Conservation and Utilization on Vegetable, Flower, and Fruit Genetic Resources in the South of Vietnam

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(1)International Training-Workshop (2007) The Conservation and Utilization of Tropical/Subtropical Plant Genetic Resources 135-143. Conservation and Utilization on Vegetable, Flower, and Fruit Genetic Resources in the South of Vietnam By Tran Thi Oanh Yen1, Dao Thi Be Bay, Nguyen Ngoc Thi, Tran Kim Cuong, Le Ng Lan Thanh, Pham Ngoc Lieu, and Nguyen Minh Chau2. Summary Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI) was established in April 1994. Right from the establishment, we have started collection and conservation on fruit germplasm. A total of fruit genetic resources until December 2006 are 721 varieties/clones of about 40 families of tropical and subtropical fruit trees with 348 local and 383 foreign ones. All of them have been conserving at farms, net houses of Institutes and Universities and at farmers’ orchards. Evaluation on morphological and genetic characteristics has been conducted. Many of them are valuable commercial cultivars such as nam roi pomelo, da xanh pomelo, king mandarin, hong mandarin, duong mandarin, cat Hoa Loc mango, cat chu mango, abortive seed milky yellow flesh durian, Ri6 durian, Java rambutan, nhan rambutan, xuong com vang longan, tieu da bo longan, etc. Most of the introduced fruit varieties collected from Thailand, Taiwan, Australia, France, and USA. Some promising cultivars are belonging to fruit kinds such as mango, durian, rambutan, pineapple, jackfruit...; they have been tried for adaptability in the south of Vietnam. In 2005, department of floriculture and department of vegetable were established at SOFRI, collection and conservation on flowers and vegetables have been conducted with 85 vegetable varieties/clones of 3 families and 163 flower varieties/clones of 18 families.. Introduction Fruit genetic resources in the south of Vietnam are very rich and diversity. In addition, many fruits have high commercial values; however, rare and wild fruit varieties are still in the. 1. Researcher, Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI), PO Box 203, My Tho, Tien Giang, Viet Nam. e-mail: tto_yen@yahoo.com 2 Director, SOFRI, Vietnam.

(2) Tran Thi Oanh Yen, et al.. 136. natural populations. Selective pressure on high quality and yield fruit varieties is more and more strong, so others will be lost in the future. Thus, it is very important and necessary to collect and conserve on fruit varieties, especially on rare and wild fruit varieties. At SOFRI, the genetic resources of fruit have been collected from 1994 and of vegetable and flower from 2004 and these materials are conducted to evaluate, conserve and utilize in efficiency.. Materials and Methods Materials: All vegetable, flower, and fruit varieties are collected and grown in SOFRI farms and farmers’ orchards. These plant germplasm materials and products are used for investigating agronomical characters, and for chemical analysis in biotechnological lab and fruit quality analysis lab. Methodology: - Collection: All seeds, scions, buds, shoots are collected from farms, farmers’ orchards, forest, etc. The procedure of collection and method of description of fruit germplasm are following the protocol of IPGRI. - Conservation: The implementation of conservation on fruit germplasm includes two methods: in-situ and ex-situ conservation. 1.. In-situ conservation: germplasm conserved at farms, farmers’ orchards where fruit trees growing originally.. 2.. Ex-situ conservation: germplasm collected and conserved in other farms, net house and tissue culture room et al., or at the repository nursery in research institutes or universities.. Genrally, the germplasm of vegetables and flowers are collected and then conserved in net house and in-vitro by using ex-situ conservation. - Evaluation and utilization: 1.. Fruit varieties have been evaluated on fruit quality characteristics, reaction to salinity, flooding, and Phytophthora diseases. Fruit clones/varieties bearing high yield and good quality have been selected using for mother stock trees or becoming commercial varieties as well as using as parents in hybridization. The varieties with high tolerance to salinity, flooding, and Phytophthora disease have been used for rootstock and also as mother stocks as well..

