中國宗教研究:定義、範疇與方法學芻議

全文

(1). ~*1L:t.mJ.JIJJ. -1L1LmJif--t--=-.Fl. 125. ~I*~~~~--. Jt~'~ro$~jJ5!~t6~. ~I-. . f',T,)'7 cc<J. $- '1 1- •. - , ~ ~*~~Jf~r~~Imt*~g *$)(1£CP[@AR~mcp{61Hllj!t£~B8j:jML. ~~HI~J{'McCPBP{Fm~$ff!5?. '. m~ *$)(liff~~CP. 3i:;1=tl*1Z9 ' }J<;11'Et~dfilJ ~)mM)L-:rF~ll!.~ : ffi - , JL-r r 1ifz*Jli$lfiH~Z J ~)& r ~Jli$tlOJli$1£ J B8~ § , 1.t* $)(t*l&B8~fflfiFfg~B8:£lftt1J'iD~Ji: : *$)(£1£±:1ifz ' x~~'£B8ffl3Jli$*~ 0. R~'*.~~B8m~~~W~~~~~o®r*~~'~~~JB8 .$,~rett~B8CP[@~.ffi-r~~~mffi~~m~~m~~M.B8 ~~. tlO:fE ' 1£mw*~JCP , IJ'm- JiJ~fEH~pMmi±B/'Jffll(mlmml\~ , gMO 7EtJJif9E1&iJl '1£ rJEMcJ B8{~*{I1Hftcp~:fE *m&~~,~m1~J%1 0. 0. *,fL,j:.. 'f ~ k 1tk. lA~.~. *JIt. ~.%. •• ~~~~~.~.n.~~~.~M~. r ±~* J ~'~~.

(2) 126. :Wi- t.""P 1i.41':!l.JlJl. ~=. ' rp~lfff{~*1t1E1%~{m{f~~1¥;tl'j!i¥J% ' ~~gijtT*$5: --·~n: 1lJ:mz±tS{.-v: {iM'ff&'t*$)[~- r ~i1iJJJJfri~ J (auxiliary role) , tt~tlDi[J~ , 0. .'~~~~~~$)[~~~~·W~~~~ili~~*$)['~~~~~ §8':Jf!p~t'fm ~. '. ~g1£Zft§'fff1£. , ff~§H~~UnJ~. 0. '. &:Zf!Pt'f!WJ~i&YE1~iM~U~KtmJ1i';~. i§::fIJ}];f1j~8':J*$)[§£JE~Uf-§5t. '. .R,%~;j-~~5:8':JJfJ. , ~{~*,lj)f$8':J*$)[liFfJi::f.tUJl~ ~lf;l1.x: • ~-=- , r {JWj*~:;;r":PJ9:D~ J (agnosticism)!'iJ~ , ~1i[9!fJT)({t3!My!)JCP ~¥Utttt&:WJIIMl ' *2idj!Htt*#~~:aJE =01:f{~Jt!!l.~Ii''J r ?F£'~$)[~ iI}] J W r ?F*$)[*rosaJ1. J ,pM~fJ.El3~§ffil~ r f]0~M':J J ' r ~~B':J J ' ~tfl&*~.:E~ , &:}~::zts:.:E~:t¥:t¥ ' !f!'ft'ffjgfJ*$)[B':J::zts:~ , P'J@YLt~~ ~{I&~!mB':J~}1IRi:l*gi2 • Jlj~-49:DgffH7J-J-W~-xW-?f.1H§B~tt~tzD~@iW ' 1$Jt±:g , BJtHw,* ' pJ:Hffii~ , r1*~!i:~ffJ=3Ffi:~~ , f!rJt)~~1~Z ; rfit ~PfT:&' ' i§milI{~~%t:J:*$)[liffJi::~~1~~ jJij1gz8i¥~IRi&J?tft~~@] ~5:~.:Etl8':Ji&*l'" ' t:J:{:ffQ]~rtB':J*$)[$)[~fj!;M"I~~~~.Lk-_~I5!' r;%. fjgffil~F-1Eff~;ft::zts:~. 0. 0. $)[~J~ilI~rp~~~~~.M§rp'~~N~o ~[9. , {.w:Mc~:mi1*$)[1¥J§2~ , §7~JU~i-!lJ;fJtI¥Jj§Jj*~2t~~ , IZSl Jlt:(£t) r iMJjtt1*~2 J (institutional religion)~*$!i:JE~8':JMmz l'" ' iJ9J ~*$)[t'f1tif£t)te:Wz'ljl;t -=-+§71:fJ.-:J,rJ1It~~Jf..B2l'lPt~H:l : rp~*~-xW· j§Jj*~t'fJ5lj , tfl¥ r ~2f{fjml J (dif.fuse)ff:(£ , ;ft r ~2fI1l. ' f-4{~ , *l1Mj~~'i~ 0. .T.~~-#.o*M~<~~~. •• ~~.~ •• )(~~:~~.. RJ ' 1994) , Jl100-174 2,ler,DtJl.}]6!J'&'.!.k1hft ' .&.*<tt-tt~6!Jt\-*1H* ' or*"ri.HHJ;.±.m" 0. +i¥-*-.z*~t,~,;~fl'). (~r*lili. uti'- : ~:t:*x**~~Ht' 1927)' W)-IIl!- 015 ' it. 1::. lib' {1i.. \!~H;l. tHi)'&':!b. t5-.i{~JJ} (i;':l1:. : :'Zk ' 1992) , if; -=- ' .c=.. -f W~· *Jf .&.~t.!!?-IN #orili*"~ 0.

