѫΚ८ȄӶ࢛ٳޒݸίȂηӱ࣐ঐᑺ፹ޠ ᜱ߾Ȅጢጇ๗ݏԄߓ 4 ܛұȄߓ 4! ષ؆౪ޠᗵܓޤᜌᇅ੬ܓȞ1ȟ IFȞძȟ ᄈܼષ؆ޠ౪၍ᇅᇰᜌϛ٘ȂณКໍኈбޠᇨձ THENȞձݳȟ лՅᑗ྄ӵᇕȃ௦ដӉեࣻᜱᆔၿޠၦਠ BECAUSEȞ౪Ҧȟ ௦ដτ໕ޠၦਠϟࡤȂᇷึӼᄈܼષ؆ޠࡧՄȂηၷජඬձ࣐ኈбષ؆ ޠ२ᘉ ᗵܓޤᜌ ᖓདྷષ؆ᇅڐуٲޑޠᜱᖓܓ ᗵܓޤᜌ੬ܓ ᄈષ؆ޠᇰޤϛ٘ȂӱՅሰഇႇτ໕ޠᇕȃ௦ដષ؆ȂпᡲՍϐؗӶષ؆ޠ ძ࿌ϜȂቩђᄈܼષ؆ޠఄད
ࡢ₪ቨ᱿⦓ᵧ
ڨ B ཽτ໕ᇕᇅષ؆ࣻᜱޠनෂၦਠȂٯ ᇅࣻᜱޠထಁ௦ដȃࣻȂໍՅϜᒶᐆᎍӬޠೞ ឹȂᒶᐆೞឹȂࢆᒶȞ1ȟᇅՍϐޠޒݸծȃ ܗདྷ्ᕤ၍ޠȞ2ȟٿѠηཽԥӤኻޒݸึҢ ӶՍϐٙαȂпІȞ3ȟܰឹࣽя੬ੇܓ፵ޠᄈຬȄ ڨ E ᇰ࣐ᄈષ؆࡛Ҵ࢛ᆎโ࡚ޠᇰޤȂѠпᡲ ܰឹৡܿໍΤೞឹᄈຬޠძᇅൠȂᄈܼኈб ޠࣻᜱდαηၷԥ౪ᇅዤோȄἼΒ˶〦
ڨ B ௦ដೞឹ᎐ႅ֩ᜳȂഇႇटЗޠ߭ ϡೞឹٯटЗ๊ࡠȂۗఃྜྷޠРԓȄڨ D ηᇰ࣐Ӷ࡛Ҵ߭Ӊᜱ߾ޠ҇टЗޠ ๊ࡠȂٯᇅೞឹߞਣޠࣻȂڦூ܅ԫዤோޠ དញȂໍՅೞឹޠِ࡚ᢏᄇژӼޠݎ՚Ȃ ηԥֆܼೞឹޠՍด֖౫Ȅཤଭ₪ቨ᱿ೖ↲ඖ
ڨ A ӶࡧՄષ؆ਣȂಂܼષ؆ޠ੬ܓȂཽ Մኍϟ۾ի࣐قӗޠձࠣȇՄ໕ঐޠޒݸȂп ؛ۢષ؆ޠጓ൝Ȅڨ D ᇰ࣐ϛӤޠཽࣽژϛ Ӥޠِ࡚Ȃसпঐၷޣᢏޠដᒶᐆ౪དྷޠષ ؆ Ȃ ࣻ Ӥ ᕘ ძ ϟ ί ޠ ષ ؆ ߰ Ѡ Ң ೩ Ӽ ޠ ۾ իȂٻڐԚ࣐ΚقӗޠឋᚡଇȄڨ F ᇰ࣐ ଷΠঐޣᢏដᒶᐆષ؆ѵȂഇႇᇅӤᏕȃኈ ϏձޠྜྷһࢻȂҼܦષ؆۾៊ܓ२्ޠ ഌӌȄ₪ቨ᱿・ᙙະᮢ
ڨ B Ӷ८ᖞٻңષ؆ޠޒݸȂཽ׳൷х ޠРпࣹԚҐȃܗᗘռ࢛ٳષ؆ԥޏ᠍ޠ ୱᚡȇӶॲષ؆ޠٻңαȂڨ C ཽ߰пೞ ឹܛኇ࠸ޠॲȂձ࣐ኈбޠପȄԫѵȂڨ C ᇰ࣐ԥᜱޏ᠍ޠєࢃኈȃॲ๊уޠ ഻ձޑȂҦܼኈȃฬ८ѠւңࢌԥޠၦਠȂ Յ ၷ ᜳ ౪ ޠ ഌ ӌ ॲ Ȃ ԫ ഌ ӌ ਗ਼ І ख ᓄ б ཽ ԥ ୧ ཿ စ ᕋ ޠ Ѡ Ȃ स ਗ਼ ୧ ཿ ւ ઊȂ߰ሰ੬րݨཏޏ᠍ޠୱᚡȄጢጇ๗ݏԄߓ 5 ܛұȄ ߓ 5! ષ؆౪ޠᗵܓޤᜌᇅ੬ܓȞ2ȟ IFȞძȟ ષ؆ޠڦூཽ८ᖞޏ᠍ޠ४ښȃܗຳົяႲᆘпѵޠԚҐ THENȞձݳȟ ਗ਼І୧ཿւઊޠखᓄбӶષ؆ޠڦңα߰ሰ੬րᙲབྷȇӶષ؆ޠᒶᐆՄ໕αȂॲ ޠഌӌѠւңೞឹܛኇ࠸ޠॲȃ࢛ٳฬ८ࠍѠւң௮ඣޠྲбڦхȂՅ഻ ң CC ᎍӬңӶߩ୧ཿᕋւޠ഻ձϲৡ BECAUSEȞ౪Ҧȟ ӶԚҐޠ४ښȃષ؆ޠхܓІޏ᠍๊ӱϟίޠབྷ२Մ໕ ᗵܓޤᜌ ષ؆ޠࣁᔗң ᗵܓޤᜌ੬ܓ Ӷષ؆८ᖞԚҐȃ׳൷֩ᜳ๊ޠძϟίȂܰឹཽၽңڐуષ؆ٿхȄ54 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α
⤐㔄
