永續經營企業之研究 - 政大學術集成

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(1)國立政治大學商學院國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程 International MBA Program College of Commerce National Chengchi University. 碩士論文政治. 大. 立Master’s Thesis. sit. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Nat. 永續經營企業之研究 n. al. er. io. Sustainability in Business: Worldwide and in Taiwan. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Student: Noah Kercher Advisor: Professor Jack Wu. 中華民國一〇四年六月 June 2015.

(2) 永續經營企業之研究 Sustainability in Business: Worldwide and in Taiwan. 研究生：康諾亞. Student: Noah Kercher. 指導教授：吳文傑. 政治大國立政治大學. 學. ‧ 國. 立. Advisor: Jack Wu. ‧. 商學院國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程碩士論文. er. io. sit. y. Nat. A Thesis. n. a to International MBA Program Submitted iv l C n U NationalhChengchi University engchi. in partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Master in Business Administration. 中華民國一〇四年六月 June 2015.

(3) Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge Professor Jack Wu for his help and support for IMBA students in our program. I also would like to say thank you to Secretary General Wayne W. Wu of Taiwan BCSD for his help in identifying potential companies working on sustainability in Taiwan. Finally, I would like to say thank you to the IMBA staff for their great support to students at NCCU.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i. i n U. v.

(4) Abstract: Business Sustainability: Worldwide and in Taiwan By Noah Kercher The purpose for this case study was to educate the writer and readers about sustainability in business with an analysis of sustainability as it relates to some business topics like marketing, economics, accounting and entrepreneurship. The aim for the paper is to provide examples of SME’s and major corporations use of sustainability to increase value for stakeholders and. 政治大 lenses of sustainability reports, company websites and interviews. The paper also includes a 立 local perspective of sustainability by looking at Taiwan’s AUO Optronics and the BCSD in society. The process involves looking at companies in Taiwan and around the world through. ‧ 國. 學. Taiwan. (Business Council for Sustainable Development).. The outcome: improved. understanding of basic actions companies take to address sustainability to improve business. ‧. io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. er. success.. Ch. engchi. ii. i n U. v.

(5) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 What is Sustainability? ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1. What Sustainability is for Business? ............................................................................... 2 2. Accounting ............................................................................................................................. 4 2.1. Costing Methods .............................................................................................................. 4 2.2. Global Reporting Initiative .............................................................................................. 5. 政治大 3. Economics .............................................................................................................................. 7 立. ‧ 國. 學. 3.1. Externalities ..................................................................................................................... 7 3.2. Market Based Instruments MBI ...................................................................................... 8. ‧. 4. Entrepreneurship................................................................................................................ 11. sit. y. Nat. io. n. al. er. 4.1. Examples of Social Enterprises ..................................................................................... 12. i n U. v. 4.2. Bottom of Pyramid ........................................................................................................ 13. Ch. engchi. 4.3. Hindustan Lever Limited ............................................................................................... 15 5. Marketing ............................................................................................................................ 17 5.1. Identify who your customer is – people ........................................................................ 17 5.2. Identify what your customer wants—products .............................................................. 17 5.3. Determine price ............................................................................................................. 18 5.4. Place: Retailer and Sustainability ................................................................................. 18 iii.

(6) 5.5. The Packaging ............................................................................................................... 19 5.6. Communicate sustainable commitments ---Eco labels .................................................. 19 5.7. LEED, Taiwan’s Green Mark, and FSC ........................................................................ 20 6. IKEA .................................................................................................................................... 21 7. World Business Council Sustainable Development (WBCSD) ..................................... 22 7.1. Background .................................................................................................................... 22. 政治大. 7.2. Activities ........................................................................................................................ 22. 立. ‧ 國. 學. 7.3. TAIWAN BCSD............................................................................................................ 23 7.4. Background .................................................................................................................... 23. ‧. 7.5. Regular activities ........................................................................................................... 23. y. Nat. al. er. io. sit. 8. AU Optronics ...................................................................................................................... 24. v. n. 8.1. Background .................................................................................................................... 24. Ch. engchi. i n U. 8.2. Interview with Yvonne Tai Sustainability Director at AUO April 2nd 2015 ............... 24 8.3. AUO History Mission and Vision ................................................................................. 25 8.4. AUO and Stakeholder Priorities .................................................................................... 25 8.5. CSR................................................................................................................................ 27 8.6. Climate change .............................................................................................................. 27 8.7. Employee Relations ....................................................................................................... 28. iv.

(7) 9. Sustainability Conclusion and Summary ......................................................................... 29 10. Appendix............................................................................................................................ 32 11. References: ........................................................................................................................ 35. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. v. i n U. v.

(8) TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1. Benefits of Sustainability ............................................................................................ 3 Figure 2. GRI Disclosure topics for Reporting........................................................................... 5 Figure 3. Identified MBIs by Geographic location and type ...................................................... 9 Figure 4. Fairtrade Monitoring Process .................................................................................... 10 Figure 5. Sanergy Sanitation value chain ................................................................................ 13. 政治大 Figure 6. Economic Pyramid by segment including BOP ........................................................ 14 立. ‧ 國. 學. Figure 7. HLL Sustainable Impact to Date ............................................................................... 16 Figure 8: IKEA Product Innovation ......................................................................................... 21. ‧. Figure 9. Stakeholder interest and Impact on AUO ................................................................. 26. sit. y. Nat. io. n. al. er. Figure 10. AUO Supplier and Contractor Sustainability factors .............................................. 27. i n U. v. Figure 11. GHG Emissions 2008 - 2013 .................................................................................. 28. Ch. engchi. vi.

(9) 1 What is Sustainability? There are so many definitions of sustainability being used today but early original and commonly used definition comes from the Bruntland Report or also known as Our Common Future, which was produced by World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) a UN program. They define Sustainability as: “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”. 政治大. Environment magazine believes this definition from WCED allows broad use for governments and business:. 立. ‧ 國. 學. “This malleability allows programs of environment or development; places from local to global; and institutions of government, civil society, business, and industry to each project their. ‧. interests, hopes, and aspirations onto the banner of sustainable development. (Kates 2009). y. Nat. The Bruntland report from the WCED has a few key concepts; firstly, that needs of the worlds. sit. poor have overriding importance and second, the idea of limitation of technology and society. er. io. on the earth’s environment for which we all depend is crucial for continued survival. Inaction. al. n. v i n C h ways to changeUhow business and government operate. growth we need to find new innovative engchi by business or government results in unwanted consequences. In order to achieve sustainable. The international institute for Sustainable Development provides a definition more focused towards business.. “For the business enterprise, sustainable development means adopting business strategies and activities that meet the needs of the enterprise and its stakeholders today while protecting, sustaining and enhancing the human and natural resources that will be needed in the future.” (Sustainable Development Journey 2013) For sustainability to work you need to focus on balancing social needs like human rights and justice as well as environmental protection for air, land and water. A focus on economic growth and development is also important. Objectives like energy efficiency, CSR, employee retention 1.

