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「異國、都會與跨文化接觸:張若谷的創作、翻譯與1930年代上海都會文化」計畫成果報告

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科技部補助專題研究計畫成果報告

期末報告

異國、都會與跨文化接觸:張若谷的創作、翻譯與 1930 年

代上海都會文化

計 畫 類 別 : 個別型計畫 計 畫 編 號 : NSC 102-2410-H-005-060- 執 行 期 間 : 102 年 08 月 01 日至 103 年 07 月 31 日 執 行 單 位 : 國立中興大學中國文學系(所) 計 畫 主 持 人 : 陳碩文 計畫參與人員: 碩士班研究生-兼任助理人員:田乃文 報 告 附 件 : 移地研究心得報告 出席國際會議研究心得報告及發表論文 處 理 方 式 : 1.公開資訊:本計畫涉及專利或其他智慧財產權,2 年後可公開查詢 2.「本研究」是否已有嚴重損及公共利益之發現:否 3.「本報告」是否建議提供政府單位施政參考:否

中 華 民 國 103 年 10 月 16 日

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中 文 摘 要 : 張若谷(1904-1967),小說家、教師、記者、編輯,在三十 年代上海出版了《異國情調》、《都會交響曲》等描寫都會 生活的作品集,因此以往多以「上海都會作家」為人所憶述。 然而張若谷實也為一譯者,其翻譯作品包括了《拉封丹寓 言》(Fables choisies mises en vers)、《留滬外史》 (Ce qui ne s'avoue pas, même à Shanghai, ville de plaisirs),伏爾泰(Voltaire, 1694-1778)知名的劇作 《中國孤兒》(L`Orphelin de la Chine: la morale de Confucius en cinq actes)等,對現代中國的西方文學翻譯 頗有貢獻。張若谷並積極於報刊發表評介異國文藝的作品, 致力推廣西歐、日本各國文學及藝術,主張以之催生中國文 藝再興,其人其事饒富文學與文化史意義。本研究涵蓋了以 下幾個面向:一、張若谷的生平及其文學活動探析,二、張 若谷的翻譯對其文學創作所產生之影響,三、張若谷在抗戰 時譯伏爾泰(Voltaire)《中國孤兒》之文化意涵,略談及 伏爾泰與張若谷的異國情調文學論述。本研究旨在探討張若 谷著譯活動中之都會文化、跨文化接觸與國家想像等議題, 並希望由小見大,以之作為探討中國文學中的現代性之一 例。 中文關鍵詞: 張若谷、民初文學翻譯、上海現代小說、上海都會文化 英 文 摘 要 : Zhang Ruogu(1905-1967)was known as a writer

published several books about Shanghai urban culture. Shanghai urban novels, derived from traditional

Shanghai school literature, were formed by

cosmopolitan atmosphere and fantastical encounters, have been of interest to scholars for decades, however, Zhang Ruogu has been rarely mentioned. In these articles, I examine the role of Zhang Ruogu as a writer and also a translator in the 1930s Shanghai multi-linguistic and transcultural literary context, a much neglected point in the criticism of the author to this day. With this point of view, I explore some dimensions of Zhang Ruogu's literary activities: Firstly, his life and literary activity in Shanghai. The second topic to be discussed, is the

characteristics of Zhang Ruogu's “Shanghai school urban literature" and his translation, I will explore it by comparing and examining these texts:

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“Ce qui ne s'avoue pas, meme a Shanghai, ville de plaisirs" of George Soulie de Morant, Zhang Ruogu's Chinese translation version, and his own novel Urban symphony(都會交響曲). Thirdly, I will discuss his Chinese translation of L`Orphelin de la Chine: la morale de Confucius en cinq actes of Voltaire during the war period, taking it as an example of his

exoticism literary creed. This study exercises this discussion as a starting point to analyze the

cultural connotation of Zhang Ruogu's translation and his work in a global cultural exchange context, to explore the complicated problems affiliated with modernity, colonialism and cosmopolitism in the Asian city during the early 20th century.

英文關鍵詞: Zhang Ruogu, 1930s Shanghai urban culture,

translation literature of early republican period, Shanghai modern novels

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計畫成果報告

一、 前言 清末以來,上海便成為中西、新舊文化頻繁接觸之地;三十年代,隨著都會 化日益蓬勃興盛,上海乃更有東方明珠之譽。因其特殊文化脈絡,上海都會文化 與文學之研究,早已備受學界關注,不論是從都會文化、出版市場、文學中的都 市形象、上海現代文學與海派傳統等角度探討上海現代文學文化之研究成果,都 饒有可觀。諸如李歐梵的《上海摩登》,析論都會文化與出版市場,考察上海現 代作家如何描繪都市;1史書美《摩登的誘惑》探討上海三十年代半殖民地的租界 文化,以及上海現代主義文學特質;2吳福輝、李今的海派文學研究,則考察上海 現代派作家與海派文學傳統的聯繫,挖掘海派文學獨特的精神內涵。3彭小妍從 翻譯、跨文化轉化異國文藝的角度,探討上海作家與譯者如何形成獨特的上海現 代文學樣貌。4其中,施蟄存、穆時英、劉吶鷗、邵洵美的文學作品與活動,較受 學界關注;然而,在三十年代亦曾相當活躍於上海文壇,寫作、翻譯、編輯,並 以「致力於都市文學」5為人所稱道的張若谷,則論者甚少。 張若谷(1904-1967),上海人,三十年代活躍於上海文化界,曾任記者、編 輯、作家、教授,《異國情調》、《都會交響曲》是其較知名的作品。除寫作外, 他也是位熱情的譯者,還積極評介異國文藝思潮,並提倡讀者從閱讀翻譯文學始, 致力於創新現代中國文學。其文學創作與都會文化之聯繫,及其作品如何再現都 會,乃至於其翻譯與作品之間的關聯,無論從跨文化轉化、文學現代性的角度觀 之,都饒富研究價值。 我過去曾在博士論文中略觸及張若谷之文學作品分析,然受限於學位論文之 架構限制,並沒有針對張若谷的文學活動展開全面探索。畢業後,我又陸續收集 到與張若谷相關之材料,完成了一篇析論張若谷與其他兩位文友朱應鵬、傅彥長 合著的《文藝三家言》之文藝論述的文章,然尚未有機會對張若谷的文學生涯及 活動展開全面的研究。此一以張若谷為主的研究,承繼以往我對張若谷的研究興 趣,把焦點放在張若谷的文學活動,及其對異國文藝的譯介上,探討張若谷如何 1 李歐梵著,毛尖譯,《上海摩登:一種新都市文化在中國 1930-1945》(香港:牛津大學出版 社,2000)。

2 Shih Shumei, The Lure of the Modern: Writing Modernism in Semicolonial China, 1917-1937

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p.9.

3 吳福輝,《都市漩流中的海派小說》(湖南:湖南教育出版社,1995)。李今,《海派小說 論》(臺北:秀威資訊科技出版社,2006)。 4 彭小妍,《浪蕩子美學與跨文化現代性:一九三○年代上海、東京及巴黎的浪蕩子、漫遊者與 譯者》(臺北:聯經出版社,2012)。 5 「那時居住上海的幾位作家,都想創造「都市文學」,像張若谷,他原是世代的上海人,對這 東方第一大都市的情形可說熟而又熟。張氏畢業上海震旦大學,精於法文,中國文學根柢也不錯, 民國十六、七年間又與曾樸(孟樸,筆名東亞病夫)拉上關係,曾替曾氏父子所開的真美善書店 編了一本女作家選集,將那時代著名女作家一網打盡,書出,銷行頗廣。又與傅彥長、朱應鵬出 版了一個合集,專寫大上海金粉繁華之盛,筆致與穆時英不相上下。」請見蘇雪林,〈新感覺派 穆時英的作風〉,《二三十年代作家及作品》(臺北:廣東出版社,1983),頁 427。

