Sulfur-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds via Samarium
Diiodide Promoted Three-Component Coupling Reactions of
Thiophene-2-carboxylate
Shyh-Ming Yang,†Jiun-Jie Shie,†Jim-Min Fang,* Sandip Kumar Nandy, Hung-Yu Chang, Syn-Hung Lu, and Gladys Wang
Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China jmfang@ccms.ntu.edu.tw
Received April 1, 2002
By the promotion of samarium diiodide, thiophene-2-carboxylate reacted with 2 equiv of ketones at the C-4 and C-5 positions to give diols such as 2 and 9. Because the intermediary organosamarium species were oxophilic but not too basic, the double hydroxyalkylations with various ketone substrates, including alkyl aryl ketones, acetylthiophenes, cyclohexanone, R-tetralone, and R-phe-nylacetophenones, were realized without complication of side reactions. The diol products underwent an acid-catalyzed dehydration to give dienes such as 3 and 10, which were treated with DDQ to give either polysubstituted thiophenes (e.g., 4 and 11) or benzothiophenes (e.g., 5, 13, and 14) depending on the reaction conditions. Oxidative annulations of 4,5-diarylthiophenes 11 and 4,5,6,7-tetraphenylbenzothiophenes 14 were carried out by photochemical or chemical methods to give the sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds, such as phenanthro[9,10-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate, piceno[13,14-b]thiophene-2-phenanthro[9,10-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate, and tribenzo[fg,ij,rst]pentapheno[15,16-b]-thiophene-2-carboxylates. This method is applicable to the preparation of polysubstituted thiophenes, benzothiophenes, and the related compounds possessing liquid crystalline, photochromic, and other functional properties.
Introduction
Benzothiophenes and their related sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic derivatives are of interest in many
aspects.1-3A recent review1cevokes the aromaticity1aof
these sulfur-containing compounds, reminiscent of
poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),1baccording to the
theoretical approach and experimental measurements. The polycyclic aromatic compounds provide the planar structure suitable to DNA intercalation. Phenanthro[c]-thiophenes with appropriate substituents have been shown to intercalate with calf thymus DNA specifically
at the sites of A-T sequence.2 Thiophenes and their
polycyclic aromatic derivatives also exhibit remarkable
electrochemical,3a,boptical,3cphysical,3dand biological3e,f
properties that render their applications in material and pharmaceutical sciences.
Benzothiophenes and the sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic derivatives are generally prepared by two
approaches,4either via construction of a thiophene ring
onto an aromatic moiety5or via annulation of an aromatic
ring onto a thiophene moiety.6The first approach can be
exemplified by the acid-catalyzed cyclization of
dimeth-oxyethyl phenyl sulfide to give benzothiophene.5a,b
Con-densation of 9-chlorophrenthrene-10-carboxaldehyde with
mercaptoacetic acid affords phenanthro[9,10-b]thiophene.5c
The reaction of cinnamic acid with thionyl chloride gives
3-chlorobenzothiophene-2-carboxyl chloride.5d-fThe
zir-conocene complexes of benzyne generated from bro-mobenzenes are trapped by alkynes and sulfur dichloride
to furnish the skeleton of benzothiophenes.5g
Alterna-tively, the Lewis acid promoted Friedel-Crafts cycliza-tion of 4-thienylalkenoic acid derivatives serves as an instance of the second approach for benzothiophene
synthesis.6a,bThe oxidative photocyclization of hexatriene
systems (e.g., 1-phenyl-2-thienylethene and the related †S.-M.Y. and J.-J.S. contributed equally to this work.
(1) (a) Katritzky, A. R.; Jug, K.; Oniciu, D. C. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 1421. (b) Watson, M. D.; Fechtenko¨tter, A.; Mu¨ llen, K. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 1267. (c) Schleyer, P. von R. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 1115. (2) (a) Wilson, W. D.; Wang, Y. H.; Kusuma, S.; Chandrasekaran, S.; Yang, N. C.; Boykin, D. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 4989. (b) Wilson, W. D.; Wang, Y. H.; Kusuma, S.; Chandrasekaran, S.; Boykin, D. W. Biophys. Chem. 1986, 24, 101.
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(4) (a) Campaigne, E. In Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry; Katritzky, A. R., Rees, C. W., Eds.; Elsevier: Oxford, 1984; Vol. 4, pp 863-934. (b) Nakayama, J. In Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II; Katritzky, A. R., Rees, C. W., Scriven, E. F. V., Eds.; Elsevier: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 2, pp 607-677.
(5) (a) Pie´, P. A.; Marnett, L. J. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1988, 25, 1271. (b) Iwao, M.; Lee, M. L.; Castle, R. N. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1980, 17, 1259. (c) Vo¨gtle, F.; Palmer, M.; Fritz, E.; Lehmann, U.; Meurer, K.; Mannschreck, A.; Kastner, F.; Irngrtinger, H.; Huber-Patz, U.; Puff, H.; Friedrichs, E. Chem. Ber. 1983, 116, 3112. (d) Wright, W. B., Jr.; Brabander, H. J. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1971, 8, 711. (e) Sidorenko, T. N.; Terent’eva, G. A.; Aksenov, V. S. Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. (Engl. Transl.) 1983, 161. (f) Camoutsis, C.; Castle, R. N. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1993, 30, 153. (g) Buchwald, S. L.; Fang, Q. J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 3.