(10) and better education demand attention. Government and societal attitudes also need to take on a larger role in order to keep the goals achievable for future generations.. 1.1. What Sustainability is for Business? For many companies there is a wide range of factors that increase business success centered on sustainability. Most people think of sustainability as a way to reduce costs. From a CEO perspective that’s probably the most important reason to undertake sustainability in a company. Other less obvious reasons include preservation of resources, regulation compliance, enhance reputation, differentiation, attract quality employees, satisfy customer needs, meet stakeholder. 政治大 important, below are some in detail. 立. expectations, attract capital investment and capitalize on new opportunities. Although all are. ‧ 國. 學. Reducing costs is the most obvious and easily accessible for companies keen to increase their margin between sales and costs. Achievable by using less resources, raw materials and energy. ‧. thus making processes more efficient. These are considered some of the first steps a company can take to create impact on cost. PepsiCo whose brands include Pepsi, Lays potato chips, and. Nat. sit. y. Gatorade is obviously a major consumer of water since 2006 they have reduced their water use. io. er. by 20% in 2015 and acknowledge water as a precious natural resource. PepsiCo saved 14 billion liters of water in direct operations in 2012, which, in turn, enabled the company to save. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. more than $15 million in water costs. (PepsiCo takes Comprehensive Approach 2014). engchi. Another really strong way Sustainability can benefit a company is through differentiation. Ideally customers appreciate this and improve loyalty to your brand and products. This will also help to increase your market share. Offering more sustainable products and services can help you attract new customers and even venture into new markets. IBM illustrates that sustainability should be everyone’s business in order to increase success. The pie chart below from IBM illustrates that eco-efficiency provides over 59% competitive differentiation. (Sustainability Smarter Planet 2010). 2.

(11) Figure 1. Benefits of Sustainability. 立. 政治大 Source: (IBM.COM 2010). ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 3. i n U. v.

(12) 2. Accounting In business there is a famous saying that what gets measured gets managed… and what gets managed gets done. The challenge for business in regard to sustainability is that the departments charged with measuring and tracking companies assets, costs and finances is that it usually focuses on economic profit as the important factor. The problem is that this ignores other pillars of sustainability such as people and planet. Triple P’s people, planet and profit also referred as the three E’s. Economic, Environment and Social Equity. Recently there has been an increase in large corporations publishing sustainability or corporate social responsibility reports. A. 政治大. recent 2013 report by KPMG did an international survey finding that over 70% of Global 250 companies published some kind of sustainability report. KPMG also stated that Asia Pacific. 立. has seen dramatic increase in reporting almost 3 quarters increase or 71% publishing Corporate. ‧ 國. 學. Responsibility reports. (KPMG Corporate Responsibility 2013). The challenge for companies today relating to accounting methods is that there are no accepted. ‧. standards or regulations for how companies should value natural assets. Often natural capital. y. Nat. is undervalued or missing from the ledger. (Hitchcock and Willard 2009) wrote about fishing. sit. industry. A fishing fleet counts the cost of the vessel, the fuel, people, rigging and transportation. n. al. er. io. but treats fish, the primary raw material as free. This leads to a “tragedy of the commons” as. i n U. v. fish become scarce; they become more valuable, which encourages overfishing.. 2.1. Costing Methods. Ch. engchi. There are measures providing basic costing methods that accountants can use to increase their sustainability. They are Activity Based Costing ABC, Life Cycle Costing LCC and Life Cycle Assessment LCA. ABC costing assigns costs that are hidden in overhead or other departments to products or relative units. LCC considers the longevity and useful expected life of certain products and financial decisions. Finally LCA assesses impact decisions along the entire life cycle from resource extraction, transportation and manufacture to use and end of life disposal. The Sustainability guide lists specific metrics that are based on triple bottom line. One strategy could involve an internal and external view. Internally for environment you might reduce energy and waste while externally cutting CO2 emissions. For social you internally work on 4.

(13) improving employee satisfaction and reduce turnover. satisfaction with the company.. Externally customers increase. Finance internally net operating dollars and net margin. percentage while externally you might provide scholarships to local students. (Hitchcock & Willard 2009). 2.2. Global Reporting Initiative Today there are many organizations devoted to providing tools for improved metrics related to sustainability for companies and accounting departments to track impact on environment, social equity and economic profit. The Global Reporting Initiative is one example. GRI disseminates. 政治大 provides guidelines, frameworks, specific sector and industry guidance for reporting services 立 for all major companies and SME’s. They provide a reporting starter kit with software access. globally applicable sustainability guidelines for use by organizations and companies. GRI. ‧ 國. 學. and videos that guide people though the process. They also feature sustainability reports from companies to help you design your own report.. ‧ y. Nat. n. al. er. io. sit. Figure 2. GRI Disclosure topics for Reporting. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Source: (Global Reporting Initiative. 2015). 5.

(14) The image from GRI software provides a broad list of areas that can be reported on and disclosed in a Sustainability report such as emissions, effluents and waste, market presence, transport, customer health and safety. (Global Reporting Initiative 2015) The important concepts for accounting are identifying full or true cost of products and services and determining which issues are important and how to measure those KPI’s. Assurances as well as social impact are also relevant factors that provide a quality-reporting program.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 6. i n U. v.

(15) 3. Economics Worldwide, consumers use an estimated 1 trillion plastic bags each year—nearly 2 million a minute—with the use time of a typical bag just 12 minutes. California became the first state to pass a bill banning the ubiquitous disposable plastic bag. If signed into law, starting in July 2015 the measure will prohibit grocery and retail stores to use plastic bags and would institute a charge of 10 cents for paper bags, compostable bags, and reusable plastic bags. (Quandt 2014) Putting a price on waste such as plastic bags is one method that governments can take to create economic incentives that can be more sustainable for the planet and society. Economics is key. 政治大 unsustainable incentives and立 how we can reverse that to a more sustainable behavior for future. in helping us to explain how societies current practices in supply and demand increase. generations. The rise in population is expected to reach 9 billion in 2050. Along with that an. ‧ 國. 學. average of about 60% of GDP is accounted for by consumer spending on goods and services. This means that the earth cannot handle this continued global consumption of rising economies. ‧. combined with existing carbon-use intensive countries like the United States. (Weybrecht 2010). y. Nat. sit. To address this problem societies, governments and business can now look at how much Carbon. al. er. io. /CO2 they are contributing and find ways to reduce pollution. One of these tools is the. n. Marrakech Process. The Marrakech Process is a global process to support the elaboration of a. Ch. i n U. 10 year plan on sustainable consumption and production.. engchi. v. The Marrakech Process assists. countries in efforts to green their economies and help corporations develop greener business models. Finally encourage consumers to become more sustainable in daily life. (Marrakech Process 2008). 3.1. Externalities Externalities are costs or benefits that are received by a person/ society who did not choose to receive them. Oftentimes externalities in relation to corporations are caused by organizational boundaries. Meaning that there is a limit to what a company or organization feels they are responsible for. Anything that falls outside that boundary can be considered an externality when it effects environment or society. An example of positive externality might be college. 7.