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從中汲取靈感,刻畫現代,描繪上海;而此一現代進步的上海,更被他視為是中 國未來強盛的希望。本計畫以「翻譯、創作與跨文化轉化」為主軸,除展開對張 若谷此一特定作家及其文學生涯之研究,更進一步將其文學與翻譯活動,置於全 球文化生產與文化流動的框架下,討論其所涉及的跨文化接觸、國際都會主義等 議題;期從張若谷入手,以更寬廣的視角深化、梳理上海三十年代現代文學與文 化現象。 二、 研究目的 本研究以我以往及前輩學者的研究成果為基礎,集中整理、探討張若谷在三 四十年代上海的創作、翻譯以及文藝論述,並綰結上海都會文化、跨文化理論等 相關研究成果,闡述張若谷在中國現代文學史和文化史上的意義。 本研究之研究範疇,除張若谷的創作外,也會涉及其翻譯作品,以及其他散 見於報刊上之文學評論與文藝意見。此外,張若谷亦熱愛都會生活;而多元、開 放的三十年代上海,亦滋養著青年張若谷的文學心靈,因此,對於張若谷的生活 與三十年代上海都會文化之考察,亦屬本研究之一部分。 通過對張若谷在三十年代上海多樣化之文學生產,不論是異國文學翻譯、都 會書寫、音樂美術評介、文藝論述,乃至於生活方式與文學活動之考察,本研究 對以下問題提出回應:上海豐富的多語、多元都會文化,如何刺激、促進本地菁 英的文化生產?而今我們該如何理解、評價中國近現代的西方文學翻譯?其翻譯 又如何展現了跨文化相遇?當上海作家著意描寫本地中西合璧的都會風姿,同時 又熱衷翻譯、引介外國文學,作家本人更以「都會人」的形象,為人所追憶時, 在素被視為半殖民地的上海,其文學活動與生活風格該怎麼解讀?這些提問都涉 及了現代中國文化人如何想像、詮釋西方,並重構國族文化等議題,頗具研究價 值。然張若谷其人其事至今仍未受到學界足夠的重視,本計畫期許能為張若谷之 文學成就與文化意義研究領域補白,並開展未來繼續耕耘上海現代文學研究之研 究藍圖。 三、 文獻探討 與張若谷相關的研究成果,其一乃著重探討張若谷洋派的生活方式、文學愛 好與都會文化之關係,較為重要者,首先可見於李歐梵的《上海摩登》一書,評 述了張若谷特殊的法國文化嚮往,及其生活方式與上海都會文化之關係。6連麗 君探討上海三十年代咖啡館的專文,則集中討論張若谷對咖啡館的愛好,然其研 究重點還是上海租界生活與市民消費,並非對張若谷文學的專論。7 6 同註 1。

7 Laikwan, Peng. The collective subjectivity of Chinese intellectuals and their café culture in republican

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而對張若谷的文學生涯、文藝論述的探討,可見於 Herich Otmar Fruehauf 之 博士論文 “Urban Exoticism in Modern Chinese Literature 1910-1933”,該文耙梳了 張若谷都會文學作品中的上海形象,以及對異國文藝思潮的興趣。此外,Johnathan Hutt 的文章 “Enfant du Siècle: The Urban Symphonies of Zhang Ruogu”則較為全面 地從跨文化流動的角度探討了張若谷的文學活動,包括其對音樂的愛好與西歐文 藝的熱衷,亦有相當之參考價值。 本研究則在前人研究的基礎上,盡力全面收集與張若谷相關之研究材料,如 找出張若谷翻譯、評述之異國文藝的源本,較為以往研究者忽略的張若谷與民族 主義文藝陣營的文學往還、抗戰期間的翻譯與文學活動等,並對張若谷的創作、 翻譯與文學評論進行細讀,提出具體分析;在提出研究發現後,進一步開展,闡 述其文學翻譯、文化評介之文化意涵。 四、 研究方法 本研究以張若谷之著譯作品及文藝評介為主,除閱讀、耙梳目前其所留存的報 刊、檔案、史料等文本外,亦參酌西方有關文化史、翻譯研究、跨文化理論等論 述,適切援引其理論方法,綰結史料,作為本研究思考方法的基石,以詮析其著 譯策略、文本中的文化整體變貌及其深層的文化底蘊。 因我以數篇彼此關連的小文章,來執行本研究計畫,因此分別具體說明研究 方法如下: (一)、張若谷、上海都會文化與跨文化接觸 此文論析三十年代上海都會文化脈絡與張若谷文學生產之關係。本文將張若 谷活躍的文學舞台——二十世紀初多語多文化的上海,視作為一跨文化的場域 (transcultural site),將張若谷翻譯異國文本、譯介西方文藝思潮、創作、編輯等 文學活動,視為是其轉化異國文本的跨文化實踐。所謂的跨文化轉化,是指兩種 文化相遇時,一文化改變、吸納、融合另一文化的過程;創作、改寫、翻譯等文 學生產,亦可視作此一過程之一部分。本研究先從論析跨文化轉化的意涵,其在 二十世紀初上海之始末與流變著手,接著概括梳理張若谷的文藝論述與成果,並 分析其文化意義。 (二)、張若谷的《留滬外史》翻譯與其創作比較研究

1930 年代,張若谷翻譯了法國外交官莫郎(George Soulié de Morant, 1878-1955)描寫其上海生活的《留滬外史》(Ce qui ne s’avoue pas, même à Shanghai, ville de plaisirs)一書,並在自己描寫上海的作品中大段引用這本翻譯作品的段 落。本研究第一部份先分析張若谷所譯的《留滬外史》與莫郎原著間之差異,接 著比較張若谷的創作《都會交響曲》與上述莫郎作品在情節安排、內容主題與表 現方式之不同。本文指出,張若谷的《留滬外史》雖不完全忠實,甚至偶有錯漏, 但基本上仍算流暢。他對原著的漏譯或補充,顯示出他對上海這一國際大都會的 異國色彩之喜愛,以及對這本小說作者想傳達的,身為現代都會人的失落情感不

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太能把握。而他的創作與《留滬外史》兩相比較,除了敘事背景——上海成為敘 事的主角這個最大的共同點外,不能說其創作受了翻譯作品什麼影響。本文最後 延續我再上一篇文章中所指出的,張若谷的翻譯與其創作,皆可被視為是一跨文 化實踐,這也就是其人其文在上海三十年代之所以值得探究的文化意涵。 (三)、張若谷《中國孤兒》翻譯研究 1939 年,張若谷將伏爾泰(Voltaire, 1694-1778)知名的劇作《中國孤兒》 (L‘Orphelin de la Chine: la morale de Confucius en cinq actes)譯成 中文,在上海《中美日報》連載,1940 年出版單行本。《趙氏孤兒》與《中國孤 兒》的翻譯公案,已是國內外漢學界頗為人注意的議題,然張若谷於中國對日抗 戰期間在上海翻譯的此一版本,卻少為人留意。本研究將翻譯看作是譯者的再詮 釋與實踐,從建構譯者的主體思想入手,探析張若谷於抗戰期間翻譯《中國孤兒》 之文學成就,略論及其異國情調文藝論述。本文指出,張若谷的翻譯雖不完美, 但其改寫、缺漏之處,多與其對中華民族人格的推崇有關,體現了譯者的視野和 文學想像,的確頗能影響詮釋和翻譯異國文學。張若谷在戰時翻譯伏爾泰的《中 國孤兒》,反過來觀看、轉化一個被異國作家異域化想像的中國故事,實乃欲通 過翻譯,召喚、形塑新中國文化主體。由是,翻譯異國也成為一種想像新中國的 方式。 五、結果與討論 張若谷在三十年代上海曾活躍一時,在寫作隨筆、小說外,他也翻譯、評論, 並任記者、編輯、教師。曾輾轉任職上海藝術大學、南京《革命軍日報》(1927); 也曾任古巴駐華公使館秘書(1930),上海《大晚報》記者(1932)。三十年代赴 歐遊覽,到比利時魯汶大學遊學,訪巴黎。1935 年回國任《上海時報》記者。 1936 年,改任上海《神州報》記者,創辦大上海人社,並擔任《大上海人半月刊》 主編。 張若谷自幼就讀天主教學校,因而得以熟悉西方文學,尤喜法國文學。三十 年代初,漸在文壇嶄露頭角。8《異國情調》《都會交響曲》為張若谷在 1930 年 代出版的小品集,描述都會生活,是其較知名的作品;創作外,也參與編輯,曾 為《真美善》編輯「女作家號」。對日戰爭期間,張若谷曾短暫在震旦大學任教, 後轉任戰地記者,出版《戰爭飲食男女》等文集。上海淪陷後,因中文出版頗受 限制,張若谷遂多在《中美日報》等報刊發表文章。1949 年後,張若谷作品不多, 至 1955 年,他更因宗教原因招致抄家橫禍,並被遣送至東北勞改農場勞動,1967 8 郁達夫在〈記曾孟樸先生〉一文中曾描述當時金屋書店開在邵洵美老家的對面,是上海文藝人 士流連的地方。郁達夫在這個地方認識了被一群青年包圍著的曾樸。他說:「我們空下來,要想 找幾個人談談天,只須上洵美的書店去就對,因為他那裏是座上客常滿,樽中酒不空的」,郁達 夫,〈記曾孟樸先生〉,原載於《越風》1935 年。轉引自魏紹昌,《〈孽海花〉資料》(上海: 上海古籍出版社,1982),頁 207。結識曾樸後,張若谷開始為他的雜誌撰稿,還應曾樸之邀編 輯了由曾樸出版的《真美善》女作家專號(1928.11)。