10.1021/jo0257849 CCC: $22.00 © 2002 American Chemical Society
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polycyclic analogues) provides a versatile method for
aromatic annulation.6c-eThe Michael reaction of
2-(sul-fonylmethyl)thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde also affords a
series of polysubstituted benzothiophenes.6f
Benzothio-phenes have been obtained by the Diels-Alder reactions
of 2-vinylthiophenes6gand thiophene-2,3-quinodimethane
equivalents7generated from thienoisofurans6hand
thieno-pyranones.6iIn one case,6jthe copper-mediated coupling
of 2,3,4,5-tetraethylzirconacyclopentadiene with 2-iodo-3-bromothiophene gives 4,5,6,7-tetraethylbenzo[b]thio-phene in 32% yield. A palladium-catalyzed method for multiple arylation of thiophenes has recently been
explored.6k
In addition to the above-mentioned elegant methods,
we have devised an SmI2-promoted coupling reaction8of
thiophene-2-carboxylate in a one-pot procedure to
intro-duce two substituents to the C-4 and C-5 positions.9SmI
2
promoted the double electrophilic reactions of thiophene-2-carboxylate with a variety of ketones, including phenyl methyl ketones, cyclic ketones, and even the enolizable ketones (e.g., R-phenylacetophenones). By comparison,
metalations10aof 2-carboxylates and
thiophene-2-carbamides can only introduce substituents to their C-3 or C-5 positions. Friedel-Crafts reactions of methyl thiophene-2-carboxylate with paraformaldehyde in the
presence of ZnCl2 give a mixture of 4-chlromethyl-,
5-chloromethyl-, and
4,5-bis(chloromethyl)thiophene-2-carboxylates in 19%, 38%, and 15% yields, respectively.10b
Using the SmI2-promoted coupling reaction appears to
be a favorable and direct method for modification of thiophene-2-carboxylate at the C-4 and C-5 positions. We outlined in Scheme 1 an expedient synthesis of several specifically substituted benzothiophenes (e.g., thieno-p-terphenyl 5a and 4,5,6,7-tetraphenylbenzothiophene 14a) as well as the sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatics (e.g., 15a), which are not easily obtained by other methods. Results and Discussion
The SmI2-promoted three-component coupling
reac-tions of methyl thiophene-2-carboxylate (1a) with 2 equiv of acetophenones afforded diols 2a-n in 60-67% yields (Table 1). The reaction was likely initiated by a hydroxy-alkylation at the C-5 position of the thienyl ring (Scheme 2). The samarium dienolate intermediate A was readily trapped by the second ketone electrophile in a regio- and stereoselective manner. This one-pot procedure thus introduced two substituents to the C-4 and C-5 positions of the dihydrothiophene-2-carboxylate.
Even though each diol (2a-d) had four asymmetric carbon centers, the diol product usually existed as a mixture of two diastereomers. The diastereomers were separated by silica gel column chromatography. Both (6) (a) Tominaga, Y.; Teduamulia, M. L.; Castle, R. N.; Lee, M. L.
J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1983, 20, 487. (b) Kusuma, S.; Wilson, W. D.; Boykin, D. W. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1985, 22, 1229. (c) Tinnemans, A. H. A.; Laarhoven, W. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 4611. (d) Buquet, A.; Couture, A.; Lablache-Combier, A.; Pollet, A. Tetrahedron 1981, 37, 75. (e) Larsen, J.; Bechgaard, K. Acta Chem. Scand. 1996, 50, 71. (f) Terpstra, J. W.; van Leusen, A. M. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 230. (g) Szmuszkovicz, J.; Modest, E. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 571. (h) Scho¨ning, A.; Debaerdermaeker, T.; Zander, M.; Friedrichsen, W. Chem. Ber. 1989, 122, 1119. (i) Jackson, P. M.; Moody, C. J.; Shah, P. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1990, 2909. (j) Takahashi, T.; Hara, R.; Nishimura, Y.; Kotora, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5154. (k) Okazawa, T.; Satoh, T.; Miura, M.; Nomura, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5287.
(7) (a) Chou, T.-S. Rev. Heteroatom. Chem. 1993, 8, 65. (b) Peters, O.; Friedrichsen, W. Trends Heterocycl. Chem. 1995, 4, 217. (c) Segura, J. L.; Martin, N. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 3199.
SCHEME1. SmI2-Promoted Three-Component
Coupling Reaction as the Key Step for the Transformation of Thiophene-2-carboxylates 1a,b into Thieno-p-terphenyl 5a,
Tetraphenylbenzothiophene 14a, and
Sulfur-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Compound 15a
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diastereomers showed relatively small coupling constants
(∼3 Hz) for H-4 and H-5, indicating their trans
orienta-tions. The trans configuration could be established by an attack of the second electrophile on the less hindered face of the dienolate intermediate. Although the stereochem-istry of diols 2a-d was not rigorously determined, the more polar isomers consistently exhibited the H-5 signals
at the lower fields than the less polar isomers (∆δH ≈
0.2 ppm). Under the reaction conditions (SmI2/HMPA/
THF, 25 °C, 2-10 h), the chlorophenyl groups in 2b were not reduced. No apparent pinacolic coupling reactions of
acetophenones were found to interfere with the SmI2
-promoted three-component coupling reactions. By a similar procedure, diol 2e was prepared in 50% yield by coupling of ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate (1b) with 2 equiv of 2-acetylnaphthalene.
On treatment with a catalytic amount of p-TsOH in refluxing benzene, diols 2a-e underwent dehydrations to yield dienes 3a-e with terminal double bonds. Dienes 3a-e retained the 4,5-trans configuration. The
charac-teristic C-5 protons appeared at lower fields (δH≈ 6.5)
as doublets with small coupling constants (∼3 Hz). When
dienes 3a-c were treated with excess amounts of DDQ (2.2 equiv) in refluxing toluene for 7-18 h, the corre-sponding 4,7-diphenylbenzophenone-2-carboxylates 5a-c were obtained as the exclusive products in high yields
(∼90%). As benzothiophenes 5a-c were formed, the H-3
signals were shifted downfield (δH ≈ 8.2). The yield of
5d (Ar ) p-MeOC6H5) was somewhat lower (72%),
presumably because the anisole moieties partly
decom-posed on DDQ oxidation.11 Under mild reaction
condi-tions, diene 3b reacted with 1 equiv of DDQ at 60 °C in benzene to give the primary dehydrogenation product 4b in 89% yield. Besides the quantity of DDQ, the reaction temperature was another key factor to manipulate the formation of triene 4b or benzothiophene 5b. The amount
of 5b increased (∼15%) at an elevated reaction
temper-ature (>70 °C), even utilizing only 1 equiv of DDQ. The similar phenomena were observed in the DDQ oxidation of 3e (Ar ) naphthyl). At an elevated temperature,
electrocyclization12a of triene 4b (or 4e) might occur to
give the intermediate B. Dehydrogenation of the inter-mediate could be effected by DDQ to afford benzothiophene 5b (or 5e). Indeed, the intermediate B generated from electrocyclization of 4e exhibited the nature of
o-thiophene-quinodimethane,7awhich was successfully trapped by a
dienophile of N-phenylmaleimide to give the [4 + 2] cycloaddition product 6 (Scheme 2). The cycloaddition was consistent with a concerted mechanism to give adduct 6 in the endo configuration. The NOESY correla-tion of H-4a/H-7a (δ 4.34-4.33, m) with the ethylene-bridge protons (δ 2.15-2.11, m) supported the stereo-chemical assignment. Electrocyclization of triene 4e was also achieved by irradiation with 300-nm light, and the cyclohexadiene intermediate B could be oxidized to 5e
in the presence of oxygen.12a
A photochromic system between the colorless trienes 4l-n and their corresponding closed-ring species of
yellow color was devised (Scheme 3).12b Trienes 4l-n
were similarly prepared from the SmI2-promoted coupling
reactions of 1b with isobutyronaphthone, isobutyrophe-none, and 4-methoxyisobutyropheisobutyrophe-none, followed by acid-catalyzed dehydration and DDQ dehydrogenation. Unlike 4e, trienes 4l-n carried four methyl substituents to prevent their closed-ring isomers from oxidative aroma-(8) (a) Kagan, H. B.; Namy, J. L.Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 6573. (b)
Inanaga, J. J. Synth. Org. Chem. 1989, 47, 200. (c) Soderquist, J. A. Aldrichim. Acta 1991, 24, 15. (d) Brandukova, N. E.; Vygodskii, Y. S.; Vinogradova, S. V. Russ. Chem. Rev. 1994, 63, 345. (e) Molander, G. A.; Harris, C. R. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 307. (f) Molander, G. A.; Harris, C. R. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 3321.