खᓄбस༊ଅᓄٲӈܗ֖౫ᄃȂХુঐޠ ᢏᘉȂ߰ᜳпᇅུᆹбȃࡈ༉бୣրȇसષ؆ଅ ᓄбޠஆᙄȂᢏᘉࠍѠຝ࣐ഷ२्ޠഌӌȞWinston, 1995ȇеኒཐȂ1998ȇၿ݃Ȃ2000ȇᡲȆԾྑᅮȃ տృȂ2006ȟȄҐःفӶԫഌӌᐍ౪ڨᄈԄե ࡛Ҵȃණٽȃ֖౫Іඣख़ᢏᘉ๊Ȃԥᜱܼם༮खᓄ бϟঐᢏᘉޠөᆎ࣐ܗࣲᘫܼԫȄ⤐㔄᱿⠢Ἄඖ
ڨ C ᇰ࣐ኈбҐٙሰԥѓܓȂӶܼණٽ ኈбܛ֖౫ޠᢏᘉȇڨ C ᜔Ԛ࢛ঐҴൠޠཏ ُȂӱՅ߰ӶኈбϜ२၏ҴൠޠཏُȂܺΤࡼ ӤኻҴൠޠೞឹཏُȂпђኈбޠᇴ݉ΩȄ ڨ F ࠍߓұȂኈбܰឹਣ܂܂ཽழԥ࢛੬ۢ ᢏᘉᇅҴൠໍȂկ੬ۢᢏᘉᇅҴൠѠᓎኈб ܰឹႇโϜܛᕖூޠଊਁᇅᡞᇰȂໍՅᙾඳΠ ٿޠҴൠȂՅѠٻூኈбٿлᢏܰឹȃ֖ ౫Кݳя౫ᙾȂпᄈۗᢏᘉᙾޠഌӌໍ ።ᐍȄⳬോ᱿≙⸇
ڨ D ሰՄ໕ژኈбस֖౫࢛ᆎᢏᘉȂཽ ᄈೞឹആԚᜳпᔕ၅ޠ།ড়ȂӱՅሰኊؒೞឹ ޠӤཏȂՅйӶೞឹӓᕤ၍ᝓ२ܓޠ ݸϟίȂሰ्ᇅೞឹӼӼྜྷȂࣦՎሰ्યӶ ΚঐାޠҴൠᜱݨೞឹޠޒݸȂᗘռ࣐Πኈб ޠ֖౫Յ܈ೞឹܛᔗூޠ൶२Ȅڨ D ᇰ࣐ खᓄбϏձ ҇ީࡼڐᙜཿޠၿȂኈбޠޒ ݸᐍ֚ޤೞឹȂӶණٽᢏᘉޠ࿌ίȂϛ༊ѬՄ ໕൶२ೞឹޠୱᚡȂηሰݨཏክܺпࡤܛழٿޠ ࡤ៊ਞᔗȄڨ E ᇰ࣐౪ኈбܛ֖౫ޠᢏᘉ ਣȂሰՄ໕ೞឹܛޠᕘძȂӶ֖౫пࡤኈ ೞឹޠҢࣁȂ֊࢛߰ٳݎ՚ޠ֖౫Ѡп࣐ኈб ђϸȂկયӶߴៗೞឹޠҴൠȂܰឹሰᒶᐆ ܺతٳѠҢኈޠഌӌȂᡑ֖౫ޠᢏᘉȄ ጢጇ๗ݏԄߓ 6Ȅ ߓ 6! ᢏᘉ౪ޠᗵܓޤᜌᇅ੬ܓ IFȞძȟ Ԅե֖౫ᢏᘉՅᗘռആԚࣻᜱޠኈȉ THENȞձݳȟ ኈбϜѠԇӶϛӤҴൠȃܗᄈҴȃፑऐޠೞឹᄈຬȂखᓄбϏձѠ२ܼ ࢛ΚРޠҴൠȂپԄဋΤၷӼΚҴൠޠഌӌȂхߓᇰӤ၏Ҵൠޠᢏᘉ BECAUSEȞ౪Ҧȟ ଷΠ֖౫ኈбޠᢏᘉϟѵȂ൶२ೞឹȂखᓄбϏձሰҐၿًޤޠِ࡚ᜱ ݨೞឹ ᗵܓޤᜌ ၿޠՄ໕ ᗵܓޤᜌ੬ܓ ֖౫ᢏᘉޠӤਣȂηሰচӶᆱៗঐၿޠഌӌȂпߴៗೞឹϛཽڨژኈȄཞჶ
ԥᜱܰឹޠഌӌѠᘫ឵ܼȶ഻ആܓ౪ȷષ؆ޠ ഌϸȄНᝧଇᇅፚޠ๗ݏூޤȂܰឹܛోᇑޠ ጓᛠࣻ࿌ኅހȂހࡿӶឹኈܛሰ२ޠޒݸȇ ଷΠᏣ؆೪റޠܓᐈձϟѵȂᇅೞឹޠϤ ηܰឹႇโϜ२्ޠᕘȇᑀҴखᓄбϏձ ޠܰឹϏձӼљሰ्ᇅೞឹᄈຬ௦ដȃࣻȂп ҢྜྷϤޠႇโȂӱԫଅᓄԫႇโԥֆܼቩђኈ бޠᄃܓᇅད࢘ΩȄܰឹԥ೩Ӽऐึޠޒݸ ࠊᇨਣᜳпႲਠޠȂηณݳӶኈбޠရҐτᆫ Ϝ֖౫ȂӱՅܰឹ҇ᓎਣජඬ౫ൠޒݸȄଃ⦹᱿ᄖಙ
ڨ A ᇰ࣐ӶܰឹႇโϜȂݨܼϤፚၘޠ ϲৡȂ܂܂Ѡпᕖூ೩ӼӶရҐτᆫณݳႲޠ๗ ݏȄڨ B ᇰ࣐Ӷܰឹ౫ൠໍፚޠႇโϜȂ ೞឹ܂܂ණٽτ໕Յᙵ൳ޠၦଊȂܰឹ҇ ्ජඬፚၘޠ२ᘉȂٯጃۢՍϐདྷ्ޠঐഌ ӌȂӶ౫ൠޠᄈፚϜᎍ࿌ӵජඬၘᚡȃٯйӶӬᎍޠਣᐡϹΤ२ᘉȄڨ D ᇰ࣐Ӷܰឹȃᇅೞ ឹᄈຬፚၘޠႇโϜȂሰߴࡼܺޠЗᄙȃఄད࡚Ȃ пռᓀႇೞឹమߓႁޠ२्ᜱᗥȄ
Ἴཞჶ≛⎞⡕ჶ≛Ҡ⨯
