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DOI: 10.1177/0165551506068135 2007 33: 95
Journal of Information Science
Chyan Yang and Liang-Chu Chen
Can organizational knowledge capabilities affect knowledge sharing behavior?
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capabilities affect knowledge
sharing behavior?
Chyan Yang
Institute of Business and Management and Institute of Information Management, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
Liang-Chu Chen
Department of Information Management, Management College, National Defense University, Taiwan
Received 3 August 2005 Revised 17 November 2005
Abstract.
Recent concerns about the issue of knowledge management (KM) within an organization have accentuated the need for more efficient and effective knowledge sharing – that is, knowledge sharing plays an increas-ingly significant role in determining the outcomes of KM. Most scholars explore this issue from the eco-nomic perspective, while only a few research studies have focussed on organizational capabilities. Drawing from the theories of resource-based view and KM, this study aims to investigate the relationship between organizational knowledge capabilities (OKC) and knowledge sharing (KS). Using regression analysis with data from questionnaires collected in different industries with a valid response rate of 62.4%, the results show that OKC have a positive association with KS. Technical, structural, and human knowledge capabili-ties are significant for organizational knowledge sharing. Moreover, the effects of implementing KM on OKC and KS are also significant.
Keywords: knowledge management; knowledge sharing; organizational knowledge capability
1.
Introduction
In the literature concerning knowledge management (KM) within an organization, most researchers acknowledge the important role knowledge sharing Plays in the development of KM [1–3] and busi-ness success [4, 5], but also that it is difficult work [6, 7]. Several factors have been proposed as driving the behavior of knowledge sharing, such as a participant’s motivation, social relationship, and organizational culture [7–9]. Moreover, Shin [1] constructed an integrated knowledge sharing
Correspondence to: Chyan Yang, No. 118, Sec. 1, Chung Hsiao W. Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan. E-mail:
framework to identify the important variables and relationships from economic perspectives. Cummings and Teng [10] empirically tested the key factors affecting R&D knowledge sharing from a context viewpoint. Alavi and Leidner [11] proposed some research suggestions for effective knowledge sharing from the organizational perspective, including the social, cultural, and techni-cal attributes. Some scholars attempted to explain knowledge sharing using an intention–behavior perspective [12–14]. However, few research studies focus on the area of capabilities.
The purpose of this study is to examine the ways in which different organizational knowledge capabilities can improve organizational resources for effective knowledge sharing. The relationship between knowledge sharing (KS) and organizational knowledge capabilities (OKC) is developed and analyzed herein.
The paper is organized as follows. In the first section we discuss the two core concepts – namely, knowledge sharing and organizational knowledge capabilities. The next section proposes a research model and explains the relationship between different variables. This is followed by a section in which we introduce the research methodology and analyze the results. Finally, we discuss the implications and conclusions.
2.
Literature review
2.1. Knowledge sharingTo successfully achieve effectiveness in knowledge management, knowledge sharing should be the most important consideration [1, 2]. Many organizations already achieve significant benefits through knowledge sharing activities, e.g. Toyota [15], Texas Instruments (TI), Dow Chemical [1, 4], and Ford [16].
Knowledge sharing is depicted as a set of behaviors about knowledge exchange which involve the actors, knowledge content, organizational context, appropriate media, and societal environment [1, 17, 18]. Hendriks [3] suggested a conceptualized model which consists of two main activities for effective knowledge sharing: transmission and absorption [7, 17]. The knowledge owner external-izes his knowledge through the skills of codification, elaboration, and presentation. Knowledge is subsequently transmitted to the recipient (reconstructor) by the appropriate media or channels, and then the reconstructor internalizes this knowledge through the capabilities of reading, learning, interpreting, and absorbing. Therefore, knowledge sharing involves many complicated and varying factors and research is needed to identify what factors help foster knowledge sharing.
Lee [19] proposed two types of knowledge: explicit knowledge, which can be clearly articulated in written documents (e.g. business reports), and implicit knowledge, which is embedded into an individual’s experience (e.g. know-how). Bock et al. [12] integrated the organizational climate con-struct and TRA (theory of reasoned action) model, which consists of the attitude of knowledge shar-ing and subjective norm, in order to demonstrate why knowledge workers participate in knowledge sharing behavior. Ryu et al. [13] measured knowledge sharing behavior by combining aspects of TRA and TPB (theory of planned behavior). Lee and Suliman [18] proposed a knowledge sharing framework which is affected by five factors – the actors who participate in the activity, the charac-teristics of the shared knowledge, the organizational concerns, the channel which is used to com-municate with others, and the environmental climate. Ruggles [20] found that the important impediments for knowledge sharing include culture (54%), organizational structure (28%), infor-mation communication technology (22%), incentive system (19%), and staff turnover (8%), by investigating 431 US and European organizations.