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年便因病去世。9 張若谷熱衷法國文學,閱讀之餘,並嘗試翻譯,或不使人意外。張若谷最早 開始翻譯的西方文學作品應為拉風歹納(Jean de La Fontaine, 1621-1695)的寓言 ——如眾所知,天主教會常以寓言故事傳道說教,而張若谷或一開始翻譯拉風歹 納,或許與他初接觸法國文學乃在天主教會學校學習不無關係。10其後,其翻譯 相當多元,陸續翻譯過保羅穆杭(Paul Morand, 1888-1976)、廚川白村(1880-1923)、 顯充微支(Henryk Sienkiewicz, 1846-1916)、法郎士(Anatole France, 1844-1924)、 蘇立哀莫郎(Soulié de Morant, 1878-1955)的作品。 翻譯外,張若谷也寫文學評論,除發表於各報刊,亦結集出版,如《從囂俄 到魯迅》一書。他也出版過自述其寫作經驗的文字,如《十五年寫作經驗》,《文 學生活》等書,成為理解其文學活動與思想之重要依據。 張若谷亦是文化論述寫手,其文字可見於《申報》、《真美善》等報刊,及其 和文友共同出版的《藝術三家言》一書。張若谷提倡都會生活,鼓吹人人都應學 會欣賞文藝和都會文化活動,以此文藝理想為國族文化復興之基礎。此外,張若 谷還是西方古典樂迷,出版有《到音樂會去》等專門論述西方古典音樂的作品。 綜合來說,除創作外,譯介、評論、編輯為張若谷最主要的文學活動。張若 谷的翻譯和評論包括各國文學家與作品,自十八世紀橫跨到現代;從西歐浪漫主 義文學,到現代都會中各種時興的文化活動,都為張若谷所提倡。張若谷的文藝 偏好如同當時中國現代文壇其他積極的西方文藝愛好者,樂於吸收、擁抱各種同 時進入其視野的異國文藝作品,並皆將之視為西歐文明(國家)之所以昌盛的主 因。他們更認為,這些新元素,將足以刺激中國固有陳舊文藝傳統轉化新生。 在創作方面,《都會交響曲》是張若谷較為人所熟悉的作品,此書以數篇小 說構成,內容多與上海的都會生活有關,由一個敘述者穿梭於都市中的所見所聞, 帶領讀者領略上海風光,當然,此風光多集中於繁華的租界、鬧區,意在呈現上 海的異國情調與國際色彩。張若谷自陳,都會生活,是現代中國作家理應戮力描 寫的主題,而他山之石——與此相關的異國文藝作品——即可作為現今有意為之 的作家之靈感來源。 張若谷的創作、翻譯與文學評論值得我們進一步關注的,除了他譯介了什麼, 怎麼譯介,展現什麼譯介策略?其譯介的文化意涵為何以外,張若谷的翻譯和其 創作之間的關係,以及三十年代上海的多元都會文化與其文學活動的聯繫,也就 是張若谷在三十年代上海此一多語多文化的特殊文化脈絡中,跨文化轉化、移植 異國文藝思潮,並以之為現代文學生發之靈感來源與借鑑,其中所展現出來的複 9 此乃據他家人回憶所言,另有一說是他在 1949 年以後入獄,出獄後於 1960 年逝世。請見周 允中,〈有關若谷的一些往事〉,《魯迅研究月刊》9(2000):86-88。 10 張若谷曾自陳他自小在教會學校讀書,便十分喜愛拉風歹納的寓言故事,他翻譯的拉風歹納 寓言發表在《小說月報》第十七卷、第十八卷(1926-1927)上。明末開始來華的耶穌會傳教士, 已經開始陸續將寓言故事譯成中文,用以說明教義,如著名的《伊索寓言》,清時,金尼閣(Nicolas Trigault,1577-1629)口述,張賡筆傳的《況義》(1625)便是其中最著名的。由張若谷的例子 來看,傳教士翻譯西洋文學,尤其是兒童文學,對民初文學青年的養成,依然發生作用和影響, 當然,這與上海法租界的存在亦有很大關係。

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雜性,更值得深入挖掘。而從此,我們非但能對於中國現代文學的複雜向度、上 海都會文化有更深入的認識,也能更寬廣地評價張若谷的文學成績。 根據研究所得,以下我將從三個面向來評述張若谷的文學活動:一、張若谷 的翻譯、創作與跨文化轉化,二、張若谷異國文藝思潮的譯介與再詮釋,三、張 若谷對都會與國族的文化想像與重構。 (一)、張若谷的翻譯、創作與跨文化轉化 張若谷曾在文集中自陳,他的創作靈感時來自西洋作家的啟發,除常在其作 品中引用外國作家作品外,他甚至還為文提倡中國創作者不妨以西方作家作品為 靈感來源,並因此樂於從事文學翻譯工作。 而比較閱讀張若谷翻譯的異國文藝作品原文與其譯本後,我們可以發現,張 若谷的翻譯雖然並不完美,但大抵忠實。張若谷熟悉法文,因此他所翻譯的法文 作品,幾乎都譯自原文。當時上海租界中的外文書店不少,加之以張若谷就讀震 旦大學的緣故,故多有機會接觸法文藏書。 張若谷法文不太差,翻譯大多尚算流暢,但也偶有少譯或不譯的段落。如張 若谷所譯的穆杭短篇小說〈迴聲,請你答應〉(l’echo, repondez)、莫郎的《留滬 外史》,偶會跳過若干描述人物心理、修辭過於繁複、刪除後亦與情節發展無關 的段落。然而,對於此類描繪現代人心靈的作品來說,這類心緒描寫,應是小說 特點,但張若谷的忽略漏譯,卻恰恰顯示了張若谷對於此類作品傳達的現代人內 心意識並不特別注意。從跨文化轉化的角度觀之,這類忽略與錯漏,也就是譯者 的翻譯策略和選擇,卻恰恰展現了兩種文學傳統或文學風格的交融,是值得關注 之處。首先,張若谷喜歡翻譯此類描寫都會男女的故事,應與都會兩性敘事在當 時上海文壇頗受歡迎有關;而他自己也認為,描寫兩性心理,應是中國現代文學 進一步發展的方向,所以方戮力為之。另一方面,可能受限於上海報刊連載故事 的篇幅,促使張若谷在翻譯時選擇放棄太多內心描寫的段落,結果其譯本反而與 其對小說人物心理描寫的重視背道而馳。 此外,我們也可以從張若谷的翻譯觀來理解其翻譯策略。文學評論家貝曼 (Antoine Berman)認為,譯者的翻譯態度和計畫,會影響他對另一地文學之詮 釋。而對張若谷來說,翻譯是什麼呢?他認為,從事翻譯工作,或閱讀翻譯文學, 是為了刺激現代中國作家產出一流的作品,以對國族文化的新生有所助益,因此, 他的翻譯策略也會特別受到其國族認同的影響。比如將張若谷在抗戰期間翻譯的 伏爾泰的《中國孤兒》譯本與原文比對時,我們會發現其譯本偶有所刪節,而其 刪節處,則多與此文句有損或有違中華民族精神有關,便是一個很好的例子。 張若谷曾在他的書中呼籲青年,以描寫都會或女性心理的西方文藝作品為典 範,學習寫作,並舉自己的〈都會交響曲〉為例說明。然經細讀其作品,並將之 與他推崇的書寫都會之能手穆杭之作品比較,我們可以發現,張若谷的創作與其 說受到這類異國文藝作品的影響,還不如說,此類描寫都會的作品給予他靈感, 使他有動力創作以上海為背景的相似小說。因為除了主題和男性人物視角設定外, 兩者在人物塑造、情節發展、語言風格上,都沒有明顯的共同之處。而且,張若

