捷克斯洛伐克分裂的歷史背景

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(1)~.~~~. /II. 110. .~. i. I. ~~~. ~~~. ~.~~~~. 0. \. <"*-wmr~~$~~~Ul\tI$~~~~~~. J.R 11. 1',....",. !11~. ~. ~;,.. 0. ,,x. ~. JII,;. I. ~. /II. :. A. /II = ~. A. /II. =. i. = =. ( 1!II@.l!iIl.i~ifC'.:';!iill.i~lIIIl(). Federal Republic,' CSFR. I m..\lil" 5:~<R~~.~,,*~1i!r ( Czeck Republic ) ~~~~~. ~*~$;~ .~.S~t{~~~~~,,*~1i!r (Czecho-Slovak. \ ~~ 1.1\ ) ~\~m::. 0. 1i!r.{{'"t-."R$ItI~S~~ ~ ~-I4-~~..t-S~~~. ~ ~"*~#~ ~ mr\.E~~<R.~". \~ \. = . ~~;~~S~ ~ ~~"",,1'l(.1:\ *~\lI~:i;'~~.~ :%"~-S I ,,~+~:t!S'~~ ~ ~~t->Ii!r{,* I . = ~.S • • ~~.~4.*~~ • • S.{{'.~~ • • o~~.~t{li!r~.~~~~~~S~~ tn~~$~ I \'-t{~.~~~.~.!t!! 1i!r{,*1'l( -1:\ S~~ ~ ~~~-Wli!r~" Ii ~~~ ·"'':iS~$" ~ -I4--K " = *~@jf~~~~~,,*~:r.~~Ii!r{,*~.S~-I4-~ffii. 0. $ ,,*~Ii!r (Slovak Republik) Ii ~,,~>t-\ SliIH,* ~~. ~ -< ~~+- I m::S~~ r ~~~ J $ ( Velvet Revolution) ~ e~.t->~~.gr+-~~S"*~t4.·"'~S~ I ~~4<S~~ ~~~. i ) ~.fijI{t- (. =.. .~~*~~~~~~.g,(~~,*. I. 0. .Qll<41gKt:lWM~~lgB*!ffit1~( Bohemia) ~-$1~mW<-l'H<:g;~~*K~I!I~ 11J~~~~«-<~1lli:I o~4IDK1+1 (King Sarno ) ~~1$IlBltln@(1<* ( Charlemagne) ~ ~:im~~~1fI,!!J I t11!!m 1 f.A 11 Kltl- "~~~$1l+1ii:i£i~~.{JJ\lj~ (Ferdinand I of Habsburg) ~ -$1:im~~~mH*!ffi~!lil ~ ~~~.$.:g;~$~~N I o@)+~t:lW~. ~ ~~-< I -R181ltJl{m\-ruI!l-r<~~:g; ~. ':,. . ""'".. . ... itB ~~•. r ~~~r :Il~~ J "~• •~!\'II~ J -1i:.Ctall:· l!IIl:*~ -l!IIl:J.Rfi· ]m(::j:I1 I 11fil15!+ I "Svec, Milan, "Czechoslovakia's Velvet Divorce," Current History, Npv. 1992, pp. 376-380. . :lI;1(§) Diwald, Hellmut, Anspruch auf Mlindigkeit, um 1400-1555, Propylaen Geschichte Europas', Bd, I., Frankfurt/M, Berlin, Wien, '1975, pp. 321-323; K~jci,Jaroslav, Czechoslovakia''at the Crossroads of EurqJean History, ~ndon, New York, 1990, pp. 1-14. .. .~. 'i<I~,. •••':$4Ii~'·o •••fl••~~~-=l.~~~liI<~~ifi ~ ml-l:tl r.g.~~~.~D11.