(9) (a) Yang, S.-M.; Fang, J.-M. Tetrahedron Lett.1997, 38, 1589. (b) Yang, S.-M.; Nandy, S. K.; Selvakumar, A. R.; Fang, J.-M. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3719.
(10) (a) Sniekus, V. Chem. Rev. 1990, 90, 879. (b) Kozmı´k, V.; Palee`ek, J. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1992, 57, 1483.
(11) (a) Lemaire, M.; Guy, A.; Huynh A. H.; Guette, J. P. Janssen Chim. Acta 1987, 5, 3. Cyclohexadiene reagents: a new approach to selectivity control. (b) Fukase, K.; Egusa, K.; Nakai, Y.; Kusumoto, S. Mol. Diversity 1997, 2, 182.
(12) (a) Zimmerman, H. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1971, 4, 272. (b) Shie, J.-J.; Yang, S.-M.; Chen, C.-T.; Fang, J.-M. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1099. TABLE1. Synthesis of 4,7-Diarylbenzothiophenes: (i) Coupling Reactions of Thiophene-2-carboxylate with Aryl Methyl KetonesaGiving Diols 2, (ii) DehydrationbGiving Dienes 3, and (iii) DDQ OxidationcGiving Trienes 4 or
Benzothiophenes 5
thiophene ArCOMe, Ar ) diol (yield, %) diene (yield, %) triene (yield, %) benzothiophene (yield, %)
1a C6H5 2a (61)d 3a (90) 5a (90)e 1a 4-ClC6H4 2b (62)d 3b (97) 4b (89)f 5b (91)e 1a 4-MeC6H4 2c (60)d 3c (98) 5c (89)e 1a 4-MeOC6H4 2d (67)d 3d (95) 5d (72)e 1b 2-naphthyl 2e (50) 3e (92) 4e (82) 5e (84)g 1ah 4-ClC 6H4/4-MeOC6H4 5f (43)h 1a 4-C17H35COOC6H4 3g (48)i 5g (89)e 1b 4-(4-C10H21OC6H4COO)C6H4 3h (46)i 4h (67) 5h (81)g 1b 4-(4-C12H25OC6H4COO)C6H4 3i (43)i 4i (78) 5i (75)g 1b 4-(4-C14H29OC6H4COO)C6H4 3j (38)i 4j (72) 5j (71)g 1b 4-(4-C16H33OC6H4COO)C6H4 3k (40)i 4k (70) 5k (68)g 1a 2-thienyl 7a (38)j 1a 5-Br-2-thienyl 7b (35)j 1a 3-Me-2-thienyl 7c (36)j 1a 3-thienyl 8 (42)j
aThiophene-2-carboxylate (1a or 1b) and 2 equiv of aryl methyl ketone in THF/HMPA was treated with SmI
2at 0-25 °C for 1-2 h. bThe dehydration was achieved by the catalysis of p-TsOH in refluxing benzene.cThe reaction with 1.2 equiv of DDQ at 60 °C gave
trienes 4, whereas the reaction with 2.2 equiv of DDQ in refluxing toluene gave benzothiophenes 5.dA mixture of diastereomers.eThe
product was obtained by DDQ oxidation of dienes 3, and the yield was calculated on the basis of dienes 3.fAccompanied by 5% of 5b. gThe product was obtained by DDQ oxidation of trienes 4.hThe SmI
2-promoted coupling reaction of 1a with 1 equiv of
4-chloroacetylphe-none and then with 1 equiv of 4-methoxyacetylphe4-chloroacetylphe-none.iThe overall yield of two steps from 1b.jThe overall yield of three steps from 1a.
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tization. The closed-ring isomers C-E returned to the open-ring isomers 4l-n on irradiation with 450-nm
light.12b
Diol 2f bearing two different aryl substituents was prepared by treatment of thiophene-2-carboxylate 1a consecutively with 1 equiv of 4-chloroacetophenone (stir-ring for 2 h at 25 °C) and 4-methoxyacetophenone. The acid-catalyzed dehydration of diol 2f gave diene 3f, which
was treated with 2.2 equiv of DDQ in refluxing toluene to afford benzothiophene 5f in 43% overall yield. Our present three-step procedure, via the coupling reaction of thiophenecarboxylate with ketones, acid-catalyzed dehydration and DDQ, oxidative cyclization, is thus applicable to the synthesis of various thieno-p-terphe-nyls135a-k having the same or different aryl groups.
Similar to common terphenyl compounds, the phenyl rings are not coplanar with the benzothiophene ring in these thieno-p-terphenyls. The crystal structure of 5c showed that two tolyl rings had the dihedral angles of 54° and 133°, respectively, against the central ben-zothiophene ring (see the Supporting Information).
