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䃉婾㗗㔁⭌䘬ⷓ䓇ỵ伖尉⽝䘬㪲≃䳸㥳斄Ὢˣㆾ侭㗗ᶨ䚜ẍἮẍ㔁ⷓ嫃㌰ 䁢ᷣ䘬㌰⍿㕡⺷炻悥⭡㖻嬻㔁⬠埴䁢㳩㕤ˬ䌐䘥˭炷monologue炸烊⚈㬌⛐⻟婧ẍ ⬠䓇䁢ᷣ橼䘬㔁⬠㧉⺷ᶳ炻䨩栗ㆾ∝忈ⷓ䓇ᷳ攻㔁⬠䘬ˬ⮵娙˭炷dialogue炸⎗傥炻 ὧㆸ䁢䔞ẋ㔁⬠㳣≽䘬慵天婚柴ˤ 䃞侴㔁⬠㳣≽䔞ᷕ⻟婧䘬⮵娙冯Ṍ㳩炻昌Ḯ媠⣂婚䦳姕妰ᷳ⢾炻㔁ⷓ䘬⽫ 曰㗗⏎攳㓦冯䛇婈炻⿸⾽ㇵ㗗婚䦳ㆸ≇冯⏎䘬斄挝⚈䳈ʇʇ㚜㖶䡢⛘婒炻⛐䎕䳂 䴻䆇ᷕ炻ᶨ攻㔁⭌㗗⏎䁢ˬ㳣䘬˭㔁⭌炻ᷣ天ㅱ娚⍾㰢㕤ˬねデ䘬㳩≽˭烊侴ね デ䘬㳩≽⏰䎦炻㗗堐䎦⛐媠⣂晙⿏䘬幓橼冯⽫曰䘬Ḻ≽䡘㑆䔞ᷕˤ媪䘬晙⿏䘬 幓橼冯⽫曰䘬Ḻ≽炻㗗伶デ䴻槿䘬➢䢶炻侩ⷓ冯⎴⬠傥⣈⛐徘婒䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻䓐冒 䘬䓇␥䴻槿⍣⠓墄ˣ∝忈Ⱄ㕤冒䓇␥䘬伶デ䴻槿ˤ 㛔㔯䘬䞼䨞䚖䘬炻㗗斉徘㔁⬠埴䁢䘬㛔岒炻⌛㗗ᶨ䧖⎹ℏ㍊䳊䓇␥䴻槿䘬忶 䦳炻ḇ㗗ᶨ䧖⎔╂⮵娙䘬⼊⺷烊侴⛐忁㧋䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻㔁ⷓ䘬⽫曰㈖㺼㤝℞慵天䘬 奺刚炻ᶨᾳ⃭㺧䛇婈䃉䥩䘬⽫曰炻㚫∝忈᷎ⷞ↢姙⣂シ佑冯₡ῤ炻忁䧖ẍねデ䘬 㳩≽Ἦ㼌㽌㔁⭌冯Ḻ≽埴䁢炻㗗䁢ˬ㳩≽䘬㔁⭌˭炻⎗媪℟㚱伶⬠シ佑䘬婚䦳ℏ ⭡ˤ ᜢᗖӷǺғڮᡍǹፐำऍᏢǹ೯௲ػ! ύচεᏢ೯௲ػύЈշ௲Ƕ!Fluid classroom:Curriculum design based
on life experiences
ġġ
Hsiang, Hong-Chuan
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Abstract
Whether it is the classroom setting which symbolizes power structure of the relationship between teachers and students or the traditional teacher-dominated lecturing method, they are easily led to monologue in teaching behaviors. Therefore, the emphasis on student-centered teaching mode to highlight or create the dialogue between teachers and students has become an important topic of contemporary teaching and learning activities.