(2) Habsburg) ~ ~:Iam~~~lg.Hl(·Frn$l~ ~ ~~~.$.~~~~$f-N 1. oe+~~~,$*,* ~ lll!!t~-< 1 ~f§1ltr{m\"J;l1Imi<~,*,~. 1 *,lIi!I.t-:...t.r:iill'i\~$g-H-«,*.~~ ~ ~l£gllK~ • • ~$l4ii:~· 0. 0. I.1:(DI~~-lI4tIt~.~_*-<~..w4!nltt,ai. il'lStI:i•• r ~~~ r ~~jlI!j-. J 1li!:~• •~~1Il J - m.lIKl1i~ -l!iR:$!II$l-l!iR:J.!:i§ ~ \!II(::pll1~gJ+ 1 "Svec, Milan, "Czechoslovakia's Velvet Divorce," Current History, N9v. 1992, pp. 376-380. Diwald, Hellmut, Anspruch auf Miindigkeit, urn 1400-1555, Propyliien Geschichte Europas, Bd, 1., Frankfurt/M, Berlin, Wien, '1975, pp. 321-323; Krejci, Jaroslav, Czechoslovakia at the Crossroads of European History, London, New York, 1990, pp. 1-14.. ~. tie. iIIlli ~;llR -?<~~f§ ~ ~~:lam1nft.~~~g-!llI-m ~ ~$J~lll!!t~IIR~_.g~~ ~ ~~-f:\~~. 1 -<gr<ltr ~ ~iil~*:B1-K~~it ~ lll!!t~-<HI!(.I11-<~'*'~. ~ ·~IU1!ltl!l1fm\-!IlI~mn:::l.glIIl. ~ $l*fii1i~=~~ 0 ~.Im -<&.~Im~g.l ~ • • ~*~g=.~HI!(lll!!t~-<~~l~~~.~• • ~~~~• • ~~lg • • IIIl.a~lll!!t~-<Ml ~f§ ~ ~~~~~_.mn""".Im-<~Iit\,~ "lll!!t~-<IIR~~!l1~.~ (Frantisek Palacky', 1798'-"'1876) ~ ~.#lI!I~:g;j~~. 0. o@).~~~g~-&{ ~ ~ta'~@1~~\<4'1~-\l~. ~~~ ~ .~ r~~-<IIRI4-&{ J (A History of the Czeck People ) .~ ~ ~~*IlI-<gIIR~~~~ ~ *lll!C~ '" ~II£-K~.. 1 mg.-l:::11J!J!Im~· .~$l-<IIR\t-ltrl!i.~.~. ~~~~~*~~~-!IlI~glIIl.o~. ~.~~~fE111[ ~ «t'ltr]~~. ~~~-< ~ ~.~~~lll!C-?<~~f§ ~ 1i1{~~.liI:k:~-<~-Rg:llj;. 0. .. !. ~g.;j;!4KIlI~."" ~~.~~~tWg";j;!~Frn*IlI( Moravian Empire) $l~~~~ ~ .li1:k:~g1J!J!IlI~Ii::I!!!!~IlI~ ( King Arpad ) .~f'-..~~~.~ ~~-N~ r .J...j.lil:k:~ J (Upper Hungary) ~ ~$J.~~~:$:f'-.~~lmltr .... ~i\i§.~1+lg.. 0. m11 <grOltr ~. lll!!t~. ~~.~~~~~~.J...jg.~~~~$l~~g$l~~.~-H-~:Iam~.liIll~-&{.J...j~~~_~g~~o~~Ii~;j;!~.;j;!~ ( Bratislava) tE111D: ~ ~$J~-H-iil$l~g-K~. ~ .ffii$.liI:k:~BI.g • • ~ ,~~~$'*IlIB1~g~~..~$' ~ 1i:lam~~ilHJ;: 0 @)~1f~~rra:~~~~~g,*,~ ~ .~-<HI!(.~~~-<IIIi-!li.tE~~. ~ ~_.~~ ~ :g:jI¢:~-?<~*<~~1$I ~~-?<~~.~~~-<~~ ~ fEl~H~~~.1:::1g~~~~!ill~-?< 0(8. ~1. 0. ~• • ~~~4K. 1~ ~. :Iam~ft.li~~-<-!IlI-m. ~I!S~ ~.~~~ ,~I!;~~~~~~$'$JIP'; ~~~.~~.~~~~. .. gr<ltr6t£-K~~it~ ~ .~~~~$l*• .lil:k:~~.~$l~g.~ ~1~fElll!C~~<111~ ~ 1 lil!:j\!g"f'-..lilllg~~. I ~ ( Francis Joseph I. ) .atf'-..ffii$g-!llI1+l. " -!IlI~ ~ .~~~~IIR~~ifi~~~*~. ~ ~fE ~ .~~~-!IlI~~:i?li~:H<. o@)t1Rl. 1 -< 1( -tlltr) ~ ~$f'-..~~~.1:::1g ..~. 0. ~ fE.~~~~g!ii!H1D:~ ~~~~ltli-?<{Jt.. (. ~:mj; ~ .li1:k:~!iig~~~~$l~{nn~~Ef111[. .~~~ ~ ~.li*IlI~~-l:::1 ~. ~ Krejci, ebd., pp. 103-104.. ~ Krejci, ebd., pp. 102.. . :!t.K§) Slovakia, "Countdown to Nationhood," Interliational Herald Tribune, Dec. 18,1992, Advertising Section, p. 9.. ~ Korbel, Josef, Twentieth Century Czechoslollakia, The Meanings 0{ Its History, New York, 1977, p. 88.. ~ft-=$~4=:~:l1I;lIti~,jlm:.. ~ Korbel, ebd., p. 89.. ~ Korbel,ebd., pp. 88-90; Krejci, ebd., pp. 101-102.. •.

