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可對蔗糖合成瓷絲胺酸基進行多重磷酸化修飾之水稻錳离子依賴型蛋白質激瓷之檢定

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*Corresponding author. Tel: +886-2-23630231 ext. 3251; Fax: +886-2-23660434; E-mail: aywang@ntu.edu.tw

Identification of rice manganese-dependent protein kinases that

phosphorylate sucrose synthase at multiple serine residues

Zheng-Chia Tsai and Ai-Yu Wang*

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106

(Received October 2, 2002; Accepted January 16, 2003)

Abstract. Sucrose synthase from the etiolated seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tainung 67) was

phosphory-lated both in vivo and in vitro. Four protein kinases that phosphoryphosphory-lated recombinant rice sucrose synthase 1 (RSuS1) in a Mn2+-dependent manner were partially purified and characterized from etiolated rice seedlings. These four kinases,

designated as RPK1, RPK2, RPK3 and RPK4, are monomeric enzymes with apparent molecular masses of 34 kDa, 57 kDa, 30 kDa, and 30 kDa, respectively. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the 32P-labeled phosphorylated

recombi-nant RSuS1 indicated that it was phosphorylated at serine residues by these four RPKs. RP-HPLC/ESI-MS analysis of the tryptic peptides of phosphorylated RSuS suggested that the serine residues in the tryptic peptides 13-LHSVR-17 and 168-HLSSK-13-LHSVR-172 were the target residues for phosphorylation. For confirmation of this finding, mutant re-combinant RSuS1, S15A, S170A and S15A/S170A, were purified and subjected to phosphorylation by the four partially purified kinases. The results showed that both Ser15 and Ser170 residues were target residues for RPK1, PRK2 and PRK3 and Ser15 was the major phosphorylation site in RSuS1. Phosphorylation of RSuS1 may not occur exclu-sively at these two sites since weak phosphorylation of the double mutant protein S15A/S170A was also observed. Phosphorylation of the mutant S15A and S15A/S170A by RPK4 was undetectable, indicating that Ser15 was the only target residue for this kinase.

Keywords: Manganese-dependent protein kinases; Rice; Sucrose synthase.

Introduction

Sucrose synthase (UDPG: D-fructose 2-glucosyl transferase, SuS) was first described by Cardini et al. (1955) and has been characterized in various plant species. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of sucrose and UDP into fructose and UDPG. Although the reaction is readily reversible, it is thought that SuS functions primarily in the direction of sucrose degradation to provide sugar nucle-otides for complex saccharides synthesis (Chourey and Nelson, 1976; Amor et al., 1995; Déjardin et al., 1997; Chourey et al., 1998).

In most plants, SuS is encoded by two or three genes that are spatially and temporally regulated and are differ-entially modulated by the sugar level, anaerobiosis (Zeng et al., 1998; Wang et al., 1999; Winter and Huber, 2000 and references therein; Barratt et al., 2001; Carlson et al., 2002), and osmotic stress (Déjardin et al., 1999). In potato, SnRK1 (SNF1-related protein kinase) activity is required for nor-mal SuS gene expression (Purcell et al., 1998). On the pro-tein level, the enzyme activity in sucrose synthesis and sucrose cleavage was reported to be differentially affected by divalent metal ions (Delmer, 1972; Tsai, 1974; Huang and Wang, 1998), protein factors (Pontis and Salerno, 1982),

and the redox state of the enzyme (Pontis et al., 1981). In addition, SuS is post-translationally regulated by revers-ible phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of SuS in vivo and in vitro by endogenous or exogenous protein kinases in a Ca2+-dependent manner has been demonstrated in several plants such as maize (Huber et al., 1996; Winter et al., 1997; Subbaiah and Sachs, 2001), soybean nodule (Zhang and Chollet, 1997; Zhang et al., 1999), tomato (Anguenot et al., 1999), mung bean (Nakai et al., 1998), cotton (Haigler et al., 2001), and rice (Asano et al., 2002). Recently, Chikano et al. (2001) reported that an Arabidopsis SnRK3 protein, AtSR2, expressed in E. coli efficiently phosphorylated SuS in the presence of manganese ions. However, the signifi-cance of SuS phosphorylation in vivo is not clear. Phos-phorylation/dephosphorylation of the enzyme has been suggested to play a role in regulating its activity (Zhang and Chollet, 1997; Nakai et al., 1998; Anguenot et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 1999; Haigler et al., 2001; Tanase et al., 2002), in its distribution between the cytosol, plasma membrane, and actin cytoskeleton (Amor et al., 1995; Winter et al., 1997; Winter and Huber, 2000), and also in the response of cells to environmental and developmental signals (Subbaiah and Sachs, 2001).