(16) education, which benefits you but also helps make society better off by having intelligent work force. A small business opens and needs employees, so it creates employment opportunities for society. Positive externalities usually contain societal benefits greater than personal benefit. Examples of negative externalities could be a timber and pulp company chopping down trees and sending excess silt into the rivers hurting fish populations or car companies that don’t have to pay for building and maintaining roads. When you drive a car you create air pollution and increase congestion, which is passed on to other citizens who live in the city.. A new. government policy does not pay for business impact from its new regulations. All these examples can promote unsustainable practices in an organization.. 政治大. 3.2. Market Based Instruments MBI. 立. In order to reduce negative externalities and increase corporate responsibility market based. ‧ 國. 學. instruments are being introduced to promote better choices for society and business.. ‧. “Market-based instruments seek to address the market failure of 'environmental externalities' either by incorporating the external cost of production or consumption activities through taxes. Nat. sit. y. or charges on processes or products, or by creating property rights and facilitating the. io. n. al. er. establishment of a proxy market for the use of environmental services.” (OECD 2007). i n U. v. Oftentimes sustainable agendas are not included in corporate strategy and long-term goals. Ch. engchi. because there is a lack of economic incentives to protect the environment. MBI’s can increase financial opportunity and protect the environment. This is usually achieved by altering market prices, setting limits on resource use and creating new markets to drive demand for change actions. Below is a survey showing the geographical areas using MBI’s and most popular types.. 8.

(17) Figure 3. Identified MBIs by Geographic location and type. 立. 政治大. Source: (European Commission for Environment. OECD. 2007). ‧ 國. 學. The main types of MBI’s are Price Based, Quantity Based and Market Friction. The majority. ‧. of MBI’s implemented are Price based. According to one study 3/4 of all projects are happening in Europe followed by US and Oceania. There are three broad based types of MBI’s Price. sit. y. Nat. based, Quantity based and Market Friction.. er. io. Price Based instruments work towards having prices for goods and services that reflect. al. n. v i n Ctax An example might be introduced use or subsidies for use of bio fuels. h eonnwater gchi U. relative impact on the environment. This is achieved through adding or subtracting a tax or fee. Other. options implemented could be charges. Charges would be used to encourage companies to change current practices. An example would be charging a fee for garbage disposal and thus company is encouraged to minimize waste. Deposit Refund system buyers pay upfront charge in addition to price of the product, which is refunded when product is returned. Commonly seen as beverage container deposit, this encourages recycling. Quantity Based instruments involve creating markets for the right to undertake an activity. An activity that has negative impact like discharging pollutants into a river requires pay for the right to access clean water for production. QBI’s are mainly used to control quantity of resources or service to socially accepted level. Examples of QBI would be tradable permits. Organization receives permits that allows certain amount of pollution. If they reduce their 9.

(18) permit they can sell credits to other companies who have not cut their pollution. Another method is Offsets. Offsets are actions to compensate for unavoidable impacts to environment. For example clearing land for factory could be offset by purchasing land to increase area for ecological nature park or marine preserves. Market Friction instruments want to improve existing markets in order to improve environmental outcomes. Market Friction provides enhanced and better information between producer and consumer. An example of improved information is eco labeling. Eco labeling provides for product differentiation in the form of certification schemes. This allows customer preferences to take on greater importance in marketplace. A few such labels are Fairtrade. 政治大 communities and high conservation 立 forests promising timber is not harvest illegally. With. Labeling International (FLO) and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). FSC sources and protects. Fairtrade FLO works largely based off labeling. Producers sell coffee, cocoa, tea, nuts or other. ‧ 國. 學. raw material to a “Certifier” the certifier offers total transparency in source, safety, quality and benefit to producer. The merchant buys this coffee with guarantee of information that can be. ‧. passed on to customer. The customer has no way of knowing what is happening in the fields. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. so this label provides a level of trust of quality and good labor practices.. Ch. i n U. v. Figure 4. Fairtrade Monitoring Process. engchi. Source: (Marketing and Monitoring Fairtrade. 2006). 10.

(19) 4. Entrepreneurship Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are a crucial part of any economy. Young companies generate a large majority of new jobs and help to spur exports in most countries. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) whose member countries account for 63% GDP works on promoting economic growth and sustainable development. The OECD states that SME’s account for 60-70% of jobs in most OECD countries with high concentration of SMEs in Japan and Italy. There is a need for growth economy young or old to provide new jobs and innovative solutions. SMEs are often in a better position to offer these. 政治大 Sustainability is important 立 to SMEs to think about for a number of reasons. ideas and services. (Small Business Job Creation 2014). Innovation. opportunities for new sustainable products and services in clean tech and green tech for example. ‧ 國. 學. offer SMEs ideal position to gain advantage entry to new markets. Build stronger business by using sustainability to cut costs, explore new revenue opportunities and retain productive staff.. ‧. SMEs have greater flexibility and speed allowing them to integrate sustainability into business. al. Social and environmental ventures,. er. io. Some key concepts for entrepreneurship are:. sit. y. Nat. plans efficiently. (Weybrecht 2010). n. Intrapranuership, generating ideas and funding. Entrepreneurs start SMEs in response to a new. Ch. i n U. v. opportunity. A social Venture company should be financially sustainable and profitable as well. engchi. as self sufficient on its earned revenue. It also has a bottom line that relates to social or environmental practice. The Skoll Foundation, started by Jeff Skoll, founding member and first president of ebay has pursued a mission to achieve sustainable world of peace and prosperity. Skoll Foundation describes a social entrepreneur as: “Society’s change agents: creators of innovations that disrupt the status quo and transforms our world for the better.” To date the Skoll Foundation has awarded 413 million, including investments in 108 social entrepreneurs and 87 organizations on five continents. (Skoll Foundation 2015). 11.

