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Air pollution injuries to vegetation in Taiwan

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En-Jang Sun

National Taiwan University, Taipei

Air Pollution Injuries

to

Vegetation in Taiwan

Taiwan is an island 395 krn long and 144 krn wide, located between 21 and 25" north latitude and 1 19 and 124' east longitude, with a population of 20 mil- lion. making it one of the most crowded countries in the wortd. Chinese settle- ment of the island began in the 12th cen- tury. and large numbers of Chinese, mostly from the east coast of China, came in the 17th century. Modernization began after the government of the Re- public of China moved to the island in 1949. During the past four decades, indi-

viduals and the government have en- gaged in substantial industrial invest- ment, first in labor-intensive rnanufac- turing industries, then gradually shifting to heavy o r high-technology industries. The export-oriented economy of Taiwan was not accomplished by a few big com- panies bur rather resulted from the col- lective contributions of tens of thousands of small factories. From 1952 t o 1990, the real gross national product grew at an average annual rate of nearly 9% (I). The annual per capika income was $7,500

(U.S.)

in 1989 and over $10.M0 in 1992. In 1992, Taiwan boasted the world's larg- est foreign exchange reserves: $80 billion (U.S.).

Taiwan is now classified as a newly industriaIir.ed country and is referred t o as one of Asia's "Four Little Dragons" by economists. As in any industriaiized country, however, economic success has a number of drawbacks, including air pollution that injures plant life.

and Natural Resources

The Fundamental topographic feature

of Taiwan is the central range of high

Dr. SunT a d d m s ir. Department of Plant Patholo~g

and Entomology, National Taiwan U n ~ v e r s i ~ y .

Ta~pci. Tniwsn.

0 1994 The American Phytopathological Society

mountains running from the northeast corner to the southern tip of the island. About three-fifths of the island Is covered by hills and mountains. Most of the pop- ulation and human activities, including agriculture and industty, are located on the western side, which includes a few

basins and a southwestern plain. Taiwan has more than 200 mountains with an elevation of over 3,000 rn. BP- cause of the island's subtropicai climate and complicated topography, vegetation types are diverse and abundant. The high altitude of the mountains provides cli-

matic and vegetation

zones

ranging from

tropical to alpine. Agriculture is concen- trated in the fertile alluvial plains or basins. Taiwan has 15 families, 55 genera,

and 537 species of ferns and 175 families, 1,079 genera, and 3,305 species of seed plants. Endemic species are relatively numerous, amounting to about 40% of the total (1). The Council of Agriculture

and many private groups in the Republic of China are working to protect wildlife, including rare plant species. Wildlife con-

servation efforts are carried out under a legal framework composed of the Na- tional Park Law, the Cultural Assets Presenration Law, and the Wildlife Con- servation Law ( 1).

Taiwan was once entirely covered by forests, but fowlsted areas today are esti- mated at only 1.9 million ha, including all the high mountains and most of the hills. A S-year reforestation program ac-

companied by soil conservation projects has been implemented ta preserve the health of woodlands and protect the en-

vironment on the island. Recently, the government has been encouraging farm- ers t o reforest agricultural areas to con- serve soil and to serve as windbreaks and as classrooms for environmental educa- tion.

Over 900,000 ha of land were culti- vated on Taiwan in 1992: 454,000 ha for rice paddies and alternate crops, 222,000 ha for Fruit, and 230.000 ha for vegetables ( I ) . Among the major crops are rice (Oryza saliva L.), corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), sugarcane (Saccharurn ufficitrarum L.),

and tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze).

Alr Pollutants: Sources, Types, and Distrlbutlon

The number o f factories on the island increased from about 48,700 in 1982, to 8 1 ,fOQ in 1988, to 94,670 in 1992. Most are located on the crowded west coast, where there are, on the average, approxi- mately six factories per square kilometer. Kaohsiung harbor in the south and Keelung harbor in the north are the most important doors For foreign trade, and the heavy industries, such as steel and petrochemical plants, oil refineries, and shipyards, are distributed mostly in these two areas. k comprehensive survey dur- ing the past 10 years of foliar injury t o vegetation induced by air pollution showed that most episodes occurred in the western counties o l Kaohsiung and Taipei (Fig. I). However, the light in-

Flg. t. ~ l l r l b u t 6 n of major sources ot alr pollution causlng Lnjurles tovegetatlon In Talwan, lncludlng the sourcss 01 flu- orlde (0), sulfur dlorlde (0), chlorine [.),

hydrogen chlarldtr (A), and cement dust (A).

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