By a similar procedure, dienes 3g-k, trienes 4g-k, and benzothiophenes 5g-k bearing long-chain substit-uents were prepared. These compounds could be
consid-ered to have a pseudo-C2 symmetry dissected by the
carboxylate group. Among them, dienes 3h-j and trienes 4h-k possess the liquid-crystalline properties14of
smec-tic-A type. The phase transition temperatures occur in the ranges of 67-47 °C for 3h-j and 72-52 °C for 4h-k. Thieno-p-terphenyls 5h-k exist as solids with rather high melting points (197-185 °C), even though they are equipped with soft long chains of decoxy, dodecoxy, tetradecoxy, and hexadecoxy groups. By comparison with the thienyl rings in 3h-j and 4h-k, the rigid core of benzothiophene is longer to disfavor the liquid-crystal-line property.
Benzothiophenes bearing two thienyl substituents at the C-4 and C-7 positions, e.g., 7a-c and 8, were also prepared by using appropriate acetylthiophenes as the starting materials for the similar three-step reaction SCHEME2. Reaction Pathways: (i) SmI2-Promoted
Coupling Reaction, (ii) Hydroxyalkylation of Dienolate Intermediate, (iii) Dehydration, (iv) Dehydrogenation, (v) Electrocylization, (vi)
Oxidative Aromatization, and (vii) Trapping of the Proposed o-Thiophenequinodimethane
Intermediate B by a Dienophile
SCHEME3. Electrocyclization of Trienes 4l-n upon Irradiation with 300-nm Light in CH3CN Solution To Give the Corresponding Closed-Ring Species with Absorption λMax∼425 nma
aThe Interconversion between 4l-n and their corresponding
closed-ring species constitutes an interesting photochromic system.
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sequence. Compound 7b having bromine atoms on the thienyl rings is especially versatile because it can be elaborated by coupling with arenes, heterocyclic arenes, alkenes, and alkynes, e.g., via Heck, Stille, Suzuki and
Sonogashira reactions,15 to construct various useful
conjugated systems, including the oligo- and polymeric derivatives of 7b.
By the promotion of SmI2, 1a reacted with 2 equiv of
cyclohexanone to give diol 9a in 91% yield. The trans configuration of 9a was confirmed by its crystal structure, and the two hydroxyl groups were shown to have the
axial orientations. As lanthanoid ion (e.g., Sm3+) is
oxophilic and less basic than alkali and alkaline metal
ions,16 additions of organosamarium species (e.g., the
samarium dienolate A) to the enolizable ketones (e.g.,
R-tetralone and R-phenylacetophenones) were realized.
The SmI2-promoted reaction of 1a with tetralone gave
diol 9b as a single isomer. Its relative configuration was
determined to be (4R*,5S*,1′S*,1′′R) by X-ray analysis.
The acid-catalyzed dehydration of 9a and 9b gave the corresponding dienes 10a and 10b. Treatment of 10a with excess amounts (6.5 equiv) of DDQ in refluxing xylene gave diphenylthiophene 11a (89% yield), instead of the cyclization compound 12a. Phenanthrothiophene
12a5bwas finally obtained by irradiation (300-nm light)
of 11a in the presence of iodine.6c,d,h,17 By a similar
procedure, dehydrogenation of 10b with DDQ (4.5 equiv) in refluxing toluene gave dinaphthylthiophene 11b (94% yield), and the subsequent photochemical reaction
(300-nm light, 1 equiv I2) gave picenothiophene 12b (89%
yield).
A variety of 4,5,6,7-tetrasubstituted benzothiophenes such as 13a,b and 14a-c were also synthesized via the following three-step reaction sequence: (i) using pro-piophenones or R-phenylacetophenones to couple with thiophene-2-carboxylate, (ii) using p-TsOH to catalyze dehydration, and (iii) using excess DDQ to mediate the consecutive processes of dehydrogenation, electrocycliza-tion, and oxidative aromatization. In the case of 13a, a photochemical oxidative aromatization was also applied. Tetraphenylbenzothiophenes 14a and 14b underwent the
oxidative annulations by treatment with AlCl3/CuCl2/
O218a,bor FeCl3,18cgiving tribenzopentaphenothiophenes
15a and 15b in 91% and 79% yields.
Tetraanisole 14d was demethylated by BBr3 to give
tetraphenol 14e in 74% yield. Alkylation of 14e with 1-bromooctane, 1-bromodecane, and 1-bromododecane gave acids 14f-h because of the concurrent saponifica-tion in the presence of KOH (Scheme 4). The long alkyl chains were introduced to the radial-type benzothiophenes as these acids might form dimeric assembly via hydrogen bondings to render a discotic liquid-crystalline
prop-erty.19However, acids 14f-h turn out to be crystalline
compounds. None of them exhibit the desired liquid crystal properties.
In summary, we have developed a three-step procedure for the preparation of polysubstituted benzothiophenes (e.g., 5a-k, 7a-c, 13a,b, and 14a-d) and the related sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (e.g., 12a,b and 15a,b). By the promotion of SmI2,
thiophene-2-carboxylate underwent a double-electrophilic reaction (13) Schoning, A.; Debaerdemaeker, T.; Zander, M.; Friedrichsen,
W. Chem. Ber. 1989, 122, 1119.
(14) (a) Miyake, S.; Kusabayashi, S.; Takenaka, S. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1984, 57, 2404. (b) Brown, J. W.; Byron, D. J.; Harwood: D. J.; Wilson, R. C.; Tajbakhsh, A. R. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1989, 173, 121. (15) (a) Kalinin, V. N. Synthesis 1992, 413. (b) Zhang, F.-J.; Cortez, C.; Harvey, R. G. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 3952.
(16) (a) Molander, G. A. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; Trost, B. M., Fleming, I., Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1991; Vol. 1, pp 251-282. (b) Molander, G. A. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 29. (c) Imamoto, T. Lanthanides in Organic Synthesis; Academic Press: London, 1994.
(17) (a) Baldwin, L. J.; Tedjamulia, M. L.; Stuart, J. G.; Castle, R. N.; Lee, M. L. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1984, 21, 1775. (b) Fischer, E.; Larsen, J.; Christensen, J. B.; Fourmigue, M.; Madsen, H. G.; Harrit, N. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 6997.