To explore multiple factors impacting knowledge sharing, we categorize these factors into three dimensions based on Lee and Suliman [18] and four sub-dimensions at the organizational level based on the socio-technical view [21, 22] (see Table 1). The socio-technical view is a method of con-sidering the organizational interrelatedness of the social and technological subsystems [22]. Normally, the technical dimension is based on IT infrastructure and the social dimension empha-sizes the importance of culture, structure, people, task, and environment.
However, this study examines capabilities from the perspective of organizational knowledge, and the need to foster the creation, acquirement, integration, and dissimilation of organizational knowl-edge, rather than from an individual’s viewpoint. For example, prior experience embedded in an individual is hard for an organization to create. On the other hand, the characteristics of knowledge level involve the original knowledge presentation and meanings, which are not the purpose of this study. For example, causal ambiguity of knowledge cannot be made clearer by organizational dis-similation. Therefore, we adopt the first dimension, which is composed of culture, structure, peo-ple, and technology, as the important factor in organizational knowledge sharing. The remaining two dimensions, individual and knowledge level, are ignored herein.
2.2. Organizational knowledge capabilities
What are knowledge capabilities for an organization? Gorman and Thomas stressed that ‘capabili-ties are somewhat less tangible and less visible process-oriented resources’ [33, p. 615]. Dutta et al. [34] claimed that capabilities refer to how a firm deploys resources for generating value and achiev-ing organizational objectives. The issues of organizational capabilities as the outcome of knowledge integration have recently been explored using the theories of resource-based view (RBV) and knowl-edge-based view (KBV) [35, 36] – that is, knowledge can be found in individuals and capabilities should be developed to integrate such knowledge within an organization. Moreover, organizational knowledge capabilities (OKC) are developed to perform knowledge processes (generating, captur-ing, sharcaptur-ing, and applying) more effectively so as to achieve organizational success [37]. To develop OKC successfully, two primary means (technology, and skills and behaviors) were proposed by Dawson [37] which are consistent with the socio-technical perspective [22, 38].
Knowledge management capability (KMC) represents the ability to mobilize and deploy knowl-edge resources in combination with other resources and capabilities for enabling KM activities, and it has a positive effect on competitive advantage [39] and organizational effectiveness [36]. Successful KM has to connect many organizational components, including technology, human resource practices, organizational structure, and culture, to ensure that the right knowledge is brought to the right people [40] and to facilitate KM initiatives [36]. Chuang’s [39] research also adopted the socio-technical viewpoint to classify KM resources into two types; social and technical knowledge resources. In summary, OKC and KMC have similar meanings and contexts. We will treat the two terms as the same concept and use OKC as the research variable in this study. Therefore, four types of OKC (cultural, structural, human, and technical knowledge capability), based on the perspective of Chuang [39] and Gold et al. [36], are examined in this study.
Table 1
Summary of knowledge sharing factors
Dimension Sub-dimension Factors References
Organizational level Culture Sharing culture/Cooperation and collaboration culture/ [10, 18, 23–27] Knowledge-centered culture/Learning culture
Structure Incentive and reward/Work design/Management [12, 18, 23–25, 27, 28] support/Norm/Political directives
People Arduous relationship/Shared understanding/ [8, 10, 25, 29, 30] Similar knowledge frame/Social interaction
Technology IT infrastructure/IT know-how/IT support [3, 18, 24, 31, 32] Individual level Motivation/Prior experience/Absorptive [3, 8, 17, 18, 23, 29]
capacity/Source credibility
Knowledge level Explicit and tacit knowledge/Causal ambiguity/ [8, 10, 18, 23–25] Knowledge articulability/Knowledge embeddedness
3.