(3) Conservation and Utilization on Plant Genetic Resources in the South of Vietnam. 2.. 137. In our commercial fruit varieties, one or some characteristics could be improved by inducing mutation.. 3.. The evaluation of utilization on fruit genetic diversity in all fruit gerplasm conservation could be conducted by using RAPD and SSR molecular.. Results and Discussions Collection and Conservation of Fruit Germplasm For the germplasm collection and conservation of fruits from 1994 to 2006, totally, 721 varieties/clones about 40 families including 348 local varieties and 373 foreign varieties have collected and conserved (Table 1). Most of those genetic resources have been conserved at farms of research institutes, center, universities, and farmers’ orchards. Germplasms of flower and vegetables have been collected and conserved in recent years at SOFRI. So far, totally, 85 vegetable varieties/clones of 3 families and 163 flower varieties/clones of 18 families have been conserved and evaluated in farm at Tiengiang (Table 2).. Table 1. Fruit germplasm collected and conserved in farm of SOFRI from April 1994 to December 2006. (SOFRI annual report, 2006) Kinds of fruit. 1. Langsat. Scientific name. Lansium. Total. No. of. Introduced varieties. local. No. of. var.. var.. 2. 1. 1. Thailand. 22. 7. 15. USA, Australia, Israel. 1. 0. 1. Thailand. 81. 73. 8. France, USA, Thailand,. 7. -. 7. France, USA, Australia,. 51. 16. 35. France, USA, China,. 15. 7. 8. France, USA, Australia. 7. 5. 2. Malaysia, Thailand. Origin/sources. domesticum Correa. 2. Avocado. Persea americana. 3. Wild. Garcinla loureiri. Mill. mangosteen 4. Pomelo. Citrus maxima (Burm). 5. Grapefruit. Citrus paradisi Macf.. 6. Orange. Citrus sinensis. 7. Lemon, lime. Citrus limon (L.). Merr.. China, Malaysia India. Osbeck.. Australia, India, Japan.. Burm. and C. aurantifolia Sw. 8. Rambutan. Nephelium lappacum L..

(4) Tran Thi Oanh Yen, et al.. 138. 9. Banana. Musa spp.. 55. 54. 1. 10. Otaheite apple. Spondias dulcis. 2. 1. 1. Thailand. 20. 14. 6. France, USA. 1. -. 1. Japan. 47. 12. 35. Soland. 11. Wild, hybrid. (a). citrus 12. Walnut. Castanea crenata Sieb.et Zucc.. 13. Pineapple. Anonas comosus (L.) Merr.. Taiwan, Thailand, Australia, France, Malaysia. 14. Rambai. Baccaucera spp.. 1. 1. -. 15. Strawberry. Fragaria ananassa. 1. -. 1. USA. 16. Peach. Prunus persica (L.). 4. -. 4. USA, Australia. 17. Papaya. Carica papaya L.. 28. 6. 22. USA, Malaysia,. 18. Citrus vars. for. (b). 19. -. 19. France, USA, Australia, Australia, Japan, USA. Duch. Batsch. Thailand, Japan rootstock. India. 19. Persimon. Diospyros spp.. 8. -. 8. 20. Kumquat. Fortunella spp.. 6. 5. 1. 20. Calamondin. Cito microcarpa mitis. 21. Star fruit. Averrhoa carambola. 18. -. 18. L.. Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Israel.. 22. Passion fruit. Passiflora edulis. 2. 1. 1. Japan. 23. Egg fruit. Lucuma caimito. 1. -. 1. Taiwan. Roem. 24. Pomegranate. Punica granatum. 2. -. 2. India, China. 25. Nectarine. Prunus spp.. 8. -. 8. Australia, USA. 21. 18. 3. 26. Water apple. Eugenia aquea Syzygium spp.. Thailand, Taiwan, Malaysia,. 27. Plum. Prunus salicina. 3. -. 3. Australia, USA. 28. Sweetsop. Annona squamosa L.. 3. 29. Sour sop. Annona muricata L.. 1. 3. -. Australia, Israel. 1. -. 30. Mangosteen. Garcinia. 1. 1. -. 14. -. 14. Thailand. 12. 5. 7. Thailand. 1. -. 1. USA. 19. 1. Thailand Thailand, Israel. mangostana L. 31. Tamarind. Taramindus indica L.. 32. Jack fruit. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.. 33. Apricot 34. Longan. Prunus armeniaca L. Dimocarpus longan. 20. Lour. 35. Grape. Vitis vinifera L.. 8. -. 8. 36. Custard apple. Annona reticula. 1. 1. -. 37. Guava. Psidium guajava L.. 27. 12. 15. India, Malaysia, Thailand.