(18) (a) Kovacic, P.; Jones, M. B. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 357. (b) Muller, M.; Mauermann-Dull, H.; Wagner, M.; Enkelmann, V.; Mu¨llen, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1583. (c) Do¨tz, F.; Brand, J. D.; Ito, S.; Gherghel, L.; Mu¨ llen, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7707. (19) Kleppinger, R.; Lillya, C. P.; Yang, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4097.
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effectively with a variety of ketones, including the eno-lizable ketones (e.g., tetralone and R-phenylacetophe-nones), to give the desired diol products (e.g., 2a-e). Dehydration of the diol products was accomplished by the catalysis of p-TsOH to afford a series of dialk-enyldihydrothiophenes (e.g., 3a-k and 10a,b). For syn-thetic purposes, dialkenyldihydrothiophenes 3a-k were directly converted to 4,7-diarylbenzothiophenes 5a-k by treatment with excess amounts of DDQ in refluxing toluene. The intermediary dialkenylthiophenes (e.g., 4b and 4f-k) were obtained under mild reaction conditions (1 equiv of DDQ in benzene, 60 °C). Compounds 3h-j and 4h-k bearing long-chain alkoxyphenyl substituents are liquid crystals of smectic-A type. Phenanthrothiophene 12a, picenothiophene 12b, and tribenzopentapheno-thiophenes 15a and 15b were obtained by chemical or photochemical oxidative annulations of diphenylthio-phene 11a, dinaphthylthiodiphenylthio-phene 11b, and tetraphenyl-benzothiophenes 14a and 14b. The polycyclic aromatic compounds 12a,b and 15a,b may be used as DNA intercalators as they exhibit characteristic planar
struc-tures similar to those of PAHs.2As 12a,b and 15a,b are
fluorescent compounds, their interactions with DNA can
be monitored by the change of fluorescence intensity. The ester groups in 12a,b and 15a,b can be modified, e.g., by transformation into carboxylic acids and other func-tional derivatives, to improve their chemical and physical properties, e.g., the water solubility and the sequence specificity in DNA recognition. Furthermore, incorpora-tion of sulfur atom in these polycyclic aromatics can provide an opportunity for photochemical activation. We are currently exploring the interaction of picenothiophene 12b with calf thymus DNA and the possible cleavage of DNA double helix by photochemical activation.
Heterosuperbenzenes such as the
nitrogen-function-alized graphite molecules20a are interesting research
subjects. As we have previously demonstrated that in-dolecarbonyl coupling reactions are feasible by the
pro-motion of SmI2,20bwe plan to explore further the
nitrogen-containing polyaromatic systems, such as those derived from pyrroles, by using an approach similar to that described in this paper.
Experimental Section
General Methods. All reactions requiring anhydrous conditions were conducted in a flame-dried apparatus under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Syringes and needles for the transfer of reagents were dried at 100 °C and allowed to cool in a desiccator over P2O5before use. Ethers were distilled from
sodium benzophenone ketyl; (chlorinated) hydrocarbons, and amines from CaH2. Reactions were monitored by TLC using
plates precoated with a 0.25 mm layer of silica gel containing a fluorescent indicator (Merck Art. 5544). Column chromatog-raphy was carried out on Kieselgel 60 (40-63 µm). The photochemical reactions were conducted in a Rayonet photo-chemical reactor using 300-nm lamps.
Melting points are uncorrected. Chemical shifts of1H and 13C NMR spectra are reported relative to CHCl
3[δH7.24, δC
(central line of t) 77.0]. Coupling constants (J) are given in Hz. Distortionless enhancement polarization transfer (DEPT) spectra were taken to determine the types of carbon signals. Representative Procedure for the SmI2-Promoted
Coupling Reactions of Thiophene-2-carboxylate with 2 equiv of Aryl Ketones, Giving Diols 2. Caution: HMPA is suspected as a carcinogen. Handle HMPA with care. Under an atmosphere of argon, a deep blue SmI2solution (0.1 M) was
prepared by treatment of Sm (661 mg, 4.4 mmol) with 1,2-diiodoethane (1.01 g, 3.6 mmol) in anhydrous HMPA (2.8 mL, 16 mmol) and THF (35 mL) for 1.5 h at room temperature (25 °C). To the SmI2solution (cooled in an ice bath) were added a
THF solution (3 mL) of methyl thiophene-2-carboxylate (142 mg, 1.0 mmol) and acetophenone (252 mg, 2.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 20 min and then at room temperature for 2-10 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of saturated aqueous NH4Cl solution (1 mL). The
mixture was passed through a short silica gel column by rinsing with EtOAc/hexane (1:1). The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed on a silica gel column by elution with EtOAc/hexane (2:8) to give the desired three-component coupling product 2a (233 mg, 61%). Two diastereomers (42: 58) were separable on the silica gel column. The less polar isomer corresponded to the minor isomer.
Representative Procedure for Dehydration of Diols 2, Giving Dienes 3. Diol 2a (300 mg, 0.78 mmol) and p-TsOH (catalytic amount) in benzene (30 mL) were heated at reflux for 5-12 h, while a Dean-Stark apparatus removed the generated water azeotropically. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and chromatographed (20) (a) Draper, S. M.; Gregg, D. J.; Madathil, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 3486. (b) Lin, S.-C.; Yang, F.-D.; Shiue, J.-S.; Yang, S.-M.; Fang, J.-M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 2909.
SCHEME4. Synthesis of
4,5,6,7-Tetraphenylbenzo[b]thiophenes 14a-h, and the Fan-Shaped Polycyclic Aromatics 15a,b
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on a silica gel column by elution with EtOAc/hexane (1:9) to afford the corresponding diene 3a (245 mg, 90%).
Representative Procedure for DDQ Oxidation of Dienes 3, Giving 4,5-Dialkenylthiophenes 4 and 4,7-Diarylbenzothiophenes 5. A mixture of diene 3b (140 mg, 0.34 mmol) and DDQ (92 mg, 0.40 mmol) in anhydrous benzene (10 mL) was heated at 60 °C for 10-12 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and chro-matographed on a silica gel column by elution with EtOAc/ hexane (2:8) to give thiophene 4b (125 mg, 89%). On the other hand, diene 3a (290 mg, 0.70 mmol) was reacted with excess amounts of DDQ (352 mg, 1.55 mmol) in refluxing toluene (15 mL) for 7-18 h to give benzothiophene 5b (262 mg, 91%).