Theories and hypotheses
To explore the factors affecting knowledge sharing activities from the organizational perspective, four organizational resources (culture, structure, people, and technology) are proposed in Section 2. Drawing from the theories of RBV and KBV, capabilities are clearly noted as ‘intermediate transfor-mation ability’ between resources and objectives [34]. Therefore, this study adopts the viewpoint of knowledge capabilities for operating organizational resources more effectively. A framework (shown in Figure 1) is proposed to test the relationship between organizational knowledge capabilities and knowledge sharing behaviors.
This framework presents KS as a dependent variable and OKC as independent variables. KS cov-ers the actual activities in the exchange of explicit or implicit knowledge [12, 19]. OKC consists of four domains: cultural, structural, human, and technical knowledge capabilities [36, 39], which emphasize the ability to mobilize and deploy knowledge resources more effectively. Moreover, the implementation of KM as a comparative condition to test the effects on OKC and KS is also exam-ined. Accordingly, this study sets forth seven hypotheses and assesses them empirically.
3.1. Organizational knowledge capability and knowledge sharing
The core capabilities of knowledge organization are important in providing information and knowl-edge-based services. Wiig [41] claimed that KM initiatives will fail if the investments of organiza-tional resources and capabilities are inappropriate. In other words, effective KM should contribute to organizational performance through the development of organizational knowledge capability [36]. Lee’s [19] empirical research revealed that an organizational capability to learn or acquire the needed knowledge from other organizations is a key resource for successful knowledge sharing. Thus, the enhancement of knowledge capabilities as the foundation of organizational development is beneficial for organizational effectiveness. Normally, organizational capabilities invest on process improvement, work effectiveness, learning, and supporting technology that facilitate knowledge
transfer and sharing. Hence, these are needed if a firm strengthening OKC hopes to see the effec-tiveness and efficiency of knowledge sharing. Therefore, we propose:
Hypothesis 1: Organizational knowledge capabilities have a positive effect on the knowledge
shar-ing behavior within an organization.
3.1.1. Cultural knowledge capability and sharing Organizational culture is the most frequently-cited factor supporting knowledge sharing [16, 25]. De Long and Fahey [42] identified four different ways in which culture influences the behaviors central to KM activities (creation, sharing, and use). Cummings and Teng [10] stressed that learning culture affects knowledge sharing, which focuses on the recipient context. Goh [25] proposed that cooperative and collaborative culture is an important prerequisite to drive a propensity for high knowledge sharing. Janz and Prasarnphanich [26] revealed that knowledge-centered culture is an effective factor for cooperative learning. Thus, the effectiveness of organizational culture is one of the critical capabilities influencing a firm’s survival and success [43]. Therefore, we propose:
Hypothesis 1a: Cultural knowledge capabilities have a positive effect on the knowledge sharing
behavior with in an organization.
3.1.2. Structural knowledge capability and sharing Organizational structure is frequently men-tioned as the solution to intra-organizational knowledge sharing issues [25, 44]. Normally, two struc-tural factors are presented in organizational activities. First, an appropriate incentive and reward mechanism enhances the motivation to share knowledge [7, 28]. For example, Hall [28] divided the rewards for knowledge sharing into hard and soft rewards. The former consists of economic pay, learning opportunities, and career advancement, and the latter includes enhanced reputation and personal satisfaction. Second, political directives are effective forces for inspiring employees’ moti-vation to share knowledge [24]. Therefore, we propose:
Hypothesis 1b: Structural knowledge capabilities have a positive effect on the knowledge sharing
behavior within an organization.
3.1.3. Human knowledge capability and sharing Teams, relationships, and networks are the most important elements in transfering and sharing knowledge effectively [4]. Szulanski [8] and Ko et al. [29] proved empirically that an arduous relationship is a significant barrier to the occurrence of knowledge sharing. Tsai [30] suggested that social interaction has a positive correlation with intra-organizational knowledge sharing. As noted by Yang and Wan [43], social interactions can be an efficient method of transferring tacit knowledge. Thus, working closely with others and having a familiarity between the source and recipient in an organization are important antecedents of knowledge sharing, through shared understanding [29].
Human knowledge capability is conceptualized herein as having two important aspects. First, the relationship between the knowledge owner and recipient must be appropriately constructed. Second, the degree of acquaintance and understanding among a firm’s members is measured. Therefore, we propose:
Hypothesis 1c: Human knowledge capabilities have a positive effect on the knowledge sharing
behavior within an organization.
