嬰兒的選擇性模仿：動作－效果整合或目的推理？ - 政大學術集成
83
0
0
全文
(2) ठᖴ ೭ௗ߈Οԃޑਔ໔္Ǵ൩Ⴝᅐߏޑଭ݊ǴಖډܭΑനௗ߈ಖᗺጕޑຯ ᚆΑǶӣᓐ࣮Ǵ900 ӭϺךޑǴჹزࣴܭǵჹܭғࢲǵჹܭགྷǴǵᚸ ᚸǵ՟ᔉߚᔉǶࡕٰ 900 ӭϺޑВη္ǴбрޑոΚᆶޑڙ܍ᓸΚᜤаᑽໆǴΨ ᐕόϿགྷाܫకޑਔڅǴόၸΨӢԜωૈᕇளӧౡऍޑԋ݀ǶᖴᖴࡰޑךᏤ ௲௴ੀԴৣޑ௲ᏤǴεԿࡘԵᡄᒠλԿࣴزՉޑಒǴԴৣᕴࢂਔගٮ ӭᔅշᆶЍǴΨததӧፕਔᗺрӭךӧࡘԵޓޑᗺǴ๏Αߚךதӭޑ. 治 政 大๏ϒӭޑᝊࡌᆶ࣮ݤǼ ௴วǼᖴᖴᏼҺα၂ہఆঢ়ሎԴৣᆶ♬♬ԴৣǴ 立 ᖴᖴࣽמीฝȐ104-2410-H-004-045-MY2ȑޑЍǴᡣჴᡍளаճՉǼᖴ. ‧ 國. 學. ᖴӄѠӚӦόࣙ॥ߘٰୖуჴᡍݿݿޑ༰༰ᆶᝊᝊॺǴ׳ाགᖴӭޑৎ. ‧. ߏᔅॺךϟಏჴᡍǴؒԖգॺୖޑᆶǴࣴزόёૈԖӧޑԋ݀Ǽ. sit. y. Nat. ᖴᖴჴᡍ࠻ޑұՔॺǴ࣓ۗᏢۆǵٵᏢۆǵಹᏢۆǵᆢࡀǴόፕࢂӧࣴ. n. al. er. io. ࢂ܈زғࢲගࡐךٮεޑЍᆶᔅշǼᖴᖴޑךӕᏢॺǴЈ܃ǵٺǵ܃ǵ. i n U. v. ҥᛁǵ☰ǵηችǵӹǵ܃ᆺǵЈ߲ǵℱᗶǵநǵ๔मǵ܃Ǵॺךଆވ. Ch. engchi. Ǵဃፍेǵஏ࠻ಥᗋԖᗬ୯ਓࢂ೭Οԃ໔നᜤזޑבӣᏫǼᖴᖴޑך εᏢӕᏢॺǴไǵыǵഩᆡǵᆢǵדமǴᗨฅεৎӧόӕޑӦБոΚǴ ՠԛکգॺ࣬ᆫ൩Ⴝӣډၸѐӧύ҅ޑऍӳਔӀǴձགᖴഩᆡᆶไǴᡣך όӧကࢬੁǼᖴᖴ๔ࢋǴᕴࢂऐЈ᠋ךКವԸᗋӭܤޑᆶ֣ڱ၉Ǽ ᖴᖴ϶ܻتޑךഋ࠽ᓄǴԛӧךᆣեዊਔᕴࢂಃঁޣ্ڙǴգவٰؒԖ ᖂقǴх܌ޑךԖҺ܄ǶߚதགᖴޑךৎΓǴԖգॺޑЍǴךωૈడคࡕ ៝ϐኁӦֹԋᏢǼനࡕǴ࣮ډ೭ጇፕЎޑգǴӵ݀ӢԜӭрΑᗺᗺჹᓻٽᇡ ޕวޑᇡᆶᑫ፪Ǵٗࢂᡣךளനനനᠠᆶ໒Јޑ٣Ǽ I.
(3) ύЎᄔा ᒧ܄ኳүࢂࡰᓻٽӧόӕნύᒧ܄ӦኳүдΓޑՉࣁǴࣁϞวЈ ᏢഢڙᢋҞޑᚒǶӧ GergelyǵBekkering ᆶ KirályȐ2002ȑӜزࣴޑύǴ ჴᡍޑޣᚈЋԾҗܫӧਫǴҢጄаᚐᓐ࿘౯η໒ᐩǴᓻୃٽӳኳүԜཥڻ բǹՠჴᡍޣᚈЋᆙЛෙҢጄ࣬ӕޑբ߾҂วᓻٽԖᡉޑኳүୃӳǶ Ԗ٤ࣴޣزᇡᓻٽёаၸҞޑှдΓޑཀკǴ٠ᇡࣁኳүࢂࡌҥӧჹཀ. 政 治 大 բɡਏ݀ೱ่ޑᛙ܄ۓωࢂቹៜᓻٽᒧ܄ኳүޑЬӢǶ 立. კޑှ᠐ϐǹ࣬ϸӦǴբɡਏ݀ӝፕ߾ᇡࣁբҁޑيՉ֚ᜤࡋᆶ. ‧ 國. 學. ࣁΑှ،ߏޣٿΦаٰჹܭᓻٽኳүݾޑǴҁࣴزঅु Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑ ޑӀ౯ࣴڂࢴزǴஒขᗺܫӧၸѐޔ҂ډڙख़ຎޑӢ݀ਏૈཷۺǴफ़եҢጄ. ‧. բޑӢ݀ਏૈǴᓻٽӧჴᡍၸำύวҢጄբόࢂԛૈԋфᡣӀ౯วߝǴ. y. Nat. io. sit. ᙖԜᙶమҞޑፕᆶբɡਏ݀ӝፕჹᓻٽᒧ܄ኳүޑှញ܄Ƕჴ. er. ᡍ 1 ่݀ޑख़ᇙΑ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑჴᡍ่݀Ǵჴᡍ 2A ᆶჴᡍ 2B ࣣว. al. n. v i n 18 ঁДεޑᓻٽӧӢ݀ਏૈၨեޑნύࡐϿኳүҢጄբǴᡉҢᓻޑٽ Ch engchi U. ኳүՉࣁၨ಄ӝբɡਏ݀ӝፕޑᢀᗺǴЬाࢂډڙբՉ֚ޑᜤࡋᆶ բɡਏ݀ᖄ่ޑᛙޑ܄ۓቹៜǶ. 斄挝娆烉䚖䘬㍐䎮ˣ⚈㝄㓰傥ˣ㤪⾝忳≽⍇⇯ˣ㧉ầġ ġ. ġ. II.
(4) Abstract. Selective imitation refers to a phenomenon which infants differentially imitate the demonstrated action in different contexts. Recently, it has also become a popular research topic in developmental psychology. Gergely, Bekkering and Király (2002) uncovered a classic example of selective imitation. They found that infants tend to imitate the action of touching a light box with their forehead when they saw a model perform the action with her hands placed on the table, but not when her hands were. 治 政 大 can interpret others’ restricted by a blanket. Some researchers claim that infants 立 ‧ 國. 學. intention through teleological reasoning, and they consider infants’ imitation is based on decoding of intentionality. Conversely, ideomotor theory argues that imitation. ‧. depends on difficulty of the action execution and the stability of link between action. Nat. sit. y. and its effect. To address the long-standing dispute with infants’ imitation, we revised. n. al. er. io. the paradigm in Gergely et al. (2002) and focused on the concept of causal efficacy. i n U. v. which had been long ignored in the past. Infant would find that the demonstrated. Ch. engchi. action, sometimes won’t turn on the light during the experimentation. In experiment 1, we replicated the results obtained in Gergely et al. (2002). Experiment 2A and 2B both found that 18-month-old infants rarely imitated the demonstrated action when the causal efficacy was relatively low. These results are closer to the ideomotor approach viewpoint of imitation, and it reveals that infants’ imitation depends on difficulty of the action execution and the stability of link between action and effect. Keywords: teleological reasoning, causal efficacy, ideomotor theory, imitation. III.
(5) Ҟ. ԛ. ಃക ᆣፕ.............................................................................................. 1 ಃǵ ࣴزᐒ.............................................................................................. 1 ಃΒǵ ࣴزҞޑ.............................................................................................. 3. ಃΒക Ўӣ៝ ..................................................................................... 5 ಃǵ ཀკှ᠐ᆶኳү.................................................................................. 5 ಃΒǵ բɡਏ݀ӝᆶኳү.................................................................... 11. 政 治 大. ಃΟǵ ٿፕڗӛޑКၨ............................................................................ 17 ಃѤǵ Ӣ݀ਏૈჹኳүޑፓቹៜ............................................................ 20. 立. ಃϖǵ ࣴزୢᚒᆶଷ................................................................................ 27. ‧ 國. 學. ಃΟക ჴᡍ 1 ᓻޑٽᒧ܄ኳүǺբޑӢ݀Ѹฅ ܄.................. 29 ಃǵ ࣴزҞޑ............................................................................................ 29. ‧. ಃΒǵ ࣴزჹຝ............................................................................................ 29 ಃΟǵ ࣴز............................................................................................ 31. Nat. sit. y. ಃѤǵ ࣴزำׇ............................................................................................ 32. er. io. ಃϖǵ ीϩᆶीϩ................................................................................ 36 ಃϤǵ ่ࣴ݀ز............................................................................................ 38. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. ಃΎǵ ፕ.................................................................................................... 40. i. e. ngch ಃѤക ჴᡍ 2A ᓻޑٽᒧ܄ኳүǺբޑӢ݀܈ฅ܄ ............... 41 ಃǵ ࣴزҞޑ............................................................................................ 41 ಃΒǵ ࣴزჹຝ............................................................................................ 41 ಃΟǵ ࣴز............................................................................................ 42 ಃѤǵ ࣴزी............................................................................................ 42 ಃϖǵ ࣴزำׇ............................................................................................ 43 ಃϤǵ ीϩᆶीϩ................................................................................ 45 ಃΎǵ ่ࣴ݀ز............................................................................................ 45 ಃΖǵ ፕ.................................................................................................... 49. IV.
(6) ಃϖക ჴᡍ 2B ᓻޑٽᒧ܄ኳүǺӢ݀Ѹฅ܈܄բё܄ǻ 51 ಃǵ ࣴزҞޑ............................................................................................ 51 ಃΒǵ ࣴزჹຝ............................................................................................ 52 ಃΟǵ ࣴز............................................................................................ 52 ಃѤǵ ࣴزำׇ............................................................................................ 53 ಃϖǵ ीϩᆶीϩ................................................................................ 54 ಃϤǵ ่ࣴ݀ز............................................................................................ 55 ಃΎǵ ፕ.................................................................................................... 56. ಃϤക ᆕӝፕ ................................................................................... 57. 政 治 大 ಃΒǵ Ӣ݀ਏૈᆶբё܄.................................................................... 59 立 ಃΟǵ ځдёૈޑှញ................................................................................ 61 ಃǵ Ӣ݀ਏૈᆶբɡਏ݀ӝ............................................................ 58. ‧ 國. 學. ಃѤǵ ҁࣴޑزज़ڋᆶ҂ٰБӛ................................................................ 66 ಃϖǵ ่ፕ.................................................................................................... 67. ‧. ୖԵЎ.................................................................................................. 68. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. V. i n U. v.
(7) ߄Ҟᒵ. ߄ 1 ჴᡍ 1 ࣴୖزᆶޑޣԃសᆶ܄ձಔԋ………………………… 30 ߄ 2 ჴᡍ 1 ᓻٽаЋ࿘Ӏ౯ޑբԛኧϐѳ֡ॶᆶྗৡ….....40 ߄ 3 ჴᡍ 2A ࣴୖزᆶޑޣԃសᆶ܄ձಔԋ………………………..42 ߄ 4 ჴᡍ 2A ᓻٽаЋ࿘Ӏ౯ޑբԛኧϐѳ֡ॶᆶྗৡ…. 48. 立. 政 治 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. VI. i n U. v.
(8) კҞᒵ. კ 1 Gergely ᆶ CisbraȐ2003ȑගрޑҞޑࢎᄬ ....................... 9 კ 2 PaulusȐ2014ȑගрޑբɡਏ݀ӝፕϐፕࢎᄬ ....... 13 კ 3 ҁࣴޑزӀ౯Ƕ .................................................................. 31 კ 4 ዕ໘ࢤ٬ҔڀވޑǶ .............................................................. 32 კ 5 ෳ၂λ໔ޑթᆶᘍ .............................................................. 34. 政 治 大 ჴᡍ 1 ٿಔኳүҢጄբޑΓኧК ...................................... 39 立. კ 6 ჴᡍ 1 ޑჴᡍำ ׇ...................................................................... 35 კ7. ‧ 國. 學. კ 8 ჴᡍ 2A ޑჴᡍࢬำ.................................................................... 44 კ 9 ჴᡍ 2A ٿಔኳүҢጄբޑΓኧК ................................... 47. ‧. კ 10 ჴᡍ 2B ޑܴᓸլΚᇂηᆶӀ౯............................................ 52. y. Nat. io. sit. კ 11 ჴᡍ 2B ዕ໘ࢤڀވޑଛ .................................................... 54. er. კ 12 ჴᡍ 2B ޑჴᡍำ ׇ.................................................................... 54. al. n. v i n ҁࣴزӚಔኳүҢጄբޑΓኧК ...................................... 55 Ch engchi U. კ 13. VII.