Representative Procedure for Oxidative Cyclization under Photochemical Conditions. Diarylthiophene 11a (30 mg, 0.1 mmol) and iodine (26 mg, 0.1 mmol) in deoxygenated anhydrous benzene (20 mL) were placed in a quartz tube equipped with a cooling circulation of ice-water. The solution was irradiated by 300-nm light in a Rayonet photochemical reactor for 20 h. The mixture was concentrated, treated with aqueous Na2S2O3to remove the remaining iodine, and
ex-tracted with CH2Cl2(3×). The organic phase was dried (Na2
-SO4) and concentrated. Pure polyaromatic product 12a (86%
yield) was obtained by crystallization from CH2Cl2/hexane or
by chromatography on a silica gel column with elution of EtOAc/hexane (1:9).
Methyl 4,5-Bis(l-hydroxy-l-phenylethyl)-4,5-dihydro-thiophene-2-carboxylate (2a). 2a, minor isomer: oil; TLC (EtOAc/hexane, 3:7) Rf) 0.21; IR (neat) 3452, 1710 cm-1;1H NMR (CDCl3, 200 MHz) δ 7.47-7.18 (10 H, m), 6.21 (1 H, d, J ) 3.6 Hz), 4.03 (1 H, d, J ) 3.1 Hz), 3.71 (3 H, s), 3.61 (1 H, dd, J ) 3.6, 3.1 Hz), 2.70 (1 H, br s, OH), 2.35 (1 H, br s, OH), 1.65 (3 H, s), 1.16 (3 H, s);13C NMR (CDCl 3, 75 MHz) δ 162.3, 145.2, 143.9, 135.1, 134,5, 128.2 (2×), 128.1 (2×), 127.4, 126.8, 125.9 (2×), 124.7 (2×), 76.4 (2×), 61.7, 60.7, 52.3, 27.7, 26.1; FAB-MS m/z 367.0 (M++ 1 - H2O); HRMS calcd for C22H24O4S
384.1396, found 384.1391. 2a, major isomer: oil; TLC (EtOAc/ hexane, 3:7) Rf) 0.18; IR (neat) 3480 cm-1;1H NMR (CDCl3, 200 MHz) δ 7.41-7.21 (10 H, m), 6.23 (1 H, d, J ) 3.5 Hz), 4.23 (1 H, d, J ) 3.0 Hz), 3.67 (3 H, s), 3.65 (1 H, dd, J ) 3.5, 3.0 Hz), 2.86 (1 H, s, OH), 2.41 (1 H, s, OH), 1.45 (3 H, s), 1.31 (3 H, s);13C NMR (CDCl 3, 75 MHz) δ 162.2, 145.5, 145.4, 135.4, 134.6, 128.3 (2×), 128.2 (2×), 127.2 (2×), 125.3 (2×), 125.1 (2×), 76.8, 76.3, 61.3, 60.6, 52.3, 26.6, 25.0; FAB-MS m/z 367.0 (M++ 1 - H2O); HRMS calcd for C22H24O4S 384.1396, found
384.1398.
Methyl 4,5-Bis[1-(4-octadecanoyloxy)phenylethenyl]-4,5-dihydrothiophene-2-carboxylate (3g). According to the representative procedure, the SmI2-promoted coupling reaction
of 1a with 4-acetylphenyl stearate, followed by the acid-catalyzed dehydration, gave diene 3g in 48% overall yield: solid; mp 84-85 °C; TLC (EtOAc/hexane, 1:9) Rf) 0.34; IR (KBr) 1754, 1727 cm-1;1H NMR (CDCl 3, 200 MHz) δ 7.22 (2 H, d, J ) 8.6 Hz), 7.16 (2 H, d, J ) 8.6 Hz), 6.96 (2 H, d, J ) 8.6 Hz), 6.95 (2 H, d, J ) 8.6 Hz), 6.51 (1 H, d, J ) 3.1 Hz), 5.40 (1 H, s), 5.32 (1 H, s), 5.27 (1 H, s), 5.17 (1 H, s), 4.67 (1 H, d, J ) 6.7 Hz), 4.30 (1 H, dd, J ) 6.7, 3.1 Hz), 3.78 (3 H, s), 2.52 (4 H, t, J ) 7.3 Hz), 1.71 (4 H, quint, J ) 7.3 Hz), 1.33-1.24 (56 H, br s). 0.86 (6 H, t, J ) 6.7 Hz);13C NMR (CDCl 3, 125 MHz) δ 172.1 (2×), 162.7, 150.4 (2×), 146.9, 145.8, 137.4, 137.3, 135.0, 134.9, 128.4 (2×), 127.7 (2×), 121.6 (2×), 121.4 (2×), 115.9, 115.2, 58.1 (2×), 52.4, 34.4 (2×), 31.9 (2×), 29.67 (12×), 29.64 (2×), 29.60 (2×), 29.4 (2×), 29.3 (2×), 29.2 (2×), 29.1 (2×), 24.9 (2×), 22.6 (2×), 14.1 (2×); FAB-MS m/z 913.6 (M+ + 1). Anal. Calcd for C58H88O6S: C, 76.26; H, 9.72.
Found: C, 75.96; H, 9.74.
Ethyl 4,5-bis[1-(naphth-2-yl)-2-methylpropenyl]thio-phene-2-carboxylate (4l): oil; TLC (EtOAc/hexane (1:19)) Rf
) 0.13; IR (neat) 1705, 1617 cm-1; UV (CHCl 3) λmax () 290 nm (35400), 364 nm (17100); FL (CHCl3, c ) 2× 10-5M) λem 415 nm by excitation at 364 nm;1H NMR (CDCl 3, 300 MHz) δ 7.70 (2 H, dd, J ) 6.0, 3.2 Hz), 7.57 (1 H, s), 7.54 (2 H, dd, J ) 6.0, 3.2 Hz), 7.37-7.34 (6 H, m), 7.00-6.95 (4 H, m), 4.29 (2 H, q, J ) 6.2 Hz), 1.69 (3 H, s), 1.67 (3 H, s), 1.60 (3 H, s), 1.57 (3 H, s), 1.33 (3 H, t, J ) 6.2 Hz);13C NMR (CDCl 3, 75 MHz) δ 162.5, 148.1, 141.8, 139.5, 139.0, 137.9, 136.5, 134.3, 133.1, 132.0 (2×), 131.8, 131.1, 131.0, 128.8 (2×), 128.7 (2×), 128.1, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 127.4, 127.0, 126.8, 125.8, 125.7, 125.5, 125.4, 60.9, 22.8, 22.5, 22.3, 21.9, 14.4; FAB-MS 516.2 (M+); HRMS calcd for C 35H32O2S 516.2123, found 516.2122.