3.1.4. Technical knowledge capability and sharing Information technology (IT) is a critical enabler when a business implements a KM program, as it has both direct and indirect influences on knowledge sharing [3, 18] by increasing the speed of sharing and by decreasing costs due to time and distance [45]. Bolisani and Scarso [31] studied different cases and found various information communication technologies (ICT) which are effective tools for knowledge sharing activities in an organization. ICT infrastructure and ICT know-how also have a significant effect on KS performance [24].
ICT is an infrastructure which supports the information platform for accessing and distributing knowledge. However, without capabilities for using ICT, the platform is worthless. To support
knowledge activities, IT may reasonably be viewed as an organizational capability [46] and various capabilities for holding, deploying, and accessing knowledge are required at different stages of the KM initiatives [41]. Therefore, we propose:
Hypothesis 1d: Technical knowledge capabilities have a positive effect on the knowledge sharing
behaviors in an organization.
3.2. KM, OKC, and KS
In KM studies the perspectives of the KBV and organizational capabilities are primary themes [47]. KBV emphasizes the importance of organizational knowledge which leads to organizational advan-tage and business success [12, 33], while organizational capability focuses on deploying resources effectively to improve the business process. Since organizational knowledge capabilities impact directly on successful KM [36, 48], the positive relationship could be confirmed. On the other hand, knowledge sharing is the most significant objective for effective KM [1–3]. Thus, when examin-ing whether KM activities are successful, the effectiveness of knowledge sharexamin-ing provides some appropriate evidence.
This study is primarily concerned with testing this question: does the implementation of KM con-tribute to organizational knowledge capabilities and knowledge sharing activities? Therefore, we propose:
Hypothesis 2a: Firms which implement KM will be more participative in knowledge sharing
activities than firms which do not.
Hypothesis 2b: Firms which implement KM will be better in organizational knowledge capabilities
(cultural, structural, technical, and human) than firms which do not.
4.
Research methodology
4.1. Data collection and sample description
The sample was designed to include people from different positions, departments, and industries. Respondents included students from EMBA (executive rank managers of various organizations, average age around 43) and MBA (middle level managers, average age around 33) programs in Taiwan. The questionnaires’ data are arranged in terms of the various variables, and seven-point Likert scales are used. Respondents are asked to indicate the extent to which they disagree or agree with the given statement by selecting a point on the scale for each question (where 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree).
A two-stage pilot test was conducted before sending out the final questionnaire version. First, we invited 10 doctoral students from three institutes of the National Chiao Tung University (Taiwan) to examine the syntax of the questionnaires’ items. Secondly, 10 company employees were asked to check the semantic content of the questionnaires.
The survey was conducted over a period of two months. We received 278 questionnaires from 410 questionnaires sent, giving a response rate of 67.8%. However, 22 of these responses were not usable, yielding 256 effective questionnaires and a usable response rate of 62.4%. The appendix (Table A1) summarizes the respondents’ characteristics according to industry type and demographics.
4.2. Survey instrument
This research uses a survey questionnaire to test the hypotheses described in Section 3. The pro-posed model measures organizational knowledge capabilities using 15 items to describe the ability to deploy knowledge resources [36, 37, 39]. They include cultural knowledge capabilities (four items), structural knowledge capabilities (four items), human knowledge capabilities (three items), and technical knowledge capabilities (four items). Knowledge sharing is measured by seven items
which focus on the activities of explicit and implicit knowledge sharing [12–14, 19]. Table 2 lists the definitions of the variables and the related literature, for confirmation of the validity of the con-tent. In addition, three demographic characteristics [49] and one organizational attribute [30, 44] are used as control variables: gender, age, education, and firm size. All measured items are shown in the Appendix (Table A2) and the results were coded using SPSS for Windows.
5.
Analysis and results
5.1. Results of exploratory factor analysis
To identify the dimensions of the organizational knowledge capabilities, we conduct a principal com-ponent analysis with varimax rotation from selected responses. Four factors are extracted and each item fits strongly with only one factor; however, the partial factors inconsistent with Chuang [39] and Gold et al. [36] are eliminated. The remaining 15 items assessed by the scale reliability are acceptable since the alpha values are all greater than 0.82, exceeding the cut-off value (0.7) (see Table 3).