In rice, there are three non-allelic RSus genes encod-ing SuS (Wang et al., 1992; Yu et al., 1992; Huang et al., 1996; Wang et al., 1999). The gene products of RSus1 and RSus2 are ubiquitously present in suspension-cultured

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cells, etiolated seedlings, and seeds while those of RSus3 are predominantly found in rice seeds (Wang et al., 1999). Regulation of rice SuS (RSuS) by a calmodulin-like domain protein kinase in a Ca2+-dependent manner in immature rice seeds has been reported recently (Asano et al., 2002). In this study, we demonstrated that RSuS in etiolated rice seedlings could also be phosphorylated by endogenous kinases in a Mn2+-dependent manner. By using the recom-binant RSuS expressed in E. coli as a substrate for kinase activity assay, we partially purified and characterized four protein kinases that phosphorylated RSuS1 predominantly on Ser15 and S er170 resi dues. To t he best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that SuS can be phosphorylated at multiple serine residues by dif-ferent Mn2+-dependent protein kinases.

Materials and Methods

Materials

DEAE Sephacel, CM Sepharose Fast Flow, Sephacryl S-100 HR, Protein A Sepharose CL-4B and protein molecu-lar mass markers were from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Tablets were pur-chased from Roche Molecular Biochemicals. [γ-32P]ATP (6000 Ci·mmol-1), [32P]Pi (8500-9120 Ci·mmol-1) was from NEN Life Science Products, Inc. The QuickChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit was from Stratagene. Okadaic acid was obtained from Calbiochem. PVDF membranes were from Millipore. All other biochemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.

Seeds of Oryza sativa L. cv. Tainung 67 were germi-nated and grown at 30°C in complete darkness for 10 days. The harvested etiolated seedlings were frozen in liquid ni-trogen and stored at -80°C until used.

Expression and Purification of Recombinant RSuS1

Plasmid pETsus1, which carries the coding region of RSus1 cDNA under the control of T7 promoter, was trans-formed into E. coli BLR (DE3). Expression and purifica-tion of the recombinant RSuS1 to near homogeneity from E. coli was carried out as described previously (Sayion et al., 1999).

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Western Analysis

Proteins were separated by 10% or 7.5% SDS-PAGE (Laemmli, 1970). After electrophoresis, proteins in gels were stained with Coomassie Blue R-250, or transferred onto PVDF membranes. For detecting RSuS proteins, a mix-ture of a monoclonal antibody recognizing RSuS1 and RSuS3 and a monospecific anti-peptide antibody recogniz-ing RSuS2 (Wang et al., 1999) was used.

In Vivo Phosphorylation Assay

The 10-day-old etiolated rice seedlings were placed in 5 mL of degassed phosphate buffer (10 µM, pH 7.0)

con-taining 0.5 mCi of [32P]Pi. The roots were harvested at the indicated times and were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. The samples were extracted with buffer M [100 mM Mops, pH 7.6, 2 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (one tablet per 10 mL buffer)] followed by centrifugation at 27,000 g for 10 min at 4°C. The total proteins in the extracts were separated on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and the radiolabeled proteins were detected by phosphorimaging. RSuS proteins were immunoprecipitated from the extracts with antibodies ac-cording to the method of Anderson and Blobel (1983), fol-l o wed b y S DS - PA GE , Wes t er n a n afol-l y si s , a n d phosphorimage analysis.

In Vitro Phosphorylation Assay

To assay phosphorylation of RSuS in etiolated seed-lings by endogenous kinases, 10-day-old etiolated rice seedlings were ground into a fine powder under liquid ni-trogen and homogenized with an equal volume of buffer M. The homogenate was centrifuged at 27,000 g for 10 min at 4°C and the pellet was discarded. Aliquots of the su-pernatant were incubated for 30 min at 30°C with 30 µCi [γ-32P]ATP and 0.1 µM okadaic acid with or without diva-lent ions added. RSuS proteins were purified by immuno-precipitation and analyzed by SDS-PAGE.