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(4) " . . . "~!' ..... l.....-n-~~Tr't~.wJMI.. 0. "~"II-~/. ~ Korbel, p. 89.. .. ~N''tt::"-,\. II. H=ilmlr) ~~~.-< ' 1l1!l\lll!*-< ( *K~-\l+lmIr-<) ~ *«-e-~.!II:-<:S~-Rtfli?~!NS ~ 1EI_~~tfVi~-33t-.m!::.~~!II:41I$:S.. <-\lE[llHIlE ~ .!iii'1:!,:((ii;1><~itl\llt.:l'~.:!fi~.!/I'lIlI. K.; Geschichte d~r Tscliechoslowakischen'Republik 1918 bis. ~ Korbel, ebd., p. 92.. ~ Hoensch, Jorg. :II;@ .ilr-\:.t!i'\~J\!:~lOi(:l'J!l!lI~~1iI.i'::.1:+<. ~ ~~:!fiit-~-\:.t! I. ~. 0. Ii .~~*'.!I!:I~~J$!gz~>I!SJL ~ ~~~$i~~~:&r~• •~• •BiH~ (Tomas Garri~e Mas~ryk, i850-1937) '~@3II.. I M~. ~~:S-R.-k-fi.~*«{ll~~.nR~ ~ ~*«mW.!II:-<. 0. ~l~~:S~~~• • :S._~.*~~~*!II::S~~JL~.~~~$i~~~:S~~~.~t-..~:S~.o~~.~~~ ~:s.~ ~ C(~~~-<m!::~~~~-<iti~~. ~~!II:~;Wt.~-R~* ~ ~~!II:,g::~-E>nR~N~~-R.\l!IIll~*.N~ ~ !II:~.1::::1:S~• • ~rlnlt!~ ~ \!¢~..L.j~.HII-\~. 0. 0. ~~~~-<~H*~~. c(mW~i><"1H~E:E::Sil!r~..L.j ~ ~*R$:s~~ ~ ~~.mt4#+. ti~~m!::ft~~~l!EnR~:S~~m!::~~N~:Slll!:.jg1nn~ ~~ln~tfmWl $I. 1 ~ 1 g(~~!!$Hll:H~~~:s~iii( ~.!$~ 1 ~110~~~~~~~.~-e- ~. .. ~~*'.~~~"~~• • ~~-33t-.r~~ft~~~J~l~~!II:~m~• • ~~~~l~I<~+~~<m~~t-.~!II::Sm. .. ~~4<~,~~~tn{~\I-4t1~~. :s~IE~*-<~~~_~~ft~~~*K~!II:it~lltiflt~o. ill ,. ~~:I1!K!II:.~1I!.l!ffII3t~ ~~.:s~. ~ iJ1$J-$l;lirS.t-.~~:SnR~m§:~.. 0. 1EI_~~,Wil~~~$;l1K!Gm~ ~ jgIIIj-$l~mW~.~*,$>*~. H=i$Jij(~ ~' §rrJ~~i><*, ~ jg~~~~i><iii(~+~:t:lij(-k-~~. •• ~. /. g!l~~l!EnR~:S.~$l~jg1111I ~ Jl!t~~.-mt~-3:S~~~±X~~€jgIiit ~ ~.~_~~,~ mrK~lni~.-e-:SH. ~ ~~DI , . ,. 0. ~~. ,. 0. fEti~~-<lE1I1n ~ iJ1$J~mWJ§~~!II:1I!.m!::~~:S 1,I!!~~i!a;lil!!.. ~l!E~!!iJ:sH. ' _**U**-<nilN ~. 0. .:s*~. • ..L.jIE_~.1!!. ~~:s±X*~)m~Ng(+±lI\l+ ~ 1E~~iii(_. .. ft~~~-<~~~~-<~~:S~. ~ .!$±XM~~~~-<~~:S'lt~.~ Illiitli?~~-m~*'.. ~ ±X~~~~Ii?