(9) ಃക ᆣፕ. ಃǵġ ࣴزᐒ. 政 治 大 ѺவڧڧॺךቜӦٗޑڅଆǴߡ໒ۈᏢಞӚԄӚኬޕޑǶၸѐزࣴޑวǴ 立. ࣬ၨځܭдނᅿǴΓᜪޑғࢲᕉნߚதፄᚇǴࣁΑૈӧ೭ኬޑᕉნύғӸǴ. ‧ 國. 學. ཥғٽӧрғ ޑ48 λਔࡕǴςૈख़ፄрᢀ࣮ޑډᖍ߄ȐMeltzoff & Moore, 1977; Meltzoff & Moore, 1983ȑ Ǵ೭ᅿբख़ᄽޑၸำ൩ᆀࣁኳүȐimitationȑ ǹ. ‧. ᓻٽϤঁДεਔǴॺךёૈ࣮ډᓻٽஒܫڀވӧԸᜐǴኳүεΓѺႝ၉ޑբǴ. y. Nat. io. sit. Ԝਔޑኳүόӆ߳ज़ܭᖍ߄ǴԶࢂ٤ၨፄᚇޑբǴٯӵᓻٽኳүᢀ࣮. n. al. er. ޑډЋբȐMeltzoff & Moore, 1977; Vinter, 1986ȑ Ǵࢂ܈ᏢಞдΓᏹբނᡏޑ. Ch. i n U. v. БԄȐBarr, Dowden, & Hayne, 1996; Collie & Hayne, 1999ȑǶډΑрғࡕޑಃΒ. engchi. ԃǴᓻٽςࢂߚதዕግޑኳүৎǴѳ֡ϺૈᏢಞԿঁٿӄཥޑբȐBarr & Hayne, 2003ȑ ǴΨૈኳүӭᡯࢲޑȐBauer & Hertsgaard, 1993; Herbert & Hayne, 2000ȑ ǶନԜϐѦǴ24 ঁДεޑᓻٽόѝૈኳүᢀჸޑբǴջ٬ ࢂၸႝຎᢀ࣮ޑډբдॺӕኬૈᏢளࡐӳȐMeltzoff, 1988aȑ Ƕᓻٽӧԋߏޑ ၸำύᏧᙖᓬຫޑኳүૈΚזೲӦՉᏢಞǴԶЪኳүКଆ၂ᇤᏢಞ Ȑtrial-and-error learningȑᡣᓻ׳ૈٽԖਏӦᕇڗཥޕᆶಞளЎϯ࣬ᜢמޑ ૈǶ҅ӢࣁӵԜǴᓻޑٽኳүՉࣁޔаٰډڙӭࣴޑޣزᜢݙǴPiagetȐ1962ȑ ᢀჸډᓻٽख़ፄр࣮ޑډբǴ٠ᇡࣁᓻٽаᢀჸޑډբࣁࡰǴᜪϯԿ 1.
(10) Ծρޑբ୷ኳύǴдஒ೭ᅿຝᆀࣁȨൻᕉϸᔈȩȐcircular reactionȑǶ߈ٰ ߐޑᚒᗋхࡴѴޑٽၸࡋኳүՉࣁȐover-imitationȑ Ȑe.g., Lyons, Damrosch, Lin, Macris, & Keil, 2011; Lyons, Young, & Keil, 2007; Over & Carpenter, 2012ȑǶ ّϞǴςԖӭࣴޣزठΚܭኳүՉࣁङࡕޑЈᐒڋǴගрӚᅿёૈ ቹៜኳүޑӢનǶԖϩޣزࣴޑᇡࣁᓻޑٽኳүՉࣁࢂډڙཀკᆶҞޑ០٬ Ȑe.g., Gergely & Csibra, 2003; Schwier, van Maanen, Carpenter, & Tomasello, 2006ȑ ǴႽࢂ Gergely ᆶ CsibraȐ2003ȑගрޑҞޑፕȐteleological reasoningȑ ፋډᓻٽёаਥᏵբȐactionȑ ǵҞރᄊȐgoal stateȑᆶᕉნज़ڋȐsituational. 治 政 大 constraintȑΟঁԋϩፕჴᡍޑޣཀკǴаԜ،ࢂۓցाኳүдΓޑբǴ೭ঁ 立. ၸำᆀࣁȨ܄ኳүȩ Ȑrational imitationȑ ǹᗋԖࣴޣزวǴ࣬ၨܭཀѦр. ‧ 國. 學. ޑբǴᓻٽ՟ЯୃӳኳүჴᡍޣԖཀाޑբȐCarpenter, Akhtar, &. ‧. Tomasello, 1998ȑ Ǵ೭٤ࣴزวࣣᆶ Gergely ᆶ CsibraȐ2006ȑගрޑԾฅ௲ػ. sit. y. Nat. ᏢᢀᗺȐNatural PedagogyȑόᒉԶӝǶќБय़ǴԖ٤Ꮲޣவ୷׳ᘵޑቫय़. n. al. er. io. բǵਏ݀ϐܭᓻٽኳүޑཀကǴдॺᇡࣁᓻٽӧᢀ࣮дΓբਔǴᑽໆ. i n U. v. բᆶਏ݀໔ޑᜢ߯ǴձࢂբԖЇวਏ݀ਔǴၨૈᐟଆᓻޑٽኳүϸᔈȐHauf. Ch. engchi. & Aschersleben, 2006ȑ ǶԖࣴޣزᇡࣁǴኳүЬाࢂډڙբՉ֚ᜤࡋޑቹៜǺ ᓻٽѝኳүԾρමၸࢂ܈ளޑډբȐPaulus, Hunnius, Vissers, & Bekkering, 2011bȑ ǹ߈ٰǴ׳ԖࣴޣزॊঁٿᢀᗺǴගрঁӝ ޗޑ܄Ꮲಞኳࠠ——բɡਏ݀ӝፕȐideomotor approach to imitative learningȑٰှញᓻٽኳүޑၮբᐒڋȐPaulus, 2014ȑ Ƕ. 2.
(11) ಃΒǵġ ࣴزҞޑ. ॊගঁٿޑډፕڗӛޔаٰډڙӭޑᜢݙᆶፕǴόၸҞࣴޣز ॺჹܭᓻٽኳүޑှញۘ҂ԖۓፕǶGergelyǵBekkering ᆶ KirályȐ2002ȑӜ زࣴޑύǴКၨᓻٽӧᚈЋԾҗნȐhands free conditionȑᆶᚈЋज़ڋნȐhands occupied conditionȑޑኳү߄Ǵჴᡍޣӧٿಔύраᚐᓐ࿘ޑڀވཥڻ բǴ่݀วѝԖჴᡍޣᚈЋԾҗӦܫӧਫਔԖၨӭᓻٽኳүཥڻբǶ. 治 政 大 ࡕុԖӭόӕޑፕᢀᗺ၂კှញ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑزࣴޑวǴႽࢂԖ 立. ࣴޣزᇡࣁᓻٽӧٿნ߄ޑৡ౦ࢂٰԾܭόӕำࡋޕޑυᘋȐBeisert et al.,. ‧ 國. 學. 2012ȑ Ƕόၸӧ೭ТፕᖂੁύǴനڙᢋҞޑፕࣁҞޑፕᆶբɡਏ݀. ‧. ӝፕǶ. sit. y. Nat. ҞޑፕᇡࣁᚈЋԾҗნύǴჴᡍޣёаҔঁ׳ᙁߡޑБݤȐаЋ. n. al. er. io. ࿘ȑٰ໒ᐩǴࠅᒧၨόБߡޑౣȐаᚐᓐ࿘ȑ Ǵँᡉჴᡍޣགྷाаձޑ. i n U. v. բၲډᡣӀ౯วߝޑҞǴᓻٽϐ܌аኳүჴᡍޑޣբᡉҢࢂޑдॺჹܭჴ. Ch. engchi. ᡍޣཀკޑှǶϸϐǴჴᡍޑޣᚈЋӧᚈЋज़ڋნคݤ٬ҔǴᚐᓐ࿘౯ηࢂ Πૈ໒ᐩޑБݤǴᓻٽ٠όᇡࣁჴᡍࢂޣԖཀाдॺᏢಞཥڻբǴӢ ԜࡐϿԖᓻٽӧԜნύኳүᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբȐGergely et al., 2002; Gergely & Csibra, 2003ȑ ǶฅԶǴբɡਏ݀ӝፕᇡࣁǴᚈЋज़ڋნύၨϿᓻٽኳ үཥڻբѝࢂрԾܭբՉ֚ᜤǴᓻٽคݤඛነӧؒԖЍኖޑݩΠрي ᡏޑբȐPaulus et al., 2011bȑǶ Ҟޑፕᆶբɡਏ݀ӝፕჹܭᓻٽኳүޑှញݾፕុۯԿϞǴ൩ӵ ӕၸѐኧΜԃٰཀკှ᠐ፕڗӛᆶբǵਏ݀ᜢ߯ፕڗӛޑᕭቹǶӢԜҁࣴ. 3.
(12) زਥᏵ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑӀ౯ࢴڂǴаၸѐࣴزύޔ҂ډڙख़ຎޑӢ݀ ਏૈीჴᡍნǴፓբᆶբਏ݀ϐ໔ᜢ߯ޑᛙ܄ۓǴᙶమٿፕჹᓻٽ ኳүޑှញ܄Ƕ. 立. 政 治 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 4. i n U. v.
(13) ಃΒക Ўӣ៝. Ҟཀკှ᠐ᆶբɡਏ݀ӝ೭ٿᜪࣴڗزӛߚډڙதӭࣴݙޑޣزཀ ᆶፕǴҁകٿӃឍॊٿፕڗӛޑፕϣᆶख़ᗺǴಃΟ߾Кၨঁٿ ፕڗӛӚԾޑज़ڋᆶёૈ़ғрޑୢᚒǶಃѤਥᏵҞ҂ှޑୢᚒΕӢ݀ਏ. 治 政 ૈۺཷޑᆶ࣬ځᜢزࣴޑǶനࡕӧಃϖύௗុѤޑӣ៝Ǵۯ՜рҁࣴޑز 大 立 ࣴزୢᚒᆶଷǶ. n. al. er. io. sit. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Nat. ಃǵġ ཀკှ᠐ᆶኳү. Ch. i n U. v. ЈඵፕȐtheory of mindȑࢂࡰॺךှ᠐дΓᆶԾρЈރᄊૈޑΚǴхࡴ. engchi. ჹߞۺǵᆣǵཀკЈރᄊޑှǴӢԜЈඵፕࢂѴٽᏢಞޕޗǵמ ѯޑख़ा୷ᘵǴԶ೭٤ޕޗᆶמѯӕਔΨుుቹៜѴޑٽΓሞϕ߄Ƕ ၸѐޣزࣴޑதаᒱᇤߞۺȐfalse-beliefȑբຑޑูٽЈඵፕǴԶقǴ ೯த 4 ྃъѰѓูٽޑωڀഢၨԋዕޑЈඵፕȐWimmer & Perner, 1983ȑǶ٣ ჴǴӧѴٽᕇளֹഢޑЈඵፕϐǴᓻٽਔය൩໒ۈჹӚᅿૻޗ৲࣬௵ གǴႽࢂǺཥғٽჹܭ௨ӈႽȨᖍȩڈޑᐟԖࡐεୃޑӳȐValenza, Simion, Cassia, & Umiltà, 1996ȑ ǵᓻٽଓᙫдΓઓݙຎՏޑᙯᡂȐFarroni, Johnson, Brockbank, & Simion, 2000ȑ……Ƕ 5.