(20) One of the most prominent opportunities for SMEs to become more sustainable is through selling a sustainable product or service. This can be a business that sells clean technology or innovative green service. A few examples of social SMEs that offer products and services sustainably are D Light, M Paani and Synergy.. 4.1. Examples of Social Enterprises Product: D-Light: D-light is a global leader in off-grid solar energy products delivering sustainable solar home and power solutions designed for the two billion people in the developing world without access to reliable energy. The product is portable and designed for. 政治大 grid like power systems for home and business. Their social impact is large since the first solar 立 product was introduced into the market place in 2008 D-Light has empowered 47 million people home or work; the lighting units can also charge mobile phones. Larger units also offer modern. ‧ 國. 學. with their products with 4 million tons of Co2 offset. (D-light 2015). mass-market customer loyalty.. ‧. Service: M. Paani: M. Paani focuses on innovation in development financing and future of M. Paani groundbreaking project works with major. Nat. sit. y. telecommunication companies and leverages customers to enter a loyalty program. The telecom. io. er. benefit from increase in customers and in turn agrees to contribute a small percentage of revenues back into services such as water infrastructure or health care for underdeveloped. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. communities. M Paani has a strong partnership model working with major Indian telecoms,. engchi. local retail shops, local education and health partners. M Paani was the winner of the 2011 Hult Prize social business competition. After receiving one million dollars to start the company M Paani also received support and funding from companies like Unilever Ltd. India. (M Paani 2015) Service/Product: Sanergy: Sanergy founded in 2011 with office HQ in Kenya Sanergy works on addressing the problem of sanitation in developing countries. Sanergy website describes the problem as; “2.5 billion people lack access to hygienic sanitation. Inadequate and unhygienic sanitation is the second largest cause of disease in the world. It leads to contaminated waterways and food supply, as well as infections like diarrhea, caused by direct contact with human waste.” 12.

(21) (Sanergy 2015) Sanergy uses a sustainable business model that generates revenue through a waste collection service. The waste is turned into bioenergy or fertilizers and sold to farms and utility companies. Sanergy builds the low cost sanitation facilities and then franchises the system to local residents who can earn income from maintenance and operation of public toilets. The waste is collected and transported at a centralized facility and turned into biogas and fertilizer products for resale. This closed loop process is sustainable and address a major need towards UN millennium goals. Below is the sustainable illustrated process.. 政治大. Figure 5. Sanergy Sanitation value chain. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. (Sanergy Model. 2015). 4.2. Bottom of Pyramid Dlight, M-Paani and Sanergy are all examples of Entrepreneurs who are focusing on serving a new kind of market that Consultant, Corporate Strategist and University Michigan Professor CK Prahalad calls the BOP. (Bottom of the Pyramid). In his book The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid Prahalad states a simple proposition: “If we stop thinking of the poor as victims or as a burden and start recognizing them as resilient and creative entrepreneurs and value-conscious consumers, a whole new world of opportunity will open up.” (Prahalad 2005) 13.

(22) CK Prahalad believes that entrepreneurs, large MNC firms, civil society and local governments can combine to create economic and social transformation. To achieve this companies must use innovations in technology, products, services and business models to attract and grow BOP consumers. Sustainability can play a part by helping to focus on products and services that are affordable, simple and low environmental impact for the BOP. Economically the world can be divided into three sectors. 1. The consumer economy (1 billion people) 2. Emerging Markets (2 billion people). 政治大. 3. The survival Economy (3 billion people).. 立. Business in the past usually focuses on the first two and does not think much about the survival. ‧ 國. 學. economy or the BOP. While BOP does not have large amounts of money they do have large demand for products and services. Products packaged and marketed to BOP segment can be a. ‧. viable business model.. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. Figure 6. Economic Pyramid by segment including BOP. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Source: (Indian Institute of Excellence IIOE. 2013). One example of MNC corporations who have been able to have success in the BOP market is Unilever Corporation subsidiary HLL.. 14.

(23) 4.3. Hindustan Lever Limited HLL (Hindustan Lever Limited) is a Subsidiary of Unilever Corporation. HLL is the largest soap and detergent manufacturer in India. In 2001 it had $2.4 billion in sales. (Prahalad 2005) HLL success has been promotion of Soap as health benefit in reduction of germs and equally important in its effectiveness to adapt soap products from large quantities as consumed by top pyramid users to smaller quantities, making the product more affordable and accessible to BOP customers in rural and urban areas. HLL established manufacturing and distribution capabilities to provide its products in India. There are 100 factories in India with 7,500 redistribution stock lists (Prahalad 2005).. 立. 政治大. To achieve market penetration HLL has used innovative ideas such as Project Shakti, which. ‧ 國. 學. employs women to occupy nontraditional role selling HLL products in their villages. Project Shakti is an example that allows for rural market access. HLL willingness to perform product. ‧. adaption and distribution is a good example of sustainability by reducing costs and improving efficiency. HLL reduces production and labor costs through packaging and quantities using. Nat. sit. y. fewer resources and materials to produce the product. Distribution becomes more beneficial. io. er. through project Shakti by providing local jobs and improved market penetration for HLL. This shift has helped lead HLL from gross sales of 10.8 million rupees in 2004 to 28.9 million rupees. al. n. in 2013-2014.. Ch. (Hindustan Lever Limited 2014). sustainability milestones.. engchi. 15. i n U. v. Below is more information on HLL.

(24) Figure 7. HLL Sustainable Impact to Date. 立. 政治大. Source: (Hindustan Lever Limited. Annual report 2013-2014). ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 16. i n U. v.

(25) 5. Marketing Sustainability is important in marketing because bad news can spread quickly and good news of your company work can also spread quickly. Marketing managers should know that sustainability could build your brand value and build increased trust with consumers. By incorporating sustainability both inside and outside your company you can have a consistent messages. This creates long term impact by educating consumers on how to use product and dispose of products to reduce life-cycle effects.. 5.1. Identify who your customer is – people. 政治大 The majority of consumers are ready to purchase green but isolating green consumer can be 立 challenge: Consumers are not always familiar with green/sustainability. The potential market. ‧ 國. 學. for sustainable products can be overlooked by only focusing on existing products. This results in ignoring demand for new products that do not yet exist.. ‧. Relating customer’s environmental concerns with purchase is in fact the wrong place to look. Nat. sit. y. altogether because the consumer can have much more impact on the environment through. er. io. proper use of the product maintenance and disposal. Business can make more impact through Design for the Environment. (DFE). This is done through designing products that can be reused. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. and recycled and evaluating the human health and environmental impacts. (United States EPA 2015).. engchi. Overall its better to focus on what consumers really want and need and let them do their part to be more sustainable through proper use and disposal. Most consumers buy a product because of factors like performance, price, personal benefit, convenience and proper information.. 5.2. Identify what your customer wants—products A sustainable product should provide environmental, social and economic benefits over its full life cycle. Reducing impact of a product across its life-cycle is the ultimate goal. The company uses fewer resources like water and energy to quickly regain materials though proper end of life disposal.. Most companies today are taking existing products and making them 17.