~.~~nJ:S.~ ~. ~ iJ1$JC(mW~~t-.~~~~.++l:S~~lErrJ. ~ 1 ~ 1 <~~!II:~* ~ ~~-<:b~~~~.l!a~~{nnom::s~'h:{ ~*IU4~~~*:--<~E:J!!!1ilKJL:s{CH:m ~ ~ii*'.~~~~-<~. ~_~w~:m~~~~.o. .:Si><~~~m!::~*:SnR++1~~~.o~~~~~~~~-<a!~~aJ.~i><~:S~.~~~~~++1~~i$._++1.~lll1~~. _ ft. .~~~~~~:S~~.~o@. 4:U~_~J§:Slll!:.~_.\l!IIll. )m~N+~±X~+1 o~-m~Ii?~-~~~!!iJ:SH**~$l~~.~jg~E~~**..L.jmWl~_• •~~~m ~. k=lk=l. of a State, 1918'-""1987, Princeton, 1988, pp. 133-140.. ~ Reinfeld, Barbara, "Masaryk and Havlicflk," Et1.8t European Quarterly, Vol. XVV, No.3, Sept. 1992, pp. 307-324.. lail.~~~~~;gjIt!iJ,(~.. :!@ Korbel, ebd., pp. 1.06-107.. ~ Leff, Carol Skalnik, National Conflict in CzechosloU(1.kia, The Making and Renwking. •.

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(6) ~. ~ tiUi~ .~-N~.( ~.). :tl;:l:@ Korbel, ebd., p. 107.. pp.88-128. 0. .II;eI1UI{l!.!-NI$~ ( ~l1ii) • !i1!'l~-Nt\!IIilI· ~~-nn-!!!~!1Iii!. 4.tl*i!' 1ll1B:\;:i+<.lI!-- .lili-\-l-lilil<oHoensch, ebd.,. -. m© Hoensllh, ebd., pp. 114-121;iif:~.· :IE• • - .lilil<-lilS[O. 0. 0. 0. \. IlSI~~~~~W>(m\)gI1t\lI!~:&i~~ ~ ~~~. 0. .JJlll ~ElI I ~~I<II!I-lii'. ~ mll£IE-!lm1. ~ ~~~fIJUIII\-~~• •iK~-N~ ~ ~~$~:&iji{l}L-u?siK.~~~:&r~{J1&<~l:lI~~ 1@:t!l-_ r .~~~$~:j:j(~lI! J :&i• • 4:t:l• •~I!111\-~*'-<~. ~ ~lit~. ,,~ :jI(-H-~~~r-.Jl§*'H-lV*~.1+1:ll1:&i:j:j(~. ~. ~i!t' ~ m(~~§:~ 1 ~ElIJ.I:1.l:!rElI~ ~ 4:t:l~~$~~~r-.~:&i~ 1 ~:&i~1&<i;i.. r~ ~,\ ~~*4<~'~~~~1:t~. *~lI!-<:&i~. ~ rnt-11J.!i!ii!\01~~:ifUI ~ **.!;li:&ill!~~!$ll!~• •:&i~. o@. .li!.nm: (. Hoensch, ebd., pp. 129-136.. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. ~iif:~ • •. ~iif:~~ - ~• • • • li-tli 0. :iii.. ~ElIJ.I:1.l:!rg'J.I:1~-N~~~~~11J.JJll~~{JA.lI!:&i~~~~m~~o~i!t'~~~.~.~4:t:l~~~~~~~~1t\~ ~r-._.A.~~~~$~~tEr< • • ~.:&i*-RIFIi§N,g:~.JJll~~ • • P.:l'h:{~.l{lJi.