The results account for nearly 72.2% of the cumulative variance. Among the four factors, techni-cal knowledge capability (TKC) explains the largest portion (43.9%) of the total variance, and so appears to be the most important factor. TKC is required to operate and deploy an information infra-structure effectively. The cultural knowledge capability (CKC) accounts for 15.4% of the total vari-ance, and improves the interactive and collaborative atmosphere of an organization. The third factor, structural knowledge capability (SKC), accounts for 6.9% of the total variance, and consists of the political directives and reward mechanism. Lastly, human knowledge capability (HKC) explains 6.1% of the total variance, through working closely with other employees.
Table 4 provides the descriptive statistics and correlation matrix of the key variables. The major-ity of correlations are statistically significant at p < 0.01. All of the measures are relatively distinct, with the highest correlation measured at 0.656 and the lowest at 0.245.
5.2. Results of implementing and not-implementing KM organizations
To investigate the influence on organizational knowledge capability and knowledge sharing when KM is implemented in the firm, this study uses implementation or non-implementation of KM as a Table 2
Research variables
Variables Definitions Related literature
Organizational knowledge capability The ability to mobilize and deploy knowledge resources [36, 37, 39] in combination with other resources and capabilities
in order to perform knowledge processes effectively.
Cultural knowledge capability The supportive capability for valuing organizational [21, 36, 39] knowledge and building up an interactive, collaborative
atmosphere among organizational members.
Structural knowledge capability The integrative capability such as norm, policy, context, [21, 36, 39] and an incentive system within an organization aims at
creating new knowledge.
Human knowledge capability The relationships and interpersonal understanding among [21, 36, 39] organizational members.
Technical knowledge capability The ability to integrate and deploy knowledge by using [21, 36, 39, 46] ICT effectively.
Knowledge sharing behavior The degree to which organizational members actually [12–14, 19] share knowledge with others.
comparative criterion to test the effects on OKC and KS. Accordingly, we split the sample into two groups: implementing KM or not. To validate this hypothesis, t-tests are used, and the results are shown in Table 5.
It can be seen that the mean contribution score for each variable, except technical capability, is sig-nificanlty higher for the group implementing KM than for those not-implementing KM - that is, the implementation of KM enriches the cultural, structural, and human knowledge capabilities; on the other hand, the difference in knowledge sharing is also significant. Apparently, the firms which implement KM invest a lot of effort and money to improve the knowledge flow environment (e.g. col-laborative culture, employee intention by incentive and reward, and interpersonal understanding by social networks). Thus, our findings suggest that implementing KM has an effect on organizational knowledge capabilities and knowledge sharing. Thus, Hypothesis 2a is confirmed and Hypothesis 2b is partially supported by the data (improvement in technical knowledge capability is not confirmed).
5.3. Results of regression analysis
A multiple regression analysis is used to examine the hypotheses and the relationship between orga-nizational knowledge capabilities and knowledge sharing in two independent models. Knowledge
Table 4
Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix of the key variable
Variables Mean SD TKC CKC SKC HKC KS TKC 5.9580 0.8257 1.00 CKC 5.2217 0.9985 0.394** 1.00 SKC 4.6006 1.0737 0.318** 0.647** 1.00 HKC 4.6159 1.0156 0.245** 0.656** 0.620** 1.00 KS 5.2686 0.8881 0.468** 0.583** 0.571** 0.566** 1.00
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. Table 3
Result of exploratory factor analysis
Factor loading
Items F1 F2 F3 F4
Technical knowledge capability (α = 0.8514)
TKC-1 0.885
TKC-2 0.863
TKC-3 0.788
TKC-4 0.709
Cultural knowledge capability (α = 0.8611)
CKC-1 0.805
CKC-2 0.758
CKC-3 0.709
CKC-4 0.610
Structural knowledge capability (α = 0.8215)
SKC-1 0.815
SKC-2 0.717
SKC-3 0.678
SKC-4 0.645
Human knowledge capability (α = 0.8331)
HKC-1 0.847
HKC-2 0.788
HKC-3 0.701
sharing is considered to be a dependent variable, and the independent variables are organizational knowledge capabilities, including technical, cultural, structural, and human knowledge capabilities. The organizational knowledge capabilities are considered as an aggregate variable in model 1 and as four separate variables in model 2. The organizational knowledge capabilities are significantly related with knowledge sharing (t = 13.209, p < 0.001), supporting Hypothesis 1 in model 1. Model 2 demon-strates a more detailed relationship between organizational knowledge capabilities and knowledge sharing. The results for model 2 show that technical, structural, and human knowledge capabilities are likely to drive knowledge sharing activities at a statistically significant level. Hypotheses 1b, 1c, and 1d are therefore supported. However, there is no significant association (although the correlation is close to significance) between cultural knowledge capabilities and knowledge sharing; therefore, Hypothesis 1a is not confirmed. Finally, no statistical correlation with knowledge sharing was found for any control variable except education was found. The results are shown in Table 6.