To determine the RSuS kinase activity in vitro, the en-zyme was assayed in a 20 µL reaction mixture containing buffer A (20 mM Mops, pH 7.6, 2 mM 2-mercaptoethanol), 4 µg purified recombinant RSuS1, 5 µCi [γ-32P]ATP and 2 mM MnCl2 at 30 °C for 10 min. The reaction was stopped by adding 20 µL 2×SDS-PAGE sample buffer (125 mM Tris, 2 mM EDTA, 2% SDS, 2-mercaptoethanol, pH 6.8). The samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography or phosphorimage analysis. To determine the amount of [32P]Pi incorporated, the labeled RSuS bands in gels were excised and counted by a scintillation counter (Beckman LS5000CE). One unit of RSuS kinase activity was defined as 1 pmol of [32P]Pi incorporated into RSuS per min in the standard assay condition.

In-Gel Kinase Assay

The in-gel kinase assay was performed using the method of Hutchcroft et al. (1991) with minor modification. SDS-polyacryamide gels were polymerized with 80 µg pu-rified recombinant RSuS1. For a negative control, a gel without RSuS was used. After electrophoresis, the gels were washed with buffer A six times over a period of 6 h. They were then incubated in buffer A containing 2 mM MnCl2 and 50 µCi [γ-32P]-ATP for 60 min at 37°C, followed by Coomassie blue staining and destaining. The destained gels were incubated with Dowex MR-3 resin in H2O for 4 h and then dried and exposed to X-films.

Protein Determination

The protein content of enzyme solutions was deter-mined by the method of Bradford (1976) using bovine se-rum albumin as the standard.

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Partial Purification of Protein Kinases

All purification steps were carried out at 0 to 4°C. Eti-olated rice seedlings were homogenized in 2 volumes (v/ w) of extraction buffer (100 mM Mops, pH 7.6, 0.5 mM E D T A , 5 m M 2 - m e r c a p t o e t h a n o l , 1 % polyvinylpolypyplidone). The homogenate was filtered through three layers of cheesecloth and centrifuged at 15, 000 g for 10 min. Nucleic acids in the crude extract were precipitated by adding protamine sulfate to 0.2% and re-moved by centrifugation at 15,000 g for 10 min. Solid am-mo ni um sul fate was add ed t o th e cent ri fu gati on supernatant to 60% saturation. After centrifugation at 27, 200 g for 15 min, the protein pellet was resuspended in buffer A and dialyzed against the same buffer. The enzyme solution was loaded onto a DEAE Sephacel column (2.6 × 20 cm) equilibrated with buffer A. The column was first eluted with buffer A, then with a linear 0-400 mM NaCl gra-dient in buffer A. Activity was measured in both unbound fractions and NaCl-eluted fractions. The unbound active fractions were pooled and applied onto a CM Sepharose column (1.6 × 15 cm) equilibrated with buffer A. The col-umn was eluted with buffer A followed by a linear gradi-ent (0-600 mM) of NaCl. The column eluate containing kinase activity was concentrated and loaded onto a Sephacryl S-100 column (1.6 × 90 cm). The activity peak eluted with buffer A were concentrated and stored at -20°C. The DEAE-bound fractions containing kinase activity were concentrated, and the buffer was changed to buffer B (20 mM Mop s, pH 7 .2, 2 mM 2 -mer cap toet han ol) by ultrafiltration. The enzyme solution was applied onto a phosphocellulose column (1.6 × 20 cm) equilibrated with buffer B. After washing with buffer B, the column was eluted with a linear 0-600 mM NaCl gradient in buffer B. The three peaks with kinase activity (designated RPK2, R PK3 an d RP K4 ) wer e separatel y co ll ected an d concentrated. RPK2 and RPK3 were further separated on a Sephacryl S-100 column (1.6 × 15 cm) with buffer A as elution buffer. Fractions containing kinase activity were pooled, concentrated, and stored at -20°C.