ڨ A ᇰ࣐ӶܰឹਣȂᇅೞឹႁԚӔᜌȂη ൸ණٽᎍӬޠܰឹძȂᡲೞឹٸඊϏձ ȃٯпഷܺᚭޠРԓໍፚၘȄڨ C ᇰ࣐ܰ ឹᇅೞឹϟ҇ԇӶΚۢโ࡚ޠӔᜌȂٳ ฬ८ᎍϛᎍӬክܺȂഷԂӶூژೞឹӤཏܗ᛬ ङޠޒݸίԚձࠣȄဝ⎞࢞ⳍࣀ
ڨ A ᇰ࣐ᜣᓟޠ೪ॏԥਣ҇ޠȂ࣐Π ᕋആኈб࿌Ϝޠݦ൝Ȃٯйᡲኈбڏԥۗȃᙾ ๊ޠདញȂࢉւңᜣᓟᇅೞឹϟޠԋ௷Ȃᡲኈ бޠఅٲ࣐ࢻᄲȄڨ B ᇰ࣐ᄻშၽᜣ๊Ѿ ᗷด२्Ȃկसпᐕᄃȃᙐޠᜣᓟ֖౫ܛమ ߓႁޠ྆܉Ȃኈбޠਞݏ࣐݃ᡘȄڨ B ཽ ٸϛӤޒݸᡑឹኈᐡᘜܺޠ՞ဋпІᜣᓟᐈձޠ ِ࡚ȂپԄӶၮܰޠਣȂ൸ᅿ໕ၮᓎೞឹޠِ ࡚ໍܰឹȂпؒᄃߓ౫яೞឹܛ्ߓႁޠཏ ࡧȃܗ၅щೞឹّᇮఅख़αޠϛ٘ȇसп ፚםԓܰឹȂӼљ࢝ឹኈᐡໍፚȂٯഇႇڨ ޠّፚȃ՞ဋٿᕋആࣻᜱძȄڨ F ߓұȂ ӶໍኈбܰឹਣȂԥޠڨٯϛཽ௦ڨୱȂ ڐϜܛᗵᙡޠၦଊᇅཏဏࠍᙥҦᜣᓟޠၽձȂഇႇ ڨޠᄙ࡚ᇅձȂ֖౫яҴൠᇅᢏᘉޠৰȄ ጢጇ๗ݏԄߓ 7Ȅ ߓ 7! ܰឹϟᗵܓޤᜌᇅ੬ܓ IFȞძȟ Ԅեජၽᜣᇅೞឹޠൠ८ THENȞձݳȟ ᎍ࿌ӵӶϛӤޠൠӬȂၽңϛӤםԓޠၽᜣКݳȃпІೞឹޠ՞ဋԋ௷ BECAUSEȞ౪Ҧȟ ࣐Πᕋആኈбޠݦ൝Ȃٯй༮ആяኈбࢻᄲఅٲޠᢏདȂٻᢏ፭ৡܿޠ ໍΤኈбޠឋᚡ ᗵܓޤᜌ ජඬᇅ༮ആძ ᗵܓޤᜌ੬ܓ Ӷܰឹޠ࿌ίȂւңឹኈᐡᜣᓟِ࡚ȃޑٗ՞ପဋܗڐуРԓ๊Ȃђܰឹ౫ ൠޠძਞݏ⥫̒ཞჶଃ⩽
ڨ E ණژಭᄜឹኈᐡϟࡤȂᄈܼឹኈᐡᇅ ϟཽҢΚᆎདញȂഇႇᆎདញٿຠզೞឹᄈ ຬᎍӬȂӱ࣐ೞឹᄈຬޠঐ੬፵ᄈܼܰឹޠ ႇโཽԥτޠኈȄԙⱓ
ᒯӤኻ឵഻ܼആܓ౪ޠΚᆎႇโȂഇႇखᓄ бϏձᄈܼτ໕ષ؆ޠጢ௷ȃ౪ȂӱՅԫഌӌ ᇅᒯԥᜱޠࣻᜱᗵܓޤᜌᘫܼԫȄ࢞ⳍഛᦸㆺጁ
ᒯရҐΚঐ؛ۢኈбॴੀІٗӪޠ२्ഌ ӌȂڨ A ཽഇႇရҐτᆫٿდᒯޠࢻโȂ ٯйಭᄜᖑॲȃॲᇅฬ८ΚӤᒯȂ࣐Πᡲ ॲၮᓎฬ८ޠ࠸Ȅڨ C ᇅڨ F ࣲᇰ࣐ ҦܼՍϐٯߩऌੳяٙȂӱՅӶኈбॴੀ֖౫αၷ ϛ݃ᡘȂӼљཽՄܛᎨႇޠਫᝳܗᢏ፭ႇޠኈ бȂዂҾڐϜޠᒯРԓȇӶϛӤޠݸίȂپԄ ਣޠᔇΩȂཽߵٻखᓄбϏձᡑኈбޠᒯ РԓȄ⎞డ̳झ̔᱿ᝄⳇ
ڨ A ᇰ࣐ᒯसԥڎঐпαȂၷᗘռ ႇ࡚ടΤኈбޠᒯϟϜȂѠՄڐуޠཏُȂ ٯйԥଇ፤ޠޫȄڨ F ᇰ࣐ȂᇅӤᏕпІኈ Ϗձޠଇ፤ϤȂᕖூᄈܼષ؆౪ᇅ ጢ௷ޠఃึȂᔔֆၱႇܼ።ޠ౪РԓȄ56 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α
Ң˟
ҐःفଷΠȶષ؆ȷȃȶᢏᘉȷȃȶܰឹȷڸȶ ᒯȷпѵޠഌӌᘫܼԫȂپԄၦߝޠ።࡚ᇅᕖڦȂ ܗ፞Ԅึ๊ၷ࣐ᖆᅴޠഌӌȄӶԫഌӌޠޤᜌ ᄈܼखᓄбҼڏԥᖟ٘ሇ२ޠኈȄ≙⸇⡕ჶ≛ش⳼᱿ːʶ
ڨ A ᇰ࣐ଷΠᇅೞឹҐٙޠྜྷϟѵȂӤ ኻሰ्Մ໕ೞឹڻ᎐ᕘძޠޒݸȂሰ्ຝ࿌ਣݸ л௦ដڐуڻ᎐ޠȂܗ౪ڻ᎐ϛӤޠޒݸȄ⫏⸉⦲ಙ⎞᪀ח