However, the emphasis of dialogue and opinion exchanges in classroom; in addition to various curriculum designs, whether a teacher’s mind is open and honest or not is the essential key to success. More specifically, in classroom management, a "live" classroom is determined by “emotional flows.” The present of “emotional flows” is reflected and collided in the interaction among the “hidden” body and mind which is the basis of aesthetic experience. Teachers and students can fulfill one self’s life experience in the course of conversation and therefore create their own value and experience.
The research purpose of this thesis is to state the nature of teaching behavior is one kind of inward exploration of the process of life experience, and also a form of conversation opener. During this process, teachers’ mind plays an extremely important role – a full of sincere and selfless mind will create and bring out a lot of meaning and value. A classroom with emotional flows and great interaction is called “fluid classrooms” that is a course with aesthetic significance.
Keywords烉Life Experience, Aesthetics of Curriculum, General Education
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⢡ˣẍṢ䁢ᷣ橼䘬婚䦳伶⬠
⛐大㕡斄㕤喅埻冯伶埻䘬㤪⾝炻㗗⛐䲬㔯喅⽑冰㗪㛇炷℔⃫ 14焍16 ᶾ䲨炸 ㇵ攳⥳䡢䩳炻侴䧖䧖斄㕤丒䔓ˣ⺢䭱ˣ晽⟹ˣ⿅゛冯⒚⬠䫱䫱䭬䔯堐䎦炻悥攳⥳ 㚱Ḯ㕘䘬䘤⯽ˤ⽆㔯喅⽑冰㗪㛇攳⥳炻ḇㇵ㧡䩳ḮˬṢ㔯ᷣ佑˭炷lȽUmanesimo炸 䘬シ冯嬀冯䱦䤆炻侴䔞㗪⬠侭Ᾱ⛐䞼䨞婯婾忁ṃ冰嵋⬠⓷㗪炻㈲⬫⭂佑ㆸ⊭ ㊔忻⽟⒚⬠ˣ㬟⎚ˣ婆㱽ˣᾖ录娑㫴⛐ℏ䘬ˬṢ㔯䞼䨞˭炷Studia Humanitatis炸ˤ 1喅埻伶埻徸㻠㓡嬲ṢᾹ⮵⢾⛐ᶾ䓴䘬䚳㱽炻ḇ⼊⟹Ḯ䚳⼭䘬㕡⺷炻⚈㬌徸㻠 ⼊ㆸᶨ䧖斄㕤デ奢炾デ⭀⼊⺷䞼䨞䘬䌐䩳⬠⓷炻ḇ℞⽆㬌侴Ἦ䘬斄㕤ˬ伶˭䘬㛔 岒冯シ佑䞼䨞䘬⬠䥹炻⌛伶⬠炷Aesthetics炸ˤ 伶⬠⍇䁢⒚⬠䘬ᶨ㓗炻㸸㕤ⶴ冀㔯 aisthesis炻⍇シ䁢デ奢炻ḇ⯙㗗㊯⮵㕤䧖 䧖伶䘬ḳ䈑䘬デ⍿烊⽟⚳伶⬠⭞欹⥮≈様炷Alexander Baumgarten炻1714焍1758炸 䘬˪伶⬠˫炷1750炸ᶨ㚠炻⻟⊾Ḯ≈媠⛐デ⿏娵䞍傥≃䘬䞼䨞炻忪䘤⯽↢⮑伶䘬 䥹⬠炻冒㬌伶⬠ㆸ䁢ᶨ攨䌐䩳䘬⬠䥹炻䓂军ㆸ䁢役ẋ⒚⬠ᷕ娵嬀婾䘬ᶨᾳ慵天⬠ ⓷ˤ ⽆大㕡伶⬠㸸㳩Ἦ䚳炻ᶵ婾㗗斄㕤伶喅䘬⒚⬠⿏㍊妶ˣ斄㕤喅埻伶⬠䘬 ㈡姽䎮婾ㆾ喅埻䎮婾ˣẍ⍲斄㕤⮑伶シ嬀冯䴻槿䘬⽫䎮⬠㍊妶炻⣏㤪悥僓暊ᶵḮ ẍ喅埻⮵尉䁢ᷕ⽫䘬㤪⾝炻侴Ṣ䘬ᷣ橼₡ῤ忪⛐忁㧋䘬⿅ょ傰䴉ᶳ嬲⼿㫉天炻⚈ 㬌ㆹᾹ㚫⛐大㕡喅埻⎚ᷕ䚳⇘喅埻ἄ⑩冯∝忈侭䘬䓇␥䉨㱩僓⊦䘬䉨ン炼炼⌛ ∝忈侭ẍ∝忈↢伶䘬ἄ⑩䁢ᷣ天䚖䘬炻⛐忁ᾳ⇵㍸ᶳ炻Ṣ䘬䓇␥冯⽫曰䉨ン嬲⼿ ᶵ慵天烊䚠⮵Ἦ婒炻ᷕ⚳伶⬠塷⻟婧ἄ⑩冯ἄ侭攻䘬斄忋シ佑炻ὧ栗䎦↢℞攻䘬 慵⣏ⶖ䔘ˤ屛ˣ忂嬀婚䦳䘬伶⬠シ佑
㖑⛐ 1909 ⸜Ṇỗ䈡Ʉ⊆ΐ㕗Ʉ伭⦩䇦炷Abbott Lawrence Lowell炻1856焍1943炸 ↢ả⑰ἃ⣏⬠㟉攟㗪炻⚈⍵⮵⃰⇵⃩姙⣏⬠䓇冒䓙怠婚ㇻ䟜ᶨ凔㔁⬠䳸㥳䘬⬴㔜 ⿏炻ẍ⍲⮵⣂⃫⊾怠ᾖ⇞⹎忈ㆸ䘬䟜⢆⿏デ⇘ㄪ⽫炻攳⥳㆟⾝崟忶⍣⎴⬠Ᾱᶨ ⬠佺䚠⎴婚䚖炻ᶨ崟䓇㳣䘬⬠佺㗪炻᷎㍸↢ˬ⛐忁ᾳ墯暄䘬䎦ẋ䣦㚫墉炻㚨⤥ 䘬忂嬀㔁做⯙㗗➡梲⬠䓇ˮ⺋㲃㴱䌝ˣ⬠㚱⮰㓣˯䘬䞍嬀䳸㥳˭炻伭⦩䇦⇅ả⑰ ἃ㟉攟䘬娚⸜⋩Ḵ㚰炻⑰ἃ㔯䎮⬠昊㰢⭂⽆ᶨḅᶨ⚃⯮⬠䓇攳⥳炻⎴㗪天䞼ᾖ⮰ 㤕婚䦳忂嬀婚䦳炻⬠昊姕䩳Ḯ⚃ᾳ⺋㲃䘬怠ᾖ婚䦳炻忁ṃ⬠䥹⣏栆⊭㊔烉炷烀炸 婆妨ˣ㔯⬠ˣ喅埻枛㦪烊炷烁炸冒䃞䥹⬠烊炷烂炸㬟⎚ˣ㓧㱣䣦㚫䥹⬠烊炷烃炸 ⒚⬠㔠⬠ˤ忁ᶨ妰䔓⼴Ἦ塓䧙䁢ˬ㊯⭂怠ᾖ婚䦳˭炷distribution requirement炸ˤ 2忁䧖䁢⣏⬠䓇⺢䩳ˬ⮰㤕婚為㊯⭂怠ᾖ婚˭䘬 㱽ḇ⎴㗪⺋㲃忳䓐⛐伶⚳䘬⎬ 1
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⣏⬠䘬怠婚橼䲣炻ḇㆸ䁢䔞㗪妋㰢忂嬀㔁做䘬䯉╖㕡㱽ˤ⛐忁ᾳ㗪㛇塷炻伶⚳⣏ ⬠⮯ˬ婆妨ˣ㔯⬠ˣ喅埻枛㦪˭夾䁢ˬ嬻恋ṃᶵⶴ㛃⛐㝸ᾳ柀➇两临㶙忈䘬⬠ 䓇炻傥㌴㎉忁ṃ柀➇䘬➢㛔⍇䎮⿅䵕㕡㱽˭䘬ℍ攨婚䦳ᷳᶨ炻ḇ⯙㗗婒炻⮵㕤 朆㔯⬠喅埻䚠斄䥹䲣䘬⎴⬠Ἦ婒炻德忶ˬ婆妨ˣ㔯⬠ˣ喅埻枛㦪˭䘬忂嬀婚䦳 姕妰炻⎗ẍ嬻忁ṃ⬠䓇℟⁁➢䢶䘬伶⬠炾伶做䘬䞍嬀冯妻䶜ˤ 斄㕤喅埻ㆾ伶⬠㔁做⛐忂嬀㔁做ᷕỼ䘬慵天⿏冯㭼慵炻⎗ẍẍ 1945 ⸜↢ 䇰Ḯ 267 枩䘬⑰ἃ⣏⬠˪冒䓙䣦㚫ᷕ䘬忂嬀㔁做˫炷General Education in a Free Society炻⼴⚈℞墅ⷨ侴塓䧙䁢ˬ䲭䙖㚠˭炻Red Book炸ᷕ 䁢妶婾䘬崟溆烉娚婚 䦳天㯪⬠⢓⬠ỵ天ᾖ䘬 16 攨婚䦳ᷕ炻6 攨ㅱ娚㗗忂嬀㔁做婚䦳烊侴忁 6 攨婚䦳 ᷕ炻军⮹天㚱ᶨ攨怠冒Ṣ㔯⬠䥹炻ᶨ攨怠冒䣦㚫䥹⬠炻ᶨ攨怠冒䥹⬠婚䦳ˤ3Ṣ 㔯⬠䥹⊭㊔⚃䧖䥹䚖炻⌛㔯⬠ˣ⒚⬠ˣ伶⬠冯枛㦪炻侴忂嬀婚䦳ᷕ䲵ℍ斄㕤伶埻ˣ 伶做ㆾ喅埻䘬婚䦳炻ᷣ天➢㕤ˬ㔁做䘬≇傥⯙㗗➡梲ㆹᾹˮデ䞍˯冯ˮ䎮妋˯傥 ≃˭4炻Ữ㗗喅埻㈨㱽䘬妻䶜⿸⾽ᶵ㗗忂嬀㔁做䘬ᶨ悐↮炻侴ᷣ天⛐㍸ὃ㬟⎚徼 ⼹冯↮㜸徼⼹Ἦ嬻⬠䓇㚱傥≃㍍役喅埻ἄ⑩ˤ 忂嬀㔁做役⸜Ἦ⮯⣏悐↮慵⽫㓦⛐➢㛔䞍嬀傥≃䘬➡梲ˣ⺢䩳嶐⬠䥹⬠佺䘬 ⬠䦳ˣ≈⻟㔯⎚⬠佺ˣẍ⍲憅⮵⣏ᶨ㕘䓇暨侴䈡⇍姕妰䘬⬠佺婚䦳ᶲ烊侴䚖⇵ 庫㕘䘬䘤⯽嵐⊊炻⇯㗗㔜⎰忂嬀㔁做婚䦳⮰攨ᷣᾖ婚䦳䘬䥹䚖ˣ㲐慵㔁⬠冯⬠ 佺䘬忶䦳炻ẍ⍲㍸ὃℐ䎫⊾冯⣂⃫⊾䘬婚䦳ˤ5⑰ἃ⣏⬠䘬㟠⽫婚䦳䔞ᷕ炻ḇ⊭ ⏓ˬ伶埻冯枛㦪˭炻忁ṃ婚䦳䘬䚖㧁冯㔯⬠栆婚䦳栆Ụ炻㗗ˬ⡆忚⬠䓇夾奢冯倥 奢䘬デ䞍傥≃炻㍸ὃṾᾹᶨṃ喅埻堐忼ㇳ㱽䘬䞍嬀炻嬻ṾᾹ傥ẍ彐⇍≃Ἦ⇌㕟⑩ 岒˭6炻侴⛐夷∫忁ṃ喅埻伶⬠栆䘬➢䢶婚䦳㗪炻ḇ⻟婧娚栆婚䦳ㅱ娚ˬ䚜㍍妠 ⍲喅埻懭ἄ㛔幓˭烊侴⼴炻⑰ἃ⣏⬠⛐忚埴㟠⽫婚䦳䘬㓡忚䞼䨞㗪炻㚦䴻妶婾忶 䨞䪇ỽ䧖㧁㸾ㇵ傥忼⇘媪ˬ≈ℍ⍿忶㔁做侭䘬埴↿˭炻ḇ⯙㗗⬴ㆸ⣏⬠㔁做⼴ ㅱ娚℟⁁䘬㘢嬀䦳⹎㗪炻㍸↢㔠枭㧁㸾炻℞ᷕᶨ枭㧁㸾⤪ᶳ烉 ڙၸ௲ػޣӧаسϯБԄࡘԵၰቺᆶউୢᚒޑБय़ϒයఈǴ׆Ꮗ ځᏱԖࢌ٤ှૈΚᆶᡍǶനӳޑݩ܈ࢂǴڙၸ௲ػޣനख़ाޑঁΓ ፦ࢂڀഢ܄ղᘐૈΚǴ٬дॺૈрόӕޑၰቺᒧǶ! ڙၸ௲ػޣᔈ၀ᖐЗளᘶǴڀഢଯࡋޑऍᏢᆶၰቺྗǶӧԜךࡰޑࢂܔ๊ Ӛᅿಉᇙᔲޑ٣ނޑૈΚǴ٠ЪૈԖਏǵ܄ӦှញᆶፁঁΓᢀᗺǶ8 ! ⑰ἃ⣏⬠㔯䎮⬠昊ᷣⷕ伭䳊⣓㕗➢⻟婧ˬ冒ᷣ侴䎮⿏䘬忻⽟⇌㕟傥≃˭冯ˬ伶⬠ 䘬⮑伶傥≃˭㗗Ḵ枭堉慷⣏⬠䓇㗗⏎℟⁁㘢嬀傥≃䘬㊯㧁炻侴⽆℞⮯ˬ忻⽟˭冯 3
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⍫ˣ℟㚱ᷕ⚳伶⬠䱦䤆䘬婚䦳姕妰
ᶨˣ婚䦳姕妰ᷕ䘬゛⁷冯忋䳸
㳦䲵炷Pinar ,William,F炸⛐˪䎮妋婚䦳˫炷Understanding Curriculum炻1995炸 ᷕ⮯㍸↢⮯婚䦳夾䁢ᶨ䧖ˬ伶⬠㔯㛔˭炻᷎ᶼ⻟婧喅埻⛐婚䦳ᷕ䘬慵天⿏シ佑烊 ⎴㗪婚䦳㔁⬠ḇ㗗ᶨ䧖伶⬠䴻槿炻㔁ⷓ⛐婚➪ᶲ⮎嶸ẍˬ゛⁷˭炷imagination炸 ˬ㕘⣯˭炷wonder炸䘬䱦䤆炻ㇻ忈㳣㻹䘬婚䦳ˤ8 斄㕤忂嬀㔁做ᷕ䘬ˬ゛⁷˭炻ㆹᾹ⎗ẍẍ䲸㕗䏓炷ŎŢųŵũŢġńįġŏŶŴŴţŢŶŮ炸㍸ ↢䘬奨溆炻⌛⤪㝄Ṣ㔯⁛䴙冯℔㮹㚱斄忋䘬娙炻恋ㅱ娚㗗叿慵⛐ˬ➡做Ṣ㔯˭ᷳ ᶲ炻䈡⇍㗗⤪喯㟤㉱⸽婒ˬ㩊妶䘬䓇㳣˭炼炼忁ḇ㗗ˬ㈡⇌⛘㩊妶冒冒 ⁛䴙˭䘬傥≃炻㚜慵天䘬㗗炻➡梲ᶨ䧖冯␐怕ẹ㇂冯ℙˣ㈧娵⇍Ṣḇ斄⽫⇍Ṣ䘬 傥≃ˤĺ 䲸㕗䏓䈡⇍䵲㈋⇵朊ℑ䧖傥≃᷎䘤⯽↢䫔ᶱ䧖ˬ㔀ḳ䘬゛⁷˭䘬傥≃炻 忁㗗ᶨ䧖ˬ⍣姕゛⤪㝄ㆹᾹ䪁⛐⇍Ṣ䘬ỵ伖ᶲ炻ḳね㚫㗗⾶㧋˭䘬℔㮹傥≃炻侴 ゛⁷≃⛐㍊䨞Ṣ栆斄Ὢ㗪栗⼿䈡⇍㚱䓐炻ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ德忶㔯⬠ἄ⑩ᷕ䘬Ṣ䈑ㆾね䭨 㓭ḳ炻Ἦ㳆〱᷎Ḯ妋Ṣ⿏㛔岒ˤ䲸㕗䏓ᷳẍ㚫⤪㬌䚳慵㔯⬠䘬₡ῤ炻ᷣ㗗㗗⚈ 䁢ˬ⛐ᶾ䓴℔㮹䘬婚䦳ᷕ炻㔯⬠㚱⯌℞寸䘬届䌣炻⚈䁢⬫傥⣈堐䎦↢⎬䧖ᶵ⎴ Ṣᷳ䌐䈡䑘⠫⓷柴˭IJı 炻䲸㕗䏓ḇ⻟婧㔯⬠ἄ䁢嶐⬠䥹⮵娙䘬㔯㛔炻⎗ẍ嬻ᶵ ⎴⮰䥹⬠攨䘬㔁ⷓ忚埴Ḻ≽冯Ṍ㳩炻㔜⎰ᶵ⎴⬠䥹䘬奨溆ˤḳ⮎ᶲ䲸㕗䏓忁䧖斄 㕤⎌℠䘬彗嬟炻⛐℞˪娑⿏㬋佑烉㔯⬠゛⁷冯℔ℙ䓇㳣˫IJIJ ᷕḇ⎗㈦⇘䚠⎴䘬斄 ㆟炼炼教嬨㔯⬠ἄ⑩᷎ᶵ㗗╖⎹塓≽㍍⍿䘬忶䦳炻侴㗗⛐教嬨ᷕᶵ㕟⍵⿅炻⛐冯 㔯⬠㔯㛔ᶵ㕟⮵娙Ḻ≽忶䦳ᷕ㩊夾冯槿嫱䘬忶䦳烊忁㧋䘬妻䶜㚱≑㕤㒜⣏ねデ䴻 槿炻⎴㗪ḇ⛐ᶵ⎴䘬ἄ⑩䔞ᷕ忚埴庫ℐ朊侴㶙⇣䘬ねデ゛⁷炻傥⣈䎮妋ᶾ䓴䘬墯 暄⿏炻ẍ⍲⮵䣦㚫ᷕ恋ṃ塓怢⾀䘬⻙⊊㕷佌䘬斄㲐炻⮎䎦ᶨ䧖ˬ娑⿏㬋佑˭炷űŰŦŵŪŤġ ūŶŴŵŪŤŦ炸ˤ⚈䁢㔯⬠䘬ねデ冯゛⁷炻嬨侭䘬夾奺冯ン⹎㚫㚜≈寸ˣ℔㬋冯㖶㘢ˤġ 㬌⢾炻忂嬀㔁做ᷕ⻟婧冯⮰攨⬠䥹䘬忋䳸炻侴斄㕤⤪ỽ忋䳸炻㔯⊾Ṣ栆⬠⭞ 吃暟㟤慴Ʉ居䈡㢖炷Gregory Bateson炻1904焍1980炸㚦㍸↢ˬ忋䳸䘬㧉⺷˭炷the pattern which connects炸䘬㤪⾝炻ⶴ㛃德忶㝸䧖⿅侫㕡⺷䘬梲ㆸ炻Ἦ㔜⎰⎬䧖⬠ 䥹攻䘬ⶖ䔘炻嶐崲慵慵䘬䞍嬀䓴旸炻Ṿ婒烉ġ
8൛ǺȤȨགྷႽȩࣁਡЈϐፐำᆶ௲ᏢǺаMaxine Greene ϐऍག௲ػᆶ௶٣ፐำౣࣁٯȥǶȨऍ