(3) t~~ti~~:~A·a~~~**.~. m-tlt~mIJ~fr±~1f*~:lr~~JiB~iit~:. 127. . ;f,6ff4~~W'*1S[53. 0. J. r:p~~~/f. Jl:~Jf-~Rm~B~ ~mH~~. , ~%J?,t1~11ffr±lt:lr@ ~fr5~1ID~m**1 ' ~*Hl~~)dIH~~B8 *~j(£~~ , :illz-T,t)j@i~~~J'C~~I4~fl B~F~{jIfj ~~B~*~5(E.l~ffii~W~ , t)2?dMr:p~*~~tl:~liiW~ff:;m ' ~1:EJ1:tF~ ~f-lL~pJT~WJ ' §~~ rnifH1tm l:p ~{~MJt~~ % :;f';g:E§:15 ~%ff~ *~j(mA >C'fJlfffi$~J!t~r:p ~ -~ m~J;ji *'15 ' Jffl-T' t):Y'MctiB~:urf~r*§1 ; r:p~ *~titf~~4-fEJ*mm - 1W:lIB~ 0. 0. ~flfcJf4 § ~-~. *~j(m~m*j. 0. ft{r~~DJJ:t1WT § :illz~F:e:?JE*t!t*cfJJt)~ols:~~OOJjU. lli!i/f8ffii~'f:g,{a{rn%~l1l3i § :!ia~~Wg:ElpJT1~e~m*. 0. ~4-eli1iFf'j~ J!:!;;~::ff*~iJ.!rt~13ttt**~j(~fl~jliH~. 0. ~U~D. '. '. 1~mmR. ~~$~~'~~·.E~~~m~~.':15.R~~¥Mr:pE£.. ~~'~~.R ~~r:pEWM~~~' *.#·~~* = R~~wm. , p*tiLR~tnr:p±~pg:g.~1}**~~~ , fJX*J'!~~ , #(faJ1*l~ /f~@Jt~~~lZSIa~1-1(}a]~R~itx: ' ¥M1:E~171-pJT1twll** ' :g,t)>c::f: . fft ~ . M~~m± ' t:t4-~~*~m~jffi§ , f,§J/fRt)m~~4 ;ftHfJ~:T ' [§:15~wt:tr:pE*~e"JOOif!g , §;fIJI,l'!5~R~:Jti'1ffij , M~ f!I~Jm:g.Rm~1:& ' :urf~IfF/f*~~D~ , §m-m~~1IfcJ{.~HJt ¥ME§. ~~. 0. 0. 0. :15*~m~r:pE * ~,:g,~r:p1:E~·~·~ ~ *~~,~~g~w* ~j(l';;7tB~~~5. 3c. K.. 0. i&iITB~:urfJtlWJWfE. '. ~?i*~j(:urfJt:15$~B~wHi;W!fJTJi. Yang' Religion in Chinese Society ( Berkeley & Los Angeles: U.Of. California Press' 1961 ) 'p.20.. 4M~~**~~&'. *-. •• T~~~.~'~~*ti~~~~~~~~~~. fg , il'l or ~Eric Sharpe, Comparative Religion: A History (La Salle: Open Court, 1987) 0. 5ttft~~t~*fi'f~ r ~#~ J A~~~l,~~a~6~~titi# ct t173,~'&i§;At-~ , -!!uJohn B. Noss Man's Religions (New York: Macmillan publishing Co. Inc. , 1949)( 1!!J. + J Jf- *- 173 ;j!.l:.~ A ~* JfI) , John A . Hutchison,.

(4) ~!f :t-$1i-f l!!I.Jl}]. 128. ;jqB~~5tf3?'. '. ~*7{JW't~Jl:t=*{~MEB'Jt~~1j}. 3{-\*~J:. '. ~FI39*~J:. Y'LB~*if{~m~ffrfil~. '. ~rfP~{:fr. '. , ~t)}t&;JF1Gft/J\~¥~,. {:frX:~~~lID6. 0. {E).7fi.L-:,(t!tW*4Jli1f. , cp~*¥J:mY'L€i~{B{mJFf JE ; §;jJrfiltt1t5i:*~f,N±!jQr:p ,. ~cp~*#9~~emY'L~R~~~*~~,m~~~~JE~~ o l£fj~Jl:t~£~~. , fl(:i1"Jl:t:?<U~1~~ftIGl,JJi~ , ~1OJ~j]~CP~*?f-J~~B'j 9tJ'L JittCP~9;o~~f-!tJMUfff j§ , .L-:,(-t.P1T~~W.S~;fIj*#UJfY'L~IDiB"J['R1El ' ~~fI(:m~~~ - ~M&m'XX~*#~mr#~ttJ ' f&M ~ J ' ~{~·H~*!f-JJE{.V:~--flffii.~rjJ~~B~fiJMW{$}ti; , ~ff!n?<.-Ef-cJ:~t 0. ~.o~T~ti~~~em~~m.o. =' ~~*~~H~:1gJi:Jj)~ A. iWt!ir~~M *~~~.~*~A~ ~ ~,~~~~.o~~Jitt*~*.~~. Palhs of Failh (New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1975); Robert S. 10 Ihe Religious Life of Mankind (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1976); Denise Lardner, Carmody & John Tully Cannody, Ways 10 Ihe Cenler: An lnlrodllclion 10 World Religions (Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1981)-¥ f:M-;/H-il: 0 ~t ' -tff*"'tJii.f: 'n'-6!) Ellwood, Jr., An lnlrodllclion. *. &l'~*~~.~'.Mf~~4(~~~#~.)ft+~~fi~~~ ' ;it let..f~ I'JR ~ Fif if. '. .(£ ~. 7J Ittl ~.iill H- 01] + ~ 4J. **. ~ ,t. I!r ~ {i- : A Source. *. Book in Chinese Philosophy (Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. 1963) 6;t) Ilij ~ ~ ~t oJf 1t lIt :t o!) ~ t:l ' ~ f,lj N. J. Girardot, "Chinese Religion:. +. History of Study," in The Encyclopedia of Religion, ed. Micrea Eliade (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987), voU, pp. 312-323..