(14) زࣴޑวǴᓻٽςૈჹܭᢀჸޑډբՉҞᘜӢǴWoodward Ȑ1998ȑӧᆸѠᘍނঁٿܫᡏǴᡣ 5 ঁДεޑᓻٽӧಞᄍϯ໘ࢤᢀ࣮εΓ՜Ћ ڗᆸѠځޑύঁނᡏǶෳ၂໘ࢤਔჴᡍޣஒނঁٿᡏޑՏፓඤǴӢԜౢ ғٿᅿཥޑෳ၂٣ҹǺࣁᆢচҁޑբၡ৩Ǵӧӕୁڗόӕނޑᡏǹ ќࣁаόӕޑբၡ৩Ǵӧ౦ୁ࣬ڗӕނޑᡏǶ่݀วᓻٽၨߏޑਔ ໔ݙຎаচբၡ৩ڗόӕނᡏޑෳ၂٣ҹǴᡉҢдॺςૈஒڗނޑۓᡏ ຎࣁдΓޑҞǴ٠ଞჹᢀჸޑډբՉᙁൂޑҞᘜӢǶ׳ᡋΓࢂޑǴջ٬ ᓻٽᢀ࣮ޑډҢጄբؒԖዴჴֹԋҞǴᓻٽΨૈޕၰჴᡍޣటၲޑډҞࣁ. 治 政 大 paradigmȑՉࣴزǴ ՖǴMeltzoffȐ1995ȑճҔѨ௳բࢴڂȐfailed-attempt 立. ว 18 ঁДεޑᓻٽӧᢀ࣮ჴᡍޣр҂ၲԋҞޑѨ௳ޑբࡕǴ٠όኳ. ‧ 國. 學. үѨ௳բǴϸԶࢂаচҁჴᡍޣҾკाрޑբֹٰԋҞǴ೭٤Ᏽӆ. ‧. ᡉҢᓻڀٽԖᓬຫޑཀკှ᠐ૈΚǶ. sit. y. Nat. வॊزࣴޑύёаޕၰǴ1 ྃѰѓޑᓻٽჹܭբҞ܈дΓޑཀკς. n. al. er. io. ԖޑۓᇡǶ࣬ϸӦǴдΓޑཀკӕਔΨமਗ਼ӦቹៜᓻޑٽኳүՉࣁǶ. i n U. v. Carpenter ΓȐ1998ȑزࣴޑύीΑسӈޑჴᡍǴჴᡍԖ. Ch. engchi. ঁٿёаՉᏹբǵ౽ޑՏǴЪૈၲԋ࣬ӕޑਏ݀ǴٯӵǺᗯചᏔࠠޑ ނᡏёаᙖҗᛣη܈ගעЋ೭ٿᅿόӕޑբǴᡣᗯചᏔБቸрறǶԜࣴ ޑزрϐೀӧܭჴᡍޣӧՉբਔǴаαᇟጕஒբࣁཀკ܄ ȐintentionalȑᆶཀѦȐaccidentalȑբǴཀკ܄բՉਔჴᡍޣᇥрǺ Ȩգ ࣮!ȩ Ȑ“There!”ȑ ǴᡉҢԾρԖཀӛᓻٽҢՉύޑբǴԶЪԜբΨЇวႣ ය่݀ޑǹཀѦբՉਔჴᡍ߾ޣᇥрǺȨࠋ֔ǼȩȐ“Woops!”ȑǴ߄ҢԜ բࢂཀѦӦǵόλЈЇว่݀Ƕ܌Ԗޑᓻٽ࣮ډჴᡍޣჹނᡏϩձрཀკ ܄ᆶཀѦբǴҢጄ่ࡕ״ჴᡍޣௗᡣᓻٽԾҗᏹբނᡏǶ่݀วǴ14 ঁ. 6.
(15) ДεԿ 18 ঁДεޑᓻ֡ٽᒧ܄Ӧаཀკ܄բЇวނᡏਏ݀Ǵ೭߄Ңჹܭᓻ ٰٽᇥ٠όࢂ܌ԖᢀჸޑډբࢂሡाᏢಞޑǴѝԖٗ٤ჴᡍޣԖཀाၲ๏ ԾρޑբωനڀԖᏢಞሽॶǴҭૈவԜ่࣮ࣴ݀ޑزрǴჴᡍޣҁޑيཀკӧ ᓻٽኳүਔתᄽΑ࣬ख़ाفޑՅǶ Carpenter ΓȐ1998ȑڥ่݀زࣴޑᔈΑ Gergely ᆶ CsibraȐ2006ȑගрޑ Ծฅ௲ػᏢᢀᗺǴԜᢀᗺᇡࣁᓻٽԖӃϺޑᇡޕᐒזૈڋೲӦՉޗᏢಞǴ ԶЪၨӛᏢಞдΓԖཀሀޑၗૻǶGergely ᆶ CsibraȐ2006ȑᇡࣁԾฅ௲ػ ᏢԖᄽϯޑਥྍǺҗځܭдᡫߏᜪޑғࢲᕉნၨൂપǴёаၸޔௗᢀჸΑှ. 治 政 大 ٣ҹޑӢ݀ᜢᖄǴႽࢂ݀עෘᄟ໒൩ёаӞډϣ݀ޑჴǹฅԶΓᜪيೀޑᕉნ 立. ܴᡉፄᚇӭǴࡐᜤၸޔௗᢀჸܴқբङࡕޑӢ݀ᜢ߯ǴٯӵڇУޑբሡ. ‧ 國. 學. ा׳ӦፕωૈှբޑཀကǴፏӵԜᜪޑᏵᡉҢΓᜪғࢲӧঁ. ‧. ᇡޕόܴȐcognitively opaqueȑޑᕉნύǴӢԜሡाձޑᇡޕᐒזڋೲ. sit. y. Nat. ӦᏢಞޕޗǴ೭Ψ൩ΑԾฅ௲ػᏢޑрᆶวǶᓻٽӧᆶдΓྎ೯ǵ. n. al. er. io. ϕޑၸำύௗԏډ٤ૻޑۓ৲ǴႽࢂઓޑௗǵЋࡰࡰޑҢǴ೭ᜪ. i n U. v. ૻ৲ᆀࣁܴҢጕȐostensive cueȑ Ǵдॺ൩ޕၰჹБ҅ӧख़ाޕޑǴ. Ch. engchi. ԾρѸၸኳүᅰזஒ೭٤ޕᏢಞଆٰǶҞςԖӭ่ࣴ݀زЍԜᢀ ᗺǴόϿКၨЈᏢȐcomparative psychologyȑزࣴޑวǴ࣬ၨځܭдᡫߏᜪ ӧՉޗᏢಞਔୃӳ٬ҔүਏᏢಞȐemulation learningȑ Ȑe.g., Horner & Whiten, 2005; Nagell, Olguin, & Tomasello, 1993ȑ ǴΓᜪޑᓻୃ߾ٽӳ௦ڗኳүౣȐe.g., Meltzoff, 1988bȑ ǹନԜϐѦǴόϿᓻޑٽՉࣁࣴزΨԖЍԾฅ௲ػᏢޑᏵǴ Ⴝࢂ NielsenȐ2006ȑزࣴޑύวǴჴᡍޣӧҢጄਔό ک18 ঁДε࠸ޑη Չઓௗ܈αᇟЇᏤǴ࠸ηКၨόаჴᡍޣҢጄޑБԄᏹբڀވ౯ηǶќѦǴ BruggerǵLariviereǵMumme ᆶ BushnellȐ2007ȑวऩჴᡍޣӧҢጄၸำᇥ٤ 7.
(16) ᆶբϣคᜢޑ၉Ǵܴᡉफ़եᓻٽኳүྗޑዴำࡋǶ வॊޕॺךزࣴޑၰᓻٽςૈှྎ೯ૻ৲ǴԶЪၨӛᏢಞдΓԖ ཀрޑբǴঁԖ፪ޑୢᚒࢂǴᓻ࡛ٽሶޕၰځдΓޑբࢂڅཀрޑԶ ЪբڀԖᏢಞޑሽॶǻ೭ঁୢᚒੋϷᓻٽӵՖਥᏵᢀჸૻޑډ৲ՉҞޑ ှ᠐ᆶǶGergely ᆶ CsibraȐ2003ȑගрᓻٽҔаՉҞᘜӢȐgoal attributionȑޑᐒڋǴᆀࣁҞޑȐteleological reasoningȑǶԜፕᇡࣁᓻٽ ຑᕉნύޑΟঁԋϩǺբȐactionȑ ǵҞރᄊȐgoal stateȑ ǵᕉნज़ڋȐsituational constraintȑ ǴϐࡕӆਥᏵ܄բচ߾Ȑthe principle of rational actionȑՉፕǹ. 治 政 大 ܄բচ߾ࢂࡰЬ٣ޣȐagentȑᕴࢂаനԖਏޑБݤၲډҞǴځፕࢎᄬ 立. ӵΠკ 1ǶᖐٰٯᇥǺಞᄍǴவߐΕࡂηωࢂനԖਏޑБݤǴӵ݀ᓻډ࣮ٽ. ‧ 國. 學. ࢌΓவืЊݽࡂη္Ǵٗ೭൩ࢂঁό಄ӝ܄բচ߾ޑբǴௗᓻٽ. ‧. ᢀჸբวғޑΠࢂցӸӧҺՖნज़ڋǴ٬ளдόளό௦ޑืݽڗБ. sit. y. Nat. ԄֹԋΕࡂϣ೭ঁҞǴऩᓻٽวࡂηᙹࢂߐޑޑǴӧ೭ঁݩΠǴืݽ. n. al. er. io. ΕࡂηࢂΠനԖਏޑБݤǴ೭ሶٰ൩ૈࣁԜΓޑբගрঁӝޑှញǶ. i n U. v. ࣴޣزձமፓਥᏵҞޑᐒڋǴѝाޕၰΟঁԋϩύځޑύٿޑ൩ૈፕ. Ch. engchi. ഭᎩ҂ޑޕҞǴΨ൩ࢂᓻډ࣮ٽჴᡍޑޣբᆶၲԋޑҞރᄊǴ൩ૈਥᏵ ܄բচ߾ፕΠޑᕉნज़ڋǶќѦǴࣴޣزΨᇡࣁᓻٽՉҞᘜӢޑჹ ຝόज़ܭΓǴGergelyǵNádasdyǵCsibra ᆶ BíróȐ1995ȑزࣴޑว 12 ঁД εޑᓻٽΨஒҞᘜӢ๏ឦܭคғڮᡏޑλౚǶ. 8.
(17) კ 1ǺGergely ᆶ CisbraȐ2003ȑගрޑҞޑࢎᄬǶ. ڀᡏԶقǴᓻࢂٽӵՖၸҞޑᐒڋՉګǻGergely ΓȐ2002ȑ. 政 治 大. ӜޑӀ౯ࣴزёࣁҞޑፕঁࡐӳޑᇥܴǺচӃ MeltzoffȐ1988bȑ. 立. ीΑسӈޑჴᡍᓻۯޑٽ᪓ኳүǴځύаӀ౯բࣁჴᡍǴӧԜჴ. ‧ 國. 學. ᡍύჴᡍޣӛ 14 ঁДεޑᓻٽҢጄаᚐᓐ࿘Ӏ౯ޑբǴҢጄ่ࡕ״όᡣᓻٽ. ‧. ࿘Ӏ౯ߡᡣᓻٽᚆ໒ჴᡍ࠻Ƕࡕڬᓻٽӣډჴᡍ࠻ӆԛय़ჹӀ౯Ǵၸѐම. sit. y. Nat. ࣮ၸჴᡍޣрᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑᓻٽύǴԖ 2/3 раᚐᓐ࿘Ӏ౯ޑբǹ࣬ϸӦǴ. io. al. er. ڋಔύ߾ؒԖ೭ኬޑຝǶGergely ΓȐ2002ȑᇡࣁ MeltzoffȐ1988bȑࣴޑ. v. n. ่݀زόѝࢂϸᔈᓻۯٽ᪓ኳүૈޑΚǴ׳ᡉҢᓻٽᙖҗᢀჸޑډբǵҞރ. Ch. engchi. i n U. ᄊǵᕉნज़ڋՉҞޑǴ٠ӦஒჴᡍޑޣҞவբύϩᚆрٰǶࣴ ࣁޣزΑᔠᡍдॺޑଷǴঅׯΑ MeltzoffȐ1988bȑޑჴᡍǴஒჴᡍϩԋᚈЋ ԾҗნᆶᚈЋज़ڋნǶӧᚈЋԾҗნύǴჴᡍޣଷးԾρࡐհǴஒෙηܖ ӧުǴௗעᚈЋѳܫӧਫǴраᚐᓐ࿘Ӏ౯ޑբǴԜಔࣁচۈჴ ᡍޑख़ᇙǹԶᚈЋज़ڋნύǴჴᡍޣ՜Ћ৾ෙηхՐيᡏǴ٠аᚈЋӧϣୁ ෙηǴኬҢጄᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբǶ่݀วǴӧᚈЋԾҗნύԖ 69%ޑᓻٽ ኳүჴᡍޑޣբǴаᚐᓐ࿘Ӏ౯ǹฅԶӧᚈЋज़ڋნύѝԖ 21%р࣬ӕ ޑբǶ. 9.