ڨ A ᇰ࣐ၦߝ؛ۢखᓄбژϨቅ โ࡚ޠ२्ӱષȂႇџᗚᏱҢਣၷϛሰ्ᐋЗܰ бޠၦߝٿྜȇկཿяަཽпࡤȂሰ्ӊᒧ௦ ᙐϮޠφٿ༔ܰбܛሰޠၦߝȄڨ C η ᇰ࣐ᏱҢਣϛሰ्Մ໕ၦߝޠ።࡚ȂӼљ ཿпࡤȂሰ्Ꭽ௦ΚٳϏ୧ࣁޠφٿ༔ၦ ߝȇηᇴ഻݃ձᇅ༔ၦߝӤਣໍޠȂ഻ձܛ ሰޠၦߝ҇ሰӊᒧڐу୧ཿܓ፵ኈбޠၦߝٿМ እȄڨ E ᇰ࣐ঐޠձࠣߓ౫ᄈܼၦߝޠᕖ ڦԥτޠֆઊȂसঐखᓄбޠԚᕽԥԂޠ ߓ౫Ȃၷৡܿᇅࣻᜱ՞࡛ҴକӬձޠᜱ߾ȂӶ ၦߝޠٿྜᆔၿαԥӬᎍޠڟֆȄጢጇ๗ݏԄߓ 8 ܛұȄ ߓ 8! ၦߝ౪ϟᗵܓޤᜌᇅ੬ܓ IFȞძȟ ഻ձᇅ୧ཿԥਣϸޠȂԄե҂ᒌᇨձኈбޠԞМȉ THENȞձݳȟ Ҧܼڨє֥ყϏձࡊޠनෂȃηԥঐᑀҴޠޒݸȂؑᆎनෂޒݸԥڐစ ᕋޠРԓȂկӼޠݸഎᙥҦ௦φٿᎵ഻ձ BECAUSEȞ౪Ҧȟ ഻ձԥਣѬᅗ٘Սϐޠ౪དྷȂٯϛܛԥ഻ձഎႁژ୧ཿޠਞݏ ᗵܓޤᜌ ၦߝ።࡚ᇅᕖڦ ᗵܓޤᜌ੬ܓ ᔘூңҐٙޠᓻ༗ȂҨ፝ȃᕖڦኈбᇨձܛሰޠၦߝȂܗԥӬᎍޠၦߝԋ௷ ።࡚≒⨿᱿⦓ᵧ
ڨ B ᇰ࣐ኈбޠᙛណϛӓ᠍һᙛណϵѨ ౪Ȃखᓄб࿌ϜѠԥ೩Ӽԥܗ੬ੇޠᇮّȇ ଷΠᇅᙛណԥًԂޠྜྷϟѵȂഷԂՍϐηڏ റ٘ޠᙛណᇰޤȂпؒᙛណޠᆡጃܓȄര↲⎞⡕ჶ≛᱿⚠
ڨ D ᇴ݃Ӷखᓄбܰឹ๗ࡤᇅೞឹޠࣻ η२्ȂҦܼߞਣޠܰឹȃࣻȂϑစᡲೞ ឹಭᄜᇅܰឹޠࣻȂЏڐϊࡇᇅԒߞޠߞ ᎇȂᄈܼᆎᇅޠདၷ࣐ఄདȂ܂܂Ӷܰឹ ȃ௦ដਣЎϟࡤȂೞឹཽҢѷဤདȇڨ E ᇰ࣐҇ดޠ౫ຬȂଷߩܰឹࡼ៊ᜱݨ ࣻӤឋᚡȃࡠӶࣻӤޠൠȂп၏ឋᚡձ࣐ঐޠ л्഻ձȂϘԥѠ၍؛ኻޠძᇅޒݸȄᆤӬ αख़Ȃཋᐍ࣐пίᗵܓޤᜌޠᇅ੬ܓȂԄߓ 9Ȉߓ 9! ᑀҴखᓄбᇨձϟᗵܓޤᜌᇅ੬ܓ ᗵܓޤᜌ ੬ܓඣख़ ᖓདྷષ؆ᇅڐуٲޑޠᜱ ᖓܓ ජඬષ؆ᇅڐуٲޑޠᜱᖓܓȂٯϜ൷׳ӬᎍޠϹΤᘉȂձ ࣐ኈбᄻࡧᇅདޠึདྷȄ ஊᎵષ؆ޠᇰޤ ᄈષ؆ޠᇰޤϛ٘ȂӱՅሰഇႇτ໕ޠᇕȃ௦ដષ؆ȂᡲՍϐؗ Ӷષ؆ޠძ࿌ϜȂቩђᄈષ؆ޠఄདȄ ࡛Ҵ߭Ӊᜱ߾ ҦܼӼڨޠܰឹᄈຬӼпȶȷ࣐лȂӱՅଷΠዤோᇅ௦ដ ϟѵȂη҇ᇅϟึًԂޠ߭Ӊᜱ߾Ȅ ܦષ؆ޠ۾៊ܓ ࣐Πᡲձࠣڏԥ࡚ȃٯйڨژ२ຝȂᡲܛଇޠឋᚡϛ༊ ѬΚޠٲӈȂՅٻڐᡑԚΚقӗ۾៊ޠឋᚡȂోᇑၷኅހ ޠቺ८Ȅ ષ؆ ષ؆ޠࣁᔗң Ӷષ؆८ᖞԚҐՄ໕ܗ׳൷֩ᜳ๊ޠძȂܰឹཽၽңڐуષ؆ ٿхȄ ᢏᘉޠፑऐܓ ᢏᘉޠፑऐє֥ϲৡϜِՔᇅڐуٲޑޠፑऐȃܗܛණٽޠᢏᘉᄈ ަཽቌঅҢፑऐ๊Ȃᡲኈбึදڐѓܓޠңഋܗ౫ᔜቒޠਞ ݏȄ ᢏᘉ ၿޠՄ໕ ֖౫ᢏᘉޠӤਣȂηሰচঐၿޠᆱៗഌӌȂпߴៗೞឹϛ ཽڨژኈȄ ᄈፚޠఄད࡚ ӶܰឹජඬፚၘޠөঐಡȂτ໕ޠፚၘϜᘞڦ२ᘉȄ ࡛ҴܰឹᇅೞឹӔᜌ ܰឹᇅೞឹϟሰႁԚ࢛ᆎโ࡚ޠӔᜌȂٻኈбܰឹႇโւ ໍւȄ ජඬᇅ༮ആძ Ӷܰឹޠ࿌ίւңឹኈᐡᜣᓟِ࡚ȃޑٗ՞ȃପဋܗڐуРԓ๊Ȃ ђܰឹ౫ൠޠძਞݏȄ ܰឹ ຠզܰឹᄈຬ ӶܰឹޠႇโຠզٯցᘟೞឹᄈຬᎍӬᇅȂᡲᅟߞޠܰឹႇโூ пւໍȄ ༮ആኈбॴੀ ഇႇᒯޠКݳȂٿጃۢኈбޠॴੀȄ ᒯ ᇅϏձჲգޠྜྷ ᒯޠႇโसԥӔӤޠଇ፤ᄈຬȂԥֆܼኈбޠߓႁІ֖౫РԓȄ Մ໕ೞឹڻ᎐ޠٲޑ ᇅೞឹڻ᎐ޠٲޑໍྜྷȂпጃߴኈбޠໍ࡚ւໍȄ ၦߝ።