(5) t~~fi~~:~A'~~~~**A~. ~fffij§. , §)'CUi):£A~Ji. 129. (religiosity I religiousness)B"J,*~ff1'E1~) :p.ff: --~\ ~JrrJm 7f:fx:gr~%±*m,~M(F Schleiennacher, 1768-1834)tJ I J3ef!jJz J (piety)~ftBjji§:tmA£J!3=ti'fB"J*~!tl'fi ®\ 1-tl!.~£~Jlt- I ~~ J ~ 1f~HfJXE -~ I J:!P~UEl Jt J (immediate self-consciousness) , ~A1'E®\'IRtl:\Eln I¥Jn!,juH~i'f~~:f& ' ~-Mrl.& ' illi~;gpfT~j:B"J I *~t11*~2Iw J (feeling of absolute dependence) !Z9Jlt r N€~ J ~AJl:t- I gB15:t J (part):M I ~3': J (whole)8"J~~;t~~H~* Jl:t-'IW®\l~®i~-~l9:B"J{J\!~~J!t~ , f(TI~-m:lI ' :fti~*ijHi]B"J I :2js:jji'llli'fiW!j J (ontological category)7 ~~(R Otto, 1869-1937)11§Jl:t I mf!jJz~'I'~ J !¥]!J.'§OO ' ~- *mtl:\A.I§'~i'f I ijjljl~B"JID'l,~ J (the idea of the holy) , ~9:i~j\')jt::~-~~ff1'E ' ~jj~ r :f~:fIt1 J (non-rational)C:f[5J1i~~F J!l!tE)B"J:::RFi\~ti~ Jl:t-~ti~ :fjf€~fH-f1PJI1l.lti~* ' ltSlJl:tWrjJtIJB"JE1IGili t~B"J~J)i(.I§'~Y$ At'i I ijj$~ J B"J*~~ , ~"*ijj$M\~~~ , 13J1Jl:!:1'Eilli ~1i:l-WB"J~**:f& ' :M I iE:~1-tl!.W~ J (Wholly Other)B"J[j[IDlJ:t;fl~'I'g.8 4 ADiS'1:m*fx~t%3I:*Wr(W c Smith)t±!.~£m I 7f:fxt1J ~ I t£f~B"J Att~* J (universalhuman quality) , ttMlZt~B"J~~L*~ , *~~B"J:2js:1tep ~~"6JNB"J r*fxtEJ ; @jjHiffY'G*fx;gpfT~~fiI~W~~~t.:;J;g 7f: If&>:~Jlt"6J 0~~@~lm ' - ~Jl:t-~~B"J I 7f~ ~tt J '!13- 9!iJ~~~ I 7f:lf6f11 J B"J11!'il5JU I fR~1~H,Jt J (cumulative tradition) 7f:~~llffj-tI1'Fep ~ ti I At1~[j~fix J (humane knowledge)B"J~Im ' :!!1'En-tJT1?tt~ I rn~1.*ft J i'& I. 7f:~~tt J. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 7F.. Schleiermarcher, On Religion.' Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers, tr. John Oman (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1958), pp, 1-142, 8R, Otto, The Idea of the Holy, tr. John W. Harvey (London: Oxford University Press, 1923), pp. 1-59,.

(6) #IT It ~ 1i.. 130. ~.¥. *. ~.jlJJ. '*?l5<:tt J MIm ' ~~*~A~Jjtt/f[O]tfut~W?X:1U.Mfl'tzD10J:il::* 'illi. ~ J (transcendence)W~ltI:-T/~ff~~9. 0. e§1J*~*:fHJ A~Jj~:~$l.-~*~'I:1BJ~JE. ~+B'.m*. 0. ttfri1CT. '. ~*~utfji:ffi] i§ ~. z itt ' 1!<:{r'1J~Q}~'~~:&' ~£f!*lf5<:. '*~'I:1 J. 0m'E~~~~OJ~~[o]~MWJEm®0~;&z'~*/f~UA. *?i!z*. °. (holllo religousus)mg£~l1l:£~ , i3 ~~tt9t:lI I Ixm f~I±H~){~*~1-t~BJr:p~?X:1t{tMt/fi§ .5fHfll ' ~1!1JIJ-BJX?X: ' ~11~ ;fJ Jl:t-JlJlH~]tz /f~~1}JEr:p~IA -tt!.$l.-~*~'I!1H~ , tJl?dff~Jl:t-'I'tlf'I~ BJ*¥Y*rt5l!VJ $Jt.k.fli:lliE~/fY{~**:tt ' £~ff:m:ff~El*{~Mt ' j:~ tt '*~tlJ .k.-f'L-:J,~~' ~JE II fE}~IJ' CP~*~I'iJ~~~z1:i~*»1W ffr±Wr~~lID ' 1E!:!tm- '1il1IJfj1; J (autonomous entity)BJtfu{fth!lltfrifE: ' ~:l'f::*~1iffji:1J~¥511iflI~ ,~,;fJt~ , {ffil~~ , ffr±wr~~f.lli71!f~~ZMffi :l'f::. '*~A J. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. B.lfxMrQ~!m ~~*~1iffji:BJpg?§ mibm~~. 0. !fflX:l'f::Zt& '. 9lt1'JlIT%1tf't,. , t)r:p~~~.k.BJ~fm*?l5<:fJH~~~~~ *~ {wMte§1Jy~~*tI:l§£,~~tt~5tffi$~BJWi!!fg. ~AJ:.Jt.M~AHr*-:i!.tE -n'J~t": The Meaning and End. of Religion (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1978); Towards a World Theology (Philadelphia: The Westminister Press, 1981). ,~{t J..... J 61] M til ' <if *-1lll Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the. l0:tr Uij J...... *-. Profane, tr. Willard R. Trask (New York: Harper & Row. Publishers, 1961), pp.8-18. 11:f\ 1r1<if ~A J~4- ~ ~ (~:Jt : ~ ;~'. '*. ~. , ~.lMtu}] ~~A1\ oR -m-:t"<if *-1lll jt. (1' !i~Hlf,*i;} 'In t" ~ , 1963) , Jf 89-101 : Hi.:t" <if *- F.t} it- Confucian 0. Thought: Seljhood as Creative Tram/ormation (Albany: SUNY Press. 1985). pp.131-148..