(26) greener=eco-design. Companies can also try and identify wants and needs to produce entirely new products. Consumers want products like 7th Generation. 7th Generation markets itself as safer and healthier cleaning product. (Seventh Generation 2015) Products that can save money like solar panels, which also generate home use power and sell excess power to utility company. Consumers are looking for products that make them look good such driving a hybrid car like Toyota Prius or a new Tesla and that allow them to make a statement that they want to reduce carbon footprint. Products that make them feel good about purchase like Fair Trade because they feel like they are making world better place. Products that are high quality like Victornox. 政治大. Swiss Army knife with lifetime warranty. Products that do not harm society or the environment.. 5.3. Determine price. 立. ‧ 國. 學. Pricing product is not easy whether the product is eco-friendly or not. Having a correct price. ‧. point is important because if priced to high your product can miss mainstream markets. Priced to low and consumers may see it as a lesser quality product. While pricing a product from. Nat. sit. y. company side often relates to actual cost, from consumer perspective a sustainable product. io. er. should have perceived value to both consumer and the environment. This perceived value can be generated financially through costs of operation of product: For example CFC light bulbs. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. are more expensive upfront but cost less overtime for long durability and reduction in electricity use compared to normal light bulbs.. engchi. 5.4. Place: Retailer and Sustainability Place in marketing mix refers to where and when consumers will acquire a particular product or service. To be more sustainable companies need to convey how product is made and transported in eco-friendly manner. Focus on Retail location is important in how reduce environmental impact. . IKEA Swedish Retail Company is a great example of investing in renewable energy and efficiency at all store locations.. IKEA Produced renewable energy. equivalent to 37% of total energy consumption in 2013 and 34% in FY 2012.. In 2013 11%. waste was sent to landfills and IKEA recycled 87% waste from operations.. 18. (IKEA.

(27) Sustainability Report 2013) Another example is Office Depot’s green program which provides green product Placement of products in store: Don’t confine Green products to one area in store but instead place products next to less green alternatives this method has been incorporated by retailers such as Office Depot Green program which allow customers to compare which products and brands have reduced energy, waste and chemical use. Reverse Logistics: Retailer can also provide a spot for consumers to bring back products for reuse or recycling. Many electronic stores already have facilities for collecting used batteries. 政治大. and supermarkets will collect used plastic bags. (Weybrecht 2010). 立. 5.5. The Packaging. ‧ 國. 學. Companies can make packaging more sustainable by addressing if the packaging is safe & healthy throughout its life cycle. Meets market requirements for performance and cost, is. ‧. sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled using renewable energy. Makes strong use of. sit. y. Nat. recycled source materials, manufactured using clean production technologies. Is made from healthy materials is physically designed to optimize materials and energy. Is effectively. io. er. recovered in industry closed loop cycles.. al. n. v i n C important Message on the package is also can use packaging to educate the U h e n g companies i h c consumer on sustainability information of the product and goals of the company. The materials used or not used, how to use the product and how to dispose of the product such as details on repair and or return at end of useful life. Provide details on how to dispose and recycle the product.. 5.6. Communicate sustainable commitments ---Eco labels As market for socially and environmentally friendly products continues to grow so is the need for consumers to understand the increasing use of Eco- labels. Eco-labels tell consumers about certain environmental or social standards product complies with. These symbols should guarantee that the product meets basic standards of environmental friendliness. Labels usually 19.

(28) focused on energy and resource efficiency, organic and food labels and social labels like fair trade. Labels can be from third party or from a company itself with a green claim to its product.. 5.7. LEED, Taiwan’s Green Mark, and FSC LEED stands for Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design. LEED is a green building certification program. For a building to be LEED certified it must pass certain prerequisites. Buildings are usually certified because the materials used for building design and construction is built with eco friendly reusable materials. That the building also operates with efficiency related to operations and maintenance. Buildings use less electricity, water, and heating over its. 政治大. life cycle. (US Green Building Council). 立. Another example of Eco Label is Taiwan’s Green Mark. The program started in Taipei in 1992. ‧ 國. 學. by the Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA). The program issues eco-labels for nearly 6,000 products including cleaning products, office supplies, and energy/water saving. ‧. products, technology products and construction materials. 26.. y. Nat. Forest Stewardship Council FSC is an international NPO established in 1993 to promote. io. sit. responsible management of the world’s forests. FSC uses standard setting, certification and. n. al. er. labeling of products to achieve its mission. The FSC logo is symbol that the product comes. i n U. v. from responsible sources meaning that it’s from sustainable business practices. The label is. Ch. engchi. used in a wide range of products such as paper, furniture, medicine and jewelry. (FSC International 2015). 20.

(29) 6. IKEA IKEA is a model for any large retail company that wants to improve on its Sustainability. IKEA continues to work on social and environmental issues while still increasing profits. As of 2013 IKEA has been able to increase revenue year over year. Total Revenue in 2003 was 11.4 Billion and as of 2013 it stands at 28.5. (See appendix A). IKEA has operations in 43 countries and in 2013 IKEA had over 684 million store visits. They carry over 9,500 products and 2/3 of all cotton products are from sustainable sources 32% wood products are FSC certified. In 2013 they sold 22.4 million LED products. (IKEA Sustainability Report 2013). The figure below. 政治大. shows how IKEA is focused improving sustainability of products and adding innovation. Sustainability at IKEA gives competitive differentiation and customer loyalty.. 立. n. al. er. io. sit. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Nat. Figure 8: IKEA Product Innovation. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Source: (IKEA. Sustainable report 2013) 21.

(30) 7. World Business Council Sustainable Development (WBCSD) 7.1. Background A major resource for business corporations that want to be more aligned with sustainability is the WBSD a CEO-led organization of forward thinking companies that promotes and supports companies to create and implement sustainable practices. Members comprise over 60-CEO lead businesses. WBSD span a wide range of sectors and are located throughout many global cities. Membership is available to companies committed to sustainability. Members are required to promote eco-efficiency, innovation and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). (Business Solutions 2015). 政治大. “The world needs action on sustainability issues, and more importantly, action that can be. 立. scaled up.” -Peter Bakker President of WBSD. (For Yale WBCSD 2014). ‧ 國. 學. "Not only is the world population set to grow to over 9 billion by 2050, but the average living standard is also improving. Couple these developments with limited available resources and it. ‧. becomes clear that we have no choice but to find ways to grow which are low carbon and. y. sit. n. al. er. io. 7.2. Activities. Nat. resource efficient.” -WBCSD Chairman Jorma Ollila. (WBCSD Annual Council 2010). Ch. i n U. v. Examples of recent projects by the WBSD can be easily found on the organization’s monthly. engchi. newsletter. The March 2015 newsletter identified such projects as India Water Tool, a userfriendly online tool that allows stakeholders to take action to improve water management for industrial plant or local water sheds. Another article discusses cement industry Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) to become more sustainable through independent audit addressing things like CO2 emissions and energy management, fuels and material use, local impact on land, communities and governance. Final example was a project improving skills gap in emerging markets. The article stressed that to close this gap there are three important economic drivers. 1. Workforce development involving continuous training for employees. 2. Value Chain Development, enhancing and improving small SME’s so they can be more qualified to distribute products. 3. Community Development programs such as vocational training to local youth, women and unemployed. (Business Solutions 2015) 22.