Phosphoamino Acid Identification

The purified recombinant RSuS1 was phosphorylated in vitro in the presence of 5 µCi [γ-32P]ATP and 2 mM MnCl2 by partially purified RPK1, RPK2, RPK3 or RPK4. The 32P-labeled recombinant RSuS1 was separated from ki-nases by SDS-PAGE and transf erred onto a PVDF membrane. The 93-kDa RSuS1 protein band on PVDF was cut out, washed with methanol, and digested with 6 N HCl at 110°C for 1 h. The phosphoamino acids in the acid hy-drolysate were analyzed by TLE as described by Jelinek and Weber (1993).

Tryptic Digestion and ESI-MS Analysis

The purified recombinant RSuS1 was phosphorylated in vitro by kinases in the DEAE-bound fractions in the pres-ence of Mn2+ and [γ- 32P]-ATP and separated by 10% SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis, the gel was stained with Commassie blue, and the RSuS1 protein band was excised

from the gel and subjected to tryptic digestion as described by Stone and Williams (1996). The tryptic sample was ap-plied to a reverse-phase HPLC column (LiChrospher WP 300 RP-18, Merck) and eluted with a gradient of 0 to 25% (v/v) acetonitrile in 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid. The ra-dioactivity in each fraction was counted. ESI-MS analysis of the fraction containing 32P-label peptides was performed with the VG Platform Electrospray ESI/MS in the Instru-mentation Center of National Taiwan University.

Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Plasmid pETsus1 (Sayion et al., 1999) was used as a tem-plate for mutagenesis. In vitro mutagenesis was performed using the QuickChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit with the primers 5´-CGCCTCCACGCTGTCAGGGAGC and 5´-GCTCCCTGACAGCGTGGAGGC to change Ser15 to Ala, and the primers 5´-CAGGCATCTGGCTTCGAAGCTCTTCC and 5´-GGAAGAGCTTCGAAGCCAGATGCCTG to change Ser170 to Ala. The changed nucleotides are underlined. Constructs were verified by DNA sequencing. Expression and purification of the mutant recombinant RSuS1 from E. coli was carried out as described above for the wild-type recombinant RSuS1.

Results

Phosphorylation of RSuS in Etiolated Rice Seed-lings

To examine whether phosphorylation of SuS occurred in rice, the whole 10-day-old etiolated rice seedling was incubated with [32P]Pi for different time periods. Immuno-precipitation of RSuS from the extracts indicated that RSuS was phosphorylated in vivo (Figure 1A). When soluble extracts of unlabeled etiolated rice seedlings were incu-bated with [γ-32P]-ATP in the presence of various divalent ions, RSuS in the crude extracts was phospholabeled by endogenous protein kinases more intensively in the pres-ence of Mn2+ ions than in the presence of Mg2+ or Ca2+ ions (Figure 1B). The Mn2+-dependent protein kinase ac-tivity for phosphorylating RSuS was further identified by in-gel kinase assays using the purified recombinant RSuS1 as a substrate. Two protein bands possessing RSuS-phos-phorylation activity were detected in the protein fractions precipitated by 0-60% and 60-100% saturation of ammo-nium sulfate (Figure 1C).

Partial Purification of the Mn2+-Dependent

Ki-nases Phosphorylating RSuS from Etiolated Rice Seedlings

Purification of the Mn2+-dependent kinases in the 0-60% fraction of ammonium sulfate precipitation was attempted by column chromatography. The purified recombinant RSuS1 was used as a substrate for detecting kinase activ-ity during the purification process. Figure 2A shows the el ut io n pr of il e of DEAE Seph acel i on exchang e chromatography. The unbound active peak was loaded onto a CM Sepharose column, and a kinase activity peak,

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designated RPK1, was eluted with a linear NaCl gradient (Figure 2B). The DEAE-bound fractions containing kinase activity were separated on a phosphocellulose column, three peaks with kinase activity, designated RPK2, RPK3 and RPK4, were obtained (Figure 2C). RPK1, RPK2 and RPK3 were further purified by Sephacryl S-100 gel filtra-tion chromatography (Figure 2D). SDS-PAGE analysis of the four RPKs showed several protein bands in each prepa-ration (data not shown), indicating that they were only par-tially purified. The purification results are summarized in Table 1. Actual enzyme purity may have been much higher than given in Table 1 because it was not possible to esti-mate the initial specific activity.