Anal. Calcd for C35H32O2S: C, 81.36; H, 6.24. Found: C, 81.62;
H, 6.36.
Methyl 7-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)ben-zo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate (5f). A mixture of methyl thiophene-2-carboxylate (142 mg, 1.0 mmol) and 4-chloroace-tophenone (155 mg, 1.0 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was treated with SmI2/HMPA (3.6/16.0 mmol) at 0 °C for 10 min and at 25 °C
for 2 h. The second electrophile of 4-methoxyacetophenone (180 mg, 1.2 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 14 h and then worked up to give the diol product 2f according to the representative procedure. The subsequent acid-catalyzed dehydration gave diene 3f in 51% overall yield. The reaction of diene 3k with 2.2 equiv of DDQ in refluxing toluene gave benzothiophene 5f in 85% yield: solid; mp 201-202 °C; TLC (EtOAc/hexane, 1:9) Rf) 0.23; IR (KBr) 1723 cm-1; UV (CHCl3) λmax() 282 nm (61600), 347 nm (24000); FL (CHCl3, c ) 2× 10-4M) λem435 nm by excitation at 347 nm;1H NMR (CDCl 3, 200 MHz) δ 8.21 (1 H, s), 7.65 (2 H, dd, J ) 8.6, 2.0 Hz), 7.50-7.40 (6 H, m), 7.04 (2 H, dd, J ) 8.6, 2.0 Hz), 3.89 (3 H, s), 3.88 (3 H, s);13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 163.1, 159.5, 141.8, 138.9, 138.2, 137.9, 134.3, 134.2, 133.2, 132.2, 130.7, 130.2 (2×), 129.5 (2×), 129.4 (2×), 127.0, 125.9, 114.2 (2×), 55.4, 52.5; FAB-MS m/z 407.9 (M+); HRMS calcd for C 23H17ClO3S 408.0587, found
408.0583. Anal. Calcd for C23H17ClO3S: C, 67.64; H, 4.20.
Found: C, 67.21; H, 4.36.
Ethyl 6-Aza-4,8-di(naphth-2-yl)-5,7-dioxo-6-phenyl-1-thiatetracyclo[7.3.2.4,80.3a,8a04a,7a
]tetradeca-2,3a(8a)-diene-2-carboxylate (6). A mixture of triene 4e (96 mg, 0.2 mmol) and N-phenylmaleimide (353 mg, 2.0 mmol) in deoxygenated anhydrous toluene (15 mL) was heated at reflux for 48 h. The mixture was concentrated and chromatographed on a silica gel column by elution with EtOAc/hexane (2:8) to give an oxidative aromatization product 5e (73 mg, 80%) and a Diels-Alder addition product 6 (15 mg, 12%). 6: oily solid; TLC (EtOAc/hexane (1:4)) Rf) 0.10;1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz) δ 8.44 (1 H, s), 8.33 (1 H, s), 7.97-7.79 (7 H, m), 7.78 (1 H, s), 7.52-7.48 (5 H, m), 7.21-7.18 (3 H, m), 6.69-6.66 (2 H, m), 4.34-4.33 (2 H, m), 4.27 (2 H, q, J ) 7.2 Hz), 2.15-2.11 (4 H, m), 1.28 (3 H, t, J ) 7.2 Hz);13C NMR (CDCl 3, 100 MHz) δ 174.3, 173.8, 162.2, 147.9, 143.3, 138.1, 137.6, 133.1, 133.0, 132.7, 132.5, 131.9, 131.4, 131.3, 128.8, 128.5, 128.3, 128.2, 127.9, 127.7 (2×), 127.6, 127.5 (2×), 127.1, 126.6 (2×), 126.4, 126.3, 126.2, 126.17, 126.1, 125.3, 61.2, 49.9, 49.0, 48.3, 47.8, 38.7, 38.6, 14.4. FAB-MS m/z 633.2 (M+); HRMS calcd for C41H31NO4S 633.1974, found 633.1968.
Methyl 4,7-Bis(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate (7b). According to the representative proce-dure, the SmI2-promoted coupling reaction of 1a with
2-acetyl-5-bromothiophene, followed by the acid-catalyzed dehydration and DDQ oxidative cyclization, gave benzothiophene 7b in 35% overall yield: solid; mp 145-147 °C; TLC (EtOAc/hexane, 1:19) Rf) 0.21; IR (KBr) 1724 cm-1; UV (CHCl3) λmax() 294 nm (14700), 333 nm (12300), 368 nm (11600); FL (CHCl3, c ) 1× 10-5M) λ em461 nm by excitation at 368 nm;1H NMR (CDCl3, 200 MHz) δ 8.38 (1 H, s), 7.52 (1 H, d, J ) 7.7 Hz), 7.43 (1 H, d, J ) 7.7 Hz), 7.33 (1 H, d, J ) 3.9 Hz), 7.12 (2 H, d, J ) 3.8 Hz), 7.07 (1 H, d, J ) 3.9 Hz), 3.94 (3 H, s);13C NMR (CDCl 3, 125 MHz) δ 162.8, 142.7, 142.6, 140.8, 137.4, 134.2, 130.8, 130.75, 130.73, 130.0, 128.6, 127.0, 126.23, 126.19, 126.0, 113.13, 113.09, 52.7; EI-MS m/z (rel intensity) 516 (13, C18H10(81Br)2O2S3), 514 (17), 512 (10, C18H10(79Br)2O2S3), 91
(100); HRMS calcd for C18H10(81Br)2O2S3 515.8169, found
515.8168.