(18) Ԝ่݀಄ӝࣴޑޣزႣයǴ߄ҢᓻࢂٽਥᏵ܄բচ߾ຑᢀჸޑډբǴ Եቾӧޑۓᕉნज़ڋϐΠǴࢌբࢂόࢂၲډҞރᄊനԖਏޑБݤǶӧᚈЋ ज़ڋნύǴҗܭჴᡍيޑޣᡏෙηхᇗՐǴคݤаЋࡪᓸӀ౯Ǵ೭ਔаᚐᓐ ࿘Ӏ౯ࢂნज़ڋϐΠૈᡣӀ౯วߝޑБݤǴᗨฅჴᡍޣрঁޑ܁ڻ բǴՠᓻٽၸբᆶნज़ڋёаޕၰǴჴᡍޑޣҞࢂाᡣӀ౯วߝǴௗǴ ᓻٽӦԵໆΑԾ܌يೀޑᕉნǴวԾρ٠҂ډڙҺՖज़ڋǴёаޔ ௗаЋࡪᓸ౯ηǴ܌аჹܭдॺٰᇥаᚐᓐ࿘Ӏ౯ϸԶԋࣁόԖਏޑБݤǴӢԜ ӧᚈЋज़ڋნύᓻٽКၨόኳүჴᡍޣрᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբǶ࣬ϸӦǴӧᚈ. 治 政 大 ЋԾҗნύǴჴᡍޑޣᚈЋ٠ؒԖҺՖѦӧ״ޑᑛǴԜਔҔЋࡪᓸӀ౯ࣁֹԋ 立. ҞനԖਏޑБݤǴՠჴᡍࠅޣрᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբǴ୷ܭ܄բচ߾Ǵᓻٽ. ‧ 國. 學. ख़ཥϩჴᡍޑޣҞǴှډჴᡍޣϐ܌арᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբࢂӢࣁдॺ. ‧. όѝࢂགྷाᡣӀ౯วӀǴԶЪࢂाၸᚐᓐ࿘Ӏ౯೭ঁձޑբٰၲԋǴ. n. al. er. io. ޑኳүӛǴࣴޣزஒԜຝᆀࣁ܄ኳүǶ. sit. y. Nat. բҁيΨх֖ӧჴᡍޑޣҞϐύǴ܌аวӧᚈЋԾҗნύޑᓻٽԖၨଯ. i n U. v. Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑගрޑ܄ኳүᢀᗺჹܭวЈᏢࣚޑԖుᇻޑ. Ch. engchi. ቹៜǴߦ٬ࣴॺޣزวӚᅿόӕޑբԜຝǴSchwier ΓȐ2006ȑଞ ჹ 12 ঁДεޑᓻٽа࣬ӕۺཷޑीჴᡍǴдॺаڀވλڀވکކλࡂբࣁჴ ᡍǴϩԋঁٿნǺঁნύλࡂࢂߐޑᜢޑǴᜪКᚈЋज़ڋნǹќ ঁნύλࡂࢂߐޑ໒ޑǴᜪКᚈЋԾҗნǶӧ೭ঁٿნΠჴᡍޣᡣ ڀވλކவλࡂ֙ྟޑΕࡂϣǶ่݀วǴڀވλࡂࢂߐޑ໒ޑਔংǴԖ ၨଯКޑٯᓻٽᏢಞᢀ࣮ޑډБ——ݤᡣλކҗྟ֙ΕλࡂǴӵӕ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑᓻٽӧᚈЋԾҗნύ߄ޑǴӢࣁλࡂࢂߐޑ໒ޑਔংǴவߐ ΕࡂηωࢂΠനԖਏޑБݤǴՠჴᡍࠅޣᡣλކவྟ֙ΕλࡂǴᓻٽёૈ. 10.
(19) ෳჴᡍޑޣཀკ൩ࢂाҔձޑБԄᡣλކΕࡂηǴӢԜӧԜნύԖၨ ӭޑᓻٽᏢಞჴᡍޣҢጄޑБԄǶന߈׳Ԗࣴޣزଞჹόӕޑნज़ޑڋբǴ ၮҔೌמޑᓻٽ܄ኳүङࡕޑᐒڋȐElsner, Pfeifer, Parker, & Hauf, 2013ȑǶ. ಃΒǵġ բɡਏ݀ӝᆶኳү. 政 治 大 ǵ 立 բᆶਏ݀໔ޑᜢ߯. ‧ 國. 學. բࢂᅿڀԖۓҞيޑᡏၮȐbody movementȑ Ǵ೯தࢂࣁΑԋѦ. ‧. ࣚᕉნׯޑᡂǴΨ൩ࢂЇวբਏ݀Ȑaction effectȑȐPrinz, 1997ȑǶၸѐࣴز. y. Nat. io. sit. բڋȐaction controlȑޑЎύԖፕᢀᗺᆀࣁཷۺၮচ߾Ȑideomotor. er. principleȑ ǴԜᢀᗺᇡࣁЬ٣ޣӧՉҞᏤӛޑբǴѸӃӧတύ߄ቻբ. al. n. v i n ЇଆޑᕉნᡂϯȐe.g., James, C 1998ȑǹඤقϐǴЬ٣ޣӧౢғբाӃૈႣය hengchi U. բջஒЇଆޑਏ݀ࣁՖǶElsnerȐ2007ȑЬཷۺၮচ߾ཀښЬ٣ޣՉ. բޑගࢂѸᏱԖӭբᆶਏ݀ଛჹޕޑǴႽࢂЬ٣ޕޣၰࡪΠႝᐩ໒ ᜢࡕႝᐩ൩วߝǴ೭ሶٰωૈගኳᔕբஒЇଆޑᕉნᡂϯǶόၸΓॺ٠ ߚрғ൩ڀഢ೭٤ޕǴԶࢂҗᢀჸѦӧᕉნύӚԄӚኬޑᡂϯǴԋᙦޑ բɡਏ݀ᖄ่Ƕॶளݙཀࢂޑբɡਏ݀ᖄ่ޑᜢ߯ࢂᚈӛޑǴ߄ҢԜᖄ่ό ѝаȨբЇวਏ݀ȩޑБӛՉᐟวǴΨаȨਏ݀ЇᏤբౢғȩϸӛޑ ၡ৩ࢲǶନԜϐѦǴբɡਏ݀ޕόѝቹៜЬ٣ޣҁޑيբڋǴӕਔӧ ှ᠐дΓޑբΨԖࡐख़ाޑཀကǶElsner ᆶ AscherslebenȐ2003ȑวǴऩ 11.
(20) ᓻٽᢀჸޑډբɡਏ݀ᜢ߯ᆶԾρၸѐޑբޕᆶᡍ࣬಄ਔǴКၨ௦Ҕ ᢀჸޑډբٰᏹբނᡏǶ. Βǵ բɡਏ݀ӝፕ. җܭኳүჴሞ൩ࢂسӈޑբՉᐕำǴӢԜёаஒཷۺբচ߾Ҕܭ ᓻޑٽኳүᐒڋǴPaulusȐ2014ȑрܭ೭ኬޑวགྷǴගрΑঁှញᓻٽኳ үᐒޑڋኳࠠǴᆀࣁཷۺၮڗӛޑኳүᏢಞȐideomotor approach to imitative. 治 政 大 learningȑ܈ᙁᆀࣁբɡਏ݀ӝፕǶԜፕமፓኳүڗ،ܭᓻٽҁޑي 立. բɡਏ݀ޕᆶբᡍǴᓻٽᢀჸډдΓрঁԖЇวਏ݀ޑբǴϩ. ‧ 國. 學. ձࡌҥբᆶਏ݀ޑጓዸǴҗܭբᆶਏ݀ࢂӕᢀჸډǴߡޣٿԋբɡ. ‧. ਏ݀ӝ߄ቻǶௗǴᓻٽၸКჹբࢂցӸӧܭԾρၸѐޑբᡍ. sit. y. Nat. Ȑaction repertoireȑύǴዴᇡѬࢂόࢂளࢂ܈ډමၸޑբǴऩԜբዴ. n. al. er. io. ჴӸӧܭբᡍύǴߡૈЇଆᓻޑٽբӅሳȐmotor resonanceȑǶനࡕǴ. i n U. v. җܭբɡਏ݀ӝ߄ቻᐟวਔǴਏ݀ޕޑጓዸҭೀࢲܭϯރᄊǴᓻܭ୷ٽ. Ch. engchi. གྷᕇளਏ݀ԶрᢀჸޑډբǴΨ൩ࢂаȨਏ݀ЇᏤբౢғȩޑၡ৩Չࢲ ǴԶനಖ೭ೱՍᐟวᐕำޑౢࢂߡނኳүǴځፕࢎᄬӵΠკ 2Ƕ. 12.
(21) 立. 政 治 大. ‧ 國. 學. კ 2ǺPaulusȐ2014ȑගрޑբɡਏ݀ӝፕϐፕࢎᄬǶ. ‧ sit. y. Nat. Ȑȑġ բਏ݀ᆶኳү. n. al. er. io. բɡਏ݀ӝፕࡰрኳүԖঁٿख़ाޑచҹǴಃǺբѸЇଆਏ݀Ǵ. i n U. v. ಃΒǺբሡाЇଆᓻޑٽբӅሳǴၸѐςԖόϿࣴزϩձЍբਏ݀ᆶ. Ch. engchi. բӅሳჹኳүޑቹៜǶ२ӃǴਏ݀ϐܭբՉޑख़ा܄ςӧ Hauf ᆶ AscherslebenȐ2006ȑزࣴޑύᕇளǴдॺଞჹ 9 ঁДεᓻٽीΑঁ ձڀވޑ౯ηǴ೭ঁڀވ౯ηёаᙖҗࡪᓸࡪٰ່วӀᆶวрᖂॣǶ౯ηԖٿ ঁόӕᚑՅ່ࡪޑǴঁࡪ່ࢂᙔՅǴќঁ߾ࢂआՅޑǶԜჴᡍϩࣁΟಔǺ ಔࣁѝԖࡪआՅࡪ່ωૈЇวਏ݀ǵಔࣁѝԖࡪᙔՅࡪ່ωૈЇวਏ݀Ǵനࡕ ಔόᆅࡪবঁࡪ່όԖਏ݀ǴჴᡍޣӧಔҢጄਔӚձࡪᓸᙔՅᆶ आՅ່ࡪޑΟԛǶ่݀วᓻٽӃ࿘මЇวਏ່݀ࡪޑǴЪࡪᓸޑਔ໔ΨК ၨߏǴԜ่݀ᡉҢᓻٽჹࡪܭᓸૈЇวਏ່݀ࡪޑԖၨଯୃޑӳǶKirályǵGergely. 13.
(22) ᆶ CsibraȐ2013ȑаӀ౯ࣁჴᡍӕኬวΑᜪ՟ޑຝǺдॺؼׯᚈЋԾҗ ნǴᡣჴᡍޣӧҢጄਔό࿘ډӀ౯ǴѝيᡏޑբǴӢԜҢጄբ٠ ҂ЇวҺՖբਏ݀Ǵ่݀วᓻٽӧᚈЋԾҗნޑኳүϸᔈᡯ෧Ǵ߄Ңբ ࢂցමЇวਏ݀ჹܭᓻޑٽኳүԖࡐख़ाޑቹៜǶ. ȐΒȑġ բӅሳᆶኳү բɡਏ݀ӝፕගޑډќঁቹៜኳүޑచҹࢂᓻٽૈኳүၸѐම ၸࢂ܈ԾρԖૈΚޑډբǴΨ൩ࢂᓻٽѝኳүૈЇଆբӅሳޑբǶ. 治 政 大 Paulus ΓȐ2011bȑЬ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑ่݀زࣴޑ٠ߚϸࢀᓻٽа܄ 立. բচ߾ፕᢀჸޑډբǵҞރᄊᆶნज़ڋǴբࢂցૈЇଆբӅሳω. ‧ 國. 學. ࢂቹៜᓻٽᒧ܄ኳүຝޑЬӢǶࣴޣزᇡࣁᚈЋԾҗნޑբՉ֚ᜤࡋ. ‧. ၨեǴၨૈЇଆբӅሳǴԶᚈЋज़ڋნޑբՉ֚ᜤࡋၨଯǴόܰЇଆ. sit. y. Nat. բӅሳǴӢԜωวᓻٽӧᚈЋԾҗნԖၨଯޑኳүୃӳǶ٣ჴǴჴᡍޣ. n. al. er. io. ӧᚈЋԾҗᆶᚈЋज़ڋნύࢂрᚐᓐ࿘Ӏ౯ޑբǴٗࣁՖբӧόӕ. i n U. v. ნज़ڋΠޑՉ֚ᜤࡋόӕګǻӧᚈЋԾҗნύჴᡍޣӃஒᚈЋѳܫӧ. Ch. engchi. ਫय़ǴௗрҢጄբǴ೭ঁѳܫᚈЋޑբૈගيٮᡏޑЍኖǴᡣᓻٽ ኳүҢጄբਔКၨόӢࣁѨѐख़ЈԶॹǴ٬ளᚈЋԾҗნύҢጄբޑ Չ֚ᜤࡋၨեǶόၸᚈЋज़ڋნ൩όӕΑǴҗܭჴᡍޣӧҢጄ໒ۈӃаෙ ηхᇗيᡏǴᚈЋӕхᙟӧෙηΠǴჴᡍޣҢጄᚐᓐ࿘౯ηޑբਔǴᚈ ЋคݤගٮҺՖЍኖǴ၂གྷঁ 14 ঁДεᓐख़ဌᇸޑᓻٽऩኳүԜբǴдޑ يᡏࡐܰӢѨѐѳᑽԶॹǴ܌а೭ঁբჹܭᓻٰٽᇥ֚ᜤࡋߚதଯǶӢԜ ࣴޣزᇡࣁ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑჴᡍ่݀ࢂ୷ܭნज़ڋԋբՉ֚ᜤ ࡋޑόӕǴԶᏤठᚈЋԾҗნКଆᚈЋज़ڋნૈ׳ЇଆբӅሳǴΨ٬ள. 14.