¥5~~~o@:.l:!r<~~.~~tI~m(*~ ~ • •i!t'lI!~~~~~E~~.~.l~~~~$~~.~~• • _E~~.~~=~~~.i!t'lI!~~~~.~.~~~~ .l:!r~~m ( 1 ~gJ.l:1.l:!r+~il+<III) ~ fHiiir-.m(*~tI~:&i.~ ~ ~§: ~ .i!t'lI!~~~1;:r~liiif~.iii4+1l1!~~ i:t!• •:&i4l1-R~1$}L- ~ 1¢~.Lj.:j:j(*~~~:&i-!lm1 • •~,;, .-In:;~~$~~~.4:t:ll ~g,1(.l:!rJ.l:1~:&i~.-H-~ ~~~-N* <:&i~~ ~ ~~lI!,g:~ 1 ~. ( ~. 1 ) 4:t:l:j:j(_.:&i1$'.~ ( Klement Gottwald, 1896---1953 ) Ji.¥5~}L- ~ ~!;.:jI({il~lU!g 1&<. ~ :j:j(@:~~r-..-Jn:;~~$-Jn:;~~lI!iIl~:&i~l ~~~.<4Jl.~ o® .!!!!~.~lIlt! ~ .<4Jl.~-H-:&i~lt! • •:jI({iJ~+H~• • ~ ~~~.~~:&i:ll\(jHllK+H< ~ 1E~~r-.-EK~:&iiK~ @~ l~g~ .l:!r.-Jn:;~~$-Jn:;1&<~~~~lI!~~~:&i~~.~~~~~.~~~~~*1&<~~11Jl~@:~~t!l-_~~4:t:lru~.~:&i._ • • ~.!!!!~~tI~1$'.~.~~~.~~w>(~~*:&i~~~~~~~4:t:l• • @:~\01~.~.~~.~.-N~~l~.~~$~ -In:;~~$-Jn:;1&<~.i!t'~It(r-.~~ 1¢~~i!t':&ill!~~~.-N ~ ~~• • ~~iEE.l:!r:&il$!Ug11J~~~:&i:ll\(jHllK 1R.~Ji.¥5~:&iHl~~ Cominform) ~11J~~ ~ ~~$I~~~• •~~~~.~.:&i~~U?S. ~ ~~~ 1 ~g111llr-!lm1~fit~:&i:j:j(~HI~ ( Comintern ) :&iii~ ~ :j:j(lt!.~~$1Bt:&i~'~ ~ 1II:mm:& ~ ~)gI~{¢:.:&i~1:-;j ~ $IlIIft~1ti 1l!t:~J...1~$\~~1!t$I,g:~• • ~. ~. -J,m • • li-\-l§. .:tii:t!:pK~.~g:IiIi.~-a- :il(~ • •.IQ~~~ 1ll1:!ti:;:l• • , nR+H., --<ll!I.~.lQlS[~. :;:I.ll!I+H • .lQ111~· \III:~.J...{I!E~• • •--<+1. ~ lI!!ti$~Iiiil:!?i~*~\,-·· :il(~.~<lI!!t - 1ll1:!ti:;:l• •f$;:;:I.1ll1+H.*\;:iOll!!t· fK+H~.lS[~lI!!t· ~~l(i.;J~.:il(\;:il1ill!!t ~. -. . ~-\l. Czechoslovak Republic 1918-1948, Princeton 1973, pp. 387-415; Hoensch, ebd., pp. 139-140; iif:~I\I' ~• • - ]m(11< -tl-111i ~. 0. ~ Luza, Radomir, "Czechoslovakia between Democracy and Communism," in Mamatey, Victor S./Luza, Radomir ( ed. ), A History of the. .~~~~~*~~I!!-Ho{_..

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