(31) 7.3. TAIWAN BCSD 7.4. Background Aligned with the same mission and goals, Taiwan BCSD is committed to environmental protection and sustainable management for companies in Taiwan. With the support of the business community Taiwan first set up a “ROC Development Association” hoping to leverage companies involvement by advocating and promoting the shared value of environmental protection and better resource management. Officially Taiwan WBCSD was launched with 31 member companies in May 1997. Today the member directory for Taiwan WBCSD consists of. 政治大. well known companies such as Taiwan 7 Eleven, China and Steel Co., Chunghwa Telecom, China Airlines, Taiwan High Speed Rail, ACER computers, TECO and AUO among many. 立. others. (Global Network Partners 2015).. ‧ 國. 學. 7.5. Regular activities. ‧. Taiwan BCSD consistently works on addressing eco-efficiency, CSR, Carbon Disclosure. sit. y. Nat. Projects, consulting for corporate sustainability strategy, and capacity building in Taiwan.. er. io. Other projects include “Lighting up our Community Together” consisting of promotion of the arts and culture, advising on building energy savings, sponsoring adult and youth volunteer. al. n. service projects.. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Launched in 2008 by 20 highly successful companies including 14 Taiwan BCSD members. The main goal of the Taiwan Corporate Sustainability Forum (TCSF) was a platform to share best practices related to CSR and sustainable development and enhance future innovation and collaboration in regards to these topics. (WBCSD Taiwan 2015). Recently Taiwan WBCSD has been achieving steps towards improved Sustainability for Taiwan business.. In September 2014 Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE) and Financial. Supervisory Commission announced Mandatory Sustainability reporting regulation in Taiwan. Any companies in chemical, financial or food processing industry with paid-in capital above NT $10 billion were required to issue a CSR/Sustainability report. (WBCSD Taiwan 2015). 23.

(32) 8. AU Optronics 8.1. Background AU Optronics (AUO) is Taiwanese manufacture of LCD and PV technologies that was formed in December 2001 by the merger of Acer Display Technology (established in 1996) and Unipac Optoelectronics Corporation by BenQ Electronics. AUO is the first company involved in the design and manufacture of TFT-LCDs that became listed on NY stock exchange. Revenues from 2013 were 416.4 billion NTD or US 13.9 million. TFT-LCD related products account for 96% of all revenues. AUO also invests in photovoltaic PV field. 政治大. 8.2. Interview with Yvonne Tai Sustainability Director at AUO April 2nd. 立. 2015. ‧ 國. 學. Interview with Yvonne Lead manager from ESH Management department provided more insight into how Sustainability works inside AUO. According to Yvonne AUO wants to be one. ‧. of best sustainable corporations in Taiwan. Current projects that AUO is working on is a 25%. sit. y. Nat. reduction of Green House Gases (GHG) by 2015 as well as implementation of zero waste water emission in Touyuan fabrication site which, if successful will be implemented throughout all. io. n. al. er. manufacturing facilities under AUO. Other long term goals are a reduction in carbon footprint. i n U. v. from suppliers and increasing demand for carbon footprint reporting of LCD manufactures. At. Ch. engchi. AUO it’s the responsibility of Sustainability Manager like Yvonne to implement the broad scope of sustainability. In order to better align sustainability across departments AUO started an open platform for communication with representatives from each department represented. AUO is working to incorporate sustainability into the company strategy by producing quality products that reduce energy consumption and still satisfy customer needs. Past green product trends at AUO related to reduction of toxic materials in products and meeting standards for zero toxins such as REACH or ROHS toxic free-certified products. Since zero toxic materials has been achieved at AUO the company now focus more on energy efficiency and R&D processes to produce green products. AUO sustainability actions do not only focus on reporting water use, wastewater, emission, energy use but also CSR approaches towards social equity, philanthropy, volunteerism. A strong focus has been AUO’s efforts towards environmental. 24.

(33) education. AUO offers an EPA certified education site that allows students and public to see first hand efficient product and building location incorporating sustainability in the manufacturing process. Below is more information about sustainability at AUO.. 8.3. AUO History Mission and Vision AUO values innovation, and excellence passion and professionalism and mission to be global leader of green solutions. AUO has 43,000 employees worldwide with headquarters in Taiwan other locations throughout China, Japan, Europe and USA. AUO has received many Corporate awards and honors: AUO is Member of TBCSD and Taiwan Corporate Sustainability Forum. 政治大 Jones Sustainability Index for 4 straight years. AUO stakeholders are concerned with pollution 立 prevention strategy, green product management, employee safety and health as well as Social Awards: China Top 100 Green Companies, 2013 gold employer award and included in Dow. ‧ 國. 學. Responsibility and Business Performance.. ‧. 8.4. AUO and Stakeholder Priorities. Nat. sit. y. The following chart list aspects of high priority that involve both stakeholder interest and impact. io. er. to AUO. For example looking at the chart you can see that factors such as Economic: BLUE A =Economic performance, B=market presence, Environmental: Green:G= compliance,. n. al. J=environmental grievances, Social: Orange:. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. B=occupational health and safety,. R=employment, J=child labor, labor practices are all high priority for both groups.. 25.

(34) Figure 9. Stakeholder interest and Impact on AUO. 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學 Source: (AUO Sustainability Report. 2013). ‧. AUO not only reports on its own factors like air pollution, water and waste and environmental. sit. y. Nat. compliance but also publishes this information for its Joint Ventures with AUO Crystal Corp,. io. er. Briview Corporation and Toppan CFI Taiwan. They also have identified potential risks associated with their suppliers such as illegal dumping, failure to apply for permits, inadequate. n. al. i n U. v. management, labor issues; the chart below highlights these risk factors.. Ch. engchi. 26.

(35) Figure 10. AUO Supplier and Contractor Sustainability factors. 立. er. io. sit. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 Source: AUO Sustainability Report 2013. Nat. 8.5. CSR. 政治大. al. n. v i n get in habit of reading or Kids E C camp: BenQ Foundation hosted "e-Kids Camp" activity h eThe ngchi U Examples of CSR are evident throughout AUO such as Reading for Hope, help rural students. since 2005, introducing the principles and applications of TFT LCD and solar power to 5th and 6th grade students. Due to their outstanding performance in the promotion of environmental education, AUO's Taichung and Hsinchu sites were chosen by the local governments to enter. the private enterprise category of the EPA’s "1st National Environmental Education Awards". Environmental education at AUO Taizhong location is promoted primarily through environmental awareness and initiatives for employees, families, communities, schools, suppliers and visitors.. 8.6. Climate change In September 2013, AUO headquarters building in Hsinchu received Carbon Neutrality 27.