We now examine the same relationship, but separating the sample into the groups implementing KM and not implementing KM. Results from the regression analysis for each group are shown in Table 7. Both achieve statistical significance at p < 0.001. The result for the group not-implementing KM shows that technical knowledge capabilities (p < 0.001) are positively associated with knowledge sharing activities. However, cultural, structural, and human knowledge capabilities are not significantly related to knowledge sharing. These findings suggest that technical knowledge is the capability most frequently useful for enabling employees to share knowledge in a firm which has not implemented KM.
Table 6
Results of regression analysis for knowledge sharing
Model 1 (N= 256) Model 2 (N= 256)
Variables β t-Value Significance β t-Value Significance
Independent variables OKC 0.645 13.209 0.000*** — — — TKC — — — 0.250 5.080 0.000*** CKC — — — 0.134 1.964 0.051 SKC — — — 0.190 2.974 0.003** HKC — — — 0.263 4.188 0.000*** Control variables Gender –0.073 –1.485 0.139 –0.077 –1.556 0.121 Age 0.035 0.693 0.489 0.049 0.972 0.332 Education 0.104 2.221 0.027* 0.094 1.986 0.048* Firm size –0.003 –0.068 0.946 –0.005 –0.111 0.912 R2 0.507 0.514 ∆R2 0.497 0.498 F 51.404*** 32.627***
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; β: standardized regression coefficient. Table 5
Result of the t-test
Implementing KM Not implementing KM
(N= 131) (N= 125)
Variables Mean SD Mean SD t Value Significance
KS 5.398 0.8247 5.133 0.9342 2.403 0.017* TKC 5.891 0.8003 6.028 0.8491 –1.327 0.186 CKC 5.397 0.8671 5.038 1.0934 2.917 0.004** SKC 4.931 0.9426 4.254 1.0966 5.307 0.000*** HKC 4.741 0.9201 4.485 1.0954 2.021 0.045* *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
The result for the group implementing KM indicates that technical knowledge capabilities (p < 0.001), structural knowledge capabilities (p < 0.01), and human knowledge capabilities (p < 0.001) are positively associated with knowledge sharing activities. Again, no significant correlation with knowl-edge sharing is found for cultural knowlknowl-edge capability. Compared to the statistical results for the group not-implementing KM, it can be seen that both emphasize the importance of technical knowledge capa-bility, but human and structural knowledge capabilities have a stronger association with knowledge sharing activities in the firms which have already implemented KM. Following this concept, we con-clude that people and organizational structure, not technology, are the priority for developing organi-zational capability in a knowledge business. Finally, no statistical correlation of the control variables to knowledge sharing is found, except for education and firm size (when firms implement KM).
6.
Discussion
The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational knowledge capabilities and knowledge sharing within a firm. The findings show how organizational knowledge capabilities improve the context of knowledge sharing and facilitate the behaviors of knowledge sharing. Based on these results, some interesting propositions are exhibited.
6.1. The effects for a firm implementing KM
The most important concern in KM is to acquire strategic advantages by using knowledge effec-tively. Therefore, KM tends to develop organizational capabilities for achieving effective knowledge sharing. This study reveals that firms performing a KM Program show improved organizational knowledge capabilities and knowledge sharing. The differences are most significant for structural knowledge capability, with cultural knowledge capability second. This shows that businesses con-duct greater effort and invest more money to improve organizational structure (i.e. encourage the sharing of knowledge by an incentive system) and organizational culture (i.e. establish friendly and collaborative surroundings) when they implement KM.
In contrast, technical knowledge capability does not improve when implementing KM in a business, but its mean score is higher than other knowledge capabilities – that is, technical knowledge capa-bility is a feature of firms possessing mutual skills, which are easy to form and accumulate within organizations. Following the development of information technology, many firms have already established IT-based systems to support business activities and IT acceptance has improved increas-ingly in the past decade. Therefore, technical knowledge capability is a fundamental necessary skill, not a sufficient condition, in a knowledge organization.