࡚ᇅᕖڦ ᔘூңҐٙޠᓻ༗ȂҨ፝ȃᕖڦኈбᇨձܛሰޠၦߝȂܗԥӬ ᎍޠၦߝԋ௷።࡚Ȅ ᙛណޠᇰޤ ࣐ΠᡲኈбޠᙛណຯߗཏȂܰឹҐٙᄈᇮّȃᙛណηሰԥܛ Π၍Ȅ ڐу ࡤ៊ᇅೞឹޠࣻ ኈбԚϟࡤȂᇅೞឹࡼ៊ᆱࡼᜱ߾Ȃܗӱ࣐ڐуϏձՅϛூ ϛᇅೞឹሊȂ௵ңӬᎍޠᄙ࡚ᔗᄈȄ ߓ 10 ࣐ᗵܓޤᜌᇅНᝧࢻโޠᄈྲ๗ݏȇཏ ࡿᑀҴखᓄбϏձӶ࢛ٳࢻโ࿌Ϝ᎐ႅޒݸȂഇ ႇጢጇᘫાՅҢᗵܓޤᜌȂӱՅᄈᔗӶНᝧ ࢻโϜȂᑀҴखᓄбϏձӲ๏ڐ८ᖞޠޒݸȂࢉ ӶϛӤࢳޠᇨձࢻโڏԥϛӤᗵܓޤᜌޠਗ਼ ΤȂᓟޠഌӌȂߓұڨਗ਼Τܼ၏ձཿࢳޠ ᗵܓޤᜌȄ
58 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α ߓ 10! ᑀҴखᓄбᇨձϟᗵܓޤᜌᇅࢻโ
ᗵܓޤᜌ
ᇨձࢻโ
ᖓདྷષ؆ᇅڐуٲ
ޑޠᜱᖓܓ
ஊᎵષ؆ޠᇰޤ
࡛Ҵ߭Ӊᜱ߾
ܦષ؆ޠ۾៊ܓ
ષ
؆
ષ؆ޠࣁᔗң
ᢏᘉޠፑऐܓ
ᢏ
ᘉ
ၿޠՄ໕
ᄈፚޠఄདܓ
࡛Ҵܰឹᇅೞឹ
Ӕᜌ
ජඬᇅ༮ആძ
ܰ
ឹ
ຠզܰឹᄈຬ
༮ആኈбॴੀ
ᒯ
ᇅϏձჲգޠྜྷ
Մ໕ೞឹڻ᎐ޠ
ٲޑ
ၦߝ።࡚ᇅᕖڦ
ᙛណޠᇰޤ
ڐ
у
ࡤ៊ᇅೞឹޠࣻ
᩸Ἴ₊⻞ᦸ⢌̳ᙟỄʠわඖᵧ⨯᱿᪀חᅞೣ
ӶᗵܓޤᜌᕖڦޠഌӌȂ२ܼᑀҴखᓄбϏձ ԄեؗӶᇅखᓄбࣻᜱޠძڸȄԫഌӌ ᘫાڨፚ፤ԥᜱঐԄեஊᎵᇅึखᓄб ޤᜌȂໍՅϲϾ࣐ՍٙޠᗵܓޤᜌȂၽңܼखᓄб ᇨձޠࢻโ࿌ϜȄҦܼڨޠᏱစᐤनෂࣲϛࣦ ࣻӤȂӱՅӶखᓄбࣻᜱޤᜌޠᕖڦഌӌѠཽԥ ٳ೩ϛӤȇկӶ࢛ٳР८ȂڏԥӔܓޠȂҐः فՍፚၦਠϜᐍ౪ᗵܓޤᜌᕖڦޠРԓᇅ੬ᘉȄʻՒણ∳
ϤᏱಭޠഌӌє֥ڎঐ྆܉ȈӤᏕଇ፤ᇅ፝ఁ ঢ়Ȅڨ A ᇅ B ӶτᏱਣх߰ϑԥኈࣻᜱޠ ஆᙄޤᜌȂໍΤҔఁيᡞقϟࡤഃᅛ༮ആᜱ ܼखᓄбޠ྆܉ܓޤᜌȇՅڨ E ᇅ F Ӷґ᐀ԥ ஆᙄޠݸίໍΤҔఁيᡞقȂΞഇႇᇅӤ Ꮥϸٵȃଇ፤࡛ᄻखᓄбޠஆᙄȇڨ C २ܼঐ ՍᄦસȂᙥ৵ፚܗኈ๊ϵܓޠࣁȂӪᏳ ᅌࠊᎇ፝ఁᆎᆎୱᚡȂഃᅛ༮ആखᓄбޠᇰޤȄ ҭᄻࡧ དȃҢࣁᡞᡜȃ൭ᡞ ҥഐ።ࢦ лᚡःفȃлᚡᢏᄇȃःفൣ֚ დܰбٲۤ ِՔޠۢ՞ȃၦߝޠ༔ȃႲᆘޠᔤۢ ౫ൠජඬ Ϗձᙜଡ଼ޠϸପȃᏣ؆ၿڏޠජඬȃᏳᅌޠۢ՞ȃ ޠᄃଡ଼ᐈձȃखᓄбޠឹኈजᏱȃ౫ൠޠᄃଡ଼ ८ ೞܰឹᄈຬޠঘ౪ୱᚡȃୱႇโޠජȃ ೞܰឹޠฬ८ᇅᖑॲ೪ۢ ᒯ౪፤ޠ ᇰޤ ᒯޠࠍ ᐍᡞ๗ᄻ೪ۢȃฬ८ȃ ᖑॲȃॲȃᙛណ ᒯ೪റޠ ጃۢ ጤܓʝߩጤܓ Սשࡈ༉ȃېଋึȃႬຝክȃ Ⴌኈክȃөኈϝʑણ
ณ፤ҔఁيᡞقܗڐуȂࣲ२ܼᄃርίҥ ഐȃᄃርᐈձᇅጜಭޠႇโȂᑀҴखᓄбϏձ҇ Ꭽߞਣйτ໕ٲөᆎኈࣻᜱޠϏձȂජ ඬឹኈᐡޠདញȂึ௩অூفޠឋᚡܗᇅϛӤ ᄈຬޠ๊ࣻȄञ⸇⤯ഛЭሬ‣ᾀ⫏