Characterization of RPKs

Figure 3 shows the in-gel kinase assays of these four kinase preparations in the presence of Mn2+ ions. Only a single activity band was found in RPK1, RPK3 and RPK4. The estimated molecular masses were 32 kDa for RPK1 and 34 kDa for both RPK3 and RPK4. The molecular masses of the native enzymes, as determined by Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration chromatography, were 34 kDa, 30 kDa and 30 kDa, for RPK1, RPK3 and RPK4, respectively, indicating that they were monomeric enzymes. The molecule mass of RPK2 determined by Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration chro-matography was 57 kDa. However, in addition to a 57-kDa

Figure 1. Phosphorylation of RSuS in etiolated rice seedlings. (A) In vivo phosphorylation of RSuS. The 10-day-old etiolated rice

seedlings were incubated with [32P]Pi. Protein extracts from roots harvested at 0, 1 and 2 h (lanes 1 to 3, respectively) were analyzed

by SDS-PAGE and phosphorimaging (top panel). RSuS proteins in the extracts were immunoprecipitated with anti-RSuS antibodies and analyzed by SDS-PAGE analysis. After electrophoresis, the gels were subjected to phosphorimage analysis (center panel) or Western analysis using anti-RSuS antibodies (lower panel). (B) In vitro phosphorylation of RSuS by endogenous kinases. Protein extracts from 10-d-old seedlings were incubated with [γ-32P]-ATP without divalent ions added (lane 1) or in the presence of Ca2 +

(lane 2), Mg2+ (lane 3) or Mn2+ (lane 4). Total phosphorylated proteins and RSuS proteins were analyzed as in (A). (C) Identification

of Mn2+-dependent kinase activity by in-gel kinase assay. Proteins from 0-60% (lane 1) and 60-100% (lane 2) fractions of

ammo-nium sulfate precipitation were separated on 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel polymerized with purified recombinant RSuS1 (left panel) or without RSuS1 (right panel). After electrophoresis, the gels were incubated with [γ-32P]-ATP and Mn2+, and then subjected to

autoradiography. Molecular weight markers are shown at the margins.

Table 1. Purification of RPKs from etiolated rice seedlings.

Purification step Protein Activity Specific activity Yield Purification

(mg) (Units) (Units/mg) (%) (x-fold)

Crude extract 1237 2320 1.9 100 1.0

Ammonium sulfate precipitation 286 2160 7.6 93 4.0

DEAE Sephacel Unbound RPK 13.6 12.6 0.9 0.5 0.5

Bound RPK 98 2112 21.6 91 11.5 CM Sepharose RPK1 3.6 7.68 2.1 0.3 1.1 Phosphocellulose RPK2 60 1075 17.9 46 9.5 RPK3 0.35 64 182.9 2.8 97.3 RPK4 0.11 9.12 82.9 0.4 44.1 Sephacryl S-100 RPK1 1.13 4.68 4.1 0.2 2.2 RPK2 10.7 245 22.9 11 12.2 RPK3 0.005 9.68 1936.0 0.5 1029.8

aData were obtained from 250 g of etiolated rice seedlings.

bOne unit of enzyme was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of 1 pmol of phosphate into the

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activity band, a 37-kDa protein band with lower kinase ac-tivity was detected in the RPK2 preparation as analyzed by in-gel kinase assay (Figure 3). The latter may be a pro-teolytic fragment of the former. The in-gel kinase assay in the absence of recombinant RSuS1 (Figure 3, right panel) suggested that these four RPKs may not be able to

cata-Figure 2. Elution profiles of RSuS kinase activity and protein from each purification step. The enzyme solution resulting from the

0-60% fraction of ammonium sulfate precipitates was loaded onto a DEAE Sephacel column and washed with buffer A followed by elution with a linear 0-400 mM NaCl gradient in buffer A (A). The unbound active fractions were pooled and applied onto a CM Sepharose column and eluted with a linear gradient (0-600 mM) of NaCl. The activity peak was designated as RPK1 (B). The RSuS kinase activity in the DEAE-bound fractions was separated on a phosphocellulose column with a linear 0-600 mM NaCl gradient. The three peaks with kinase activity (designated RPK2, RPK3 and RPK4) were separately collected (C). RPK1, RPK2 and RPK3 were further separated on a Sephacryl S-100 column (1.6 × 15 cm) with buffer A as elution buffer (D). Kinase activity (open circles) was assayed in the presence of Mn2+ using purified recombinant RSuS1 (rRSuS1) as substrate and then analyzed by SDS-PAGE and