(36) certification from the EPA, becoming the first business building to pass certification of a 3stage process involving quantification, reduction and exchange. Overall AUO has been able to reduce carbon emissions from 93KG CO2 in 2008 to 54KG CO2 as of 2013. Figure 11. GHG Emissions 2008 - 2013. 立. 政治大. Nat. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 Source: AUO Sustainability Report 2013. er. io. sit. 8.7. Employee Relations. Employees of AUO receive great opportunities for self-growth and solid benefits package. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. helping to retain top talent and therefore be more sustainable with reducing employee turnover.. engchi. Employees of AUO have all of the following. Compensation benefits: parental leave options, pension scheme, employee rights, and freedom of association. Human rights: Elimination of child labor and forced labor from suppliers as well as a great healthcare plan, education and professional training.. 28.

(37) 9. Sustainability Conclusion and Summary Bruntland report first published in 1987 defines sustainability as: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” For business reducing costs is the most obvious and easily accessible for companies looking to profitability and sustainability. This is achievable by using less resources, raw materials and energy to make processes more efficient. Sustainability provides differentiation against competitors improving brand image and trust with customers. Companies can improve their accounting methods to better reflect sustainability by measuring. 政治大 impact though reporting methods 立 such as Activity-Based Costing ABC, Life Cycle Costing and tracking not only their financial activity but also tracking their social and environmental. LCC and Life Cycle Assessment LCA. These methods provide impact assessment of products,. ‧ 國. 學. production and distribution from start to finish for a company. The Global Report Initiative GRI provides specific sector and industry guidance for reporting services for small and large. ‧. companies. GRI reporting has high quality standard for implementing Sustainability reporting.. y. Nat. sit. Putting a price on waste is one way for governments and companies to use economics to create. al. er. io. incentives that can be more sustainable for the planet and society. Analyzing Carbon Footprint. n. impact by using the Marrakech process can help develop greener business models. Externalities. Ch. i n U. v. and their positive and negative effects also greatly impact society. Reducing these negative. engchi. externalities can be achieved using Market Based Instruments MBI’s. MBI’s address the market failure of 'environmental externalities' either by incorporating the external cost of production or consumption activities through taxes or charges on processes and products. Entrepreneurship and sustainability are also important for any new SME and startup company especially those focused on social and environmental ventures. SMEs have greater flexibility and speed allowing them to integrate sustainability into business plans more efficiently. One of the most prominent opportunities for SMEs to become more sustainable is through selling a sustainable product or service. Companies such as D- light design who provide off- grid solar energy products targeting rural and urban poor or a company like Sanergy, based in Africa,. 29.

(38) whose sustainable business model generates revenue through a waste collection service. Both are clear examples of sustainable products and services. CK Prahalad believes that entrepreneurs, large MNC firms, civil society and local governments can combine to create economic and social transformation. He cites the use of Unilever Corporation Subsidiary HLL (Hindustan Lever Limited). HLL willingness to perform product adaption and distribution in India is a good example of sustainability by reducing costs and improving efficiency while also profiting from the bottom of the pyramid. (BOP). Sustainability in Marketing can build your brand value and build increased trust with consumers.. 政治大 disposal to reduce life cycle effects. A sustainable product should provide environmental, 立 social and economic benefits over its full life cycle. Trends in sustainable marketing consist of A sustainable marketing strategy creates long-term impact by educating consumers on product. ‧ 國. 學. the following: taking existing products and making them greener=eco-design. Increasing consumer awareness of sustainable products perceived value to both consumer and the. ‧. environment. Finally not confining green products to one area in store but instead place products next to less green alternatives. Marketers can also communicate sustainable values. y. Nat. sit. using eco-labels. Eco-labels tell consumers about certain environmental or social standards that. al. er. io. the company values. Example such as LEED building codes, Taiwan Green mark for household. n. products and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) for timber sales are a few examples of eco. Ch. i n U. labels that provide sustainable advantage to their products.. engchi. v. World Business Council Sustainable Development (WBCSD) is a major resource for business corporations that want to be aligned with sustainability. Members comprise over 60-CEO lead businesses and are required to promote eco-efficiency, innovation and corporate social responsibility. The Taiwan BCSD has well known companies such as Taiwan 7 Eleven, China and Steel Co., Chunghwa Telecom, China Airlines, Taiwan High Speed Rail, ACER computers, TECO and AUO among many others. Taiwan BCSD consistently works on addressing ecoefficiency, CSR, Carbon Disclosure Projects, consulting for corporate sustainability strategy, and capacity building in Taiwan.. 30.

(39) AU Optronics (AUO) is Taiwanese manufacture of LCD and PV technologies that was formed in December 2001. AUO is striving to be one of the best sustainable corporations in Taiwan. Current projects that AUO is working on is a 25% reduction of Green House Gases (GHG) by 2015 as well as implementation of zero waste water emission at Touyuan site with zero emission expansion planned for future locations worldwide. AUO is working to incorporate sustainability into the company strategy by producing quality products that reduce energy consumption and still satisfy customer needs. Large goals of reducing toxic materials in products and improving energy efficiency are ideal examples of sustainability at work in Taiwanese corporation. AUO Sustainability Report addresses topics like stakeholder priorities. 政治大. from social, economic and environmental aspects as well as topics like climate change, CSR and employee relations. Overall AUO is not only working on Sustainability but also increasing. 立. total net revenue, total assets and total equity to stockholders from 2012-2014. (See Appendix. ‧ 國. 學. B). In closing Sustainability in Business is about limiting our use of natural resources and. ‧. improving our efficiency in production, distribution and Life cycle assessment of products and. y. Nat. services while still providing for customer needs, wants and demands. By aligning a company. sit. mission and vision with sustainable principles you can incorporate direct tools to measure and. n. al. er. io. track your effect of people planet and profits. Sustainable reporting of social, economic and. i n U. v. environmental impact allows a company to improve on its bottom line while also improving. Ch. engchi. the planet and their relationship with their clients.. 31.