ᑀ Ҵ ख ᓄ б Ϗ ձ ཽ ᙥ Ҧ τ ໕ ޠ ᢏ ፭ ኈ ձ ࠣȂϜᏱಭኈбөঐಡޠѾȂپԄӶϸᜣȃ ِՔޠԋ௷ȃᜣᓟޠಌ๊྆܉ܓᇅܓޠഌ ӌȂᙥߞਣޠᢏ፭ՅഃᅛϲϾ࣐ঐޠᇰޤȄ ӶਫᝳޠഌӌࠍԥᒶᐆܓޠᎨȂپԄڨ D ԂᎨԥᜱᏳᅌᇨձኈбޠစᡜȂпձ࣐ᄈྲᇅ ՄȄ૾Ꮘᵧ⨯⋍ᇓ
ڨႇџޠཿޤᜌनෂᄈܼखᓄб഻ձαࣲ ཽԥኈȄپԄڨ A ޠᏱစᐤȂᄈܼኈࣻᜱ ޠᐈձᇅࢻโαࣲϑࣻ࿌ዤጜȇڨ D ޠҥ ഐ።ࢦଌጜȂߵٻڐᜱݨަཽឋᚡᇅަୣӵРឋᚡ ๊ȇՅڨ E ᇰ࣐ႇџኅ֚ᇅᐤѭޠᏱᐤनෂȂ ԥֆܼڐձࠣӶᇴࢉٲαޠ๗ᄻᐍȇڨ F ᇰ ࣐ڨႇџ༉ክᏱᇅަཽᏱᏱᐤनෂޠኈȂԥֆܼ ༉ክᏱ౪፤ᢏᘉᄈަཽ৶༗ឋᚡໍڏ๗ᄻԓ ޠᇴ౪Ȅ⧄⎞⩀
Ґःفޠҭޠл्ଇᑀҴखᓄбϏձӶᇨ ձखᓄбࢻโϜޠᗵܓޤᜌȂഇႇፚȃཋᐍፚ ၦਠȃጢጇᘫાःف๗ݏࡤȂᇴ݃пίःف๗፤Ȉ Κȃ ᑀҴखᓄбϏձޠᇨձࢻโؐϛᘟһϤ ໍޠȂӶᑀҴखᓄбޠᇨձࢻโϜȂؑঐ ࢳܗձཿ२ᘉ҇ᕘᕘࣻԛȇپԄӶҥഐޠӤ ਣཽӤਣᄻࡧঔۗޠရҐτᆫȂٯйࡧՄ Ꮳ؆೪റȃᒯ೪റȃᒯКݳ๊ȄҔԄеኒ ཐȞ2003ȟܛණژ഻ձޠႇโȶᢏᄇʖᡞ ᡜʖདྷʖᒶᐆʖಣӬʖߓ౫ȷȂӶໍөঐࢻ โؐޠӤਣȂϬ҇ࡼ៊ϛᘟӵໍࡧՄڐ уޠഌӌȄ Ρȃ ӶखᓄбᇨձࢻโϜȂᡘܓޤᜌєࢃਫᝳȃኈ ȃ፟โ๊ȇՅᗵܓޤᜌࠍϏձܛᗵ֥ޠ ޤᜌȂᙥҦᇨձࢻโޠᡘܓޤᜌஆᙄȂໍՅп खᓄбޠ഻ձםԓ֖౫яٿȄӱԫΚഌखᓄб ޠ֖౫Ȃሰ्ᑀҴखᓄбϏձ֝Ԟѵࣩᡘ ܓޤᜌȂໍঐޠ౪၍ࡤȂᙥߞਣޠᇨ ձࢻโᐈձȂഷಥᙾᡑ࣐ঐܛ֖౫ܼखᓄб ޠםԓȇڴᔗ PolanyiȞ1969ȟϟᢏᘉȂܛ ԥޠޤᜌϛᗵܓޤᜌȂ൸ෛܼᗵܓޤᜌȄ ήȃ ҦܼႇџԥᜱखᓄбᇨձࢻโޠНᝧȂӼฑ ᘉ२ܼؑঐᇨձࢻโޠࢳᔗ࿌ໍٳؐ ȃᔗ၏ݨཏٳಡᇅ२ᘉȂґԥଇखᓄ бϏձᗵܓޤᜌޠࣻᜱःفȄҐःفစᄃᜍ ᗵܓޤᜌጢጇРԓࡤȂᘫાᑀҴखᓄбᇨձࢻ โϟᗵܓޤᜌϥঐጓᛠᇅ 17 ঐրȂєࢃȶષ ؆ȷȃȶᢏᘉȷȃȶܰឹȷȃȶᒯȷȃȶڐуȷޠᇨձ ࢻโጓᛠȂህпጢጇРԓ IF-THEN-BECAUSEȂ ٻፚၘڏԥȶძȷȃȶݳȷȃȶ౪Ҧȷޠ๗ᄻ ܓ፵ȄഷಥѠᘫાя 17 ᆎᗵܓޤᜌޠȂє ࢃȈᖓདྷષ؆ᇅڐуٲޑޠᜱᖓܓȃஊᎵષ؆ ޠᇰޤȃ࡛Ҵ߭Ӊᜱ߾ȃܦષ؆ޠ۾៊ܓȃ ષ؆ޠࣁᔗңȃᢏᘉޠፑऐܓȃၿޠՄ໕ȃ ᄈፚޠఄདܓȃ࡛ҴܰឹᇅೞឹӔᜌȃජ ඬᇅ༮ആძȃຠզܰឹᄈຬȃ༮ആኈбॴ ੀȃᇅϏձჲգޠྜྷȃՄ໕ೞឹڻ᎐ޠ ٲޑȃၦߝ።࡚ᇅᕖڦȃᙛណޠᇰޤȃࡤ៊ᇅ ೞឹޠ๊ࣻȂѠණٽԥעܼखᓄбϏձ ՄȄ ѳȃ စҦНᝧޠۢဏȂᗵܓޤᜌϛ༊ྜՍܼঐȂ ηሰ्๗Ӭძڸۗூп౫ȞHowells, 1996ȟȂηєࢃᜳп༉ሏڸಌᙾޠ੬ܓȞEraut, 2000; Gourlay, 2002ȟȄҐःفᆤӬϥ՞ᑀҴख ᓄбϏձޠᇴݳȂᘫાяᗵܓޤᜌޠȂ ԥֆܼᐍᡞܓޠජඬᑀҴखᓄбᇨձࢻโϜѠ ᎐ႅޠძȂᡲུКٟഁᕤ၍ٯٸᐄϛ ӤޠޤᜌȂ२ܼ၏ޤᜌޠᕖڦȂٯ ϲϾ࣐ঐޠᗵܓޤᜌȄ ϥȃ ᗵܓޤᜌӶᄃ፻ႇโϜܛತᑗޠစᡜܓޤᜌ ȞSternberg,1999ȟȇᑀҴखᓄбϏձᙥӤᏕ ܗ৲ߞϟޠϤᏱಭȂ࡛ҴҐٙᄈܼષ؆ȃ60 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α ᢏᘉȃܰឹȃᒯ๊ᗵܓޤᜌጓᛠޠᇰޤȄစ ҦϜᏱђঐᄈܼөঐᗵܓޤᜌጓᛠޠජ ඬȂٯഇႇτ໕௦ដኈܗਫᝳ๊ၦྜȂϜ ᕖڦуޠစᡜᇅޤᜌȂпձ࣐Սϐޠᄈྲܗ ՄȂഷಥᙾᡑ࣐ঐӶ഻ձαޠ֖౫Ȅঐ ཿޤᜌनෂࠍోᇑႇџߞਣޠཿስଌ ጜȂᄈܼखᓄбޠ֖౫ηԥ२्ޠኈȄ ҐНᄃᜍ IF-THEN-BECAUSE ޠᗵܓޤᜌጢጇР ԓȂѠңܼᒲᜌᑀҴखᓄбᇨձࢻโϟᗵܓޤᜌ ȇηѠණٽᄈखᓄбԥᑺ፹ԥਞජඬखᓄбᇨ ձȂூпٟഁໍΤखᓄбޠስȄӤਣȂޤᜌ ޠڦःفܛ࡛ᄻޠޤᜌᆎᇅ੬ܓȂѠٽޤᜌަ ཽІޤᜌᆔ౪ࣻᜱስՄȄ
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Zhang, Y. (2004). Styles, subjects, and special points of view: A study of contemporary Chinese independent documentary. New Cinemas, 2(2), 119-135. ϣߕӑȃၿ݃ȃݩࢷȞ1998ȟȄखᓄбޠܰឹ ձཿȄеኒཐጢȂНϾखᓄбःଇ༙Ȟ֥௳ ፟ᙐᓄȟȂ89-113ȄѯіҀȈ࢈ଲНϾ࡛೪ې সཽȄ ϣߕ࿆Ȟ2004ȟȄႇโȃϏڏᇅཏעȄᢏᘉȂ 21Ȃ24-29Ȅ РȃుȃࢪݾϧȃጿԈȃԨᝌৎȞ2004ȟȄ ፤ᗵܓޤᜌȄᘮ৲ጓτᏱᏱൣȞަཽऌᏱޏȟȂ 28Ȟ2ȟȂ27-32Ȅ еࣃᄕȞ2003ȟȄᐍӬϲखᓄбϟȶህֆȃ௱ኅ І ߴ ԇ ȷ ൣ ֚ ਫ Ȅ 2007 Ԓ 12 У 20 С Ȃ ڦ Ս Ȉ http://www.gio.gov.tw/public/Attachment/44916303 571.doc еኒཐȞ1998ȟȄखᓄбޠࠊဋձཿȄеኒཐጢȂ НϾखᓄбःଇ༙Ȟ֥௳፟ᙐᓄȟȂ61-88Ȅѯ іҀȈ࢈ଲНϾ࡛೪ېসཽȄ еኒཐȞ2003ȟȄѯᢋखᓄбޠึᇅϸݚ˕ ˕пBill Nicholsޠϳᆎዂԓ࣐ःفஆᙄȄኅክᇅ ႬຝȞ࢈τȟȂ20Ȃ1-33Ȅ еኒཐȞ2006ȟȄ1960-2000Ԓᇄᢋखᓄбޠึᇅ ަཽᡑ᎑ȄеኒཐጢȂᇄᢋ࿌хኈ˕˕ख ᄃژᄃᡜ1930-2003ȄѯіҀȈӤൊȄ ԨᅵȞ1988ȟȄखᓄኈбȄԨᅵጢȂႬኈႬຝ ڑȄѳώȈѳώऌᏱȄ ՕᅮȞ2007ȟȄбᓹᓟ៨ཿϛӕȂᑀҴᇨб෭ᔟ ћ՞Ȅ2007Ԓ8У26СȂڦՍȈhttp://tc.gio.gov.tw/ ct.asp?xItem=54258&ctNode=219 տվЊȞ2006ȟȄ՚Рखᓄб഻ձޠजᏱଢؒ˕˕ ᢏኟርᕖዪखᓄбԥདȄႬຝःفȂ2006Ȟ2ȟȂ 62-63Ȅ ݩࢷȞ2002ȟȄӓෂᏱࣃޠҢ˕˕ᇄᢋखᓄб