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谷作品中特別強調異國他者之色彩,為的是凸顯上海國際都市的面貌,以之為現 代中國之縮影,代表的是中國新生的未來,在這樣的心態下,現代都會人惶惑空 虛的心靈狀態,如同他在翻譯中做的刪節,反而不是他要刻畫的重點。 總的來說,本研究指出,張若谷的都會寫作,與其說是受到了其所翻譯、推 崇的異國都會文本之影響,更不如將之看成是他的跨文化實踐。他翻譯的文學作 品,帶給他靈感、刺激,然而其翻譯與創作,卻更具有海派都會敘事的特質。整 體來說,張若谷的創作、翻譯,展現出本地文學家對異國作品進行的跨文化轉化。 (二)、張若谷異國文藝思潮的譯介與再詮釋 研究一地文學對另一地文學之跨文化轉化,文學批評時常是其中相當重要的 一環——其重要,乃因為當時一地讀者如何理解、接受另一地之文學與文化,時 常與文學批評者如何詮釋另一地之文學樣態有關;然而,與其重要性相反,文學 批評,卻時常為人忽略。 張若谷十分熱衷撰寫文學評論,《異國情調》、《從魯迅到囂俄》等都是他的 文學評論集。張若谷特別推崇兩位法國的文學批評家,一位是法朗士(Anatole France, 1844-1924),一位是聖伯甫(Saint Beuve, 1804-1869)。而綜觀張若谷的文 學評論,較少細密論述,大都以流暢筆墨簡述閱讀作品的印象,而這類印象式的 文學評論風格,較類似法朗士。 法國浪漫主義文學作品,以及希臘時代的美學風格,都是張若谷在他的文學 批評中盛讚、推廣的。他之所以要在民初中國推崇這類文學作品,是因為他將歐 洲文明的興盛,歸結於希臘羅馬文藝復興的緣故;而現今他既要追求中國的文化 復興,這類作品在中國受到注意,並被廣泛閱讀,當然相當重要。 此外,在其文學評論中,對於三十年代在中國文壇流行的寫實主義文學潮流, 張若谷並不以為然,他推崇的是浪漫主義文學;並自稱為「世紀末的孩子」,提 倡世紀末美學,他認為以上這兩者才是中國現代文學的下一個階段。由此可見, 一地文學之被另一地文學接受或排拒,與譯者或評述者自身所處的文化脈絡與大 環境存在著緊密的關係。而文學評論者也很可能出於自身的文化需要或視野,對 另一地之文學形成自己的解釋,而這一個詮釋與想像,就涉及了跨文化轉化的範 疇,值得從此角度重新思考,而這也正是其文學評論也被納入對張若谷在三十年 代的跨文化實踐中加以梳理的意涵。在張若谷的文學評論中,他對法國浪漫主義、 希臘文藝精神的詮釋,不免帶有幾份想像,而他對這些文藝思潮與精神的詮釋, 以文字的形式通過報刊流傳,為讀者接受,也將間接影響當時讀者對異國文學的 認識。 (三)、張若谷都會與國族的文化想像與重構 張若谷在他的隨筆集中,曾指出幾個中國現代作家應該努力書寫的主題, 如都會書寫、女性心理的描寫等等,因為他認為這是中國現代作家最不足的地方。 然而,他之所以念茲在茲要中國現代作家努力補強不足,還是為了要使文學「現 代化」,也就是「新生」,以使國族文化得以「復興」。 我在以往對張若谷參與的《藝術三家言》研究中也指出,張若谷雖是成長在

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上個世紀初上海的年輕作家,他念天主教學校,法律系畢業,讀英法文書,熟悉 租界生活,上咖啡館,熱愛音樂、繪畫,好萊塢電影,讀世紀末詩人的詩,也看 喬瑟芬貝克的歌舞,是蓬勃發展中的上海國際都會培育出來的年輕文化愛好者, 嚮往「都會西方」(metropolitan west),但值得注意的是,當時中國所處的特殊歷 史環境以及國族不幸的命運,對於張若谷的文學信念還是產生了很大的影響。因 此他雖然嚮往都會,但如同當時中國的知識分子或文化人一般,國族情懷在他的 心中卻也未曾散去。上海越國際化,接觸異國文藝與文化潮流越易,於張若谷而 言,這代表的是,以上海文壇為首,漸漸向其他地方擴散的,一個通過接納西方 元素,孕育新國族文化的復興計畫正在成形。簡言之,張若谷的創作選擇、翻譯 策略、文化評述,由此都可以看成是他「想像中國」的一種方法。 通過寫作、翻譯、評論,以往只為人記憶為都會寫手的張若谷,卻在他的文 學生產中以各種方式表現出了新的生活體驗、傳遞了堅實的國族認同。其文學評 述與文化倡議,在摩登追求以外,實寄託了其復興國族新文化的願景。這個特殊 的文化實踐,不但為他在當時的文學領域標示出獨特的位置,也帶領讀者通過文 學的傳佈與接受,共同想像一個「現代的」中國人認同,通過凝視他者,跨文化 轉化出一本地的現代性面貌,而這也便是其人其事至今仍值得吾人關注的主要原 因。 本研究計畫目前已完成的研究成果如下: 1、〈「演繹/譯」現代:張若谷之創作、翻譯與上海一九三 O 都會文化〉,《身體國 體文體》(台灣:里仁書局,近期出版)。

2、 “Transculturate the Modern: Zhang Ruogu’s Literary Life in 1930s Shanghai”, 本文以英文撰寫,已投稿,審查中。

3、“Translation, Interpretation, Transculturation? A Study o

f Zhang Ruogu’s Translation of L‘orphelin de la Chine”, The biennial conference of EACS, Coimbra, July 26, 2014.

參考文獻 王德威,《現代抒情傳統四論》(臺北:臺大出版中心,2011)。 王斑,《歷史的崇高形象——二十世紀中國的美學與政治》(上海:三聯海外中國 現代文學研究譯叢,2008)。 王文英主編,《上海現代文學史》(上海:上海人民出版社,1999)。 孔海珠,《沉浮之間——上海文壇舊事二編》(上海:漢語大詞典出版社,2006)。 周小儀,《唯美主義與消費文化》(北京: 北京大學出版社,2002)。 朱華等著,《上海一百年》(上海:人民出版社,1999)。 朱曉進,《政治文化與中國二十世紀三十年代文學》(北京:人民出版社,2006)。 李歐梵著,毛尖譯,《上海摩登:一種都市文化在中國 1930-1945》(香港:香

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港牛津大學出版社,2000)。 李今,《海派小說論》(臺北:秀威資訊科技出版社,2005)。 李洪華,《上海文化與現代派文學》(臺北:秀威科技出版社,2008)。 徐雪筠編,《上海現代社會與經濟發展(1882-1931) 》 (上海:上海社科院出版 社,1985)。 吳福輝,《都市漩流中的海派小說》(上海:復旦大學出版社,2009)。 孟華主編,《比較文學形象學》(北京:北京大學出版社,2001)。 姚玳玫,《想像女性:海派小說的敘事》(北京:中國社會科學出版社,2004)。 陳平原,《中國小說敘事模式的轉變》(北京:北京大學出版社,2003)。 許鈞,《20 世紀法國文學在中國的譯介與接受》(湖北:湖北教育出版社,2007)。 唐振常,《近代上海繁華錄》(香港:商務印書館,1993)。 蘇雪林,《二三十年代作家及作品》(臺北:廣東出版社,1983)。 魏紹昌,《〈孽海花〉資料》(上海:上海古籍出版社,1982)。

Alexander Des Forges, Mediasphere Shanghai: The Aesthetics of Cultural Production (Hawaii: University of Hawaii press, 2007)

Catherine Vance Yeh, “The Life-Style of Four Wenren in Late Qing Shanghai.” Journal

of Asiatic Studies 57:2 (1997): 419-470

Henrich Otmar Fruehauf, “Urban Exoticism in Modern Chinese Literature 1910-1933” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1990.