(23) ᓻٽӧᚈЋԾҗნύԖၨଯޑኳүКǶ Paulus ΓȐ2011bȑନΑख़ཥ၍ញ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑزࣴޑǴ׆׳Ꮗૈ ӦჴբӅሳჹኳүޑቹៜǴँᡉբӅሳᆶҞޑፕޑፕৡ౦Ǵ дॺਥᏵ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑӀ౯ࣴزќѦीΑ൳ঁཥޑნǴϩձࢂǺ ᚈЋԾҗɡ່ԌಔȐbutton conditionȑ ǵᚈЋԾҗɡЋᖐಔȐhands up conditionȑ ᆶᚈЋज़ڋɡЋඝౚಔȐballs conditionȑ ǶӚಔޑჴᡍნӵΠǺᚈЋԾҗɡ່ ԌಔύǴෙηԖᗭε່ԌҔٰۓڰෙηǴӢԜҢጄਔჴᡍޑޣᚈЋؒԖ ෙηǴԶࢂԾฅӦࠟӧෙηΠǹᚈЋԾҗɡЋᖐಔύჴᡍޣஒෙηܖӧުǴ. 治 政 大 ҢጄՉਔᚈЋևᖐރǹᚈЋज़ڋɡЋඝౚಔύჴᡍޣӧҢጄբਔஒෙηܖ 立. ӧުǴᚈЋϩձӧӀ౯ୁٿޑӚඝᗭλౚǶঁნύᓻޑډ࣮ٽҢጄ. ‧ 國. 學. բࢂჴᡍيޣаᚐᓐ࿘Ӏ౯Ƕ. ‧. ਥᏵҞޑፕޑႣෳǴӧᚈЋԾҗɡ່ԌಔǵᚈЋԾҗɡЋᖐಔύኳү. sit. y. Nat. ҢጄբޑΓኧКၨଯǴӢࣁ೭٤ნᆶ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑᚈЋԾҗ. n. al. er. io. ნᜪ՟ǺჴᡍޑޣᚈЋ҂ڙज़ࠅόаനԖਏޑБݤ࿘Ӏ౯ǴᡉҢჴᡍޑޣཀკ. i n U. v. ࢂाрᚐᓐ࿘ᐩ೭ঁձޑբǹԶӧᚈЋज़ڋɡᚈЋඝౚಔᆶᚈЋज़ޑڋ. Ch. engchi. ნᜪ՟ǺբࢂΠნԖਏޑБݤǴᓻٽόႣයჴᡍ׆ޣఈԾρᏢಞ ᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբǴӢԜᔈ၀ѝԖϿኧޑᓻٽኳүҢጄբǶ ќБय़ǴբӅሳޑႣෳᆶҞޑፕ࡞ӳ࣬ϸǴࣴޣزᇡࣁӧᚈЋज़ڋ ɡЋඝౚಔύᓻٽኳүჴᡍޣբޑКٯၨଯǴҗܭԜಔύᚈЋඝౚޑբখ ӳёаӧيᡏޑΠගٮЍኖǴᓻٽኳүਔΨၨόܰॹǴӢԜԜಔύޑ բՉ֚ᜤࡋၨեǴܰܭЇଆբӅሳǶԶӧᚈЋԾҗɡ່ԌಔǵᚈЋԾҗɡЋ ᖐಔύኳүޑКٯၨեǴࢂӢࣁჴᡍޣӧҢጄբਔᚈЋ҂ගيٮᡏЍኖǴ ᓻٽኳүਔբਔؒԖᒤݤЍኖيᡏޑख़ໆǴ٬ளբՉ֚ᜤࡋගଯǴᜤаЇ. 15.
(24) ଆբӅሳǶനಖޑჴᡍ่݀ᆶբӅሳޑႣෳ࣬಄ǺᚈЋज़ڋɡЋඝౚಔύᓻ ٽኳүჴᡍޣբޑКٯၨଯǴᚈЋԾҗɡ່ԌಔǵᚈЋԾҗɡЋᖐಔύኳү ޑКٯၨեǶԜ่݀ନΑዴҥբӅሳᆶኳүޑᜢ߯ǴΨᡣբӅሳᢀᗺӧ ᓻٽᒧ܄ኳүՉࣁਔ׳ډڙӭޑख़ຎǶPaulusǵHunnius ᆶ BekkeringȐ2013ȑ زࣴុࡕޑਏ ݤGergely ΓȐ2002ȑნज़ۺཷޑڋǴόӕࢂޑԜჴᡍڀވޑ ᐩܫӧଯೀǴ٬ᚐᓐ࿘ᐩ೭ঁբޑՉ֚ᜤࡋफ़եǴӢԜόፕӧᚈЋԾҗ ܈ᚈЋज़ڋნߚதܰЇଆᓻޑٽբӅሳǴჴᡍ่݀วᓻٽӧٿნύ ኳүҢጄբޑКࣣࡐଯǴԜࣴزӦᄆᡉрբӅሳӧᓻٽኳүၸำύ ޑዴתᄽΑᜢᗖفޑՅǶ. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政 治 大. ȐΟȑġ ኳүٿޑ໘ࢤኳԄ. ‧. ၸѐςԖӭᏵϩձЍܴᡉբਏ݀ᆶբӅሳჹᓻٽኳүޑቹៜǴ. sit. y. Nat. բɡਏ݀ӝፕόѝᇡࣁ೭ٿᗺࢂӧᓻٽኳүਔόё܈લޑाҹǴЪѸӕਔ. n. al. er. io. ᅈى೭ঁٿచҹωૈᐟଆᓻޑٽኳүϸᔈǶPaulusǵHunniusǵVissers ᆶ Bekkering. i n U. v. Ȑ2011aȑঅुᚈЋԾҗნᆶ Paulus ΓȐ2011bȑύޑᚈЋԾҗɡ່ԌნǴ. Ch. engchi. ीрϖᅿբਏ݀ᆶբӅሳำࡋόӕޑჴᡍნǴКၨϖᅿნύᓻޑٽኳ үϸᔈǴ่݀วբόѝाૈЇวਏ݀ǴբҁيᗋाૈЇଆբӅሳǴωૈ ᐟଆᓻޑٽኳүϸᔈǶऩࢂᅈځىύచҹǴᓻٽӧ೭٤ნύ֡όኳү ҢጄբǴ׳ၺፕঁٿచҹคݤᅈޑىݩǶӢԜǴԜࣴزᡉҢբਏ݀ᆶ բӅሳޣٿࢂቹៜᓻޑٽኳүՉࣁόё܈લޑѸाచҹǶ. 16.
(25) ಃΟǵ ٿፕڗӛޑКၨ. Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑӀ౯ࣴزຝቻၸѐཀკှ᠐کբɡਏ݀ᜢ߯ٿ ፕڗӛӧှញᓻٽኳүفޑΚǴཀკှ᠐ޑፕڗӛᇡࣁჴᡍޑޣཀკωࢂ ቹៜᓻٽኳүനЬाޑӢનǴႽࢂҞޑፕᇡࣁᓻٽӧᢀჸਔճҔᕉნύޑ ӚᅿጕǴႽࢂნज़ڋǴෳբङࡕޑཀ఼ǴԶЪᓻୃٽӳኳүޑѝԖ. 政 治 大 ाԋޑۓѦӧᕉნᡂϯǵЇวਏ݀ǴԶЪբѸЇଆբӅሳǴᓻٽω 立 дΓԖཀрޑբǹќБय़Ǵբɡਏ݀ӝፕ߾ᇡࣁᓻٽᢀჸޑډբ. ‧ 國. 學. ՉኳүǶ. ‧. ऩࢂКၨٿፕޑᇡޕቫԛǴZmyj ᆶ ButtelmannȐ2014ȑᇡࣁҞ. sit. y. Nat. ޑፕࢂঁҗԶΠޑᐕำȐtop-down processȑǴԜፕமፓᓻٽӵՖၸ. io. al. er. ܄բচ߾ፕᢀჸޑډբǵҞރᄊᆶნज़ڋǴӢԜҞޑፕࡐᜤᇥ. v. n. ܴᓻࢂٽӵՖஒѦӧނШࣚᢀჸޑډຎૻ৲ᙯඤԋբጓዸ೭ᜪե໘ቫޑ. Ch. engchi. i n U. ᇡޕᐕำǶϐࡕΨԖӭࣴز፦ᅪҞޑፕჹܭᓻٽኳүޑှញ܄Ǵ೭٤ࣴز εӭᇡࣁᓻޑٽኳүࢂ୷׳ډڙᘵޑᇡޕӢનቹៜǴႽࢂᕉნύޕޑυᘋࢂ܈ ჹӀ౯ᏹբޑዕำࡋȐe.g., Beisert et al., 2012; Pinkham & Jaswal, 2011ȑ ǴBeisert ΓȐ2012ȑЬ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑวᓻٽӧᚈЋज़ڋნޑኳү߄ၨ ৡЬाࢂډڙᕉნύޕυᘋޑำࡋቹៜǴࣴޣزᇡࣁჴᡍޣӧᚈЋज़ڋნύ хᇗЛෙޑБԄӧғࢲύ٠όதـǴ೭ჹᓻٽԋࡐεޕޑυᘋǴ٬ளᓻ ٽஒჹҢጄբݙޑཀϩණݙډຎЛෙхᇗރޑᄊǴफ़եдॺӧᚈЋज़ڋნ ޑኳү߄ǶӢԜࣴޣزਥᏵᚈЋज़ڋნՉፓǴдॺᡣᓻٽӧᢀ࣮Ңጄ. 17.
(26) Ӄᐕঁዕ໘ࢤǴჴᡍޣхᇗЛෙᆶᓻٽϕǴᡣᓻٽёаዕჴᡍޣ хᇗЛෙރޑᄊǴዕ໘ࢤ่ࡕ״Ǵჴᡍޣӆ໒ۈՉᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբҢጄǴ ่݀วኳүҢጄբޑΓኧޑዴቚуΑǶନԜϐѦǴࣴޣزΨीΑќঁ ნගଯᚈЋԾҗნޕޑυᘋǴԜნΨрᜪ՟่݀ޑǺᚈЋԾҗნύ ޕޑυᘋගϲǴኳүҢጄբޑΓኧΨ෧ϿΑǶԜࣴزᡉҢᓻٽӧᚈЋԾҗᆶ ᚈЋज़ڋნύޑኳүৡ౦ࡐёૈόሡၸҞޑፕЬឦܭၨଯᇡޕቫԛ ޑ܄ኳүᢀᗺှញǴёаၸ୷׳ᘵޕޑυᘋᢀᗺᇥܴǶ. 政 治 大. ࣬ჹӦǴբɡਏ݀ӝፕޑᓬ༈ࢂӧᓻ୷ޑٽᘵᇡޕᐕำԖࡐ၁ᅰޑ. 立. ᏀǴԜፕᇥܴѦӧૻޑ৲ӵՖΕᓻޑٽᇡޕШࣚǴமፓբᆶਏ݀ޔޑௗ. ‧ 國. 學. ჹᔈᗋԖਏ݀ҁޑيᡉ܄Ǵբᆶਏ݀ޑӝ߄܄ቻԋϐࡕǴѦӧૻ৲ᐟ วਏ݀ጓዸޑӕਔǴբጓዸΨᐟวǴᓻߡٽрᢀჸޑډբǵౢғኳүǴ. ‧. ӢԜ Zmyj ᆶ ButtelmannȐ2014ȑஒբɡਏ݀ӝፕຎࣁҗΠԶޑᐕำ. y. Nat. er. io. sit. Ȑbottom-up processȑ ǶॶளݙཀࢂޑǴςԖӭࣴزวջ٬բલЮܴᡉޑਏ ݀Ǵӧࢌ٤ۭݩΠǴᓻٽᗋࢂᏢಞჴᡍޑޣբǴႽࢂय़මග ډSchwier. al. n. v i n Ch ΓȐ2006ȑଞჹԃइၨλޑᓻٽीᜪКܭ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑᚈЋज़ڋ engchi U ᆶᚈЋԾҗნǴԜჴᡍύᓻڀވډ࣮ٽλކவྟ֙ΕࡂηǴฅԶλކΕ ྟ֙٠҂ЇଆႽࢂᖂॣ܈ᐩӀܴᡉޑբਏ݀Ǵՠ่݀วӧࡂηߐࢂѺ໒ޑ ნȐᜪКᚈЋԾҗნȑύᗋࢂԖࡐଯКޑᓻٽᏢಞҢጄբǶӕኬӦǴ߈ ٰزࣴޑ՟ЯΨрΑόӕܭբӅሳᢀᗺޑᏵǴChen ᆶ WaxmanȐ2013ȑ วऩჴᡍޣӧᚈЋज़ڋნύаཥӷ፟ϒཥڻբཀကǴᡉӦගϲᓻޑٽ ኳү߄ǴᡉҢբӅሳ٠ߚ،ۓᓻٽኳүᆶցޑှញǶ ӣᘜ ډGergely ΓȐ2002ȑزࣴޑǴёаวࡕុࡌ୷ӧӀ౯ࢴزࣴޑڂ εӭଞჹচޑۈნՉΑε൯ޑঅׯȐBeisert et al., 2012; Chen & Waxman, 18.