Ꮲڗӛፐำᆶ௲ᏢϐፕࡌᄬᆶᔈҔȩᏢೌፕᏝǶ2010ԃ3ДǶ
9ȴऍȵᅦಮǷફථ⍎ȐMartha C. NussbaumȑǺȠػΓЎǺΓЎ௲ػׯॠޑђڂ៏ៈȡȐCultivating
HumanityȑᏤፕǺȨᙑԄ௲ػکࡘགྷᏢଣȩǴ। 19ǶȜ௲ػ೯௲ػسӈᘀਜȝǴѠчǺࡹ εрހޗǶ2010 ԃ 4 ДǶ
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ӕݙ 9Ǵ। 108Ƕ
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ȴऍȵᅦಮǷફථ⍎ȐMartha C. NussbaumȑȠ၃܄҅ကǺЎᏢགྷႽᆶϦӅғࢲȡȐPoetic JusticeǺ The Literary Imagination and Public Lifeȑ। 89Ƕч٧Ǻч٧εᏢрހޗǶ2010 ԃ 1 ДǶ
ӧόӕޑᏢਠک௲ᏢᙴଣǴך௲ၸӚࢬࢴޑՉࣁғނᏢکЎϯΓᜪᏢǴԶ ך܌௲ޑჹຝǴхࡴΑऍ୯ޑεཥғکᆒઓࣽᙴғǶךวӧдॺޑࡘԵ ύǴԖঁߚதڻ܁ޑᘐቫǴѬྍԾܭલЮࢌᅿࡘԵπڀǶ೭ᅿЮӧ௲ػ ޑӚঁቫભᒿೀёـǴคፕᏢғࢂتࢂζǵࢂᏢΓЎᗋࢂᏢπޑǶᇥளܴ қ٤Ǵ೭όࢂჹࣽᏢޑႣЖલޕǴΨࢂჹғࢲύޑႣલЮޕǶ23 ! 居䈡㢖⮵大㕡㔁做䘬仢星㚱㶙⇣䘬⍵䚩炻Ṿ娵䁢ˬㇻ䟜Ḯ忋䳸⎬ᾳ⬠佺枭䚖䘬㧉 ⺷炻⽭㚫㭩㌱ᶨ↯⑩岒˭13炻侴斄㕤ˬ忋䳸䘬㧉⺷˭䘬⭂佑炻居䈡㢖婒烉 ೱ่ޑኳԄ൩ࢂᅿࡕኳԄȐnfub.qbuufsoȑǴѬࢂኳԄ܌٩ൻޑኳԄǶ ࡕኳԄۓကΑཱུቶޑදၹচ߾ǴѬ൩ࢂೱ่ޑኳԄǶ25 ! 居䈡㢖娵䁢䥹⬠ḇ㗗ᶨ䧖ˬ䞍奢䘬㕡⺷˭炻⎴㗪䥹⬠⭞ḇ⍿旸㕤ṾᾹ䞍奢ḳ䈑䘬 媠⣂ⶍ℟ˣ㈨埻㕡㱽炻侴恋ṃ晙啷⛐ⶍ℟ㆾ㈨埻ᷳᶳ䘬姙⣂ḳ䈑炻⯙ㆸ䁢䥹⬠ 䃉㱽枸㷔嫱⮎䘬ḳ䈑ˤ居䈡㢖德忶⮵⎬䧖ᶵ⎴妲〗䘬㔜⎰炻ẍḮ妋ᶨᾳ㚜漸⣏ 㧉⺷䘬⎬ᾳ朊⎹烊侴忁䧖忋䳸䘬㧉⺷㗗暨天德忶ˬ婒㓭ḳ䘬㕡⺷˭Ἦ忚埴⿅侫ʇ ʇ⚈䁢ㆹᾹ⤪㝄傥⣈∝忈ᶨᾳ㓭ḳ炻恋湤⬀⛐㕤忁ᾳ㓭ḳ䔞ᷕ䘬⎬ᾳ悐↮ὧㆸ䁢 ℟㚱斄倗⿏䘬忋䳸炻忁ḇ㗗居䈡㢖䚠ᾉ炻忁ᾳᶾ䓴䘬叔䈑㗗⼤㬌䚠忋䘬慵天䎮 䓙ˤ15ㆾ侭㚜忚ᶨ㬍婒炻ㆹᾹ㗗⏎⎗ẍ德忶⼤㬌䚳Ἦ㮓䃉斄倗⿏䘬ḳ䈑攻炻⮳㈦ ⇘ṾᾹᷳ攻䚠忋䘬㓭ḳˤ ˬ婒㓭ḳ˭ᶨ⎹塓夾䁢Ṣ㔯⬠㚨㑭⊅⟜䘬悐↮炻ᶵ婾⮷婒ㆾ㇚∯悥㚱℞婒㓭 ḳ䘬䌐䈡㕡⺷炻侴⛐婚➪ᶲ䘬婯娙㚱≑㕤ⷓ䓇䘬Ḻ≽炻䓂军⎗ẍ⺢㥳↢㛅⎹㛒Ἦ 䘬忻⽟䓇㳣冯㔁做栀㘗ˤ16 佑⣏⇑㬟⎚⬠⭞䵕㞗炷Giambattista Vico炻1668焍1744炸⛐℞˪㕘䥹⬠˫ᶨ 㚠ᷕ㍸↢慵天䘬ˬ娑⿏㘢ㄏ˭䘬㤪⾝炻᷎⻟婧ˬṢ栆ᶾ䓴㗗䓙Ṣ栆冒∝忈↢Ἦ 䘬˭炻᷎ᶼ⽆䔞㗪㳩埴䘬冒䃞䥹⬠炼炼⤪⣑㔯⬠ˣ㔠⬠冯䈑䎮⬠䘬䭬⚵ᷕ炻∝忈 ↢ᶨ䧖⊭⏓叿㬟⎚䣦㚫䥹⬠䘬㕘䞼䨞ˤ17媪䘬ˬ娑⿏㘢ㄏ˭炻㊯䘬㗗ˬ∝ 忈䘬ㆾ㥳忈䘬㘢ㄏ˭18炻㗗ᶨ䧖⻟婧゛⁷≃冯デ⍿≃䘬䚜奢傥≃烊䵕㞗᷎ᶼ⺽䓐 ḮṆ慴㕗⣂⽟䘬⎵妨烉ˬ↉㗗㰺㚱忚ℍデ⭀䘬㜙大⯙ᶵ傥忚ℍ䎮㘢ˤ˭⤪㝄ㆹᾹ ẍ忁⎍娙 䁢㍸愺炻᷎㈲忁⎍娙㓦⛐忂嬀㔁做䘬䞍嬀橼䲣塷 䁢ᶨ䧖┇䘤烉忂嬀 㔁做ᷕ䘬ˬṢ㔯˭炷humanity炸ㆾˬ⌂晭炷liberal炸ㅱ娚㗗⻟婧᷎⽆䞍ˣねˣシ䘬 デ⭀䴻槿↢䘤ˣㆾ侭ẍ℞ 䁢䎮妋䘬➢䢶炻侴冒䃞䥹⬠䘬䧖䧖䞍嬀炻⎗ẍ 䁢䡢 12