(7) t~~ft~~:~A ,a~~~* *IQ. fffi~cp1£CPI~]{~. 131. , ~ , ~f~H~l:B,,:}Uff3i::1f;ZrDl '. jill , ~"f~cp ~~:tf59i5t~t£W~f§' *~B,,:}f~mif~~t~';Fs". I. EI~~1')~m:ffi I2. j( f$:~ft J. WI. 0. +{~UJc J. '. ffi1~. B":}{li!zrt ' ~ 1J ~BA~i¥J{,ffiiIJJjZ~ ~DJ;J i8~ffij~jjjj , 4Zfiff3i::m~I1J5t~ li : ~ ~/~~ , {~~ , {~~ , Fls'lf!x: VLUMtJ1-t3F!i!x: 13 ::fi&J~~59=iIDEJB":}~ , 1~rT~3l!!;Z{~~~~BA~~1ffL~Z I. /Nw:~ft J. !j5-15. 0. 0. ~,~~~~~~~m. '.'~'~~ 3F~~5t.~~, m~.5t .BP::fflg6~jlR3F~fiff3i::B,,:}P'J;gW1f;Ztt ~. , ffi1~m11Jj( , ~J1i '. ~~. ,. *5f~. 0. 3F~fI~WmllJ~;t~~fJfWfl. , rjJflg~ , -ill "6Jflg~~- {'*ftij8~. Z~ '~U~ ~*.mfiff3i::~ .ffi1::f~~m~Z~ , ~~mlli~.~. *0. c.1J~!rQ~~. 3Flf!x:Wf3i::m-3§UJ:'I ' IlR '. I~Hi B,,:}~f4. ffi1~jJ{~ 1=t {ili~f4~D3t~. ~~jjjj~r1J¥t1JDtJ~m. '. ' ?!'\ffij~Wf3i::JJitL BP~F EI ~69: , 6gj-§ , Ic,<f~~ , A'tJi~ , B-:1B~ ~B":}. J;J5t;fJT W~~~~A~~~~B'93F!i!x:1Jt~<. 0. cp@gI 3F~ft. fiff3i::.~Ucp±~P'J~I~~~~Jmfiff~fi~,mill~~~~3l!!;m ~~. 0. §f5t '. 3F~Wf3i::{~iJm tt~5t. flg~~~~75kI1. ' ~ - 3F~!x:fJ!~~~~kB~J B~ss:te1J! ' "6J . {gWf!;{ili3F!i!x:{$Mttt!j!l)f& ' @~l1Jflg~1J!te~~ '11. tt"~Aliff3i::riJU~WJ~{r'm !fJT~ffrJl,~il ~tJ*4. 0. '. 1&Ult~W~ 'H f§~1W. '. 12:ik.~di1 {liJFp~,'i,gNorman.T. Girardot:&15::eA~tl:U\i r~6iJ itt"tf ' .Jt.$,." 'Very Small. Books About Very Large Subjects': A Prefatory Appreciation of the Enduring Legacy of Laurence G. Thompson's Chinese Religion , An Introduction," in. Journal of Chinese Religions 20 (Fall, 1992), pp. 9-15. DNorman.T. Girardot. "Chinese Religion: History of Study," pp. 321-322..

