中國的衛生外交：以中國對莫三比克的衛生外交為個案探討 - 政大學術集成

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(1). 世. 政治大. B. 立. 伸. ‧ 國. 學. China’s Health Diplomacy:. ‧. Nat n. er. io. al. sit. as a Case Study. Ch. engchi. －世. 0. y. China’s Health Diplomacy in Mozambique. i Un. v.

(2) . （. 並. 代. 並. 修係. 修《並. 今. 修今做. 立. 交. ‧. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 你. 學. ‧ 國. 世. 佔政治大. Ch. engchi. i. i n U. v.

(3) . 1963. 主. 〈. 五世. ；. 〈. ；」乾. ；. 立. ；. ）. B. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 位伴. 伸；. 下. 世. al. n. 便. Ch 〉. 」. 乾. 主. 些. er. io. 2. sit. Nat. 1. ；政治大仇. y. C. engchi. i n U. v. 〉. 〉. 不乾仇. 位伴. 做今. C 做. 伊. C便. B. ii.

(4) . Abstract Since its very first medical team to Algeria in 1963, China has been steadily developing its health diplomacy in Africa. This stably growing flow of medical resources from China to Africa has caught attention from both Chinese and foreign scholars. However, owing to the confidentiality of Chinese foreign aid and the fact that health diplomacy is a term that is relatively new in the academia, there is no clear picture about China’s health diplomacy in Africa. Based on the existing. 政治大 sources in a bid to draw a clear picture of the development, scale, and pattern of 立. literature, this thesis complies facts and figures principally from Chinese official. ‧ 國. 學. China’s health aid to Africa. Via health diplomacy, China gains considerable benefits. In the political front, African countries that have received medical. ‧. assistance from China support China’s bid to replace Taiwan in the United Nations,. sit. y. Nat. shield China from human right censoring, and stand with China in cross-strait issue.. al. er. io. In the economic front, with health diplomacy, China introduces home-manufactured. v. n. medicine to Africa or simply trades its medical service with Africa’s natural. Ch. engchi. i n U. resources, tapping into a continent that is stricken with disease. More than political and economic benefits, health diplomacy most importantly burnishes China’s image in Africa, enhancing its soft power. However, China’s health diplomacy doesn’t go without any obstacles. The lack of volunteer doctors, the barriers of language and culture, a sense of threat conjured by the heavy presence of Chinese in Africa, the inefficiency of African countries and so forth, all present themselves as impediments to China’s health diplomacy in Africa. This thesis chooses Mozambique as the target for further research because China’s medical aid to Mozambique has been very stable. Also, Mozambique is not. iii.

(5) . a major exporter of natural resource; hence it could be used to examine the often mythologized reports from China’s official media on the Chinese doctors serving in Africa, and the claims by some Chinese scholars about how China’s health assistance is not for natural resources but for solidarity. What my research finds however is that despite the lack of energy currently, Mozambique offers some other benefits to China. For political benefits, the Chinese surgeon, Jiang, Yong-Sheng ensures that Mozambique firmly endorses the unification of Taiwan and China. For economic benefits, Mozambique, who is well acquainted with Chinese medicine, purchases anti-malaria medicine from a Chinese medical company. As for soft. 政治大. power, a majority of Mozambicans have favorable opinion toward China. The. 立. Mozambican officials for numerous times praise the medical cooperation between. ‧ 國. 學. China and Mozambique. However, at the same time, Mozambique was the first. ‧. country that refused to accept a new team of Chinese doctors to come to Mozambique, and thus it is also a good case to analyze the challenges that are facing. y. Nat. er. io. sit. China now. Apart from language and cultural barriers, Chinese government’s refusal to deploy their doctors in rural areas in Mozambique, and the medical personnel. al. n. v i n C h tries to gradually from other countries, make Mozambique reduce its dependence on engchi U. China’s medical assistance. Being aware of its overdose reliance on China was the main reason why Mozambique didn’t want to renew the contract. If Beijing fails to solve the aforementioned problems, Mozambique might not be the only African country that says no to China’s doctors. Keywords. Africa, China, Chinese medical team, health diplomacy, medical. diplomacy, Mozambique, soft power. iv.