(27) 2013; Paulus et al., 2011a, 2011b; Pinkham & Jaswal, 2011ȑǴႽࢂ Paulus Γ Ȑ2011bȑќѦीӭόӕޑჴᡍნǴวΑόϿЍբɡਏ݀ӝፕ ޑᏵǴฅԶ Buttelmann ᆶ ZmyjȐ2012ȑᇡࣁԜࣴޑزཥჴᡍნӸӧ ӭୢᚒǴႽࢂӧᚈЋԾҗɡ່Ԍნ٠όૈߥᓻٽዴჴှ່Ԍޑཀကᆶф ૈ܄ǴΨόૈዴۓᓻࢂٽցޑჸډҢጄਔჴᡍޑޣᚈЋ҂ڙज़ڋǴӢࣁӧҢ ጄਔᓻ࣮ٽόـჴᡍޑޣᚈЋǴӢԜ Buttelmann ΓȐ2012ȑ ᇡࣁ٠όૈа Paulus ΓȐ2011bȑޑჴᡍ่݀ᘐۓᓻޑٽኳүࢂډڙբӅሳޑቹៜǶ ќБय़ǴButtelmann ΓȐ2012ȑΨᇡࣁ Paulus ΓȐ2011aȑว. 治 政 大 բคݤЇวਏ݀ڋᓻޑٽኳүϸᔈǴࡐԖёૈࢂӢࣁคݤЇวਏ݀ޑբׯ 立. ᡂΑᓻٽჹჴᡍޣཀკޑှ᠐ǶKirály ΓȐ2013ȑزࣴޑёаှញ೭ঁ. ‧ 國. 學. ёૈ܄ǴࣴޣزஒᓻٽޕдΓޑҞϩࣁЬाҞރᄊȐfinal goal stateȑᆶ. ‧. ԛाҞȐsubgoalȑǺЬाҞރᄊࣁдΓགྷाၲޑډനಖރᄊǴႽࢂᡣӀ౯ว. sit. y. Nat. ӀǹԛाҞࣁၲډനಖރᄊޑБݤǴႽࢂрᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբٰᡣӀ౯วӀǶ. n. al. er. io. аᚈЋԾҗნࣁٯǴऩ٩ᏵЬाҞރᄊᆶԛाҞٰቩຎԜნǴჴ. i n U. v. ᡍޣԛрҢጄբ֡ૈЇଆբਏ݀ǴᓻٽёаޕၰჴᡍޑޣЬाҞࣁᡣ. Ch. engchi. Ӏ౯วߝǴԛाҞࣁၸᚐᓐ࿘౯ηޑБٰݤ໒ᐩǹฅԶऩჴᡍޣҢጄᚐᓐ࿘ ౯ηޑբਔؒԖЇวਏ݀ǴᓻٽёૈਥҁόޕၰӀ౯ڀԖวӀޑфૈǴΨό ஒᡣӀ౯วӀԋሡाᏢಞޑҞǴӢԜ Paulus ΓȐ2011aȑωวҢ ጄբֹӄคݤЇวਏ݀ჴࡐϿԖᓻٽኳүᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբǶନΑ Paulus ΓȐ2011aǹ2011bȑزࣴޑѦǴႽࢂ Beisert ΓȐ2012ȑ ࢂ܈Chen ᆶ Waxman Ȑ2013ȑΨଞჹচޑۈӀ౯ჴᡍნբΑ࣬ำࡋޑঅׯǴҭᜤаᗉխځдჹ ᓻٽᒧ܄ኳүຝޑёૈ܄ှញǶ. 19.
(28) ಃѤǵ Ӣ݀ਏૈჹኳүޑፓቹៜ. ԿϞǴϝԖӭࣴޣزठΚܭӚᅿᓻٽኳүޑຝᆶᏵǴGergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑӀ౯ࣴزҭុډڙਗ਼ޑፕᆶঅׯȐe.g., Beisert et al., 2012; Chen & Waxman, 2013; Paulus et al., 2011a, 2011b; Pinkham & Jaswal, 2011ȑ ǹฅԶǴ Ѹሡݙཀࢂޑ೭٤ࣴ࣬زำࡋӦӧচԖޑჴᡍნύబуཥޑϡનǴόૈߥ. 政 治 大 ᐕำǴӢԜࡐᜤցۓ܄ኳүӧচۈჴᡍნύתᄽޑᜢᗖفՅǶ܌аǴऩा׳ 立 ೭٤ཥჴᡍ܌ᢀჸޑډຝᆶচ߃ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑزࣴޑԖ࣬ӕޑᇡޕ. ‧ 國. 學. మཱӦᙶమ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑزࣴޑύࢂϙሶӢનቹៜᓻޑٽኳүϸᔈǴѸ аচۈჴᡍीࣁ୷ᘵനϿޑፓǴωளаՉ࠼ᢀӦКၨᆶϩǶ. ‧. ቩຎၸѐӀ౯ࢴࢬزࣴޑڂำǴёаวޑख़ाૻ৲ۘ҂ॺޣزࣴډڙ. y. Nat. io. sit. ቶεݙޑҞᆶፕǴ೭ঁૻ৲ࣁբޑӢ݀ਏૈȐcausal efficacyȑ Ƕӣ៝ၸѐӀ. er. ౯ࢴزࣴޑڂёаวǴჴᡍޣӧҢጄޑၸำύՉΑӭԛޑբҢጄȐe.g.,. al. n. v i n Buttelmann & Zmyj, 2012; Gergely C het al., 2002; PaulusUet al., 2011a, 2011b; Pinkham engchi. & Jaswal, 2011ȑ ǴӭԛޑҢጄόѝᡣᓻٽԖၨӭᐒᢀჸҢጄբǵуుӑຝǴ ӕਔΨගٮᓻٽᜢܭբҁޑيӢ݀ਏૈૻ৲ǶॺךёаஒӢ݀ਏૈۓကࣁǺচ Ӣ X ૈӭӳӦள ่݀ډYǴ٠ၸᐒޑԄ߄ҢচӢ X ᆶ่݀ Y ޑᜢ߯Ƕа Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑٯࣁزࣴޑǴҗܭჴᡍޣԛрᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբૈᡣ Ӏ౯วӀǴբᆶਏ݀ޑᜢ߯ࢂ 100%ǴջӢ݀ਏૈࡐଯޑݩǶ٣ჴǴၸѐ මԖࣴݙزཀډӢ݀ਏૈޑଯեჹኳүޑቹៜǴՠ೭٤ࣴزᜢЈᕴࢂԖਏ݀ჹ Кคਏ݀ޑნǴٯӵǺPaulus ΓȐ2011aȑޑᚈЋԾҗɡคਏ݀ಔύǴჴᡍ ޣԛрᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբӀ౯όวӀǴբޑӢ݀ਏૈࣁ 0%ǹKirály 20.
(29) ΓȐ2013ȑԖಔჴᡍޣрيᡏޑբՠ٠҂ዴჴௗډӀ౯ǴբޑӢ ݀ਏૈӕኬࣁ 0%Ƕ೭٤ࣴزวࡐϿᓻٽӧբֹӄคݤЇวਏ݀ޑნኳ үҢጄբǴࡐёૈࢂӢࣁдॺਥҁόᇡࣁӀ౯ڀԖวӀфૈǴคޕݤ᐀Ңጄ բޑཀက܄Ƕ. ǵġ Ӣ݀ਏૈޑว. 政 治 大 ߄ᗲᢛܲޑᙝ೯தԖࢥ܄Ǵऩᎁډ೭٤ܲᙝѕࠈёૈύࢥࣗԿ഼ڮǴ܌аᔈ 立 ᏢಞӢ݀ޕჹܭΓᜪԶࢂق࣬ख़ाૈޑΚǴᖐٰٯᇥǴޕॺךၰѦ. ‧ 國. 學. ၀ाᅰёૈᗉխᆶᗲᡦܲޑᙝௗ߈Ǵ೭ᜪޕޑ೯தёаၸᢀჸ٣ҹޑӢ݀ᜢ ߯ᕇளǴӢԜᏢಞӢ݀ޕૈޑΚჹނܭᅿޑғӸڀԖߚதख़εޑཀကǶΓᜪޑ. ‧. ᓻٽவࡐλޑਔংߡ໒ۈᙖҗڋԾρޑբᆶᢀჸЇวբЇวޑਏ݀Չ. y. Nat. io. sit. Ӣ݀ᏢಞǴྃεޑᓻٽ൩ޕၰԾρ፮ဌޑਔংёаᡣဌᛠޑႍ។วрᖂ. er. ॣȐPiaget, 1952ȑǴӧ೭ঁၸำύᓻٽᏢಞࢂޑډ፮ဌ೭ঁբᆶႍ។วрᖂॣ. al. n. v i n ໔ޑӢ݀ᜢ߯ǴғࢲύΨόЮӚᅿᓻٽՉӢ݀ᏢಞޑჴٯǶ Ch engchi U. ၸѐԖӭࣴزѴࢂٽցёаၸᢀჸނᡏᆶਏ݀рޑᜢ߯ՉӢ. ݀Ȑe.g., Gopnik & Sobel, 2000; Gopnik, Sobel, Schulz, & Glymour, 2001ȑ Ǵӧ ೭٤ࣴزύނᡏᆶਏ݀ޑᜢ߯ӭឦܭѸฅ܄Ȑdeterministicȑ٣ҹǴջচӢ X р ਔᕴࢂૈЇว่݀ YȐٯӵǺԛஒߏБᡏܫ౯ηᕴࢂૈ٬౯ηวߝکวр ᖂॣȑǴΨёаᇥচӢ X ޑӢ݀ਏૈࢂ 100%ǶନΑѸฅޑ܄٣ҹѦǴԖਔংך ॺӧғࢲύᢀჸࢌډ٤٣ҹᗦ֖ၨόᛙޑۓӢ݀ᜢ߯ǴႽࢂόࢂԛࡪᓸᇿ ᏔਔૈҥջஒႝຎѺ໒Ǵ೭ᅿӢ݀ᜢ߯ࠠᄊᆀࣁᐒ܄Ȑprobabilisticȑ٣ҹ܈ ࢂ܈ฅ܄Ȑstochasticȑ٣ҹǴԋΓࡐܰ൩ૈа܈ฅ܄ၗૻղᘐӢ݀ᜢ߯ޑமࡋ 21.
(30) ȐCheng, 1997ȑ ǹзΓᡋࢂޑǴᏢសޑѴٽ٣ჴςڀഢа܈ฅ܄ጕ ፕӢ݀ᜢ߯மࡋૈޑΚȐKushnir & Gopnik, 2005ȑ ǴWaismeyerǵMeltzoff ᆶ Gopnik Ȑ2015ȑ׳Ӧวԃ 24 ঁДεޑᓻٽόૈᙖҗ܈ฅ܄ၗૻፕӢ݀ ᜢ߯ޑமࡋǴЪӛᒧаӢ݀ਏૈၨଯނޑᡏЇว่݀Ƕ. Βǵġ Ӣ݀ਏૈϐܭᓻٽኳү. 政 治 大 2015ȑǴ࣬՟ޑǴΨԖࣴزวᓻѴٽჹܭӢ݀ਏૈၨଯޑբڀԖኳүୃޑ 立. 2 ྃޑᓻٽ՟ЯჹܭӢ݀ਏૈၨଯނޑᡏԖᒧୃޑӳȐWaismeyer et al.,. ‧ 國. 學. ӳǴSchulzǵHooppell ᆶ JenkinsȐ2008ȑीΑسӈޑჴᡍբᆶਏ݀ޑ ᛙࢂ܄ۓցቹៜᓻٽኳүޑ۸ჴำࡋǴдॺᇙբΑঁߕԖॉၰёٮλౚྖՉ. ‧. ޑЕ౯ηǴλౚྖډ౯ηޑύѧߡૈ٬ڀވޑᐩวߝǶࣴޣزᡣᓻٽᢀ࣮. y. Nat. io. sit. ٿᅿόӕޑҢጄნǴᅿࣁѸฅ܄ნǴќᅿࣁ܈ฅ܄ნǴӧѸฅ܄ნ. er. ύǴჴᡍޣՉѤԛҢጄǴԛჴᡍޣஒλౚྖډ౯ηύѧਔǴڀވᐩ. al. n. v i n วߝǹӧ܈ฅ܄ნύǴჴᡍޣӕኬՉѤԛҢጄǴόၸԜಔޑҢጄբ္ѝԖ Ch engchi U ځύٿԛȐಃԛکಃΟԛȑՔᒿวߝਏ݀ޑрǶҢጄ่ࡕ״ჴᡍޣҥջᡣჴ. ᡍୖᆶޣԾҗᏹբЕ౯η٠ᒵдॺޑբϸᔈǶ่݀วόፕࢂ 4 ྃޑѴ܈ٽ ࢂ 18 ঁДεޑᓻٽǴӧѸฅ܄ნύКၨᆒྗӦख़ᄽჴᡍޑޣբǴܴᡉᓬ ܈ܭฅ܄ნǹඤѡ၉ᇥǴ࠸ηॺჹܭӢ݀ਏૈၨଯޑբǴኳү۸ჴࡋၨଯǶ Schulz ΓȐ2008ȑ่݀زࣴޑ՟Яᆶբɡਏ݀ӝፕޑଷόᒉԶӝǴ բɡਏ݀ӝፕமፓኳүޑౢғሡाᅈٿى໘ࢤޑᐕำǺբाૈࡌҥؼӳ ޑբɡਏ݀ᖄ่کЇଆᓻޑٽբӅሳǶҗ ܭSchulz ΓȐ2008ȑ܌ޑԖୖ ᆶޣᢀֹ࣮ډӄ࣬ӕޑҢጄբǴӢԜӃ൩բҁޑي܄Ԝբࢂցૈ 22.