ޠᗎ༗ᢏᄇȞ1990-2000ȟȄႬኈݡ፭Ȃ20Ȟ3ȟȂ 18-27Ȅ ࡛Ȟ2006ȟȄ20зख90ԒхᑀҴښձखᓄбޠ ੬ᘉȄႬኈНᏱȂ2006Ȟ01ȟȂ18-19Ȅ થȃ૧Ȟ2007ȟȄᗵܓޤᜌޠᇰޤ๗ᄻȄ ࠓ৲ጓτᏱަཽऌᏱᏱൣȂ4Ȃ38-41Ȅ ၿ݃Ȟ2000ȟȄӶѯαᅌᗀޠႬኈϏձ˕˕ চፚשܰަཽၽखᓄбޠစᡜȄၿ݃ጢȂ ѯᢋखᓄбःفਫҭᇅНᝧᒶȞίȟȞखᓄб ᇅަཽၽьȟȂ346-358ȄѯіҀȈ࢈ଲНϾ ࡛೪ېসཽȄ ؚࢻȞ2000ȟȄखᓄбȄؚࢻጢȂϜѵኈຝτ ڑȄіٶҀȈϜኅክႬຝȄ ۞ኋहȞn.d.ȟȄӕ౫Ȅ2007Ԓ9У15СȂڦՍȈ http://www.wordpedia.com/search/Content.asp?ID=5 253 ݔԢݎȞ2002ȟȄኈຝखᓄбᇨձȄіٶҀȈϜ ኅክႬຝȄ ࢳ࡛Ȟ2007ȟȄུਣखᓄб഻ձޠདঢݚᇅ ࡧસȄ࿌хႬຝȂ9Ȃ70-71Ȅ ।ਐȞ2008ȟȄٗӪޤᜌޠᓷཽᆱ࡚Ȅ2008Ԓ5 У13СȂڦՍȈhttp://www.ptext.cn/home4.php?id =2330 ଼՚ԈȞ1990ȟȄखᓄѯᢋ˕˕൷׳ኈޠҢڽΩ ˕˕ᚡྃЖȈᜱܼ౫ຬϸݚʝঐϮख़Ȅеኒ ཐȃၿ݃ȃ݀࡞ȃᑌߩܿጢȂѯᢋखᓄб ःفਫҭᇅНᝧᒶȂ154-160ȄѯіҀȈ࢈ଲ НϾ࡛೪ېসཽȃଓყݳႬኈၦਠᓣȄ ࡛لȃϊ҂Ȟ2007ȟȄ፤ᗵܓޤᜌІڐᕖڦ ΩޠஊᎵȄޫॗႫႁᏱଲᏱൣȂ21Ȟ1ȟȂ73-75Ȅ ݡȞ2004ȟȄӕ౫ȶ൭Ϯᄃȷ˕˕ȶᄃӕ ౫ȷޠѠܓڸӬ౪ܓȄ౫х༉ክȂ2004Ȟ4ȟȂ 54-58Ȅ អȃЎឡȞ2006ȟȄȶϜ෬ѯᑀҴᇨձޠҢԇ ޫȷःଇཽࡤଅȄ2007Ԓ10У18СȂڦՍȈ http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20060415_76_1 20914.html ചথȞ2002ȟȄԄեᇨձखᓄбȄኈຝᇅȂ
62 Journal of Library and Information Science 34ņ2ŇΚ42 – 62ΰOctober, 2008α 2002Ȟ3ȟȂ81-86Ȅ ఘҞ߀Ȟ2007.07.02ȟȄѯᢋखᓄб˕˕ᇅౌȂᖓ ӬൣȄ ٩Ȟ2001ȟȄखᓄႬኈНᝧȄіٶҀȈϜኅ ክႬຝȄ ෭ඐ॒Ȟ2002ȟȄखᓄбजᏱޠӼ२८ӪȄႬኈݡ ፭Ȃ20Ȟ2ȟȂ57-61Ȅ ᆹЉಉȞ2006.09.17ȟȄखᓄбُࣽѯᢋҢڽΩȂ ϜਣൣȄ ቔు߈Ȟ2005ȟȄᙜൠϜঐᗵܓϏձޤᜌϸٵϟ ࠊᏳःفȄᕘ౩ᏱଲऌНᏱёȂ1Ȃ 29-48Ȅ ᗻᘏȞ2002ȟȄᄈखᓄбӕ౫ᄃᢏ܉ޠӕࡧՄȄ ԱងަཽऌᏱȂ2002Ȟ2ȟȂ205-208Ȅ ᜎЉȃݔࡧዔȞ2007ȟȄѯᢋखᓄбޠԚߞᇅ౫ޒȄ ϜႬຝȂ3Ȃ49-54Ȅ ᡲȆԾྑᅮȃտృȞ2006ȟȄखᓄбΚᆎࡧՄޠ Рԓ˕˕ݳfipa Ȟॵ۵ȟርႬຝબਫߞ Certeau, M. D.ፚᓄȄϜႬຝȂ2006Ȟ2ȟȂ53-55Ȅ