(8) mr 1t'*Ji.4I!!JJlJ.. 132. ~~&~*ft~~~m.~~K~~fflo~~$~*ft~~~WlliW *ft~mQ·~~~.~*ft~W&~~ ~~~ *ft~ • • • ~~.. ;)zS11J • !tJ~~®1J-\ffifr~*~!zti1n.'C1Jrtff~~·,f§£'B~~!2,~~14 ~~}J rt~ , ~§iffi~*ft'@* ' A~§i* ' {;,l!l!* ' fJ!~* ' *ftti~t~~H$ , W~Jtfft~l1X:~t~t?tJ*Jj]~~ . '81r'B~7f)I1X:Wimffl~~~141.R:;!t~f~%! 0. ~*ft~~@~·~~m®1J$*·~W@~~~~.~~R~'~ ~~~M~~~g*ftm~·m~~m~~~~'$E*ft~~~~. , iJj5l.Jtf7\J;g!$Gtt~1& ' R1t(jE;!tfJi!1Jrt~~B'9. prri~f!B'93:Jj!]W;f;t*-lf.'''~§. immoU;f;t~tt.~~1J$~~~,**g~~~~.!~· ~U.~~~~~~@~'M~$~.~ffi~$~*ft~W~ ~ *~~~~~~£~m.~. , ~I%f:fAY::T4f~~;.x~~-*ftf~lftB'J~FJX: '. B~,~~,~.·®~ft*Y::f7\J;g~~~~~~m- *ft~@~ffi. jr~Wl1Ki!re. , ~~~!m~fft~w~® ~~ , }xlr'~eP~~tMlj;)fft'J::1U(-:J*~!z . ~if~*ft~l5jfJ!$GfJ!~futff~Jttt~ , :g,JfjffIilltiliM~T~'ffiB~~~~ j:§:~:tEt2iffi\\l*~B/9f!$HfttEW~]~Jfjff[§jl& ' r- ¥ftE[Pl J (diachronic)W r tJi~ J (synchrol1ic)~1J[§jB~**g~~, 15 • 0. {I:'[~ , *ftljlif.~~+ JEB~~~f5!~. 0. 14;t;~Pfftt;ti;H¢~f}} , -iij:--J'ft.t!'I!-*f¥j-1r~~x..;jJ ;t--k.i!llt ~#.. It, ftiiJ5'di'l60 % 11' fg or t Ill] James C. Livingston, Anatomy of the Sacred (New York:. Macmillan Publishing Company. 1993). pp. 24-50: .>ji.jif-fm,i,'-' (<1!i;t:i< ~t h}':off tt if ') I) (:Jr. If: ~ 6!J ') 111' : (t~. tt). n: 1':::.,. : 'I' ffi i± *"H"* tl:: #&.;j1.. , 1990) , $". ( at iiI ~·k ;f; {t off tt ;t if.- ,*i+ 11'). ,1991: I ' Jl: 1-18. 'I'. ~ 7J ;t; {t J5' i f.. ,. <-tit -% ~ efi."ff. 0. 15 r .~ J ~ r ~~J~~di'I~;t;ft~tt~MRkliiI;t;ft*~~~U~~. r,9AA'. -.fJ:t$y;l.~~*-+4ir'. ;ik-llli.A,1i:, ort--ifUgoBianchi. "History of. Religion ," in The Encyclopedia of Religion. v. 6. pp. 399-408; Mircea Eliade and Joseph M. Kitagawa. eds. The HistOl:v of Religions:. methodology (Chicago Press. 1959).. Essays ill.

(9) t~~fi~~:~A·a.~~*.I~. 133. ~Tj:j!~CP~~%B"JliJf~:1J1:t. ' fJ<:fl"1±JJ:tJ~~t) r ::tJ1L (theme)~ ~~ , ~*~J(fJ!~~{r~MtB~1[g1~16 r.:t~ J PJt)~1EB~B"J*~,~ ~ , "90 r 9Ei&W J . r *tWilM J 'fu PJ t)~fn~B~*~~1§~JJ ' "90 r!j!~ E J . r~~J '~PJ~~~.B"J*~H~,~r~~J . r~~J (YlTiJ'jJl!ll'FHlle<]~5t) 1±:1JI:M~Lt ' ~~*£E8*~~*W~*~fJ!~pfTmE tJji¥J .:t~ , PJ~1'F- r ~{'F®g~L (operating hypothesis) fJ<:{mttllU:fj 1'1I! ' ~i&11X1J§Jl:t.:t~B~tlWl:tcp~fft3!::LUU~Jmml~*4 ' Tt)~f'I! . ~Ftt . ~\fi~ , jft{~&'~B/j5ttfTgftaJl *gH~"90Jl:t~f~fjFf ' fJ<:{P'PJ t)fI'} ~~pfTi~i¥J;ft!i~W-Jtl9:~Jlt-.:t~I¥Jfij[ilM1tEilJt{~tt~ , f1t~;ii@F!tlW 1'f5t~tl ' PJ~JJit1'f.:t~ml:l:1fm3t~{~IE ~t)fJ<:{r'l:t.:t~Irn~El ' *£i&! ~*4Wx:~WffiU~~fij[ , ¥Hg@)=t~2fs:% ' "90Jl:t~cp~*~~lM~PJlrnt~ m-I¥J1'FJijo .:t~rtI¥J li1f~ :1J y:t:t.:f},ql!4I¥J J&~W5t tfT.t.:JJ *:;g: im ' IZ9 Jl:t /f ~R15'2' ~~y* . {WMtWffr±wr~~M ' fL r ~JVj'2' J (what appears)I1f§:'.LB~*~~$!WJ{~ ~li1f~t:t~ ~15'2'~][{~.:t~ZFs9 ' fJ<:{r'PJ~jffi~*ruElli!¥~~W~~Wf~ , E8Jl:t1~t±:l/ffi'l.lB~ r ru!l~*j§f~ J (pattern/morphology) , PJ~lM*~~lJ!~B~~J[ ru!lj'8m~W¥-:ftE f9U"9D ' *~~*1±li1f~ r Q,~!?K J Of:~!z~~~ru8~ , ~fMS 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. W.~·~.:1J®M~ww,~~r~JB"J~mJJitfij['1±~~W~.. *. 16~A r j..,'QiJ !'I!- r #.R ~ J AJfX.ff<.ai] ~ fi oJf 1E1~ Iii ~Q:.JJI.~. ~ : 1h~~A T ~ it; • ..l. IJI] -til Df) , or jJ $'~ ctf G. van der Leeuw, Religion il1 Essence and. *-. Manifestation, tr. 1. E. Tumer, 2 vols. (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1967), vol. 2 pp. 671-695; Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, tr. Rosemary Sheed, (New York and Scarborough: New American Library, 1974), pp. 1-37; 437-456..