autoradiography (shown in lower panels). The densities of the 32P-labeled RSuS bands were quantified by an image analyzer. Protein

concentrations (closed circles) were determined by the method of Bradford (1976). The dashed lines indicate the NaCl gradients. lyze the autophosphorylation reaction. To confirm this result, in vitro kinase assays were performed by incubat-ing each RPK with [γ-32P]-ATP and 2 mM Mn2+ in the pres-ence or abspres-ence of purified recombinant RSuS1. The phosphorylated proteins were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Figure 4). No phosphorylated protein band was detected

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in any assay in the absence of purified recombinant RSuS1, v er if yi ng t hat no ne o f th e fo ur R PKs po ssessed autophorylation activity. In addition, phosphorylation of RSuS1 was not observed in the absence of RPK (Figure 4, the 5th lane), showing that the purified recombinant RSuS1 did not contain kinase activity from RSuS1 itself or from the E. coli proteins co-purified with the recombinant RSuS1.

To determine the cofactor requirements of these RPKs, kinase activity was examined using various concentrations of Mn2+, Mg2+ or Ca2+ in the in vitro kinase assay. Activ-ity of these enzymes was found to be much higher in the presence of Mn2+ compared with Mg2+ but was undetect-able in the presence of Ca2+ ions (Figure 5). Phosphoryla-tion of RSuS by these enzymes could be activated by Mn2+ at concentrations as low as 10 µM. The Mn2+ concentra-tions required for optimal activity were 2 mM for RPK1 and RPK2, and 10 mM for RPK3 and RPK4. The minimum Mg2+ concentration at which the phosphorylation of RSuS was detectable was 0.1 mM for all four kinases. Optimal Mg2+ -activated activity of these enzymes was observed with 10 mM Mg2+.

The activity of the four kinases was inhibited 95% by staurosporine, a broad kinase inhibitor, at a concentration of 50 nM (data not shown). To identify the amino acid residue(s) of RSuS1 targeted by the four RPKs, the puri-fied recombinant RSuS1 was in vitro phosphorylated in the presence of [γ-32P]-ATP, Mn2+ and one of the four partially purified RPKs, submitted to SDS-PAGE, and transferred onto a PVDF membrane. The 93-kDa RSuS1 protein band on PVDF was subjected to phosphoamino acid analysis as described in Materials and Methods. As shown in Fig-ure 6, all four RPKs phosphorylated recombinant RSuS1 at serine residue(s).

Phosphorylation Sites on RSuS

In a preliminary experiment, the 32P-labeled recombinant RSuS1 that was phosphorylated in vitro by kinases in the DEAE-bound fraction was isolated from SDS-PAGE, digested with trypsin, and then subjected to off-line RP-HPLC/ESI-MS analysis. The ESI-MS spectrum of the 32 P-labeled fraction resolved from RP-HPLC suggested that several tryptic peptides were present in this fraction (data not shown). Peaks at m/z 231.8 and 346.0, 327.0 and 366.2 were predicted to represent the tryptic peptides 13-LHSVR-17 and 168-HLSSK-13-LHSVR-172, respectively, of the RSuS1 with the addition of one phosphate. Although the result of ESI-MS was inconclusive, phosphorylation of Ser-15 and Ser-170 by the four partially purified RPKs was confirmed using site-directed mutagenized recombinant RSuS1. Ser-15 and/ or Ser-170 of the recombinant RSuS1 were mutagenized to Ala and the mutant proteins were expressed and purified from E. coli. Phosphorylation in vitro by RPK1, RPK2 and RPK3 was observed for the S15A, S170A and S15A/S170A mutant proteins, but the extent of phosphorylation was less than that of wild type (Figure 7). The phosphorylation levels of mutant S15A and S170A were 2.1-3.6% and 83.3-93.9%, respectively, of those of the wild-type RSuS1.

Figure 3. In-gel kinase assay of the partially purified RPKs.

The four partially purified kinases that phosphorylated RSuS (RPK1, RPK2, RPK3 and RPK4) and the 0-60% fraction of am-monium sulfate precipitation (AS 0-60%) were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels polymerized with purified recombi-nant RSuS1 (left panel) or without RSuS1 (right panel). After electrophoresis, the gels were incubated with [γ-32P]-ATP in the

presence of Mn2+, and then subjected to autoradiography.

Mo-lecular weight markers are shown at the margins.

Figure 4. In vitro phosphorylation assay of the partially

pu-rified RPKs. Activity of the four partially pupu-rified RPKs was determined in vitro in the presence of [γ-32P]-ATP and 2 mM

Mn2+ with or without purified recombinant RSuS1 added. The

samples were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and the radiolabeled RSuS was detected by phosphorimaging. Molecular weight mark-ers are shown at the margins.

Figure 5. Effect of Mn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions on the activity

of RPKs. Activity of the four partially purified RPKs was de-termined in vitro using 4 µg purified recombinant RSuS1 as sub-strate in the presence of different concentrations (lanes 1 to 6, 0, 0.01, 0.1, 2, 10, and 50 mM, respectively) of Mn2+ (left panel),

Mg2+ (central panel) or Ca2+ (right panel) ions. The samples were

then analyzed by SDS-PAGE and the radiolabeled RSuS was de-tected by phosphorimaging.

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Replacement of both Ser15 and Ser170 residues with alanine resulted in a further decrease in phosphorylation level as compared to S15A. These results indicated that both Ser15 and Ser170 residues were target residues for RPK1, RP K2 and RPK3 and Ser15 was t he major p h o s p h o r y l a t i o n si t e o n R S u S 1 . I n ad d i t i o n , phosphorylation of RSuS1 by these three RPKs may not occur exclusively at these two sites since the double mutant protein S15A/S170A could also be phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of the mutant S15A and S15A/S170A by RPK4 was not detected, indicating that Ser15 was the only target residue for this kinase.

Discussion

Phosphorylation of SuS by protein kinases in a Ca2+ -dependent manner has been reported in several studies (Huber et al., 1996; Winter et al., 1997; Zhang and Chollet, 1997; Zhang et al., 1999; Subbaiah and Sachs, 2001; Asano et al., 2002). Although Chikano et al. (2001) has reported that an Arabidopsis SnRK3 protein, AtSR2, expressed in E. coli could phosphorylate recombinant SuS in the pres-ence of manganese ions, the Mn2+-dependent protein ki-nase phosphorylating SuS has not been purified and characterized from plants. In this study, we demonstrated that RSuS in etiolated rice seedlings could be phosphory-lated by endogenous protein kinases in a Mn2+-dependent manner and we partially purified four different protein ki-nases catalyzing the phosphorylation of RSuS. These en-zymes were not sensitive to Ca2+ but required Mn2+ for their maximal activity, indicating that they do not belong to the calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs). The four RPKs phosphorylated RSuS1 at Ser15, which has been shown to be a conserved residue among plant SuS and the phosphorylation site for CDPKs in vitro in several plant species including maize (Huber et al., 1996), soybean nod-ule (Zhang and Chollet, 1997; Zhang et al., 1999) and rice (Asano et al., 2002). The second phosphorylation site on RSuS1 for the RPK1, RPK2 and RPK3 was found to be Ser170. Analysis of the sequences around Ser15 and Ser170 revealed that the latter conform to the SnRK1 con-sensus recognition motif Hyd-(Basic-X)-X-X-Ser-X-X-X-Hyd, where Hyd is a hydrophobic residue, and the order of the amino acids in the parenthesis is not critical (Halford and Hardie, 1998). Sequences of the kinase domains in CDPKs and SnRKs have been shown to cluster together in a phylogenetic analysis (Hardie, 2000). The target serine residues for the three Mn2+-dependent RPKs can be phos-phorylated by CDPKs or within the recognition motif for SnRK1, revealing that these enzymes may be closely lated to CDPKs and SnRKs. However, this postulation re-quires further investigation.