(6) . 1. 久. 1. 世. 4. 停 B. 世. 15. ；. 世. 15. 借. 17. 久. 19. 久些. 〈. 立. 乏. 借. n. al. 久. B. Ch. engchi U. y v ni. 70 85. 92. B. 97 借. 102. ............................................................................................................107 108. 世世. 111. 〈. 113. 亡. 62. B. B 久. 39. 85. B. B. 39. 44. er. io. 〈. 34. sit. ；. Nat. B. 23. ‧. ‧ 國. B久. 19. 學. B. 政治大. v.

(7) . 3-1. 47. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat al. Ch. engchi. vi. i n U. v.

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(9) . 久世世 David Fidler 21. 2 super low politics8. 作1. Fidler. 〈 2 political revolution8. 1 21 ／. 立中. 乏C. 27. al. n. 1. 乏. 乾. 21. 亡. A/RES/63/33. ni Ch C便 U〈 engchi 1. diplomacy8仍. 1. Oslo Ministerial. 伴乏. io. 2009. 8. 九. Millennium. 〈. ‧. 伴. 中. B. Nat. Declaration8. 『. 主. 學. Development Goals, MDGs8. 政治大. y. 8. 4. 伐. sit. 9. 1308. 『. er. 17. 倒丹. ‧ 國. 7. 1. 2 22000. 1 3. 便. 2 new diplomacy8. 2. v. 1. 2 health. 5. 1. David P. Fidler, “Health as Foreign Policy: Harnessing Globalization for Health,” Health Promotion International 21, no. 1 (2006): 51-58; David P. Fidler, “Health as Foreign Policy: Between Principle and Power,” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, no.6 (2005): 179-182. 2 David P. Fidler, “Health as Foreign Policy,”179. 3 Devi Sridhar, “Foreign Policy and Global Health: Country Strategies,” GHD-NET.ORG, 2008, accessed December 25, 2014: 1. 4 “G8 Urged to Act on Food Crisis and Health,” Bulletin ofWorld Health Organization 86, no. 7 (2008): 503-504, http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/7/08-020708/en/. 5 Kelley Lee and Richard Smith, “What Is Global Health Diplomacy—a Conceptual Review,” Global Health Governance 5, no.1 (2011): 2-4. 1.

(10) . 些. 6. 乾. 倒. 1959 7. Secretary of Health and Human Services 8Tommy Thompson. 911 8 9. 倒. 1963. 伐主. 10. 世. 政治大. 立. 五. 便. 之. 仍. sit al. 8. Ch. 修. Margret Chen8. v. World Health Organization, WHO. n. 仍. er. io. 世. y. Nat. 一. 修. 世. ‧. ‧ 國. ；. 學. 20. i n U. e n g乏 chi. 2007. 作1. 乏. 2. ”health and foreign policy are inextricably linked”8 11 但. 乏乏. 6. Ibid., 1. Elias Groll, “Cuba’s Greatest Export? Medical Diplomacy, Foreign Policy,” May 7, 2013, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/07/cubas-greatest-export-medical-diplomacy/. 8 John K. Iglehart, “Interview: Advocating for Medical Diplomacy: A Conversation with Tommy G. Thompson,”Health Affairs 23, no. 1 (2004): 262-268. 9 Harley Feldbaum and Joshua Michaud, “Health Diplomacy and the Enduring Relevance of Foreign Policy Interests,” PLoS Med 7, no. 4 (2010): 2. 10 》 . 25-45 11 Ilona Kickbusch, Thomas E. Novotny, Nico Dragr, Gaidenz Silberschmidt and Santiago Alcazar, “Global Health Diplomacy: Training across Disciplines,” Bulletin ofWorld Health Organization 85, no. 12 (2007): 971-973. 2. 7.

(11) . 之. 世. 世借. 8. 54. 修. 便. 伸 Alan Ingram 五. 世〈. 2. B8. 立. 今. 來. …. n. er. io 世. 8 伸 8. Ch. B. i n U. engchi. 〈 B. 修. y. ‧. Nat. B. al. 佩. 學. ，便. 15. 伸. 三. 13. ‧ 國. 14. C便. 久1. 政治大. 世. 伸. 》. 乳今 2008. 8. 12. 乏. 8. B8. C. sit. 五. v. 借）. 借. 12. Alan Ingram, “The New Geopolitics of Disease: Between Global Health and Global Security,” Geopolitics 10, no. 3 (2005): 537-538. 13 》 . 0 1 2009 26-32 14 Jenny Qu Wang, Minqun Liu, Aming Liu, Tao Wei and Hang Li, “Global Health Governance in China,” in Asia’s Role in Governing Global Health, ed. Kelley Lee, Tikki Pang and Yeling Tan, (New York: Routledge, 2013),45. 15 : . 0 3 20108 52 3.