(5) Conservation and Utilization on Plant Genetic Resources in the South of Vietnam. 38. Mandarin. (c). 43. 14. 29. 139. France, USA, China, Australia, India, Japan.. 39. Salacca. Salacca edulis. 2. -. 2. 5. 5. -. 14. 5. 9. Thailand. Reinw. 40. Sapodilla. Manikara zapota (L.) Van Royan.. 41. Durian. Durio zibethinus Murr.. 42. Apple. Thailand, Malaysia, Australia. Zizyphus mauritiana. 2. -. 2. Thailand. 3. 2. 1. Thailand. 19. 4. 15. Colombia, Taiwan,. 2. 1. 1. Thailand. 8. 8. -. 99. 45. 54. Lamk. 43. Acerola. Malpighia glabra. 44. Dragon fruit. Hylocereus. 45. Gandaria. Bouea oppositifolia. 46. Star apple. Chrysophllum. 47. Mango. Mangifera spp. undulatus Britte.. France, Thailand. Meis. caimito Thailand, USA, Australia, Israel, Malaysia, China, India, Taiwan, Philippines. 48. Feijoa. Acca sellowiana. 49. Miracle plant. Total. 2 1 721. 348. 2. Israel. 1. Israel. 373. Notes: (a): C. medica L., Limonia acidissima, Murray paniculata, Tangor (C. reticulata Blanco x C. sinensis Osbeck), Tangelo (C. reticulata x C. paradisi); (b): C. limon (L.) Burm., C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Citrumelo (C. paradisi Macf. x P. trifoliata Raf.), Citrange (C.sinensis Osbeck. x P. trifoliata Raf.), C. aurantium L.,C. tachibana Tan., C. madurensis Lour; (c): C. reticulata Blanco, C. reticulata var austera, C. unshiu Marc;.

(6) Tran Thi Oanh Yen, et al.. 140. Table 2. Germplasm collection and conservation of vegetables and flower in farm of SOFRI. (SOFRI annual report, 2006) Vvegetables/. Science name. Family. flowers. No. of. Origin/Source. var.. 1. Cucumber. Cucumis sativus L.. Cucurbitaceae. 6. Vietnam. 2. Tomato. Lycopersicon. Solanaceae. 52. Vietnam (2), India. 3. Eggplant. Solanum melongena. Solanaceae. 9. Vietnam (5), India. 4. Hot pepper. Capsicum annum L.. Solanaceae. 11. Vietnam. 5. Okra. Hibicus esculentus. Malvaceae. 7. Vietnam, China. 1. Gerbera. Gerbera sp.. Asteraceae. 40. esculentum Mill. (32), AVRDC (18). L.. (2), AVRDC (2). Da Lat, Tien Giang, Dong Thap Vietnam. 2. Anthurium. Anthurium andreanum. Araceae. 11. 3. Phyllocactus. Epiphyllum sp.. Cactaceae. 7. 4. Chrismas cactus. Zygocatus truncatus. Cactaceae. 10. Da Lat, Can Tho Vietnam Da Lat - Vietnam Da Lat, Can Tho Vietnam. 5. Life-plant. Kalanchoe. Crassulaceae. 6. blossfeldiana 6.Chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum sp.. Tien Giang, Da Lat Vietnam. Asteraceae. 44. Tien Giang, Da Lat, Can Tho - Vietnam. 7. Daisy. Aster amellus sp.. Asteraceae. 3. Tien Giang - Vietnam. 8. Orchid. Dendrobium sp.,. Orchidaceae. 18. Tien Giang - Vietnam. Strelitziaceae. 2. Cattleya sp., Oncidium sp. 9. Strelitzia. Strelitzia reginae Banks.. Da Lat - Vietnam, Thailand. 10. Begonia. Begonia sp.. Begoniaceae. 2. Da Lat - Vietnam. 11. Torch Ginger. Etlingera sp.. Zingiberaceae. 3. Thailand. 12. Alpinia. Alpinia sp.. Zingiberaceae. 1. Thailand. 13. Iris. Iris sp.. Iridaceae. 1. Da Lat - Vietnam. 14. Jasmine. Camellia japoniaca. Theaceae. 1. Da Lat - Vietnam. 15. Gloxinia. Sinningia speciosa. Gesneriaceae. 7. Can Tho - Vietnam. 16. African Violet. Saintpaulia ionantha. Gesneriaceae. 3. Can Tho - Vietnam. 17. Carnation. Dianthus caryophyllus. Caryophyllaceae. 2. Tien Giang - Vietnam. 18. Amaryllis. Hippeastrum spp.. Amaryllidaceae. 2. Thailand. Total. 248. Source: Department of Vegetables and Department of Floriculture – (SOFRI 2006).