Johnathan Hutt, “Enfant du Siècle: The Urban Symphonies of Zhang Ruogu”, http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/articles.php?searchterm=023_ruogu.inc&issue =023

Karen Laura Thornber, Empire of Texts in Motion: Chinese, Korean, and Taiwanese

Transculturations of Japanese Literature ( Cambridge MA and London: Harvard

University Asia Center, 2009).

Lawrence Venuti, "Translation and the formation of cultural identities", in Cultural

Functions of Translation, edited by Christine Schäffner and Helen Kelly-Holmes,

Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1995, 9-25.

Laikwan, Pang, “The Collective Subjectivity of Chinese Intellectuals and Their Café Culture in Republican Shanghai”, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 7:1 (2006.03): 24-42. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation(London: Routledge, 1992).

Perry Link, Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies: Popular Fiction in Early Twentieth

Century Chinese Cities(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).

Peng, Hsiao-yen. Dandyism and Transcultural Modernity: The Dandy, the Flaneur,

and the Translator in 1930s Shanghai, Tokyo, and Paris. New York: Routledge, 2010.

Rebecca L Walkowitz, Cosmopolitan Style: Modernism beyond the Nation(New York: Columbia University Press, 2005).

Shumei Shih, The Lure of the Modern: Writing Modernism in Semicolonial China,

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國科會補助專題研究計畫執行國際合作與移地研究心得報告

2014 年 8 月 28 日

一、 執行國際合作與移地研究過程

本研究計畫以民國時期作家張若谷為研究對象,全面考察其在三十年代的創作、翻譯及文學活 動,包括其出版及編輯活動,而所需資料,國內所藏已收集完畢,其他材料,則多在中國大陸。因 申請文獻傳遞,耗時甚久,且因無法自己翻閱,可能遺漏重要出版資訊等資料,又因刊物年代已久, 不能複印、重製;另外,撰寫論文中,也須和相關研究領域的專家交換意見、切磋心得,因此執行 計畫中,我親赴北京進行了為期近一週的移地研究。 此趟移地研究,我造訪了北京大學、人民大學,以及北京的中國國家圖書館,翻拍複印與張若 谷研究有關的材料,主要是三十年代的報刊以及張若谷的作品。此外,也順便收集了與此研究計畫 有關的材料,也在翻閱報刊時,形成了下一個研究計畫的研究概念,可謂是額外的收穫。 我也與北京大學、人民大學幾位近現代文學專家,陳平原老師、夏曉虹老師、楊聯芬老師碰面, 當面請教研究心得,交流兩岸研究現況,並與其他青年教師進行學術、教學的交流,收穫匪淺。

二、 研究成果

此次移地研究的研究成果,為我已投稿的論文,未免重複,請見研究計畫成果報告附錄。

三、 建議

無。

四、本次出國若屬國際合作研究,雙方合作性質係屬:(可複選)

□分工收集研究資料

□交換分析實驗或調查結果

□共同執行理論建立模式並驗証

□共同執行歸納與比較分析

□元件或產品分工研發

□其他 (請填寫) _______

計畫編號

NSC 102-2410-H-005-060-

計畫名稱

異國、都會與跨文化接觸:張若谷的創作、翻譯與 1930 年代上海都

會文化

出國人員

姓名

陳碩文

服務機構

及職稱

國立中興大學中文系助理教授

出國時間

2014 年 3 月 31

日至 2014 年 4 月

6 日

出國地點

北京

出國研究

目的

□實驗 □田野調查 □採集樣本 □國際合作研究 ■使用國外研究設施

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1

國科會補助專題研究計畫出席國際學術會議心得報告

日期: 2014 年 8 月 28 日

一、參加會議經過

歐洲漢學會議為兩年一度之國際研討會,由歐洲漢學協會(EACS)主辦,今年七月於葡萄牙 的 Braga 和 Coimbra 兩個大學城舉行,為期四天,參與學者多達數百人。我和台灣學者、新加坡學 者一起組成 panel,主題為中國現代文學翻譯,向大會遞交個別摘要及小組主題說明,幸能通過審 查,應邀赴歐發表論文。本組論文發表被安排在會議最後一天的早上,全場以英文舉行。我的論 文研究民國作家張若谷的伏爾泰(Voltaire)《中國孤兒》(L‘orphelin de la Chine)一劇中譯,從翻 譯批評論的角度,探討譯者的翻譯立場、態度和計畫,如何影響其翻譯策略和成果;同組另一位 學友則以近現代中國情書的翻譯為主要研究對象,探討情書如何在近現代中國文學場域中,通過 傳統與西方文學的對話,形成現代面貌;另一位學友則處理魯迅小說英譯本中的女性聲音,探討 女性譯者在翻譯時採取的沉默策略,如何表述了一種女性主義立場。這三篇論文主軸都圍繞近現 代中國文學與翻譯,不只探討譯本與原本的差異,譯者的翻譯策略和其成績,通過比對、研究, 更要追問的是,譯者為何選擇此一翻譯策略,本地文化與文學傳統,乃至於時代脈絡等外部環境 如何影響翻譯活動,譯本與原本間的差異該如何從跨文化、跨性別的角度加以理解,以加深我們 對近現代中國文學發展的認識。論文發表結束後的問答時間,台下聽眾與發表人的互動亦很踴躍, 針對中國現代文學的跨文化、跨語際現象進行了很深入的討論,此次的小組發表可謂十分成功。

計畫編號

NSC 102-2410-H-005-060-

計畫名稱

異國、都會與跨文化接觸:張若谷的創作、翻譯與 1930 年代上海都會

文化

出國人員

姓名

陳碩文

服務機構

及職稱

國立中興大學中文系助理教授

會議時間

2014 年 7 月 23 日

至 2014 年 7 月 26

會議地點

葡萄牙 Braga, Coimbra

會議名稱

(中文)第二十屆歐洲漢學會議雙年會

(英文)The XX Biennial Conference of the European Association of

Chinese Studies

發表題目

(中文) 〈翻譯?詮釋?建構?:張若谷《中國孤兒》翻譯研究〉

(英文) “Translation, Interpretation, Transculturation? A Study of Zhang

Ruogu’s Translation of L‘orphelin de la Chine”

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2

二、與會心得

歐洲漢學會議廣邀與漢學研究相關之各領域、各國學者發表論文,因此參與人數多,同一時 段共有五到十場的小組發表。議題也相當多元,包含政治、經濟、佛教、書畫、華語教學等各範 疇。會議的發表形式亦相當尊重論文發表人,可由發表小組自由安排討論和互動時間,一個半小 時的會議場次,限定發表人報告十五到二十分鐘,剩下的時間完全交給發表人彼此或與聽眾互動, 討論時間相當充足,氣氛也很自由,是一個能與各國漢學領域學者切磋、交流的重要學術場合。 今年與我的研究領域——中國近現代文學——相關的論文場次並不太多,讓我受益很多的,除了 國立政治大學人文中心專業數據庫團隊發表的數位人文學相關研究成果,還有黃錦珠老師的晚清 女性作家研究,而這兩個場次所受到的熱烈迴響,足以說明跨學科的人文研究,以及清末民初中 國文學與文化的轉型等相關議題,在本研究領域仍相當受到關注。國外學者方面,義大利幾位學 者組成的研究團隊,以十八、十九世紀義大利文本中的中國、中國文人、作家筆下的義大利為主 題,從比較形象學、跨文化的角度探討近代的中西文化交流,頗為深入。另外,以法國巴黎第七 大學的學者為主所組成的研究團隊,以近現代中國文學的文類形成為研究主題,各發表幾篇論文, 亦從跨文化視野對中國現代文學研究提出頗有新意的詮釋。從上可知,以跨文化、多語多元的視 角進行近現代中國文學研究,仍是現在國際漢學界相關研究領域的重點,亦是我近年的研究興趣, 有此交流,頗感受益。

三、發表論文全文或摘要

(請見附文)

四、建議

我從 2010 年開始參與歐洲漢學會議,從博士生時期到進入學校任教止,共出席了三次。出席 會議發表論文的歷程,從籌組跨國研究小組、撰寫論文、準備英文演講與回應,相當費時費力, 尤其在身負教學工作後,尤感不易。但每次出席此會議,都給我帶來很大的收穫和成長,尤其幸 運的是,得以擴展了我的學術視野,與許多國外學者有所交流,實在十分感謝師長們的鼓勵,以 及科技部一直以來的支持。今年歐洲漢學會議迎來了第二十屆,卻引發了一些風波,實在遺憾。 儘管如此,我認為歐洲漢學會議是一個難得的學術交流場合,對於年輕學者如我,仍是一個很好 的成長與經驗;亦是將台灣優異的漢學研究成果,與國際分享、交流的平台。不論外在環境如何 變動,台灣學者的在國外漢學界的參與和發聲,實屬緊要,希望,也期待未來我還是有機會繼續 參加。

五、攜回資料名稱及內容

大會手冊及摘要。

六、其他

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Translation, Interpretation, Transculturation?