(12) . 停久. B. 估. 乏. 之. 來世. 世. 伸些. 之. 停. 借. 乏 David Fidler. B. 8. 乏. 乏. foreign policy as health8 health and foreign policy8 policy8. 立. 16. 政治乏大. transhierarchical value8. ‧ 國. 學. 乏. Fidler. ‧. 係. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. Fidler C Fidler. health as foreign. 佐. Ch. i n U. e n g1c h i 2. 乏. Fidler. v. Kelley Lee&Richard Smith 17. 依. 久. Harley Feldbaum Lee&Joshua Michaud 修. 信佐. instrumental aspect8 18. Richard Horton. 〉；. 乏C. 16 17 18. Fidler, “Health as Foreign Policy,” 182-190. Lee and Smith, “What Is Global Health Diplomacy?” 6. Harley Feldbaum, Kelley Lee and Joshua Michaud, “Global Health and Foreign Policy,” Epidemiological 4.

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(14) . Kelley Lee David Fidler 乾. McInnes. Lai Ha Chan. David Heyman. Alan Ingram. C. Lee. 主. 些. 8 伐. 8. 23. Fidler. 估. 依. 8. 乾. 上. 乾. Post-Westphalian System8 伐. 1. 政治 2003 大. 立. ‧ 國. C. SARS8. Chan. 佩. ‧. 25. Ingram. y. C. the new geopolitics of disease8. io. sit. 了. n. a l了 Ch. 來 David H27eyman. 26. McInnes. er. 伐. Nat. Fidler. 伐. 學. 些. 24. 2. C. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS C. 修. 伊. engchi. iv n U ）. 介. C便. 便. 丁 28. 23. Colin McInnes and Kelley Lee, “Health, Security and Foreign Policy,” Review of International Studies 32, no. 1 (2006): 5-23. 24 David P. Fidler,SARS, Governance and the Globalization of Disease (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 11-21. 25 Lai Ha Chan, China Engages Global Health Governance: Responsible Stakeholder or System-Transformer (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011),, 55-57. 26 Ingram, “The New Geopolitics of Disease,” 530-539. 27. 28 David L. Heyman, “The Evolving Infectious Disease Threat: Implications for National and Global Security,” 6.

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(17) . C 38. 些 39. 伐伐. 伸. 些. Lee&Smith. ＆. diplomacy8. 1. 政治大伐 8. 立. 你. ‧ 國. 1. 伐些佔. 學. 伐. old. 2. diplomacy8 伐. 2 new. 1. 2 Negotiations. involved traditional and new diplomatic processes aimed at reaching formal and informal Ilona Kickbusch. 些. 1. 2 Global health diplomacy is concerned. y. 佔. sit. Nat. 乏. 40. ‧. consensus on global health concerns8. ；. Fidler. al. er. 41. 依些. Ch. 些. C便. 些. engchi. i n U. 42. 互. 伐. 些. 些 43. 伐之. v. Microbialpolitik8. n. and its determinants.8. io. with the negotiation process that shape and manage the global policy environment for health. 來. …. Rebecca Katz. 些. 38. Aizen J. Marrogi and Saadoun al-Dulaimi, “Medical Diplomacy in Achieving U.S. Global Strategic Objectives,” Joint Force Quarterly 74, no. 3 (2014): 124-130. 39 但 . 世 0 2 2011) 47 40 Kelley Lee and Richard Smith, “What’s Global Health Diplomacy?” 2-4. 41 Ilona Kickbusch, “Global Health Diplomacy, a Core Curriculum,” accessed March 1, 2015,:1. 42 David P. Fidler, “The Return of Microbialpolitik,” Foreign Policy, November 20, 2009, http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/20/the-return-of-microbialpolitik/; Fidler, “Microbialpolitik,”31-33. 43 互 . 0 4 20088 82-83. 9.