(7) Conservation and Utilization on Plant Genetic Resources in the South of Vietnam. 141. Evaluation of Fruit Genetic Resources - Evaluation on morphological and agronomic characteristics Totally, 25 among 49 kinds of fruit trees have been evaluated on morphological and agronomic characteristics. Several important characteristics were investigated and evaluated in 446 cultivars of 25 kinds of fruit germplasms listed in Table 3.. Table 3. Important characteristics were recorded and evaluated in 446 cultivars of fruit trees at SOFRI during 1994-2006. No.. Kinds of fruits. No. of cultivars evaluated. No. of characteristics evaluated. 1. Langsat. 1. 8. 2. Pomelo. 56. 13. 3. Grape fruit. 7. 13. 4. Orange. 49. 13. 5. Lemon/lime. 15. 13. 6. Rambutan. 7. 11. 7. Wild and hybrid citrus. 10. 13. 8. Pineapple. 28. 16. 9. Papaya. 16. 15. 10. Citrus for rootstock. 7. 13. 11. Calamondin. 6. 13. 12. Star fruit. 18. 12. 13. Passion flower. 1. 12. 14. Water apple. 21. 12. 15. Tamarind. 13. 11. 16. Jack fruit. 3. 12. 17. Longan. 22. 16. 18. Guava. 4. 12. 19. Mandarin. 42. 13. 20. Sapodilla. 2. 12. 21. Durian. 6. 12. 22. Apple. 1. 6. 23. Acerola. 1. 6. 24. Dragon fruit. 24. 11. 25. Mango. 86. 13. Total. 446.

(8) Tran Thi Oanh Yen, et al.. 142. - Evaluation on tolerance to salinity and flood Vo Huu Thoai and Nguyen Minh Chau (2002) evaluated the tolerance to salinity and flood on 18 pomelo varieties. The results indicated that some pomelo varieties have high tolerance to flooding period of 30 days. These pomelo varieties are Duong Hong Pomelo (Binh Duong), Bong Pomelo (Hue), Hong Duong Pomelo (Can Tho), and Oi Pomelo (Binhduong). Pomelo varieties such as Duong Hong (Binh Duong), Hong Duong (Can Tho), Chua Pomelo (CanTho), Chua Pomelo (Ben Tre) also showed bearing high tolerance to salinity.. - Evaluation on tolenrant to Phytophthora citrophthora on citrus Barley (2001) showed that 42 citrus varieties from Vietnam were tested having reaction to P. citrophthora. However, the results also showed that Xiem mandarin, Hong Kim mandarin, Ta mandarin, Tau orange expressed tolerance to P. citrophthora growing in pot condition.. - Evaluation genetic diversity on citrus and pineapple 131 local citrus varieties/clones were used for analysis on genetic diversity by using micro-satellite molecular markers (Tran Thi Oanh Yen et al.). 30 varieties/clones including Queen and Cayenne of local and introduced varieties were used for analysis on genetic diversity by using RAPD molecular markers (Tran Thi My Hanh et al., 2005).. - Fruit varieties in farmers’ orchards selected for developing commercial varieties: Many fruit varieties were selected in farmers’ orchards, farms and certificated by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) and then released as commercial variety, such as cat Hoa Loc mango, cat chu mango, seedless milk yellow flesh durian, mangosteen, da xanh pomelo, nam roi pomelo, duong la cam pomelo, nghe jackfruit, etc.. - Improvement of commercial fruit varieties: Generally, commercial fruit varieties have good quality; somehow, there are one or some characteristics necessary to be improved such as the number of seeds in citrus varieties, thin skin in cat Hoa Loc mango, and fruit dropping in xuong com vang longan. The fruit breeding program inducing mutation, traditional breeding, and embryo culture were conducted in SOFRI..

(9) Conservation and Utilization on Plant Genetic Resources in the South of Vietnam. 143. The obvious results were obtained on hybridization between commercial dragon fruit variety and introduced dragon fruit. The red flesh dragon fruit cultivar – Long Dinh 1 having good quality and high yield were denominated and released.. References 1.. IPGRI. 1992. Directory of germplasm collection: Tropical and Subtropical Fruit and Tree Nuts. IPGRI, Via delle Sette Chiese 142, Rome-00145, Italy.. 2.. Le Nguyen Lan Thanh. 2006. Department of Floriculture. Southern Fruit Research Institute.. 3.. Nguyen Thi Huong Lan and Tran Kim Cuong. 2004. The results of collection, evaluation and conservation some fruit vegetables (Tomato, Eggplant, Cucumber, Okra, Hot pepper). Agricultural Publishing House.. 4.. Vo Huu Thoal, Nguten Huu Hoang, and Nguyen Minh Chau. 2001. Results on screening to salinity on some local citrus rootstock Agricultural Publishing House.. 5.. Vo Huu Thoal, Nguten Vu Son, and Nguyen Mine Chau. 2002. Evaluation on tolerant to flooding in local pomelo varieties. Agricultural Publishing House.. 6.. Tran Thi Oanh Yen, Luro Francois, and Nguyen Ngoc Thi. 2003. Genetic diversity analysis on citrus germplasm in Vietnam by Microsatellite Markers. Agricultural Publishing House. 7.. Tran Thi My Hanh, Tran Thi Oabh Yen, Pham Ngoc Lieu, and Nguyen Thi Lang. 2006. Genetic diversity analysis on pineapple germplasm through RAPD markers. Agricultural Publishing House..

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