Table 7
Results of regression analysis (implementing KM or not)
Not-implementing KM (N= 125) Implementing KM (N= 131) Independent variable β t-Value Significance β t-Value Significance
TKC 0.295 3.700 0.000*** 0.253 3.975 0.000*** CKC 0.153 1.401 0.164 0.155 1.972 0.051 SKC 0.108 1.078 0.283 0.207 2.793 0.006** HKC 0.177 1.770 0.079 0.375 5.042 0.000*** Gender –0.035 –0.406 0.685 –0.087 –1.596 0.113 Age 0.115 1.272 0.206 –0.025 -0.438 0.662 Education 0.018 0.227 0.820 0.188 3.404 0.001** Firm size 0.073 1.000 0.319 –0.115 –1.993 0.048* R2 0.428 0.663 ∆R2 0.389 0.641 F 10.868*** 30.011***
6.2. The relationship between OKC and KS
Since knowledge sharing is a challenging task, the results of this study suggest fostering this behav-ior or activity through the enhancement of organizational knowledge capabilities. If an organization possesses more organizational capabilities for combining knowledge resources so as to generate new capabilities, then knowledge sharing is likely to be more effective. Our results show that technical, structural, and human knowledge capabilities all exert significant influences on knowledge sharing activities. Information and communication technology (e.g. e-mail, on-line forums, or search engines) are important and well-known resources for organizational knowledge sharing; however, technical knowledge and capabilities are more essential than information technology itself.
Technical knowledge capability emphasizes knowledge integration in an organization through the capability that the information infrastructure provides for knowledge sharing – that is, the more technical knowledge organizations own, the more their members tend to share knowledge. In addi-tion, structural knowledge capability emphasizes the development of a mechanism including orga-nizational regulation and an incentive system. Reward, compensation, promotion, and prizes are among the incentive systems which can encourage individuals to contribute their professional knowledge to the organization. The organizational regulation is composed of a subjective norm, political directives, and a procedure design that are common ordinances to foster knowledge shar-ing behavior within the firm’s members. A good structural knowledge capability increases the indi-vidual’s motivation for knowledge sharing. Beyond identified effects, human knowledge capability concentrates on establishing positive relationships and a good social network for effective knowl-edge sharing. Quality relationships can improve the trust among a firm’s members and further pro-mote the members’ attitude to and intention of knowledge sharing in an organization.
Cultural knowledge capability has a non-significant influence on knowledge sharing behaviors, which is contradictory to the proposed hypothesis. Three possible reasons for this are suggested. First, culture is an intangible resource in an organization, which can affect many organizational activities (e.g. organizational learning, marketing strategy, or decision making), but is difficult to form, cultivate, and measure. Although cultural knowledge capability stresses the support provided by a collaborative atmosphere, it is unable to help in establishing such an organizational culture. In other words, cultural knowledge capability has a non-significant effect on business culture, and thus on knowledge sharing. Second, culture could be an indirect factor, which drives knowledge sharing by means of other resources or capabilities. For example, some researchers propose that a knowledge sharing culture is affected by organizational commitment and the context of social inter-action [50]. Bock et al. [12] demonstrated that an organizational climate has both a direct effect and an indirect effect (mediated by a subjective norm) on knowledge sharing. Third, ‘culture’ covers a wide range of concepts. This study uses building up organizational collaborative contexts and valu-ing organizational knowledge as the measurements of cultural knowledge capability. Although the content validity of this variable is acceptable, it might not be suitable to the issue of knowledge shar-ing considered here. It is possible that societal culture might affect knowledge sharshar-ing behavior; i.e. the tendency of knowledge sharing in East Asian and Western societies is different [18, 51]. The respondents of this study are native to and educated in Taiwan, and further exploration in other countries is suggested as the results might prove to be different. A positive relationship between cul-tural knowledge and knowledge sharing is not supported by our results. Advanced research to test for a more complex connection between cultural capability and knowledge sharing is a path for future work.