(18) . Katz. 伸. 伐 44. 亡. 伐伐值. 〈倒 45. 介世. 作. B 8. 〈. 46. 立. ‧ 國世. al. 不. Ch. engchi 介五. 借. y. 〈乏. v. Deborah Brautigam. 五；. 伸. 保. n. 48. Fidler. sit. io. 伊. 47. er. Nat. ；. 伸. ‧. Jenny Qu Wang. 乏. 1955. C. 學. 伸. 修政治大. i n U ）. 伊介. 49. 44. Rebecca Katz, Sarah Kornblet, Grace Arnold, Eric Lief and Julie E. Fischer, “Defining Health Diplomacy: Changing Demands in the Era of Globalization,” Milbank Quarterly 89, no. 3 (2011): 506-513. 45 . 50 46 Wang, Liu,Liu, Wei and Li, “Global Health Governance in China,” 51. 47 Ibid., 45. 48 David P. Fidler,“Asia and Global Health Governance: Power, Principle and Practice”. in Asia’s Role in Governing Global Health, ed. Kelley Lee, Tikki Pang and Yeling Tan, 45.(New York: Routledge, 2013), 203-206. 49 Deborah Brautigam, “U.S. and Chinese Efforts in Africa in Global Health and Foreign Aid: Objectives, Impact, and Potential Conflicts of Interest,” in China’s Emerging Global Health and Foreign Aid Engagement in Africa, ed. Xiaoquing Lu Boynton, CSIS, November 30, 2011: 8-9. 10.

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(20) . 2 economy serves diplomacy8 1978. 《. 乾. 〈. -1994. 1995. 8. 侷. 1. serves economy857Huang. 《乾伐. 佩. 乏佩. 2 diplomacy. 倒＆. 乾乾. ＆. 企. 做. 58. ＆今. 8. 借借你. 8. 立. 借. 政治大 8. 59. Xu. ‧ 國. 學. 丹. 》. Nat n. 63. Ch. engchi 倒. 66. er. io. 且. ；. sit. 62. al. 五. y. 61. Qu Wang. ‧. 五. 60. i n U 64. v. 65. 事借. 57. 50 0 20008 440-441 Huang, “Pursuing Health as Foreign Policy,”4. 59 但 . 57-61 60 Xu, Liu, and Guo, “Health Diplomacy in China,” 8. 61 Wang, Liu, Liu, Wei and Hang Li, “Global Health Governance in China,” 62. 62 Anshan Li, “Chinese Medical Cooperation in Africa with Special Emphasis on the Medical Teams and Anti-Malaria Campaign,” Nordisk Afrika Institute, 2011, http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:399727/FULLTEXT02:1-22. 63 . 53 64 Brautigam, “U.S. and Chinese Efforts in Africa in Global Health and Foreign Aid,” 14-15. 65 Steve Hess and Richard Adioo, “Charting the Roots of Anti-Chinese Populism in Africa: A Comparison of Zambia and Ghana,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 49, no. 2 (2014): 135-137. 66 Beibei Yin, “Reality Check Casts Doubts on Chinese Health Aid to Africa,” The Guardian, June 10, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jun/06/reality-check-chinese-he 12. 58.

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(28) 2. 便. 伐. 乏. 伐. C. 上. 份. 伐. 伐佔伐伐 3. 3. 乏. 乏. 政治大. 立. 中 2015. 一. 俗. n. C h4 乾. 不. sit er. io. 伐. 乏. n U i engch 伴. 乏. y. Nat. 主. al. 俗. ‧. 乏. 今. 〈. 學. ‧ 國. B. 乏. iv. 乾份係. Framework Convention Alliance8 以 Control8. 5. 0 Framework Convention on Tobacco Non-government. 2. David P. Fidler, "Navigating the Global Health Terrain: Mapping Global Health Diplomacy,” Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy 6, no. 1(2011): 1-43. 3 Ibid.,15-16. 4 Fidler, “Health as Foreign Policy,” 182-190. Kickbusch, “21st Century Health Diplomacy,” 12-16; Katz, Kornblet, Arnold,Lief, and Fischer, “Defining Health Diplomacy,” 504-505; 互 . 82-84 5 H. M. Mamudu and S. A. Glantz, “Civil Society and the Negotiation of the Framework Convention 20.

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中國的衛生外交： 以中國對莫三比克的衛生外交為個案探討 - 政大學術集成

中國的衛生外交：以中國對莫三比克的衛生外交為個案探討 - 政大學術集成