ȴऍȵလႜٚɄنහȐGregory BatesonȑȠЈඵᆶԾฅȡȐMind And Natureȑ। 68ǴಃΒ കȨঁλᏢғޕၰȩǶѠчǺڬрހǶ2003 ԃǶ 13 ӕݙ 12Ǵ। 43Ƕ 14 ӕݙ 12Ǵ। 48Ƕ 15 ӕݙ 12Ǵ। 52Ƕ 16 चಏǺȠ௶٣ǵԾךᆶᇡӕǺவЎҁԵჸډፐำࣴزȡ। 180ǶѠчǺذ࠶ၗૻǶ2008 ԃ 9 ДǶ 17 ԙӀወǺȠᆢޑȠཥࣽᏢȡϷځჹύՋऍᏢޑቹៜȡ। 7Ƕ३ෝǺ३ෝύЎεᏢрހޗǶ1984 ԃǶ 18 ӕݙ 4Ǵ। 31Ƕ
娵᷎ẍᶨ䧖㶭㘘䘬䎮婾Ἦ㍷徘恋ṃねデℏ⭡ˤ⛐檀⹎䥹㈨㔯㖶䘬䣦㚫塷炻⿸⾽ 䴻暋ẍ⬀⛐冒⢾㕤䥹⬠䎮⿏䭬⚵䘬䞍嬀炷ㆾ侭䃉㱽㈿㉺炸炻Ữ㗗⤪㝄忂嬀㔁做冯 ⬠䥹⮰攨㔁做炷⊭⏓䣦㚫䥹⬠冯冒䃞䥹⬠炸㚱⋨↮ˣ侴忁ᾳ⋨↮昌Ḯ㗗ˬ忂嬀 㔁做忂ⷠ斄⽫⬠䓇㗗⏎ㆸ䁢屈屔ả䘬Ṣㆾ℔㮹炻侴⮰攨㔁做⇯䔁⽫⬠䓇⛐䈡⭂借 㤕䘬䪞䇕≃˭19ᷳ⢾炻怬㚱忂嬀㔁做ㅱ娚㍸ὃˣㆾ侭溻⊝∝忈ᶨ䧖ˬ忋䳸˭炻恋 㗗⽆ねデ冯シ⽿䫱ℏ⛐⽫曰ᶾ䓴 䁢↢䘤炻⻟婧᷎䨩栗ᾳṢ䘬゛⁷≈冯デ⍿傥 ≃烊侴冒䃞䥹⬠䘬䞍嬀炻⇯⸓≑ㆹᾹ䎮妋恋ṃねデシ⽿䘬ℏ⭡炻᷎岎Ḱ℞㚜䎮 ⿏䘬⼊⺷炻 䁢䴻槿䘬䭬䔯˭ˤ冱ἳἮ婒炻䚖⇵㤝䁢䅙攨䘬㕭埴⍲梚梇㔯⬠炻℞ ⮎ᶵ㗗㔯⬠䘤⯽ᷕ䘬㫉㔯栆炻㚜⎗ẍ婒㗗䫮侭婾徘䘬䎮゛䘬忂嬀㔁做䞍嬀゛ ⁷䘬ᶨ䧖⮎嶸烊忶⍣䘬㕭埴ㆾ梚梇㔯⬠炻⎗傥慵⛐㕭埴侭ㆾ梚棴侭䘬デ⍿堐 䎦炻⛐㔯⬠䘬堐䎦ᶲ⚢䃞㚱℞伶デ䴻槿炻Ữ㗗⌣㚱℞ᷣ奨⿏侴䓊䓇教嬨ᶲ䘬昼 敼炻⤪㝄㊱⇵㔯徘炻⛐㕭埴侭ㆾ梚棴侭䘬伶デ䴻槿冯デ⍿↢䘤炻᷎忋䳸⇘㕭徼 ᶲ䘬䧖䧖斄㕤㬟⎚䘬ˣ⛘䎮䘬ˣ桐䘬ˣ婆妨䘬侫嫱炻ㆾ侭㚠⮓梚梇㔯⬠㗪炻㎜ ⺽␛奢ˣ╭奢ˣ夾奢䫱デ⭀䴻槿䘬䥹⬠婾徘ㆸ㝄䘬娙炻㚫ἧ恋ṃ忶⍣䔍⍣ᶵ婯ㆾ 䥹⬠⯂㛒㉝忼䘬䞍嬀柀➇塓慵㕘娵嬀炻忁ᶵ㒜⣏Ḯ䎮妋䘬䭬⚵炻ḇ嬻忂嬀㔁做 䘬䞍嬀゛⁷炻℟㚱嶐⬠䥹⮵娙䘬⼊⺷炻㚜㍍役ˬ䘦䥹ℐ㚠⺷˭䘬䎮゛ᶾ䓴ˤ忁ḇ ⎗夾䁢忂嬀㔁做ㅱ⻟婧冯∝忈䘬ˬ忋屓⿏˭ˬℙ忂䴻槿˭炻侴忁㧋䘬ℙ忂⿏炻 ˬ᷎ᶵ㗗⽆㚱⬠䓇ᾖ䚠⎴䘬婚䦳侴冒≽䓊䓇䘬炻昌朆㟠⽫⁛忼Ḯᶨ䳬₡ῤˣ㘢 ⿏䘬奨溆ㆾ㗗ᶨ䧖㍊娊⬠䓇冯㔁ⷓ夳冯↮ṓ䘬⎹ˤ˭20
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Ḵˣẍ䓇␥䴻槿䁢㔯㛔䘬婚䦳姕妰
㔁ⷓ⛐婚➪ᶲ⮎䁢ᶨ婒㓭ḳ䘬喅埻⭞炻侴℞⛐婚➪ᶲ䘬嫃㌰ḇⷠ妠⍲㔁㌰㔯 㛔⮵尉冯㔁ⷓ䘬䓇␥䴻槿炻忁ḇ㗗ˬ冒⁛㔯㛔˭䘬婚䦳䞼䨞✳ン烊⛐婚䦳ᷕ嫃㌰ ⁛ᷣ䘬䓇␥⎚炻傥⣈㶙ℍ⇘⁛ᷣ䘬ℏ⛐ねデ冯䓇␥䴻槿炻忁㧋䘬婚䦳ℏ⭡叿慵⛐ ねデ䘬㳩≽炻嬻嬨侭炾⬠䓇傥⣈ㇻ䟜ᷣ奨䘬䩳⟜炻忼⇘䎮妋ᶾ䓴⣂⃫シ佑䘬⎗ 傥ˤ冒⁛㔯㛔䘬婚䦳姜㯪炻ˬ㗗ⶴ㛃德忶ᾳ橼䓇㳣䴻槿䘬㶙⹎㍊䳊炻⮳㈦㔁做ᷕ ⣙句䘬冒ㆹ炻慵㕘偗⭂冒ㆹシ嬀䓇㳣䴻槿˭21炻侴德忶冒⁛䘬⼊⺷Ἦ忚埴䘬婚 䦳⮎嶸炻Pinar㍸↢⣂䧖℟橼䘬㕡⺷炻℞ᷕ㚱ᶨ枭䁢ˬ↮㜸冒ṾṢ䘬㔁做䴻槿 ẍ㎕曚➢㛔䘬㔁做䳸㥳ㆾ㬟䦳˭22炻德忶䎮妋冯娖慳冒⁛㔯㛔炻嬨侭炾⬠䓇⼿ẍ ⮵婚䦳ℏ⭡忚埴㚜㶙⇣䘬⍵⿅ˤ冒⁛㔯㛔䘬婚䦳姕妰ᷣ天⺢䩳⛐⻟婧Ṣ䘬ᷣ橼⿏ シ佑炻慵⛐德忶冒⁛㔯㛔忼⇘㔁ⷓ冯⬠䓇䘬ねデṌ㳩23烊䃞侴昌Ḯ怠㑯冒⁛⿏ㆾ19ȴऍȵࠄȐJames Bryant ConantȑȠԾҗޗޑ೯௲ػȡǶ। 56Ƕ 20