6.3. Comparative relationship between OKC and KS while implementing KM
Despite organizational knowledge capability having demonstrated its influence on knowledge shar-ing, another interesting theme is presented in this study. After exploring the various capabilities to affect knowledge sharing from different groups, implementing KM and not implementing KM, diver-gent results are shown. Summarizing significant findings for the business of whether or not to imple-ment KM, we conclude that firms not-impleimple-menting KM focus on technical knowledge capabilities while firms implementing KM target technical, structural, and human knowledge capabilities. A
firm’s members mainly use internet-based resources and capabilities to access and contribute their knowledge so as to achieve the best possible effectiveness of knowledge sharing if their organization has not undertaken a KM program. Obviously, knowledge in firms not-implementing KM is elicited through IT and technical knowledge capability. On the other hand, firms which implement KM shift their capabilities to structural and human knowledge, enriching the sharing behavior. One reasonable explanation is that social capital consisting of structural, cognitive, and relational capital is more complicated than information technology; as noted by O’Dell et al. [4], behavioral and cultural changes are a bigger challenge than new IT tools. The capabilities and network relationships of social capital have a positive effect on knowledge movement and knowledge sharing [45], and in particular on tacit knowledge flow [23]. Examining the interactive effects between social capital dimensions may prove an interesting path for further study.
7.
Conclusion
A knowledge organization focuses on developing interpersonal, structural, and network relation-ships to achieve effective knowledge sharing and to further generate new knowledge or capabilities for organizational competitiveness and success. This paper elaborates upon some capability vari-ables which can affect knowledge sharing behavior. By identifying these capability factors as the determinants of shared knowledge, organizations can more efficiently deploy and organize their resources and capabilities for knowledge sharing. This study focuses on the investigation of intra-organizational capabilities and sharing behaviors, and future research can be conducted on the activities of extra-organization sharing or multinational corporations.
Acknowledgements
This research was partially sponsored by the National Science Council (NSC) of Taiwan (93-2416-H-009-012).
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Appendix
Table A1
The profile of respondents
Measure Items Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative (%)
(a) Industry type
Government 38 14.8 14.8 Finance/insurance 13 5.1 19.9 Semiconductor/opto-electronics 46 18.0 37.9 Communication/network 25 9.8 47.7 Computer 31 12.1 59.8 Service 50 19.5 79.3 Manufacturing 24 9.4 88.7 Others 29 11.3 100
(b) Demographic information of respondents
Gender Male 153 59.8 59.8 Female 103 40.2 100 Age ≤ 30 91 35.5 35.5 31–40 80 31.3 66.8 > 40 85 33.2 100 Firm size ≤ 1000 123 48.0 48.0 > 1000 133 52.0 100 Education M.S. or Ph.D. degree 67 26.2 26.2 Bachelor’s degree 182 71.1 97.3 Others 7 2.7 100
Table A1 (continued)
Measure Items Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative (%)
Department Headquarters 48 18.8 18.8 Marketing 34 13.3 32.1 Manufacturing 10 3.9 36.0 R&D 43 16.8 52.8 Accounting 30 11.7 64.5 MIS 37 14.5 79.0 Others 54 21.0 100 Position Superintendent 51 19.9 19.9 Department manager 29 11.3 31.2 Middle level manager 46 18.0 49.2
Employees 126 49.2 98.4
Others 4 1.6 100
Table A2
Questionnaire items
Factors and items descriptions
Organizational knowledge capability [36, 39]
Cultural knowledge capability
Organizational employees are valued for their individual expertise. Organizational employees understand the importance of knowledge. Organizational employees are encouraged to interact with other groups. The benefits of sharing knowledge outweigh the costs.
Structural knowledge capability
Our organization has a reward system for sharing knowledge. Our organization structure facilitates the discovery of new knowledge. Our organization structure facilitates the creation of new knowledge.
Our organization facilitates knowledge exchange across functional boundaries. Human knowledge capability
Organizational employees can make suggestions about others’ tasks.
Organizational employees can communicate not only with member of their own department, but also with members of other departments.
Organizational employees can understand not only their own tasks, but also others’ tasks. Technical knowledge capability
Organizational employees use technology to search for new knowledge.
Organizational employees use technology to retrieve knowledge about its products and processes. Organizational employees use technology to retrieve knowledge about markets and competition. Organizational employees use technology to cooperate with a fellow employee.
Knowledge sharing [12, 19]
Organizational employees share business proposals and reports with each other.
Organizational employees share business manuals, models, and methodologies with each other. Organizational employees share each other’s success and failure stories.
Organizational employees share business knowledge gained from news, magazines, and journals. Organizational employees share know-how from work experiences with each other.
Organizational employees share each other’s know-where and know-whom. Organizational employees share expertise obtained from education and training.