(31) ЇଆᓻѴޑٽբӅሳǴӣྉᓻٽၸѐޑғࢲᡍǴྖނᡏᔈ၀ࢂঁதـ ޑբǴᓻѴٽᔈ၀මҞ࿏ၸձΓр೭ঁբǴԾρࡐёૈΨԖྖًڀވ ޑᡍǴӢԜჴᡍޣҢጄྖޑλౚբᔈᆶᓻޑٽբૈΚᆶբᡍठǴ Ԝբࡐܰ൩ૈЇวբӅሳǴ܌аόፕࢂѸฅ܄ნ܈ࢂޣ܈ฅ܄ૈᅈى բЇวբӅሳޑచҹǶ όၸჴᡍ่݀วᓻٽӧѸฅ܄ნޑኳү۸ჴࡋၨଯǴᡉҢኳүډڙբ ӅሳаѦޑӢનፓǶӧӢ݀Ѹฅ܄ნύǴჴᡍޣԛྖλౚԿЕ౯ύѧ ԖЇวਏ݀ǴᓻޑٽኳүΨၨ۸ჴǹՠࢂӧ܈ฅ܄ნǴѝԖъޑҢጄբԖ. 治 政 大 Քᒿਏ݀ޑౢғǴԜნύᓻޑٽኳү۸ჴࡋߡΠफ़ΑǴԜ่݀ᡉҢբؒԖ 立. ᛙۓӦЇวਏ݀ਔǴᓻٽคݤஒᢀჸޑډբᆶਏ݀ࡌҥᛙޑۓբɡਏ݀ӝ. ‧ 國. 學. ߄ቻǴᓻٽགྷाளډਏ݀ਔǴӢࣁբጓዸޑᐟว֚ᜤǴቹៜᓻޑٽኳү߄. ‧. ǶᕴᡏԶقǴSchulz ΓȐ2008ȑزࣴޑύѝԖѸฅ܄ნૈӕਔ಄ӝॊޑ. sit. y. Nat. ঁٿኳүाҹǴ܌аԜಔޑᓻѴٽԖၨӳޑኳү߄Ǵ೭ঁ่݀Ψᆶբɡਏ. n. al. er. io. ݀ӝፕޑᢀᗺ࣬಄Ƕ. i n U. v. όӕࢂޑǴ߈ٰԖࣴزᇡࣁᓻٽӧՉᢀჸᏢಞਔჹྎ೯ཀკޑख़ຎঐᎯ. Ch. engchi. ӧӢ݀ਏૈϐǴMarno ᆶ CsibraȐ2015ȑวᓻٽ௭కӢ݀ਏૈၨଯޑБݤǴ ӛаᅈىჴᡍྎޣ೯ཀკޑБԄٰၲԋҞǶᗨฅԜ่݀ᆶ Schulz ΓȐ2008ȑ ޑวε࣬ǴՠᆶҞޑፕځݤ࣮ޑჴ࣬ᜪ՟ǴҞޑፕЬᓻٽ ෳᢀჸޑډբࢂόࢂნज़ڋΠၲډҞനԖਏޑБݤǴϩдΓޑ բҞǴԶЪᓻٽѝኳүᆶдΓཀკ࣬಄ޑբǴ߄ҢᓻٽჹдΓཀკޑှ᠐ ωࢂቹៜдॺኳүᆶցޑᜢᗖӢનǶᗨฅҞޑፕ٠҂ዴჴӢ݀ਏૈჹᓻ ٽኳүޑቹៜǴՠॺךёаவ Marno ᆶ CsibraȐ2015ȑ่݀زࣴޑෳǴջ٬Ң ጄբޑӢ݀ਏૈόଯǴѝाόߔᛖᓻٽჹдΓբϐҞᆶཀკޑፕǴ൩ό. 23.
(32) ቹៜᓻٽჹཀკ܄բୃޑӳǶ ᙖҗॊӢ݀ਏૈزࣴޑёаวǴҞޑፕᆶբɡਏ݀ӝፕ ჹӢ݀ਏૈၨեޑբӵՖቹៜᓻޑٽՉࣁϸᔈܤӄฅόӕݤ࣮ޑǴӢԜё аၸᏹբޑӢ݀ਏૈǴᙶమҞޑፕᆶբɡਏ݀ӝፕϐܭኳүޑ ှញǶॺךவҞޑፕᆶբɡਏ݀ӝፕޑፕݔ౦ᗺрวǴа Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑӀ౯ࣴ୷ࣁزᘵǴफ़եჴᡍޣҢጄբޑӢ݀ਏૈǴόፕӧᚈЋ Ծҗࢂ܈ᚈЋज़ڋნύǴᡣᓻٽᢀჸډჴᡍޣрᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբǴѝԖъ ޑҢጄૈᡣӀ౯วߝǴԜਔբޑӢ݀ਏૈࣁ 50%Ǵ٠Кၨᓻٽӧόӕნज़. 治 政 大 ڋΠᢀ࣮Ӣ݀܈ฅ܄բࢂցቹៜᓻޑٽኳүϸᔈǶ 立. ऩаբɡਏ݀ӝፕՉႣෳǴᔈ၀วբޑӢ݀ਏૈफ़եࡕǴ. ‧ 國. 學. ᓻٽόፕࢂᚈЋԾҗࢂ܈ᚈЋज़ڋნޑኳүӛόଯǶբɡਏ݀ӝፕ. ‧. மፓᓻٽኳүޑբाᅈٿى໘ࢤޑᐕำǴᗨฅᚈЋԾҗნޑբՉ֚ᜤࡋ. sit. y. Nat. ၨեǴКଆᚈЋज़ڋნܭܰ׳ЇଆᓻޑٽբӅሳǴՠࢂҢጄբޑӢ݀ਏ. n. al. er. io. ૈफ़եࡕǴόፕࢂᚈЋԾҗ܈ᚈЋज़ڋნคݤᅈىբѸЇวܴᡉਏ݀. i n U. v. ೭ঁచҹǴӵӕ Schulz ΓȐ2008ȑύᓻٽӧ܈ฅ܄ნޑวǺբޑӢ. Ch. engchi. ݀ਏૈफ़եਔǴߺ১բᆶਏ݀ޑᖄ่மࡋǴ٬ளᓻٽคࡌݤҥᛙޑڰբɡ ਏ݀ӝ߄ቻǶऩᓻٽགྷाᕇளᢀჸޑډਏ݀ǴࢲϯΑਏ݀ጓዸǴՠҗܭբɡ ਏ݀ޑᖄ่όᛙۓǴࡐёૈ٬ளᆶϐ࣬ೱޑբጓዸᐟว֚ᜤǴᏤठᓻٽᜤа рᢀჸޑډբǴڋΑኳүޑౢғǶӢԜਥᏵբɡਏ݀ӝፕޑႣෳǴ ᔈ၀วբޑӢ݀ਏૈफ़եਔǴόፕࢂᚈЋԾҗ܈ᚈЋज़ڋნǴࡐϿ Ԗᓻޑٽኳүᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբǶନԜϐѦǴӢ݀ᏢಞزࣴޑΨჹᓻٽӧӢ݀܈ ฅნύޑՉࣁϸᔈܤᜪ՟ݤ࣮ޑǴၸѐزࣴޑวǴѴٽᢀჸ܈ډฅ܄٣ ҹ ਔ Ǵ ࡐ ܰ ᇡ Ԗ ځд ό ё ޑ ـচ Ӣ ، ܈ ۓฅ ܄٣ ҹ ޑౢ ғ Ȑ Schulz & 24.
(33) Sommerville, 2006; Wu, Muentener, & Schulz, 2013ȑ Ǵ߈ٰ׳ԖࣴزวѴٽӧ܈ ฅ܄ნύԖၨӭޑՉࣁǴཀࡰѴٽӧԜݩΠӛၸԾρޑว൨ ԋӢ݀ᜢ߯όᛙޑۓচӢȐCook, Goodman, & Schulz, 2011ȑ ǴӢԜӧ܈ฅޑ܄ ნύᓻٽКၨόᒥྣӢ݀ਏૈၨեޑБݤǴёૈၸԾρޑפ൨׳ӝ ޑБݤǶ ᗨฅբɡਏ݀ӝፕЬեำࡋޑբӢ݀ਏૈӧᓻٽኳүޑၸำύ תᄽفޑ܄ڋՅǴόၸҞޑፕࠅԖᄒฅόӕݤ࣮ޑǶKirály ΓȐ2013ȑ ᇡࣁǴբਏ݀ޑཀကѝࢂӧᄆᡉނᡏޑфૈǴаӀ౯ࣁٯǴբЇวᛙޑۓว. 治 政 大 Ӏਏ݀ЗܭගҢᓻٽӀ౯ڀԖวӀޑфૈǹ࣬ϸӦ ǴऩӀ౯ؒԖҺՖวӀਏ݀Ǵ 立 ᓻٽ൩όޕၰӀ౯ڀԖวӀޑфૈǴӧ೭ᅿݩΠࡐϿԖᓻٽᏢಞᢀჸޑډ. ‧ 國. 學. բȐPaulus et al., 2011a; Király et al., 2013ȑ Ǵ೭ࢂҗܭբคݤౢғёޕډ. ‧. ޑѦӧਏ݀ਔǴᓻٽคډפݤᏢಞۓޑᗕᗺǴࡐᜤԋᏢಞҞǴΨӢԜόஒ. sit. y. Nat. ᢀჸޑډբຎࣁڀԖπ܄ڀཀကޑբǶ. n. al. er. io. ॶளݙཀࢂޑǴऩբόࢂֹӄคݤЇวਏ݀ǴѝࢂԖਔংਏ݀҂Քᒿբ. i n U. v. ޑрǴځჴ٠όቹៜᓻٽှނᡏޑфૈ܄ǴᖐٰٯᇥǴଷӧৎ္ޑႝ. Ch. engchi. ຎᇿᏔࡺምΑǴԖਔংёаѺ໒ႝຎԖਔংόՉǴՠѝाॺךම࣮ၸᇿᏔ ԋфѺ໒ႝຎǴ൩ૈޕၰᇿᏔޑфૈǴջ٬ӧᇿᏔคݤᛙۓӦЇวਏ݀Ǵ ΨόቹៜॺךჹᇿᏔфૈޑᇡޕǹӕኬӦǴѿᓻٽҞ࿏ၸ౯ηමวрߝӀǴ ൩ૈҥڅᕇޕ౯ηڀഢޑфૈǴӢԜ൩ᆉᓻٽᢀჸډᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբ٠ߚԛ ૈЇวਏ݀Ǵ٠όׯᡂдॺჹӀ౯фૈݤ࣮ޑ܄Ƕ܍ௗॊޑፕᗺǴѝाբ මЇวਏ݀Ǵᓻٽ൩ૈှނᡏޑфૈǴ׳ख़ाࢂޑǴᓻٽᗋૈᙖԜΑှբ టၲޑډҞރᄊࣁՖǴ٠ஒբຎࣁࢂૈֹԋҞޑБݤǶаӀ౯ࣴٯࣁزǴ ᓻٽჸډӀ౯ޑфૈࢂૈวӀǴऩԖΓჹӀ౯рᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբǴᓻٽ. 25.