(10) o¥Ji!t*.1i.~I!!].jIJJ. 134. XEfLt. '. f:lJW r 7}( J ' r Fl J '. r. ±i±l J. '. r. Y;A J ~l!I8mi;1H~)7HG]r.J~l¥]. r~!tMM.t4J 17 0. :t@rt8,]flff~~f'li*f~~W~iJ1 J¥,t:!£ffii8"Jq:J[%]*~51flfH-t:mi§'. rF!f51:"@~~1JDt)j?f~1 f5!~8"Jli1f~. 0. '. 1'~pfT~ifIL±~flR1Jif@:*U~18. , }xfr'ft5GP:t±'~@Jt1JWB;ffr1~. r ffi~f1l}Mt. J tfl:*!jXtE8"J~f5! '. :;F@j , BQ;jf,t;1't 0. lt9iltm@J~1~~. , }xfr'p1tjJ1!A~7~8"Jr~* ' ~W-~~r.p!§~*~5['ti8"J~~7*i~J~. 0. ~~r~~J~rft~J~~~~-*ft'WW*~'.ff~m~~ ~ °ft~~~~ r ~~J~,~~~~ilt-.~~m~~,~~.·. N* 1Jrtf.(f9UpfTff;j{l~M3nMzTtj~rn~~!lf][ fEl.tfl:~i1":t£~1~iffl;!t:tMi ~'~Y~~2w*£~rMJ ' r~J*ftm~ffg~'~~tt. 0. 2W*~~~~*£~~~~'~»~~.ffii~.[%]$~ft~m~~. i£t;7JlUlf*19. 0. ~DJlt. r BA~ J. [%]*~'ll1¥J~'!fJ*~f5!. '. ~*ft~~~~1J)3»f11Hf][ ,. ftyiJWJffii '. PJfig~ftMi~~~fWMtpfT5!05~:5e,:.it. Jt~rp. ; Jlt -*5~fiflN. *ft~~1¥Jr~~J~r~~J~M'~~~M~1¥Jffmo. 17,}t. 11'1 {~ ~ Mircea Eliade ' YL .j\. Pal/ems. 440. in Comparalil'e Religion. pp . 437. 0. 18*,qUlt. t.*i<:ii'! ,}U~epoche. ' :tX!.l'i!,.J::..i..lhI.-!tt.e.(intellectual suspense) ,. *'. t.i\.. tNt ~ % ~ .~-& 1. i!H - in ; Of llll G. van der Leeuw, Religion in Essence and Manileslalioll vol. 2, pp. 645-689 0. *'. Y J 6!JitWff ' or If llilHii < Bt] i: lfi) ~ If > ' ~U'i- ( llhl.1': 7t 1.. If,--Iilt' (lhI.y~t.J-) ~~(-a;lt.: n\.fz, 1968)' Jrl05-126; net ::?tt1f ±;~ fz ' Ching and Chuan. TOlI'ards Defining Ihe Contilcian Scriptures. 19 ~ n~. r Bt]. ~~). in Han China (206 BCE-220 CE). (Harvard University Ph.D. Dissertation. 1992), p. 93. notes 23, 24; pp. 259-269 0.

(11) t ~~fi~~:~A·a~~~**.*. 135. :=: ' $~*~~1m;~J.lIJ:H~8i ~~*~m. ••• '~7Em&~*~~m~,m7~~~~B. 1&ti1f~~:%z ffl. '. ~-a:rt).~DT~*:=t~&w~~Z. :. ~«< Htl.!1\§(scripture) A .jJiz" ,"", ... rttmft~1ffifij{®. nlG'. . *1l . ~t).&~rB~~¥*pJTffl*~~~'I:1ff . m1m! . M. r lE~ft J (canonization)~r,,~~. 0. ItSlm r *ill~ J m-@;-*~B'9j:tS{lL ' *. 7G{§{m%W-*~:g,**~fffiB'9*f?;Um f}fi. (i&t5 • ffd:t1f • {jjfllllDt~t::&Xr,,~Jm. '. ' :I:R~rtt~~m{*pJT1~i{tB'9:c}J~E. t!2{i!H~~fr'i1:~~~. 0. ~9i-'. r *,ill~ J. l'fEl.. , ~fLZm15N41R~tI:l ' ~t).JjlJT~ . H'J-E . ~iti*,ill . 1tD~ . If.1:I~U~ , fL~ r i~ J tI:l*~~~ , vj\m~~1z JiJ 19U : 4:*~ . i¥H~Uill . .=.~*~ . ::t:zN~ . :!lj/1tjl1a~ . !\ilJ~rt*,ill . 5~ ¥JJ~*~ . ~{llJ~*,ill . Ji:i",\*~ . ~~J!1~~ . g~ . ~~ :tf15'2'~~J1IUi5z~. 0. 0. B.iJl~~~(idea) *~-@;-~~{Ej"ffP~lID(orthodoxy)W~~J!,#Hi15iiJ(orthopraxy;. 0. tim~~~. ~lli*~~~~lID ' vj\W~*~~~~MM ~~fi· ~mWMo*~ iJl~ffi-at{imzwm$~'I:i B'9~liJI!. 'i¥;fLZ{§1tE~f~. , ~m3C:~ , ~*~!zt6IDJJ~{jj(. u. {§U : Aj:i~ffij ~)g~ifH. '. . ,(jti&w]. • :=fEE~~ . "J(.@t*tiJ . 0. :JF~~JJ ~ifB. . ~'I:iID\! . mmEfIfm ..