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Methyl 4,5-Diphenylthiophene-2-carboxylate (11a). Ac-cording to the representative procedure, the reaction of diene 10a with 6.5 equiv of DDQ in refluxing xylene for 48 h gave diphenylthiophene 11a in 89% yield: solid; mp 85-86 °C; TLC (EtOAc/hexane, 1:9) Rf) 0.33; IR (KBr) 1715 cm-1; UV (CHCl3) λmax() 317 nm (48000); FL (CHCl3, c ) 1× 10-5M) λem 410 nm by excitation at 317 nm; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 200 MHz) δ 7.81 (1 H, s), 7.31-7.19 (10 H, m), 3.90 (3 H, s);13C NMR (CDCl3, 50 MHz) δ 162.6, 145.6, 138.8, 136.2, 135.4 (2×), 133.3, 131.1, 129.2 (2×), 128.9 (2×), 128.6 (2×), 128.4 (2×), 128.3, 127.3; EI-MS m/z (rel intensity) 294 (100, M+); HRMS
calcd for C18H14C2S 294.0715, found 294.0721. Anal. Calcd for
C18H14O2S: C, 73.45; H, 4.80. Found: C, 73.29; H, 4.67.
Methyl Piceno[13,14-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate (12b). The photochemical reaction of dinaphthylthiophene 11b in the presence of I2, under conditions similar to that for 12a, gave
picenothiophene 12b in 89% yield: solid; mp 218-219 °C; TLC (EtOAc/hexane, 1:9) Rf) 0.22; IR (KBr) 1712 cm-1; UV (CHCl3) λmax() 348 nm (25700), 365 nm (25200), 406 nm (8100); FL (CHCl3, c ) 1× 10-5M) λem416 and 437 nm by excitation at 406 nm;1H NMR (CDCl 3, 300 MHz) δ 9.24 (1 H, d, J ) 8.5 Hz), 9.09 (1 H, s), 8.35 (1 H, d, J ) 8.2 Hz), 8.56 (1 H, d, J ) 10 Hz), 8.52 (1 H, d, J ) 10 Hz), 7.98-7.92 (3 H, m), 7.89 (1 H, d, J ) 8.5 Hz), 7.76 (1 H, td, J ) 8.0, 1.2 Hz), 7.70-7.60 (3 H, m), 4.00 (3 H, s);13C NMR (CDCl 3, 75 MHz) δ 163.2, 139.4, 134.2, 133.1, 132.8, 132.5, 131.8, 129.6, 129.3, 129.0, 128.8, 128.4, 128.3, 127.5, 127.4, 127.3, 127.2, 126.8, 126.7, 126.6, 126.2, 125.6, 125.0, 121.7, 121.3, 52.5; MS m/z (rel intensity) 392 (14, M+), 91 (100); HRMS calcd for C 26H16O2S 392.0871,
found 392.0873. Anal. Calcd for C26H16O2S: C, 79.57; H 4.11.
Found: C, 79.52, H 4.08.
Ethyl 4,5,6,7-Tetraphenylbenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxy-late (14a). According to the representative procedure, the SmI2-promoted coupling reaction of ethyl
thiophene-2-carboxy-late (1b) with R-phenylacetophenone, followed by acid-catalyzed dehydration and DDQ oxidative cyclization, gave tetraphenylbenzothiophene 14a in 44% overall yield: solid; mp >300 °C; TLC (EtOAc/hexane, 1:4) Rf) 0.32; IR (KBr) 1715 cm-1; UV (CHCl3) λmax () 309 nm (50600), 345 nm (18900); FL (CHCl3, c ) 1× 10-5M) λem399 nm by excitation at 345 nm;1H NMR (CDCl 3, 300 MHz) δ 7.86 (1 H, s), 7.28-7.16 (10 H, m), 6.89-6.80 (10 H, m), 4.31 (2 H, q, J ) 7.2 Hz), 1.32 (3 H, t, J ) 7.2 Hz);13C NMR (CDCl 3, 75 MHz) δ 153.8, 139.5 (2×), 139.4 (2×), 137.7 (2×), 135.2 (2×), 134.0 (2×), 131.5 (2×), 131.3 (2×), 131.2 (2×), 130.5 (2×), 129.8 (2×), 128.1 (2×), 127.7 (2×), 127.3 (2×), 126.8 (2×), 125.8 (2×), 125.6 (2×), 61.5, 14.3; FAB-MS m/z 510.2 (M+); HRMS calcd for C35H26O2S 510.1653,
found 510.1657.
Ethyl Tribenzo[fg,ij,rst]pentapheno[15,16-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate (15a). To a solution of tetraphenylben-zothiophene 14a (228 mg, 0.45 mmol) in CH2Cl2(10 mL) was
added slowly a solution of FeCl3(320 mg, 3 mmol) in CH3NO2
(5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, water (10 mL) was added, and and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2.The organic phase was dried (Na2SO4),
concen-trated, and recrystallized from CH2Cl2/hexane to give polycyclic
aromatic compound 15a (183 mg, 81%). Alternatively, treat-ment of 14a with excess amounts of AlCl3 and anhydrous
CuCl2in CS2solution under the atmosphere of oxygen for 36
h afforded 15a in 91% yield: solid; mp >300 °C; IR (KBr) 1715 cm-1; UV (CHCl3) λmax () 312 nm (19000), 325 nm (20300), 341 nm (21300), 380 nm (7700), 401 nm (9100), 412 nm (6900), 436 nm (5000); FL (CHCl3, c ) 1× 10-5M) λem436 and 472 nm by excitation at 436 nm;1H NMR (CDCl 3, 200 MHz) δ 9.25 (1 H, dd, J ) 8.0, 2.3 Hz), 9.06 (1 H, s), 8.74-8.59 (7 H, m), 7.85-7.76 (6 H, m), 4.48 (2 H, q, J ) 7.2 Hz), 1.47 (3 H, t, J ) 7.2 Hz); FAB-MS m/z 504.1 (M+); HRMS calcd for C35H20O2S
504.1184, found 504.1180. Anal. Calcd for C35H20O2S: C, 83.31;
H, 4.00. Found: C, 83.18; H, 4.24.
Acknowledgment. We thank the National Science
Council for financial support and Mr. Gene-Hsiang Lee and Yi-Hung Liu for X-ray analyses.
Supporting Information Available: Physical and spec-tral data, NMR spectra, and X-ray analyses of new compounds. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
JO0257849
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