Phosphorylation of the double mutant S15A/S170A by RPK1, RPK2 and RPK3 indicated that RSuS1 was phos-phorylated at multiple serine residues (Figure 7). Alignment of RSuS1 with other 21 SuS sequences in the Swiss-prot database revealed that there are 17 serine residues highly conserved in SuS sequences from various plants. Among these conserved residues, Ser15, Ser157 and Ser170 were

Figure 7. In vitro phosphorylation of the wild-type and

site-directed mutagenized recombinant RSuS1 by the four RPKs. Wild-type (WT) and site-directed mutagenized mutant recom-binant RSuS1 ( S15A, S15A/S170A and S170A) were expressed in E. coli and purified to near homogeneity. Each purified re-combinant RSuS1 (6 µg) was incubated with [γ-32P]-ATP, Mn2+

and one of the four partially purified RPKs. The samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and detected by phosphorimaging. The captured images were quantitatively analyzed using an image analyzer. The numbers on the top of each panel indicate the extent of phosphorylation for each mutant protein relative to the wild-type RSuS1.

Figure 6. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the recombinant

RSuS1 phosphorylated in vitro by RPKs. In vitro phosphory-lation of the purified recombinant RSuS1 was performed in the presence of [γ-32P]-ATP, Mn2+ and one of the four partially

pu-rified RPKs. The samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membrane. The 93-kDa RSuS1 protein band on PVDF was then excised and hydrolyzed by HCl. The phosphoamino acids in the acid hydrolysate were analyzed by one-dimensional TLE as described (Stone and Williams, 1996).

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predicted to be the most likely phosphorylation sites in RSuS1 with high NetPhos scores (0,996, 0.972 and 0.808, respectively) as analyzed by the program NetPhos 2.0 for prediction of phosphorylation sites (Blom et al., 1999). Whether Ser157 is another phosphorylation site for the RPKs will be determined using synthetic peptides and site-directed mutagenized RSuS1 as substrates. The physi-ological significance of phosphorylation of RSuS at various serine residues will also be investigated in the future.

Acknowledgements. We thank Dr. Guor-Rong Her and

Shu-Yun Sun for ESI-MS analysis, and Dr. Chien-Chih Yang and Dr. Pei-Yeh Chen for helpful discussions on ESI-MS data. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Council of the Republic of China.

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可對蔗糖合成瓷絲胺酸基進行多重磷酸化修飾之水稻錳離子依

賴型蛋白質激瓷之檢定

蔡承佳 王愛玉

國立台灣大學農業化學系   台農 67 號水稻白化苗中之蔗糖合成瓷 (sucrose synthase) 於細胞中及試管中皆可受到蛋白質激瓷的磷 酸化修飾。由水稻白化苗中部份純化得四種可對重組水稻蔗糖合成瓷 1 (簡稱 RSuS1) 進行磷酸化修飾之 錳離子依賴型蛋白質激瓷。這四種激瓷 (分別命名為 RPK1、RPK2、RPK3、RPK4) 均為單元體型式之酵 素,分子量分別為 34、57、30 及 30 kDa。由磷酸化胺基酸分析結果得知四種 RPKs 對重組 RSuS1 之磷 酸化修飾是發生在絲胺酸基。以胰蛋白瓷 (trypsin) 水解磷酸化之重組RSuS1得到之胜 片段,進行逆相 高效層析 (RP-HPLC) 及電灑游離質譜儀 (ESI-MS) 分析,得知 13-LHSVR-17 及 168-HLSSK-172 兩條胜 片段中之絲胺酸可能為磷酸化修飾之目標位置。為了證實此發現,進一步將 S15A、S170A 及 S15A/ S1 70A 等重組 RSuS1 突變蛋白質由大腸桿菌純化出,並以此四種部份純化之蛋白質激瓷進行磷酸化反 應。結果顯示, Ser15 及 Ser170 為 RPK1、RPK2 及 RPK3 之目標基,且以 Ser15 為主要磷酸化位置; 雙突變蛋白質 S15A/S170A 亦可觀察到磷酸化修飾現象,表示在重組 RSuS1 中,磷酸化非僅發生於此二 絲胺酸基。RPK4 對突變蛋白質 S15A 及 S15A/S170A 之磷酸化修飾無法被偵測到,顯示此酵素僅可能作 用於 Ser15。

數據

Figure 3 shows the in-gel kinase assays of  these four kinase preparations in the presence of Mn 2+  ions
Figure 2.  Elution profiles of RSuS kinase activity and protein from each purification step
Figure 3. In-gel kinase assay of the partially purified RPKs.
Figure 6.  Phosphoamino acid analysis of the recombinant RSuS1 phosphorylated in vitro by RPKs

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