A Study of Zhang Ruogu’s Translation of L‘orphelin de la Chine

Chen Shuowin

Abstract

In 1939, Zhang Ruogu translated Voltaire’s (1694-1778) well-known play L‘orphelin de la Chine: la

morale de Confucius en cinq actes into Chinese. It was published as a series in Shanghai’s China-America Daily, and later as a book titled The Orphan of China in 1940. In fact, Voltaire translated and adapted Ji

Junxiang’s Yuan Zaju The Orphan of Zhao into The Orphan of China in 1755, basically based on the missionary Joseph de Prémare (1666-1736)’s L'orphelin de la Maison de Tchao, tragédie chinoise (1735). Afterward, Voltaire’s adaptation made this story well-known in Europe. The translations of The Orphan of

Zhao and The Orphan of China have attracted considerable attention from preceding scholars. However,

Zhang Ruogu’s translation of Voltaire’s The Orphan of China, which was completed in Shanghai during the war against Japan, has been rarely mentioned. Through comparing Voltaire’s The Orphan of China with Zhang Ruogu’s translation in 1940, this article points out that, neither Voltaire nor Zhang Ruogu’s translation was faithful; rather, they could be viewed as a reinterpretation of its predecessor of translation. Furthermore, Zhang Ruogu greatly admired Voltaire’s discourse on exoticism – Foreign literature translation could enrich one’s own culture through an examination of the “other.” – and emulated, transculturated it by taking this exoticism translation discourse as a means to renew his own national culture and ultimately revive the nation. Therefore, this article also inspects Voltaire and Zhang Ruogu’s exoticism discourse, exploring the cultural connotation of Zhang Ruogu’s translation of The Orphan of China which was done during the Sino-Japanese War, which demonstrating Zhang Ruogu’s attempt to construct a China identity contrasted with other nations and to summon and affirm “the self” of Chinese culture through translation. This contradiction therefore makes Zhang Ruogu’s translation a good case to explore the complicated East Asian modernity.

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English Working Paper

Good morning. Thank you for your interest in my presentation. It is my pleasure to be here with you to share my recent research. For the past couple of years I have been working on modern literature in 1930s Shanghai, and particularly the interplay between western literary thought and Chinese modern literature. I am new to the translation studies field, so your suggestions or comments are most welcome to help me carry on my research.

The title of my short presentation is A Study of Zhang Ruogu’s Translation of L‘orphelin de la

Chine. L‘orphelin de la Chine, or, in English, The Orphan of China, as we all know, is a famous work of

Voltaire, that was written in 1755. This play is an adaptation of Ji Junxiang’s Yuan Zaju Zhaoshi gu’er, The

Orphan of Zhao. Voltaire’s adaptation made this story well-known in Europe.

The Chinese translation of this Voltaire’s play was first translated into Chinese by Zhang Ruogu during the 1940s. He completed it in Shanghai during the Sino-Japanese war. From Zhaoshi gu’er to L‘orphelin de la

Chine, this story underwent a process of travel, rewriting and translation. This translation tour of Zhaoshi gu’er has attracted significant scholarly attention. However, the Chinese translation of Voltaire’s masterpiece

has been relatively neglected. What happened on the translational and transnational journey of this orphan as it returned home in the early part of the last century? How is the first Chinese translation of this story? And, who was Zhang Ruogu?

The examination of this Chinese translation is the main purpose of my presentation today. Through comparing Voltaire’s work, L‘orphelin de la Chine with Zhang Ruogu’s Chinese translation from 1942, and investigating Zhang Ruogu’s life story, I hope to explore the cultural meaning of Zhang Ruogu’s translation of

L‘orphelin de la Chine during the Sino-Japanese War from the perspective that translation can be perceived as

a process of reinterpreting a previous work, and also as a transcultural practice. This study demonstrates how Zhang Ruogu’s literary horizon and his attempt to construct or reaffirm a China cultural identity influences his translation.

My presentation will comprise three parts. First, I will briefly elaborate the translational journey of

Zhaoshi gu’er, from Yuan Zaju to a French drama. Second, I’d like to highlight some of the results of

analyzing Voltaire’s L‘orphelin de la Chine with Zhang Ruogu’s Chinese translation as examples, then elaborate my interpretations of them. Finally, borrowing from the perspective of cultural translation studies, I will further illustrate the cultural connotations of Zhang Ruogu’s Chinese translation of this French play during the 1940s, a time of war.

Before presenting my findings, let us briefly review the translation history of Zhaoshi gu’er in Europe.

Zhaoshi gu’er was adopted by Ji Junxiang in the Yuan dynasty, with its full title being The Great Revenge of the Orphan of Zhao. The story, which occurs in the Spring and Autumn period, concerns the Zhao

family who were framed by a cunning minister Tuanjia. The entire family was destroyed, with the little boy Zhaowu being the only survivor. The story ends with an account of how the orphan of Zhao becomes an adult and takes revenge for his family. The play is divided into six parts, comprising five acts and a wedge, and contains both dialogue and songs.

The Jesuit father Joseph de Prémare translated Zhaoshi gu’e into French in 1731, with this French translation being titled Le Petit Orphelin de la Maison de Tchao. Premaré's work translated only the dialogue and omitted the songs. Due to this omission, some critics (like René Etiemble) have tended not to give this translation full credit, and instead have treated it as an incomplete translation project that showed the inability

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of Premaré to master the aesthetics of Chinese Yuan drama.

Jean Baptiste Du Halde published The Orphan of Zhao as part of his work (Description Géographique,

Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de l'Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinois) in 1735.

He proclaimed that this play simply reflected the respect of Chinese people for morality, and that his intention in collecting this play was to present the noble moral spirit of the Chinese. Subsequently, Prémare's translation was retranslated and adapted into English, and Italian, which allowed it to be received by audiences from different countries and cultures.

Voltaire adapted this play into his L'Orphelin de la Chine in 1753. In his adaptation, Voltaire praised the morality expressed in the play, remarking that it was a "valuable monument of antiquity, and provides us more insight into the manners of China than ever.” However, the misadventure of the orphan is quite different in Voltaire's play. The background setting becomes a Tartar invasion, and the orphan, the royal heir, is entrusted to the official Zamti by the Chinese monarch. Voltaire’s adaptation introduces the theme of love (which is absent in the original play) as Genghis Khan harbors a secret passion for Idamé, the wife of Zamti, but she rejects him and instead insists on remaining true to her nation. As many researchers have noted, Voltaire altered the story to fit his ideas of European enlightenment and Chinese civilization. In his adaptation, the story represents an example of good, and demonstrates the natural superiority of morality over brute force and barbarism.Besides, the Voltaire adaptation may also show popular contemporary trends in French theatre and the tastes of audiences. This contrasts with the original play, which dealt simply with intrigue and revenge. In 1755, at the Comédie Français in Paris, L'Orphelin de la Chine was performed on stage the first time and received high praise.

Voltaire’s L'Orphelin de la Chine has both enjoyed strong literary fame and contributed to directing the attention of scholars to the rewriting and translation of Zhaoshi gu’er. Additionally, it is taken as a reflection of the Chinoiserie prevailing in 18th Century Europe. However, from the perspective of translation, it also can be seen as a transcultural undertaking involving a meeting between East and West. More specifically, this kind of translation or adaptation illustrates how the indigenization and representation of foreign elements in literary translations reveals the attitude of the translator toward the other and the self in the given context. For example, in this play, the image of China has been appropriated or transcultured to fit Voltaire’s own ideal pursuit of enlightenment thought.