ȴऍȵJames L. Ratcliff ǺȠ೯௲ػፐำׯॠȡȐChanging General Education Curriculumȑ । 115ǶȜ௲ػ೯௲ػسӈᘀਜȝѠчǺ୯ҥጓᓔǶ2010 ԃ 4 ДǶ 21 ഋܹ०ȤԾЎҁޑፐำፕॊᆶץղȥǴȠ௲ػࣴزтȡಃѤΜΖᒠಃΟයǶ2002 ԃ 9 ДǶ । 222Ƕ 22 ӕݙ 16Ǵ। 228Ƕ 23 ԾЎҁޑፐำፕॊԖаΠນǺ1.மፓΓޑЬᡏ܄ǶΓڀԖЬᢀཀکЬ܄Ǵ೭ᐱԖޑ ፦όᔈ۹ౣǶ2.ख़ຎཀကޑှǶᔈຬຫჴӦЎҁޑ߄ຝှǴوӛᜢݙҁ፦کϣ఼ཀကޑࣴ زЎҁǶ3.൨ךޑᇡӕǶவၸѐکᕉӧޑҬඹϸࡘǴפډԾךޑѳᑽᗺǴᡣԾךᇡӕᆶፐำϐ ໔ౢғؼ܄ޑϕǶ4.ឍܴፐำջғࢲᡍǶৣғωࢂፐำޑЬᡏǴፐำόᔈ࠼ᡏϯǴᐱҥܭ
℟㚱䓇␥⎚シ佑䘬㔯㛔ἄ䁢婚䦳ℏ⭡⢾炻㔁ⷓㆾ⬠䓇䘬䓇␥䴻槿炻㗗⏎ḇ⎗ἄ䁢 婚䦳䘬ᶨ悐↮炻ἄ䁢ⷓ䓇ᷳ攻㚜䧵㤝䘬Ḻ≽㧉⺷␊烎㛔㔯娵䁢炻冒⁛㔯㛔䘬婚䦳 姕妰⚢䃞㒢僓⁛䴙婚䦳姕妰嫃㯪䎮⿏ˣ⭊奨ˣ㍏⇞ˣ枸㷔ˣ冯₡ῤᷕ䩳䘬ῷ➟炻 ⺢㥳冯姕妰ᶨᾳἄ䁢㹅忂⸛⎘䘬ˬ冒⁛炾䓇␥⎚㔯㛔˭ẍ⻟⊾婚䦳炻㗗⏎䛇䘬傥 ⣈忼⇘ⷓ䓇䛇⮎䘬ねデṌ㳩冯Ḻ≽烎德忶ẍ冒⁛㔯㛔䁢ᷕṳ✳ン䘬婚䦳姕妰炻ṵ 䃞㗗昼ḮᶨⰌ炻⚈㬌㛔㔯ẍ䁢炻ᶨ䧖䧵㤝䘬婚䦳伶⬠炻ㅱ娚▿娎⮶ℍẍˬᷕ⚳伶 ⬠˭䘬䱦䤆冯ℏ㵝炻ẍ墄⻟婚䦳ᷕ䘬ねデ㳩≽ˤ斄㕤ᷕ⚳⺷䘬伶⬠炻㚦㗕㖕⃰䓇 㚦婒忻烉 ύ୯ऍᏢޑਥҁᆒઓࢂаΓࣁҁǵЎࣁ҃ޑǶҭջǺЎᏢ᛬ೌࢲޑфૈᆶ ཀကǴࢂࣁΑᄆᡉΓޑӸӧሽॶǶ܈ޣᇥǴЎᏢ᛬ೌޑӸӧջޔௗ೯ೱܭΓ ғڮޑӸӧǴЎᏢ᛬ೌόૈᚆ໒ΓԶԖᐱҥޑཀကᆶሽॶǶҭջǺΓࢂЎᏢ ᛬ೌࢲޑЬᡏᆶख़ЈǶ35 ! 䔞伶⬠ㆸ䁢ᶨ䧖⒚⬠ㆾ娵嬀㕡㱽ˣ娖慳䲣䴙㗪炻⛐奨⮇冯デ⍿䘬Ṣ䘬ᷣ橼⿏⭡㖻 塓⾥䔍炻恋㧋䘬伶デ䴻槿ᶵᶨ⭂㗗䛇⮎⛘䘤䓇⛐䓇␥ᷳᷕ炻ㆾ侭⬀⛐㕤䎮⿏䘬 ⿅䵕䭬⚵塷炻晾䃞⭊奨䘬伶䘬⮵尉䘬㛔岒冯シ佑塓⺢㥳⼊⟹炻Ữ㗗Ṣ䘬⬀⛐₡ῤ ⌣㛒塓⼘栗炻⚈㬌㚦㗕㖕⃰䓇㚜⻟婧炻ˬᶨ⭂天忼⇘䓇␥䘬媏䉨ン炻ㆾ侭Ṣㆹ 䘬Ṍ圵䉨ン炻伶ㇵ㚫↢䎦炻ㇵ㚫塓ㆹᾹデ䞍ˤᷕ⚳伶⬠ᷕ⻟婧䘬媏炻ᷣ天㗗 ㊯䓇␥䘬䴙㔜冯媏炻⤪˪ᷕ˫婒烉ˬ农ᷕ炻⣑⛘ỵ䂱炻叔䈑做䂱˭炻⽆忁ᾳ 奺⹎Ἦ婒炻ᷕ⚳⒚⬠塷婒婾䘬ˬ⽫˭炻㗗⣑⛘Ṣΐ冯冒䃞叔䈑䦑⸷䘬㧆憽炻ⓗ 㚱德忶幓⽫ᾖ梲侴忼⇘䘬Ṣㆹᶨ橼䘬媏デ炻ㇵ㗗㹳梲䓇␥䘬➢䢶烊ẍˬ伶デ ℞⮎⯙㗗ᶨ䧖㔜橼⬀⛐デ冯Ṣㆹ䚠忂デ˭25炼炼⽆忁ᾳ娖慳忚嶗Ἦ婒炻忻⽟冯伶 デ䴻槿㕤㗗ㆸ䁢Ḻ䚠ὅ⬀䘬㤪⾝炻ḇ⯙㗗婒炻Ṣㆸ䁢Ḯ伶⬠䘬㛔橼炻ⓗ㚱䛇婈㳣 㻹℟㚱∝忈⿏䘬⽫曰⛐帵≽炻ㇵ嵛ẍ岎Ḱ叔䈑ẍ伶デ₡ῤ冯シ佑ˤṢᾹ⎗ẍ德忶 忚埴喅埻伶デ䘬橼槿炻⃭⮎冒䘬䓇␥炻嬻冒䘬䓇␥徸㻠⎰᷶伶冯┬䘬⠫ 䓴炻ᶨ㖎Ṣ䘬䓇␥塓忁ṃ伶⤥䘬䴻槿⃭㺧炻⇯⛐忻⽟⮎嶸ᶲὧ傥⎰᷶䎮⿏冯㱽 ⇯炻⛐伶⬠䭬䔯ᶲ⯙傥⣈⮎䎦伶䘬䛇媎ˤ ẍ䫮侭㚦攳姕忶䘬ˬᷕ㔯䴻℠教嬨˭䁢ἳ炻⣏⣂斄㕤ᷕ㔯䴻℠䘬教嬨㔁做炻 叿慵⛐㔯⎍䘬侣嬗冯娖慳炻ㆾ侭岎Ḱ㗪ẋシ佑冯䓇㳣ἳ嫱ẍ⻟⊾䴻℠䘬ℏ㵝炻Ữ 㗗䫮侭䘤䎦炻忁㧋䘬嫃㌰⭡㖻㳩㕤ˬ䌐䘥˭炷monologue炸炻侴仢᷷⮵娙炷dialogue炸 冯Ḻ≽烊侴⮵娙冯Ḻ≽ḇᶵㅱ旸㕤天㯪⎴⬠憅⮵㝸ᾳℏ⭡忚埴䘤妨ㆾ妶婾炻⚈ 䁢⍿旸㕤⮵䴻℠シ佑䘬娵嬀ᶵ嵛ᶳ炻⮵娙冯Ḻ≽ḇ庫ᶵ㖻忼⇘䎮゛䘬䉨ンˤ䃞 侴炻䫮侭⤪㝄ῇ䓐冒幓䘬䓇␥䴻槿 䁢娖慳䘬➢䢶ㆾ㕡㱽䘬娙炻⌣傥㓞⇘列⤥䘬 ㆸ㓰ˤᶵ婾㗗䴻℠ㆾ冒⁛㔯㛔炻⮵嬨侭冯⬠䓇Ἦ婒炻悥ᶵᶨ⭂㗗⎗奒役䘬㔯㛔炻 Ữ㗗德忶㔁ⷓ䘬䛇⮎䓇␥䴻槿ἄ䁢㔯㛔䘬娙炻⌣傥⣈㉱忚ᾳṢ冯㔯㛔攻䘬嶅暊炻 ẍ⍲ⷓ䓇ᷳ攻䘬嶅暊炻ἧ⼿ねデ冯シ⽿⛐㔁⭌ᷳ攻㳩≽ˤ ৣғޑᡍϐѦǶӕݙ16Ǵ।232Ƕ 24 මࡿԓǺȠкჴᆶᡫǺύ୯ऍᏢ߃ፕȡ। 15ǶѠчǺᅇӀǶ1993 ԃ 2 ДǶ 25 ӕݙ 24Ǵ। 37Ƕ
