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平面應變 虎克定律與平面應力

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§ Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress 1.x、y、z 方向上的合應變: x 1 ( x y) E      ; y 1 ( y x) E      ; z ( x y) E       Hooke’s law in shear:

G

xy xy

  

The stresses in terms of the strains:

( ) 1 2 x y x E       ; ( ) 1 2 y x y E       ; xyGxy

Ref:Mechanics of Materials by James M.Gere & Barry J. Goodno, 7th ed. 2.G 與 E 之關係 ) 1 ( 2   E G 一般材料 2 1 ~ 0   ,∴一般而言 3 ~ 2 E E G

3.Special Cases of Hooke’s Law

(1)雙軸向應力(biaxial stress):xy 0  x 1 ( x y) E      ; y 1( y x) E      ; z ( x y) E        ( ) 1 2 x y x E       ; ( ) 1 2 y x y E       (2)單軸向應力(uniaxial stress):y 0  E x x    ; E x z y      ; xEx (3)純剪應力(pure shear):x y 0 x y z 0 ; G xy xy   

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4.Volume Change

(1)volume change:VV1V0abc(x y z)V0(x y z)

(2)unit volume change: x y z

V V e     0 以應力表示單位體積變化(biaxial stress): 1 2 ( ) 0 y x E V V e       5.Strain-energy Density 應變能密度u為單位體積之應變能: 0 V U u   u

xx yy xyxy

2 1 以應力表示應變能密度:

G E u x y x y xy 2 2 2 1 2 2    2  以應變表示應變能密度:

2 2 ) 1 ( 2 2 2 2 2 xy y x y x G E u           

§ Hooke’s Law for Triaxial Stress

1.三軸向應力的應變方程式: x ( y z) x E E         ; y y ( z x) E E         ; z ( x y) z E E        

The stresses in terms of the strains:

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) 2 1 )( 1 ( x y z x E          ;

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) 2 1 )( 1 ( y z x y E         

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) 2 1 )( 1 ( z x y z E          2.Volume Change(三軸向應力)

unit volume change: x y z

V V e     0 以應力表示單位體積變化(triaxial stress): 1 2 ( ) 0 z y x E V V e        3.Strain-energy Density(三軸向應力) 應變能密度u為單位體積之應變能: 0 V U u   u

xx yy zz

2 1 以應力表示應變能密度:

x y z

 

x y x z y z

E E u  2 2 2        2 1 以應變表示應變能密度:

x y z

 

x y x z y z

E u                       1 2 ) 2 1 )( 1 ( 2 2 2 2

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§ Plane Strain

1.平面應力與平面應變之比較:

Ref:Mechanics of Materials by James M.Gere & Barry J. Goodno, 7th ed.

2.應變符號與正負慣例: (1)正向應變(normal strain):x指作用在元素的x方向上;y指作用在元素的 y 方向上。 拉伸(拉應變)為正,壓縮(壓應變)為負。 (2)剪應變()的正負慣例:兩正面(或兩負面)之間的夾角減小時,元素內的剪應變為正;兩正 面(或兩負面)之間的夾角增大時,元素內的剪應變為負。 ※正面:某一面的向外法向量朝向座標軸的正方向稱之為正面,反之則稱為負面。 3.平面應變變換方程式:( 逆時針轉為正)         sin2 2 2 cos 2 2 1 xy y x y x x      ;      cos2 2 2 sin 2 2 1 1y x y xy x     x y xy 1 1 4.主應變(principal strains):最大與最小的正向應變稱為主應變。 2 2 2 , 1 2 2 2                 xyxyxy  1  、2:稱為最大與最小主應變

5.最大剪應變(maximum shear strain): x y xy    R

              2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 max       6.最大剪應變方向上的(平均)正向應變: 2 y x aver     

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7.主角(principal angle)p:與主平面或主軸線之夾角。 y x xy p       2 tan 8.p與s之關係:s p 45 9.平面應力變換方程式與平面應變變換方程式之對應變數

stresses strains

x   x y   y xy   xy/2 1 x   1 x  1 1y x   /2 1 1y xSol:

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Ref:Mechanics of Materials by James M.Gere & Barry J. Goodno, 7th ed.

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Sol:

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Sol:

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Sol:

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Sol:

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