(12) .,jJf!t*1i.~t!!J.J!JJ. 136. C.A~iJJ~ili(human figure) Jl:t~J.-:JJR1"Ji1f£$~*~yrsitJ::g~±. ' ~f~PlG*$Xm~8"J±lm5tT ' {§ mQ} 1'QJi5*~lIIlWlcp~x¥-f7*8"J/J \1i'*M f9u : EiJ~::g , ~~y*(~)::g , *~Sffi ' ~~*~::g , WI ' ~ , ffi~ , ~ A ' JEA ' ~~ , IJ\ft ' 5'f-A(~MO 0. 0. ~. D.@A*~~ili(individua1 experience) PJTl'f8"J*~ ,~mloJ - @ r ~~ J 8"J.lm~ij[W.(the tra.,scendent) , ffij{§{C[J::gB{HJ~~lm.~. ma~*~lc.'~Jlf ;~. , 1!11k~Jl:t.~~!jiW.B:J±~&~. , t)@AP9:(£lr~Htf1Z::t{~~mitJ~±. 0. Jl:t~*~~. 0. ~:~~~.'~~G~'.B,~~,~~,.*,n~,~. JJ!(;;.;). 0. E.*~ff.±n~ili(community) Jl:t;l1Ji±~t)*~ff!±M~~lm8"JMi~W~1'F~±. ' Q}-P2Ji5~ljiGIiI '. -~~Jl:t\jlM!P9{fGffij§~. ~. f9U : jf*1tW~ilffij , tlt{f)-1t. , :93-~iJ~Jl:t~M!W5'f-{fG*Iiij[8"J~~1* , fJJ~W/M!-@J , mWZW:fi:tJ ' ~.r,U6f~ , f4Jlf*g 0. 0. F.~;U~~ili(ritual) f4{1Q**!iJCLB/J~1~1j~. time)W r m$~tili~6 J (sacred place). , *~m1jZ~~5E8:J 0. r m$~E;FEl9. £l'f--~~55IJ~)z$JjU1t. J. (sacred. . ~~i#IJJE.

(13) t~~ti~~:~A·a~W~~*I~. B"J~-g1§'~li4n:szlmiJJ{'F(H:11~~mti) ~@]AM~.~~Jl. '. 137. , {.w~~~~l~~~. f!iJ~I3)3~B"JMlmtH~:¥'6. ~$rfjf~W{tfW~~~.:t~ §. B"J. 1:EJj]~~L. 0. 0. Jl:t~f!Mft!JJi5tt~. '. H{~t)Jii:lI*fTB"J. 0. 19U : ~tfnm1Hil-<tl:l~itl· f1X1f~ • 9t'1m • ~~~) , 2J r-- . ~ffJ3. ' mWJ{~~ , i?Jj~%tt~) , i~~iiII ' m1'iJ~. })tj(m~. .. 0. G.~!f!82i;~(myth) Jl:t~Jl±rm*1mllf)Z Ell1f9::§c:!lttMB"JA~Jjft5iJJ~f~. , ~~/f'S¥:Jff~~ rs,JSMJIJ'JB"JttW(a-temporal) JSfTilfl r m$~3Nlo/.J J 1111~fiIIlilliA~g:1J ' {1ft {I'~B"J{'F~W:fffi~F&(cosmogony)9Xy':I3)3m1~~WW~m{* ' i:J:lJ'&{-t£Z:f§-* ~{.tMtr:pB"J r @:£~ J (archetype) , ~1&ttt{§{rp:f§-JSfT,*~~H;fjX51: ' IZ9JI:ti!1$ gr5~J11~B"J£~' -@5fJ rm$~J '11:f~ 1:E*~ffi{rpJ:-_' m$g3' ~l~;!(C~, 0. 0. ~~'H.~ :f§-rrtt.W~~Lli~H.o. 19U : 1fUlB ' @J~tttff-. i:tt* ' ElJttt ' MB ' ~FJ ' ,~'!H~t1l!1,~1,1Eim1~ , ~~ ,. ' A -m$~t&t. 0. H.~~~;~(symbol) *~6(~1~1?;~t)~tmfffiW*~l09XtiJ1'F£Z~:fffi~ffif~tfftEr-m.j~ m- BM-t9X*)jiUft~fJl'[!'iJB"J~l~1m. '. 0. ltSlJl:t~~~~*~B"J~~~~!IljJ. B"J ' 1~§t~~~B"J.:t1ITi!l]tWpW~!J):£ j30J~1J ' - ~1~~B/tB ~i't~H§ ~ ffii i§ ~r:"i!HB ' Mi:Jl(concealed) , jffif.H~Hm~Bn~B)3E!JJ ' 1~~(revealed) T£ f4{~i~!±lB"Jt~-gmz J£ ~sH'l :f§-;;;f!*~~ ~~ , m.M t)ffiVilfH!TrsxmJJ{'F~;fB ~ , /f'~1T)ZEl1J~Elff.\ff- ' ~n1~ZJj~A~EIj1'F 0. 0. 0.