䔞䃞炻忁䧖↮ṓ䓇␥䴻槿ἄ䁢ˬ婚䦳㓭ḳ˭炷㔁ⷓ䘬冒㔀ˣ奨⮇冯⍵⿅炸ℏ ⭡㤝䁢ⷠ夳炻䃞侴傥⏎㓞㓰炻䪗岜㔁ⷓ䘬䓇␥䉨ン炻ẍ⍲㗗⏎℟⁁ᶨ柮䛇婈冒䓙 䘬⽫烊忚ᶨ㬍婒炻ⓗ㚱ᶨᾳ䛇⮎ˣ䛇婈ˣ媏ˣ㔜ℐ䘬䓇␥䉨ン炻ㇵ傥⮶⺽↢ᶨ ᾳˣ䧵㤝侴㬋朊䘬伶⬠娖慳㝞㥳炻㚫ἧ⼿嫃㌰嬲⼿㚜䓇≽ˣ㳣㻹冯⚻䅇ˤ㚜 慵天䘬㗗炻㔁ⷓ⛐妋婒冯嫃㌰䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻ḇ⎴㗪⛐冯冒ㆹ䓇␥⮵娙炻忁㧋䘬⮵娙 㚫⺽䘤↢婚➪ᶲ㚜⣂㚱シ佑䘬Ḻ≽冯忋䳸ˤ婚䦳⌛㓭ḳ䘬婾徘⻟婧㔁⬠ᷕね䵺ˣ 曰⿏冯゛⁷䘬朊⎹炻慵夾娑⿏㘢ㄏ䘬≃慷炻嬻ㆹᾹ崭崲䎮⿏炻岎Ḱ䓇␥ẍ䤆䦀冯 シ佑ˤ26 ⚈㬌炻㔁⬠埴䁢䘬㛔岒炻⌛㗗ᶨ䧖⎹ℏ㍊䳊䓇␥䴻槿䘬忶䦳炻ḇ㗗ᶨ䧖⎔╂ ⮵娙䘬⼊⺷烊侴伶㗗ᶨ䧖₡ῤ炻伶デ㗗ᶨ䧖₡ῤ⇌㕟炻侴伶䘬㟡㸸ㆾ㛔橼ḇ⛐Ṣ炻 ⎒㚱Ṣ傥⮵叔ḳ叔䈑ἄ↢伶ㆾᶵ伶䘬₡ῤ⇌㕟炻忁㗗ᷕ⚳伶⬠⛐㛔橼婾ᶲ䘬➢㛔 偗⭂ˤ27侴⛐忁㧋䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻㔁ⷓ䘬⽫曰㈖㺼㤝℞慵天䘬奺刚炻ᶨᾳ⃭㺧䛇婈䃉 䥩䘬⽫曰炻㚫∝忈᷎ⷞ↢姙⣂シ佑冯₡ῤ炻侴堐䎦忁䧖䓇␥㛔䛇䘬䱦䤆炻ẍ⍲⮵ 忁䧖䛇婈䱦䤆シ⎹䘬昛徘炻㚫忈⯙Ⱄ㕤ᷕ⚳⺷伶⬠䘬ℏ㵝冯シ佑炻忁䧖ẍねデ䘬 㳩≽Ἦ㼌㽌㔁⭌冯Ḻ≽埴䁢炻ὧ⎗∝忈㛔㔯媪䘬ˬ㳩≽䘬㔁⭌˭ˤ
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倮ˣ䳸婆烉忻⽟冯䓇␥⎰ᶨ䘬伶⬠
役⸜Ἦ姙⣂⣏⬠㟉昊攳⥳ⷞℍˬᷕ⚳㚠昊˭⺷䘬㔁做⇞⹎炷⤪㜙㴟ˣ㓧⣏ˣ 㶭⣏炸炻⛐ᷕ⚳㚠昊㔁做䔞ᷕ炻㚱ᶨᾳ㤝䈡㬲䘬㔁⬠㕡㱽炻⌛㲐慵冒⬠䘬傥≃炻炻 忁䧖┇䘤⺷㕡㱽㗗⺢䩳⛐⁛䴙䥩⬠㲐慵冒⬠䘬➢䢶ᷳᶲ28炻ḇ⯙㗗⛐㔁⬠忶䦳ᷕ 䘬⬠佺ᷣ橼⛘ỵ㚜≈㖶䡢㶭㤂烊忁ḇ㗗ˬ忻⽟˭冯ˬ䓇␥˭⎰侴䁢ᶨ䘬伶⬠奨炻 ≒≃ᾖ梲忼⇘幓⽫媏䘬䉨ン㗪炻ㇵ傥⣈⮵喅埻㳣≽忚埴㚱㓰䘬⮑伶⇌㕟炻⎴ 㗪炻德忶ᶵ㕟⍵⿅冯⮎嶸䘬≽ンᾖ梲忶䦳炻ㇵ傥ㇻ䟜䓇␥䘬䧖䧖䟜塪冯䞃䚦炻嬻 䓇␥慵㕘⚆⽑⇘㔜ℐ冯媏ˤ 㛔㔯娵䁢炻ẍ㔁ⷓ䘬䓇␥䴻槿䁢㔯㛔䘬徘婒炻㗗Ὣ忚婚➪列⤥Ḻ≽冯⮵娙䘬 崟溆29烊侴㔁ⷓ䘬䛇婈冯䃉䥩䘬∝忈⽫曰炻㚜㚫嬻婚➪ℏ䘬ねデ㳩≽炻⚈䁢忁㧋 䘬徘婒冯⮵娙炻㚫∝忈㚜⣂ねデ䘬忋䳸炻ẍ⍲嬻⬠䓇⍵⿅冒㗗⏎℟⁁ᶨ䧖⎰怑 䘬䓇␥ㆾねデ䴻槿Ἦ娖慳娚㔯㛔ˤ䔞䃞炻忁㧋ねデ㳩≽䘬㔁⭌炻䪗岜ᶨỵ℟⁁冒 䓙攳㓦⽫曰䘬㔁ⷓ炻ㆾ姙䚳Ἦ䃉ᾅ嫱⿏炻Ữ㗗忁ḇ㗗ᷕ⚳伶⬠䘬䱦䤆炻ḇ㗗ᷕ⚳ 㔯⊾ᷕ䨩栗䘬䓇␥㛔岒炻⌛ˬᶵ䡢⭂⿏˭烊Ữ喅埻㗗䓇␥䘬䚜㍍堐䎦炻喅埻冯 伶デ䘬∝忈冯䘤䓇ḇ⃭㺧ᶵ䡢⭂⿏炻侴伶䘬䘤䓇冯≽Ṣᷳ嗽炻ḇ⯙⛐䌐ᶨ䃉Ḵˣ 䃉㱽墯墥冯㧉Ή䘬䔞ᶳˤ侴恋ᾳ伶䘬䔞ᶳ炻⯙㚫㗗婚䦳ᷕ㚨慵天㚨⎗屜ᷳ嗽ˤ 26 ـኻҔғȤ௲ৣࢂࡺ٣ബޣȥǴԏΕܭഋդዞጓǺȠፐำऍᏢȡ। 131ǶѠчǺϖࠄკਜǶ 2011 ԃ 12 ДǶ 27ӕݙ 24Ǵ। 39Ƕ 28 ԙᅇ҇ǺȠύ୯ޑਜଣȡ। 132ǶѠчǺ୍ӑਜᓔǶ1993 ԃ 10 ДǶ 29 ޑፐჹ၉ύǴ܌த٬ҔޑȨԾך௶ᇥȩޑཷۺǴӧᏹբܰԋ௶ᇥޣӢόߞҺ གԶౢғלܔǴӕਔᒿ၌ޑుࡋᆶدஏ܄ޑቚуǴΨܰ٬௶ᇥޣଏࠅ܈ᅪᅉόǶӕݙ 12Ǵ। 186Ƕ⍫
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