That also raises the initial purpose of my study, namely to examine what happened when this

L'Orphelin de la Chine returned home. What kind of transculturation occurred this time? Finally, how can the

approach of Zhang Ruogu’s translation be justified?

A comparative perspective can help to illustrate my point. Let us talk about L'Orphelin de la Chine and Zhang Ruogu’s Chinese translation.

I shall start with a brief review of Zhang Ruogu’s Chinese translation of Voltaire’s play.

Zhang Ruogu translated this play into Chinese beginning in 1939. At first, the translation was serialized in the periodical 中美日報, under the title Genghis Khan. Later, in 1942, Zhang published the translation in book form. In the preface of this book, Zhang Ruogu mentioned that he was inspired to translate the play into Chinese because he had read Zhang Yuanji’s work, Chinese Personality.

Zhang Yuanji, a notable publisher and writer, played an important role in the history of Chinese modern literature, particularly because he was long responsible for the development of the Commercial Press, the first modern publisher in China. During the Sino-Japanese war, Zhang Yuanji turned to Chinese historical works for inspiration, and rewrote and published eight stories, including that of Zhaoshi gu’er, to cultivate

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clean moral principles in the Chinese people, which he thought would help strengthen the Chinese culture and nation. Zhang Ruogu shared in this endeavor, and so decided to translate the French adaptation of this story into Chinese.

OK, now let us return to Zhang Ruogu’s translation. Basically, it is reasonable to assert that Zhang Ruogu took directly the French version of the play as the basis for his translation. Although Zhang Ruogu’s translation is quite accurate, it is not surprising that careful comparison with the original text reveals some discrepancies or omissions. Since time is limited, I will only present some examples which seem most relevant. I will focus particularly on two points: form, the omission part, and the image of characters.

The first relevant inconsistency in the translation of French is in form.

Zhang Ruogu translated the play in a manner that almost completely follows the original. The main difference is that Zhang Ruoug translated the French drama “tragédie, en vers et en cinq actes” into vernacular prose. For this reason some critics do not fully appreciate his translation, although in the early 20th Century, such translations were quite prevalent. Besides, the translation preserved the five ‘acts’ of the original, as well as all of the characters. However, Zhang Ruogu nevertheless deleted some “scenes”, or combined them with other scenes, which my analysis suggests was done simply to shorten the play.

The second obvious difference is that Zhang Ruogu deleted some plots and phrases that seemed to contradict the patriotic spirit he wished to express. For example, in the original play, Genghis Khan engages Zamti to become the minister in his court. This scene is deleted by Zhang Ruogu. Zhang explained his reason for the omission as follows: “Zamti’s morality is defiled by this proposal.” After all, we all know the famous Chinese idiom: “No loyal man serves two masters.”

Besides, in this French play, Voltaire let Zamti mentioned that the Japanese never surrender, but instead would choose suicide, an example Zamti decides to emulate. This paragraph was also deleted by Zhang Ruogu. Considering that he completed the translation during the Sino-Japanese war, and given his patriotic motivations, this omission is unsurprising.

In his translation, Zhang Ruogu strongly emphasizes the loyalty and courage of Chinese roles. For example, in the original play, Zamti told his servant:

Songe au Roi que tu dois conserver. (要想到你有幼君要搭救。)

Zhang Ruogu translated it as follows: 你應當盡忠報國,不忘大宋皇帝的恩澤。

We can see that how the virtue “loyalty” (忠) to the emperor of the Sung Dynasty is added to the translation, with the context such as to suggest that to “be loyal to your emperor” is equivalent in meaning to “be loyal to your nation”.

In another part, Zamti told his servant that he wished the Korean king would soon come to save the life of the young heir. Here the original phrases were:

Ce malheureux enfant, l’objet de leur terreur.

Il peut sauver mon Roi. Je prends sur mon moi le reste.

The direct translation into Chinese should be:

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高麗王至少能帶走他免受摧殘 他能救我的幼君,其餘的責任我負。 However, Zhang Ruogu translated it as:

……過了相當時期,再送他到高麗去,希望太子生長到成人的時候,能夠回到中國來替他的父皇 報仇。

Zhang Ruogu’s translation thus adds revenge, which does not exist in the adaptation of Voltaire. In fact, this alteration seems to more closely resemble the original Yuan drama Zhaoshi gu’er.

Additionally, the psychological description, such as the fragility and weakness of these roles, is decreased in Zhang Ruogu’s translation. For example, we can all imagine that giving his own son to the enemy to replace the heir was not an easy decision for Zamti. Voltaire’s work depicts this inner feeling of Zamti. However, the Chinese translation of Zhang Ruogu excludes the description of Zamti’s mind, as it does that of Idamé, Zamti’s wife. In Voltaire’s work, Idamé is an added female character, not present in the Zhaoshi

gu’er Yuan drama. In Voltaire’s adaptation, Idamé has been loved by Genghis Khan. After spending a long

time apart, the pair meet again, and she tells Genghis Khan that she was touched by his confession of love from many years previously. However, this scene is deleted from the Chinese translation.

After examining texts, we can find that, from Ji junxiang’s Zhaoshu gu’er, to Voltaire’s L'Orphelin de

la Chine, the story of the orphan underwent a long process of travel, rewriting, translation and transformation.

This study shows that the story successfully drew on different literary and theatrical genres from specific times and places. Together, I believe that these two versions simply reflected the reinterpretation and the transculturation of the original story from the mid-18th century to the early 20th century. However, the detailed trajectory of the tour of Zhaoshi gu’er is not the main concern of this study. My main concern today is, using the above idea to find that these alterations in the Chinese translation of Zhang Ruogu may not reflect how Voltaire or the French readers at that time interpreted Chinese theatre or culture, or what kind of enlightenment philosophical ideas Voltaire wanted to share with this play. To Zhang Ruogu, it may have been most important to share the strength of the Chinese people and their concern with preserving heritage, while Chinese readers may have wished to learn from this play at a critical time of national crisis. Important lessons contained in the work were national loyalty, and the bravery to continue fighting and never surrender.

Next, I would argue that the alteration of Zhang Ruogu did in his translation raises an interesting issue. The question is, does that mean the 1940s Chinese translation of Zhang Ruogu is a bad one? Antoine Berman’s study reminds us that translation journey not only concerns the problem of loyal or perfect translation, but also the position, project and horizon of the translator, and how the translator represents other cultures and literary works.

Through the methodological prism of this criticism of translation, this study asks whether we can better understand both the significance of the Chinese translation version of L'Orphelin de la Chine produced by Zhang Ruogu, and his attitude toward modern Chinese literature, to justify his approach to translation?

Let’s start this argument by taking a look at Zhang Ruogu’s literary life, and the contemporary cultural background.

Zhang Ruogu grew up in Shanghai, attended a French school, and studied French literature with missionaries. According to his memoir, these experiences familiarized him with French literature, such as the

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works of Molière, Victor Hugo, and of course, Voltaire’s masterpieces. Considering his interest in and familiarity with French literature, he naturally became interested in Voltaire’s L'Orphelin de la Chine, and hence his decision to translate it is unsurprising.

Although he did not have the chance to study aboard, he began his literary career by translating and introducing European literature in newspapers and journals, such as the fables of Jean de La Fontaine, and the articles of Anatole France. Thanks to the rapid cultural flow in urban cities throughout the world early in the last century, Zhang Ruogu was also familiar with new global cultural trends and enthusiastic in presenting them in his column. Zhang Ruogu was an advocate for the urban life and cosmopolitan culture of Shanghai. He became famous for his urban literature and its promotion of a new modern lifestyle. In his opinions, people who understand how to become familiar with foreign cultural activities, art and literature, can help to build a new fresh national culture. During the war period, he was active as a journalist, did some reports for 大晚報. In short, Zhang Ruogu is the kind of young man who embraces newness and modernity, but believes that this new trends can help accelerate the development of modern Chinese culture.

As is well known, since the late Qing period, Chinese writers and readers tended to take translation literature from foreign countries as a source of inspiration, and this literature thus provided a basis for new experiments in Chinese literature. Zhang Ruogu basically shared the same thoughts as his predecessors and companions. In his article Zhang Ruogu quoted a phrase of Voltaire: “foreign literature can be seen almost like a torch that lights the figure of a neighbor”. Zhang Ruogu illustrates that this phrase simply means foreign literature can always inspire people to write, and thus Chinese people should read more translated literature.