(40) 10. Appendix Financials : Sustainable companies: IKEA and Taiwan AUO Optronics. Source: Annual Report IKEA 2013 and AUO Annual Report 2014. 1. Appendix A IKEA Income & Balance Sheet 2012-2013. 政治大. Nat. Operating Cost. Operating income. io. Total Financial Income. 27,628. 15,786. 15,723. 12,720. 11,905. 8,709. 8,423. 4,011. 3,482. 81. 427. n. al. 28,506. Income Before Tax Tax. Ch. Minority Interest Net Income. 4,092. e n775 gchi. i n U. v. 3,909 695. -15. -12. 3,302. 3,202. 2003. 2013. 11.4. 28.5. IKEA Total Revenues 2003 & 2013. Total Revenues. 32. ‧. Gross Profit. 2012. y. Cost of Sales. ‧ 國. Revenue. 2013. 學. Million of Euros. er. 立. sit. Consolidated Income Statement September 1st 2012-August 31, 2013..

(41) Consolidated Balance Sheet Assets & Liabilities 2012-2013. Million of Euros. 2013. 2,012. 17,036. 17,264. 2,493. 2,672. 19,529. 19,936. 政 2,193治. 4,664. Plant Property Equipment Fixed Assets Total Fixed Assets Inventory. 4,257. Receivables. Total Current Assets. 22,450. 24,812. Total Assets. 41,979. 44,748. 29202. 29072. Long Term Liabilities. 1898. 2523. y. Non current Liabilities. 1567. 1625. 3465. 4148. io. n. al. Short term liabilities Payables Total current liabilities. Total equity and Liabilities. Ch. 4763. e n4549 gchi. er. Nat. Total non current liabilities. i n U. v. 6814 4714. 9312. 11528. 41979. 44748. 33. ‧. Group Equity. ‧ 國. 17,878. 學. 16,000. sit. 立. Cash. 2,270 大.

(42) 4. Appendix B : AUO Optronics Income and Balance Sheet 2012-2014. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 34. i n U. v.

(43) 11. References: 1.. World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Brundtland Report on Our Common Future. (Online) Available FTP: http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/sd.html.. 2.. Robert Kates, Thomas Parris, Anthony Leiserowitz. 2009. What is sustainable development?(Online)AvailableFTP: http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Editorials/Kates-apr05-full.html. 3.. Anonymous. 2013. International Institute Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development Journey.(Online) Available FTP https://www.iisd.org/business/sd_journey.aspx. 4.. Giselle Weybrecht.(2010) Sustainable MBA. Managers guide to green business.. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 y. Nat. sit. io. Pepsico Water. (2014) PepsiCo takes a comprehensive approach to water stewardship. (Online) Available FTP:http://www.pepsico.com/Purpose/EnvironmentalSustainability/Water. n. al. er. 5.. 立. 政治大. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 6.. Anonymous. IBM. (2010). Sustainability on Smarter Planet. (Online) Available FTP: http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/in/en/green_and_sustainability/overview.. 7.. KPMG. (2013) Corporate Responsibility reporting 2013. (Online) Available FTP: https://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/corporateresponsibility/Documents/corporate-responsibility-reporting-survey-2013-execsummary.pdf. 8.. Darcy Hitchcock, Marsha Willard. (2009) The Business Guide to Sustainability. Practical Strategies and Tools.. 35.

(44) 9.. Global Reporting Initiative. (2014 (Online) Available https://www.globalreporting.org/Pages/default.aspx. FTP:. 10.. Katie Rose Quandt. (2014). California Just Passed a Plastic Bag Ban. (Online) Available FTP: http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/09/california-bans-plastic-bags. 11.. United Nations DESA. (2008) The Marrakech Process. (Online) Available FTP: http://esa.un.org/marrakechprocess/. 立. 政治大. 13.. European Commision. (2011) Role of Market based Instruments in Achieving resource Efficiences. (Online) Available FTP: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/taxation/pdf/role_marketbased.pdf. 14.. Alexander Klebe. (2006). Fairtrade Graphic. Marketing and Monitoring. (Online) Available FTP: http://alexanderklebe.com/marketing-monitoring-fairtrade. (Online). Available. FTP:. ‧. ‧ 國. OECD. (2007) Glossary of Statistical Terms. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=7214. 學. 12.. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 15. OECD. (2014). Small Business Job Creation and Growth. (Online) Available FTP: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/2090740.pdf. 16.. The Skoll Foundation. (2015). http://www.skollfoundation.org/about/. 17.. Dlight. (2015). Solar lighting for all. (Online) Available FTP: http://www.dlight.com. 36. (Online). Available. FTP:.

(45) 18.. M. Paani. (2015). Mobile based loyalty for change. (Online) Available FTP: http://mpaani.com. 19.. Sanergy. (2015). Building Sustainable Sanitation in Urban Slums. (Online) Available FTP: http://saner.gy.. 20.. CK Prahalad. (2005). The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Eradicating Poverty through Profit.. ‧. United States EPA. (2015). Design for the Environment. (Online) Available FTP http://www.epa.gov/oppt/dfe/. y. Nat. sit. io. Seventh Generation. (2015) Green cleaning products.(Online)Available FTP https://shop.seventhgeneration.com/green-cleaning/. n. al. er. 23.. 立. 學. 22.. 政治大. Hindustan Lever Limited. (2014). Annual Report. (Online) Available FTP: http://www.hul.co.in/Images/HUL-Annual-Report-2013-14_tcm114-391926.pdf. ‧ 國. 21.. 24.. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. IKEA (2013). Sustainability Report. http://www.ikea.com/ms/ja_JP/pdf/sustainability_report/sustainability_report_2013.pd. f. 25.. Leadership Energy Environmental Design. LEED (2012-2015) US Green Building Council. (Online) Available FTP: http://www.usgbc.org/leed. 26.. Taiwan Green Mark (2010) (Online) Available FTP: http://greenliving.epa.gov.tw/GreenLife/eng/E-GreenMark.aspx.. 37.

(46) 27.. Forest Stewardship Council FSC International. (2015). (Online) Available FTP: https://ic.fsc.org/index.htm. 28.. WBCSD .(2015). Business solutions for Sustainable World. March 2015 Newsletter. . (Online) Available FTP: http://www.wbcsd.org.. 29.. For Yale, WBCSD, sustainability is good business. M2 Presswire Pub. 2014. Proquest. . (Online). 30. on. "WBCSD Annual Council Meeting in China Focuses Global Sustainable Development 'Green Race'." U.S .Newswire Nov 02 2010. ProQuest.. 立. WBCSD. TAIWAN. (2015) Global Network Partner. (Online) http://www.bcsd.org.tw/. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 31.. 政治大. Available FTP:. WBCSD. (2015) Regional Network Members list. (Online) Available FTP: http://www.wbcsd.org/regional-network/members-list/asia/bcsdtaiwan.aspx. 33.. AUO Sustainability Report. (2013) (Online)Available FTP: http://auo.com.tw/?sn=171&lang=en-US&c=39&n=1912.. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 32.. Ch. engchi. 38. i n U. v.

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