(34) ߡૈሦԜΓ၂კаᚐᓐ࿘Ӏ౯ޑБݤၲԋᡣӀ౯วӀޑҞǶӢԜǴଷ٬ᓻ ٽමҞᔐբЇวਏ݀ރޑᄊǴόፕдΓҢጄࢂޑӢ݀Ѹฅ܈܄Ӣ݀܈ฅޑ܄ բǴᓻٽᢀჸޑډբᆶҞރᄊόԖৡձǴдॺЬाᗋࢂਥᏵნज़ޑڋ όӕፕҢጄբࢂցԖᏢಞޑѸाǶ ӧᚈЋज़ڋნύǴऩჴᡍޣҢጄᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբǴѝԖъޑҢጄԖЇว ਏ݀ǴځӢ݀ਏૈࣁ 50%Ǵᓻٽ٠ό٩ኬฝမᝳӦᏢಞҢጄբǶ೭ࢂӢࣁჴ ᡍޑޣᚈЋډڙज़ڋǴᚐᓐ࿘ᐩࢂΠёՉޑБݤǴ܌аᓻٽ٠όႣයჴ ᡍࡺޣཀाаᚐᓐ࿘Ӏ౯ǴΨ൩όϼኳүჴᡍޣрޑբǶ࣬ჹӦǴऩჴ. 治 政 ᡍޣӧᚈЋԾҗნύҢጄޑբӢ݀ਏૈΨѝԖ大 50%Ǵᓻٽϝኳүჴᡍޑޣ 立. ҢጄբǴҗܭᓻٽၸჹნज़ޑڋᢀჸวǴჴᡍޣ௭కၨБߡޑБݤᡣӀ. ‧ 國. 學. ౯วߝǴँᡉрჴᡍޑޣҞࢂڅཀाрᚐᓐ࿘ᐩ೭ঁբǴᓻٽᇡࣁჴᡍ. ‧. ޣԖཀा௲Ꮴᚐᓐ࿘ᐩޑբǴӢԜගϲᓻٽኳүᚐᓐ࿘ᐩբޑཀᜫǶᕴᡏ. sit. y. Nat. ԶقǴѝाҢጄբමЇวਏ݀ᓻٽ൩ૈޕၰނᡏڀഢޑфૈ܄Ǵջ٬բޑ. n. al. er. io. Ӣ݀ਏૈफ़եΨόቹៜᓻٽှբటֹԋޑҞރᄊࣁՖǴдॺ߄ޑᆶ. i n U. v. բޑӢ݀ਏૈࣁ 100%࣬ӕǴቹៜኳүޑᜢᗖᗋࢂӧܭᓻٽၸნज़ڋፕ բࢂցڀԖᏢಞޑሽॶǶ. Ch. engchi. ӧҞޑፕᆶբɡਏ݀ӝፕޑፕે๎ΠǴӢ݀܈ฅޑ܄բჹܭ ᓻٽኳүڀԖόӕޑቹៜཀ఼ǴӢԜёаஒӢ݀܈ฅޑ܄բբࣁᑽໆٿፕޑ ୷ྗǴКჹᓻٽӧόӕნज़ڋΠჹӢ݀܈ฅ܄բޑኳүϸᔈࢂցڀԖৡ౦Ǵ ߡૈޕၰٿፕჹኳүݤ࣮ޑՖޣၨӝǶ. 26.
(35) ಃϖǵ ࣴزୢᚒᆶଷ. Ծவ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑቹៜࣗѮޑӀ౯ࣴزว߄ϐࡕǴӭࣴޣز໒ۈ ठΚܭᓻٽᒧ܄ኳүޑຝǴځύനډڙᢋҞࢂޑҞޑፕᆶբɡਏ ݀ӝፕࢴٿፕǶऩࢂвಒϩҞޑፕᆶբɡਏ݀ӝፕёаวǴ ޣٿჹܭբਏ݀ݤ࣮ޑԖߚதܴᡉޑձǺҞޑፕᇡࣁӢ݀ਏૈफ़եό ڋۓᓻޑٽኳүՉࣁǹ࣬ϸӦǴբɡਏ݀ӝፕ߾ᇡࣁऩբޑӢ݀ਏ. 治 政 大 ૈफ़ե෧ϿᓻޑٽኳүϸᔈǶӢԜǴॺךёаၸᏹբޑӢ݀ਏૈᙶమҞ 立. ޑፕᆶբɡਏ݀ӝፕჹܭኳүޑှញՖޣၨӝǴନԜϐѦǴҗܭҞ. ‧ 國. 學. ࡐϿԖࣴزᏀܭӢ݀ਏૈᆶኳүޑᜢ߯ǴҁࣴزΨёаբࣁӢ݀ਏૈӵ. ‧. ՖቹៜᓻٽኳүՉࣁ୷ޑᘵǶҁࣴݮزҔ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑნज़ڋीǴ. n. al. er. io. ޑம১ࢂցፓᓻٽӧόӕნज़ڋύޑኳүՉࣁǶ. sit. y. Nat. аӀ౯ࣁჴᡍǴа Schulz ΓȐ2008ȑ୷ࣁزࣴޑᘵǴբӢ݀ਏૈ. i n U. v. ҁࣴزх֖ჴᡍ 1 ᆶჴᡍ 2Ƕჴᡍ 1 ЬाҞࣁޑख़ᇙ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑ. Ch. engchi. ่݀زࣴޑǴᓻٽϩձӧᚈЋԾҗᆶᚈЋज़ڋნύᢀჸډჴᡍޣрᚐᓐ࿘ ᐩޑբǴҗܭԛբ֡ૈᡣӀ౯วӀǴჴᡍ 1 рޑҢጄբ֡ឦܭѸฅ܄ ޑբǴӢ݀ਏૈࣁ 100%Ƕჴᡍ 2 ύᓻ࣬ډ࣮ٽӕޑբǴόၸբѝԖ ъޑᐒૈЇวਏ݀ǴӢԜόፕᓻٽӧᚈЋԾҗ܈ᚈЋज़ڋნύբޑӢ݀ਏ ૈࣁ 50%Ƕ ҞޑፕЬѝाբමЇวਏ݀Ǵᓻٽ൩ёаޕၰނᡏڀഢޑфૈǴ ԶளޕբటֹԋޑҞރᄊࣁՖǴջ٬բޑӢ݀ਏૈफ़եǴ٠όׯᡂᓻٽ բᆶҞރᄊޑှǴᓻٽЬाᗋࢂਥᏵნज़ڋፕ،ۓӧՖᅿნΠޑ. 27.
(36) բࢂሡाኳүޑǶӢԜ٩ྣҞޑፕޑႣෳǴᔈӧჴᡍ 1 ᆶჴᡍ 2 ֡วᚈ ЋԾҗნޑኳүΓኧܴᡉӭܭᚈЋज़ڋნǶ ࣬ϸӦǴբɡਏ݀ӝፕᇡࣁᓻޑٽኳүࢂࡌҥӧᛙޑڰբɡਏ݀ᜢ ߯ǴբޑӢ݀ਏૈफ़ե٬ளᓻٽคࡌݤҥᛙޑۓբɡਏ݀ӝ߄܄ቻǴ ൩ᆉᓻٽགྷाЇวᢀჸޑډਏ݀ǴΨࡐᜤஒᢀჸޑډբӆԛख़ᄽрٰǶਥᏵ բɡਏ݀ӝፕޑႣෳǴᔈวᓻٽѝԖჴᡍ 1 วᓻٽӧᚈЋԾҗნ ޑኳүΓኧᡉεܭᚈЋज़ڋნǴԶჴᡍ 2 όፕࢂᚈЋԾҗნᆶᚈЋज़ڋ ნޑኳүΓኧ֡ࡐեǴޣٿ٠όԖᡉޑৡ౦Ƕ. 立. 政 治 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 28. i n U. v.
(37) ಃΟക ჴᡍ 1 ᓻޑٽᒧ܄ኳүǺբޑӢ݀Ѹฅ܄. 治 ಃǵġ 政 ࣴزҞޑ. 大. 立. ‧ 國. 學. җܭҁࣴزЬाၸफ़եբޑӢ݀ਏૈᒣҞޑፕᆶբਏ݀ӝ ፕჹኳүޑှញ܄Ǵऩࢂֹӄᒥྣ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑޑჴᡍࢬำՉΟ. ‧. ԛҢጄ٠คִݤ๓Ӧᏹ 50%ޑբӢ݀ਏૈǴӢԜҁࣴزՉѤԛޑբҢ. y. Nat. io. sit. ጄȐSchulz et al., 2008ȑ ǶࣁΑᗉխҢጄԛኧޑቚуׯᡂᓻٽӧᚈЋԾҗᆶᚈЋज़. n. al. er. ڋნޑኳүϸᔈǴࡺӃаჴᡍ 1 ख़ᇙ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑӀ౯่ࣴ݀ޑزǴ. Ch. i n U. v. ଷ٬ჴᡍ 1 ᆶ Gergely ΓȐ2002ȑ่݀زࣴޑठᔈ၀วᓻٽӧᚈЋԾҗ. engchi. ნޑኳүΓኧᡉଯܭᚈЋज़ڋნǶ. ಃΒǵġ ࣴزჹຝ. ჴᡍ 1 زࣴޑჹຝࣁ 32 Ӝ 18 ঁДεޑᓻٽȐM = 18.33 ঁДǴSD = 1.09 ঁ Дǹتғ 15 ΓǴζғ 17 Γȑ Ǵ߄ 1 ࣁࣴୖزᆶޑޣԃសᆶ܄ձಔԋǶᗨฅၸѐ ޑӀ౯ࣴزεӭа 14 ঁДεޑᓻزࣴࣁٽჹຝȐBeisert et al., 2012;!Gergely et al.,. 29.
(38) 2002; Paulus et al., 2011a; Paulus et al., 2011bȑǴόၸҞวӢ݀ਏૈቹៜᓻٽ ኳүՉࣁܕ܌زࣴޑ༅ୖޑᆶޣനλޑԃសࣁ 18 ঁДεޑᓻٽȐSchulz et al., 2008ȑ ǴҁࣴࣁزΑዴߥӢ݀ਏૈޑዴቹៜᓻޑٽኳүϸᔈǴࡺа 18 ঁДεޑ ᓻزࣴࣁٽჹຝǶҁჴᡍЬाၸ Facebook ણํ।тฦЎ࠹ቶᆶαԸ࣬ ޑБԄܕ༅ѠчӦᚶѫ 37 ຼаǵрғᡏख़ε ܭ2500 ϦլǴคҺՖғ ܈բว౦தޑᓻٽǴќԖ 6 Ӝᓻޑٽၗ҂યΕࡕុϩȐ3 Ӝᓻٽӧၸำ ύចϩЈคݤଛӝჴᡍՉǴ3 ӜᓻୖٽᆶޑჴᡍࢬำԖᇤȑǶ. 立. ߄1. 政 治 大. ζғ. 8. 8. ‧. تғ. al. 18.39 (1.02). 32. Ch. 18.33 (1.09). engchi. 30. 7. 9. 15. 17. er. 16. sit. y. 18.30 (1.19). n. ᕴी. ܄ձ. ѳ֡ԃសȐྗৡȑ. 16. io. ᚈЋज़ڋნ. Γኧ. Nat. ᚈЋԾҗნ. ‧ 國. Ңጄಔձ. 學. ჴᡍ 1 ࣴୖزᆶޑޣԃសᆶ܄ձಔԋǶ. i n U. v.
(39) ಃΟǵġ ࣴز. ҁჴᡍޑЬाޑჴᡍࣁঁᓸլΚᇙޑӀ౯Ǵӵკ 3 ܌ҢǴҗᆘՅߏБ ᡏ༟ጤ౯Ȑ25cm × 20cm × 5cmȑᆶъܴᑻӀՅъ༝ᡏȐޔ৩ 10cmȑಔԋǴъ ༝ᡏᢃ൪ӧᓸլΚ౯БǴ٠ӧᓸլΚ౯ϣܫ LED ᐩݰǶԜᐩݰҗঁᇻᆄ ޑᇿำԄڋǴ໒ᜢѺ໒ࡕёаᙖҗࡪᓸъ༝ᡏᡣӀ౯วӀǴ໒ᜢᜢഈਔǴ. 政 治 大 ܈хᇗచՅޑෙηȐ140cm 立 × 100cmȑǶќԖಔ᠄᠄ނکڀވλᚊǵᆢ คፕӵՖࡪᓸъ༝ᡏǴϣ ޑLED ᐩόวߝǶჴᡍޣӧҢጄՉਔܖ. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. ѭވଽᆶڀވλҔ҅ܭԄҢጄ໒ޑۈዕ໘ࢤǴӵკ 4 ܌ҢǶ. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. კ 3ǺҁࣴޑزӀ౯Ƕ. 31. v.
相關文件
You are given the wavelength and total energy of a light pulse and asked to find the number of photons it
Students are asked to collect information (including materials from books, pamphlet from Environmental Protection Department...etc.) of the possible effects of pollution on our
Wang, Solving pseudomonotone variational inequalities and pseudocon- vex optimization problems using the projection neural network, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 17
volume suppressed mass: (TeV) 2 /M P ∼ 10 −4 eV → mm range can be experimentally tested for any number of extra dimensions - Light U(1) gauge bosons: no derivative couplings. =>
Comparison of B2 auto with B2 150 x B1 100 constrains signal frequency dependence, independent of foreground projections If dust, expect little cross-correlation. If
Define instead the imaginary.. potential, magnetic field, lattice…) Dirac-BdG Hamiltonian:. with small, and matrix
incapable to extract any quantities from QCD, nor to tackle the most interesting physics, namely, the spontaneously chiral symmetry breaking and the color confinement..
• Formation of massive primordial stars as origin of objects in the early universe. • Supernova explosions might be visible to the most