In this study, I wish to point out that his insights into the translation literature undoubtedly affect Zhang Ruogu’s approach to translation. He wrote in the preface of this translation that Voltaire’s L'Orphelin

de la Chine reflected the high morality and quality of Chinese people, and provided a great example how

Chinese ethics were admired by Europeans. He believed that this strong morality could become the basis for cultural and national revival in China during the war period, and hence that it was necessary to translate the play into Chinese. Nevertheless, Zhang Ruogu’s translation of the play is not perfect. For example, he deleted and altered certain phrases or plots, such as the part talking about Japanese culture, and emphasized the loyalty and bravery of Zamti. However, these changes simply reflected his concept of viewing translation as a way to inspire the nation and help to strengthen it culturally. This same attitude carries over into his views toward Chinese modern literature and Chinese culture.

Moreover, there is another interesting point. In this case, Zhang Ruogu tried to represent in his translation how “indigene culture” had been represented by others. In his adaptation of the Yuan drama

Zhaoshi gu’er, Voltaire stressed the natural quality of people, and used this as a symbol that goodness can

compass violence, a change that was related to his own cultural context. However, in Zhang Ruogu’s translation, he altered this human pursuit by incorporating Chinese traditional virtues, and emphasized the “loyalty” and “chastity” of Chinese people. In this respect, he created a French drama that represented an ideal “self”, a pure and great Chinese moral world.

Ok, now, I should bring my presentation to an end by presenting some conclusions.

First of all, I wish to point out that by examining Voltaire’s L'Orphelin de la Chine and Zhang Ruogu’s Chinese translation of this French play, we find that the imperfect translation in Zhang Ruogu’s Chinese version demonstrates that cultural and literary background did impact the translating activity. Moreover, the difference of this Chinese translation also relates to the translator’s understanding of and interest in literature.

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different texts—local, foreign, past and present. Similarly, I argue that based on Voltaire’s adaptation of L'Orphelin de la

Chine to Zhang Ruogu’s Chinese translation, these translations and adaptations can be perceived as a cultural

representation, or a transculturational practice. This is the most important point for scholarly attention, and for increasing our understanding of the significance of these works. Based on this understanding, a thorough assessment of Zhang Ruogu’s translation occurs only when we also consider Zhang Ruogu’s own literature philosophy, and background.

Therefore, we can say that Zhang Ruogu’s translation of this play is different, and perhaps cannot express either the real beauty and complete form of French drama, nor the real spirit that Voltaire tried to capture. The efficacy of Zhang Ruogu’s translation was not successful owing to the constraints of historical context and his limited motivation. However, he did show readers how a French writer viewed Chinese people, and the existence of Chinoiserie in the 18th Century.

Thirdly, my study suggests that the reason Zhang Ruogu and his literary production are important is because they provide us a good case to rediscover how interwoven those writers’ cultural opinions of cosmopolitanism and national identity were during the early 20th Century. Even Zhang Ruogu, as a young man in 1930s Shanghai, embraced “the metropolitan west”, as Shih Shu-mei pointed out; however, from thoroughly examining his discourse on different occasions, we can find that he still cared considerably about the future of China.

This study merely represents the start of my research on Chinese modernity during the early period of the last century under an intercultural and translation framework. I am certain that more research on both this topic and more in depth investigation of “the cycle littéraire” of Zhaishi gu’er, is called for to expand our understanding of these works. OK, I have to stop here. So that will be the end of my presentation. Thank you very much for your attention.

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科技部補助計畫衍生研發成果推廣資料表

日期:2014/09/27

科技部補助計畫

計畫名稱: 異國、都會與跨文化接觸:張若谷的創作、翻譯與1930年代上海都會文化 計畫主持人: 陳碩文 計畫編號: 102-2410-H-005-060- 學門領域: 文學與文化

無研發成果推廣資料

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102 年度專題研究計畫研究成果彙整表

計畫主持人:陳碩文 計畫編號:102-2410-H-005-060- 計畫名稱:異國、都會與跨文化接觸:張若谷的創作、翻譯與 1930 年代上海都會文化 量化 成果項目 實際已達成 數(被接受 或已發表) 預期總達成 數(含實際已 達成數) 本計畫實 際貢獻百 分比 單位 備 註 ( 質 化 說 明:如 數 個 計 畫 共 同 成 果、成 果 列 為 該 期 刊 之 封 面 故 事 ... 等) 期刊論文 0 0 100% 研究報告/技術報告 0 0 100% 研討會論文 0 0 100% 篇 論文著作 專書 0 0 100% 申請中件數 0 0 100% 專利 已獲得件數 0 0 100% 件 件數 0 0 100% 件 技術移轉 權利金 0 0 100% 千元 碩士生 0 0 100% 博士生 0 0 100% 博士後研究員 0 0 100% 國內 參與計畫人力 (本國籍) 專任助理 0 0 100% 人次 期刊論文 0 0 100% 研究報告/技術報告 0 0 100% 研討會論文 0 0 100% 篇 論文著作 專書 0 0 100% 章/本 申請中件數 0 0 100% 專利 已獲得件數 0 0 100% 件 件數 0 0 100% 件 技術移轉 權利金 0 0 100% 千元 碩士生 0 0 100% 博士生 0 0 100% 博士後研究員 0 0 100% 國外 參與計畫人力 (外國籍) 專任助理 0 0 100% 人次

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其他成果

(

無法以量化表達之成 果如辦理學術活動、獲 得獎項、重要國際合 作、研究成果國際影響 力及其他協助產業技 術發展之具體效益事 項等,請以文字敘述填 列。) 無 成果項目 量化 名稱或內容性質簡述 測驗工具(含質性與量性) 0 課程/模組 0 電腦及網路系統或工具 0 教材 0 舉辦之活動/競賽 0 研討會/工作坊 0 電子報、網站 0 目 計畫成果推廣之參與(閱聽)人數 0

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科技部補助專題研究計畫成果報告自評表

請就研究內容與原計畫相符程度、達成預期目標情況、研究成果之學術或應用價

值(簡要敘述成果所代表之意義、價值、影響或進一步發展之可能性)

、是否適

合在學術期刊發表或申請專利、主要發現或其他有關價值等,作一綜合評估。

1. 請就研究內容與原計畫相符程度、達成預期目標情況作一綜合評估

■達成目標

□未達成目標(請說明,以 100 字為限)

□實驗失敗

□因故實驗中斷

□其他原因

說明:

2. 研究成果在學術期刊發表或申請專利等情形:

論文:□已發表 ■未發表之文稿 □撰寫中 □無

專利:□已獲得 □申請中 ■無

技轉:□已技轉 □洽談中 ■無

其他:(以 100 字為限)

3. 請依學術成就、技術創新、社會影響等方面,評估研究成果之學術或應用價

值(簡要敘述成果所代表之意義、價值、影響或進一步發展之可能性)(以

500 字為限)

本研究以民國作家張若谷的著與譯為主要研究對象,從跨文化轉化的角度,

考察其於三四十年代上海的文學活動,並評述其文學成就。上海三四十年代

的都會文化與文學,近年來已受到學界相當多的注意,然而張若谷作為曾活

躍一時的作家、記者與譯者,其人其事仍未受到學界足夠的重視。本研究在

前人研究的基礎上,盡力全面收集與張若谷相關之研究材料,通過耙梳其所

參與的報刊、比對其翻譯與創作、細讀文本,完成幾篇論文,呈現張若谷通

過翻譯異國文藝,創作與倡議都會文學,期待以之復興國族文化的文化意見。

本研究並指出,透過創作、翻譯與編輯,張若谷的文學活動象徵的是。中國

現代文人如何通過援用西方文藝,型塑新文化想像,建構出一本地現代性面

貌。本研究不只為張若谷之文學成就與文化意義研究領域補白,也希望以張

若谷文學活動之研究為起點,以更寬廣的視角深化、開展中國現代文學與跨

文化接觸、中國文學現代性的研究圖景。本研究已完成三篇論文,集中討論

張若谷的文學活動、翻譯、文學評論以及創作,一篇已在國際會議中發表,

一篇期刊論文已投稿,審查中,一篇專書論文即將出版。

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