(14) i? gr. \I:j. ~. .\l,(. ;{t.~. 00. ....... M. I. ~ W. !aItl. V+. 1«. 4Bl. t~. ~ ~ rtj, ~. ITlJ. ~. ~. B'C;. {Oii. ~ fEB. f-Q. * Hi"E ~ .. ~ i$ ~ ~. -<. 'U'. ~. ~. ] 0. ~. :.B'. g 'M. ~. ~. ~. *'1<. ....... ~ ~. ~*. .';1;g g~. ~. -. J.J. wr,. 0. ~. w. ~ ;l;!1 ~ra i!\Il m ~ -l< rt ~ ~ Ia' ~ ~ ~ 8j:il ~ ~. /. --,. S'". c. ~. 0.. 0. "~. ~. HE Ia' ~ p: i!\Il -< 0 !aItl . 0. \>If. -til. I!!:;i<. """ g;*. -" :lfi. ~. ~ ~ ~. WI. wr It->. ,'<-. iX. c. '0. E. !mK g\lj. .. i--,. 'illIe. -m. 49\-. Vl. L. ~ .l..j -R :g' ;l;!1. iil. ltQ. ~. n~. m!( l1ll. *"'. ~~ ~ ~ 1!\t!llm' *K Ill;. ..Ll ~. :$:.i ~. L. <:/ "" Df\ =. ~ ~m. -R'\. ;l;!1. ; ~. 'ill re. Jmlll. !aItl. 4ln. W;-. =. ~ , f-Q r-j, ~ J!l!l). 140 ~. ~~ i -<. ~. ~ ~. ~. ~. t~. {f1-, ~ ~ ... =. ~. $. ~. *'1<. ~ ~. m-. 11!2 Ii(;. i*. ~ ~~. I. -;. ~~. smr. ~. :g ~ ~ ~. ~ {I~. ~ $t. ~ ~. ;l;!1. W:. ~. {I~. .Q. $. ~m:. !ill-. ~(. ~. ~. lCll. ~. a'. 1m!. W-. ~ =m ~ ?ill N~. {I)~. {~. 1m ,,.,. Ii" lIIR !!J!l.). l'. ,~. iI .m. ~. ;e li* ~. E[~. ~ :jnj(. r.:iB! ~. H ~ ~. ~. 1m!. ~. ~*. 1;1lI. w. 1,rq. m!(. ~ ~. ""'". CI. '<-. ~ In'. <:/ =. tmi. 0. lif;>. 1«. ~. 1111 0. !iii' m,a. ~. {~. it2. 8. ~ "'" SK nf6 '" ~. :!;8 ~ n~ ~~ ~ ~ $ ~ ~ ~ W.Jil ..Ll ~ .J....\ ~. +t-l m!(. ~ ~~ .. ~ ~. :g. 0 =. ~. 'illa. 4~. +ta. ,. ~. gr. \lHHl. $. =. 0. is. ~. ~. ~~. W. l:Iiil~ = ~ 1~ ITl ~ ~ D~ {I~. ~. I!r'. 4r'. ~ $I1I1 I!l~ ~ ~ $; = ~ i»\ ~. ~ ~ ffiII;~ ~ E[~ tJ!irr. !!K. i::J. 11 11 0. Cit,. ~ ;!;lj I ~ j:J,J. i::J. llIII' :lfi .;\lIl .... '. n~. IE! ~ ~ !!IS $ rf-. :lfi ~ ~. $. ~ ~~. ~. {I~. L. {I~. I1no. f;{,2. ~ ~. ~ ~ $ B- ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ --, ~ ~ ~ i»\. 1« 14. ~ ~.

(15) 0\. -. <'l. ~ ~. ~+ ~ .~. ~. ~ ~ ~ {o!(. $". ~~. ~ .~~. !;ill. 1>. ~. 8J ...... ~. ~. 0. e. ~ SIt. -. 0. 0. -. \fi::. \l{I ~ .,..... -. ~. C1 = IJt::! ~ ill -J::l<. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N. -8- lliK. -. 0. "". tt. -. ~-. ~. -<. tt. -. ill. -<- -. ". 0. 3. -<. -. 0. V~. W. 0. 0. 4!n. I. ~. tt. 0. ~ \'ll!1. ~. ~'j.. {I~. ~ ~. lHi\. ~ ill ~ 1::1 ~DIll ~ HE Jll!t! ~~ R~ fI!!!.l) ~. {I~. ~ ~. In' 1n* - iJlr *' ill. !S. rx ~. efI!!!.l). ~. ~. \fi::. fil:£. ~. 1£. w;. . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1~ m -8. In' th<. ~ ~. ilt N. =. - ...u -< -"=l.. Jj ~. ~ -8- ~ ~ ~ ~ {I~ ~. rx -. llil~. 0. +4- . ~ ~ ~ ~ C1 lj\n ~Ij -J::l<. {I~ W;~ I: ~\ -B W ~ ~ rK ~ -.." ~ liif ~ ..Ll Il!;i> ~ -"=l. 1+1 IIIJ ~ ill ~ ~ ~ ~t ~ ,,,," 'llJ 4"" :E:~ tw m)!.! N lIr' j !!;;= ~ !IW ..Ll ~ ~ lIr' ~ -"=l. ~ In' ~ !!;;= ~ V~ ~ In' !il\! t'%3 ~ tit J...j N = W,m ~ itt iItID lEP) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j ~ ~. llue ill ~ ~ e ~ £ 4\;1; {]I] !IW ~ 4r- N~ -, ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ lfH ~ ~ JlIfr! @ 4rq ~ illK IlllK . ~{I] ..Ll -"=l. R~ ~ Wi lfH -P< ~ N ~ IE 4\;1; 1\110 ~ -+< ~i ~ ~ ~ L {I~ ~ 1::1 ~ ~ Illc:l til ~ ~ 111m In' ~ N ~ {Dill N ~ IE ~ ~ ~ iWI -, ~ ,..... 1+1 4:lP 4r1+1 ~ :E:~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lfH :i@t ~ ,,:i@t ~i 1+1 ~ ~ ~ ~ {]I] tEl ltD llil~ V~ ~ 11ue ~ W +4-m4\;1; $ I).E. ~ !1 m2 -P< ~ ~ lID, Jll!t! ~ ~ -8- ~ =: llil~ I1li = ]at :% -P< HE ~ «, lIr' il!Hll P! th< L +4- N {1~ HE !!;;= ~ ~ Jj llil~ - <B* $I ~ ~ -m£ -, ~o ~o £ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ mJl<! ~ Ijll[] ~ :i@t iJlr ~ R~ -+< ~ ~ t!l:i ~ {Dill ~ ~ :i@t {I ~ ~ til< ~ v~ ~ In' :$ ~ -B ~ ..Ll L ~i !!l ~~ ~ -"=l. ~ ~ jiji; jiji; mffi ill! ~. iliK. fL- ~ .J.-j N ~ ~ {1~ Ijl1[] 1111 1:1: JRrl ~ ~ ~ -8- In' at~ ~ ~i ~ ~. ill.

(16)