Estimating the carbon footprint and energy consumption of Taiwan tourism Dr. Ya‐Yen Sun Assistant Professor, Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan 2011.10.17 Michigan State University
Contents
1. Introduction 2. Environmental Extended Input‐Output Model 3. Literature review 4. Case study‐ electricity usages and its associated CO2 emission of visitors in TaiwanIntroduction
The tourism sector has an important place in that (Kyoto Protocol) framework, given its global economic and social value, its role in sustainable
development and its strong relationship with climate.
2003 Djerba Declaration
by World Tourism Organization (WTO) and United Nationals Environment Programme (UNEP)
Kyoto Protocol (KP)
> Annex I countries agreed to reduce their collective GHG emissions by 5.2% of their 1990 levels by the end of 2012.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) – CO2, O3, CH4, N2O, CFCs, PFCs, FCs, HCFCs, and SF6 KP only controls CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 > Carbon footprint ‐ the amount of GHG emissions associated with the production and consumption of goods and services at the level of an individual firm, industry or entire economy
The accurate information on the carbon footprint of each of the various sectors that comprise “the tourism industry” is essential for The mitigation and regulation of GHG emission, The securing of financial resources to assist regions and businesses
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Environmental Extended Input‐Output Model
3. Literature review
Environmentally Extended Input‐Output Model
(EEIO)
The basic idea of EEIO models > Augmenting the technical coefficients matrix with additional rows and / or columns to reflect energy consumption or pollution production.Generalized IO model
R = resource input coefficient = resource intensity per dollar of output Q= pollution output coefficient = pollution intensity per dollar of output
Direct impact coefficient
Industry A Industry B Direct impact per $ of output
Energy Oil 0.2 0.3 BTUs (British thermal unit ) Coal 0.1 0.4 BTUs Pollution CO2 0.5 1.1 tonnes SOx 0.7 0.7 tonnes
Calculation formula ‐ type I multipliers
Type I resource and pollution multipliers R* = R(I‐A)‐1 = M (X)‐1(I‐A)‐1 Q* =Q (I‐A)‐1 = N (X )‐1(I‐A)‐1 Where X = Total output A = Technical input coefficients M = Flow‐in resource matrix N = Flow‐out commodity matrix R* = The total amount of resource required, directly and indirectly, per dollar’s worth of output by industry Q* = The total amount of ecological commodity emitted, directly and indirectly, per dollar’s worth of output by industryTotal effects
Total amount of resources required: R* (I‐A)‐1Y Total amount of pollution produced: Q* (I‐A)‐1Y > Production driven: Total amount of ecological resources = R* [(I‐A)‐1Y] Total amount of ecological emission = Q* [(I‐A)‐1Y] > Consumption driven: Total amount of ecological resources = [R(I‐A)‐1]* Y Total amount of ecological emission= [Q(I‐A)‐1]* YContents
1. Introduction
2. Environmental Extended Input‐Output Model
3. Literature review
Literature Review
EEIO studies on tourism ‐ a relative new research topic Articles Becken &
Patterson (2006) Jones & Munday (2007) Kelly & Williams (2007) Dwyer, Forsyth, Spurr, & Hoque (2010) Konan & Chan (2010)
Destination New Zealand Wales, UK Whistler, Canada Australia Hawaii Reference Year 1997/98 2000 2000 2003‐2004 1997 Environment al variables Carbon dioxide; energy consumption Carbon dioxide, waste outputs Carbon‐dioxide equivalent GHG emission for energy and the disposal of solid waste Green House Gas (GHG) Seven fuel types and three GHG gases (CO2, Methane and NOx)
Differences across the previous studies
1. Analysis method
Top‐down approach
Bottom‐up approach
The bottom‐up analysis
> The bottom‐up analysis computes energy use and GHG emission based on information on energy end‐ uses of typical tourism industry and tourist behavior. 1. Sample transportation, accommodation and attraction business to calibrate the average energy efficiency and coefficients with respect to per dollar sales (industry analysis) 2. Combine with tourist travel behavior and visitor volume (tourist analysis) to estimate total energy use in the tourism sector.The top‐down analysis
> The second approach, referred as Integrated Economic‐Environmental Accounting, allows the assessment of tourism as a sector within a comprehensive national economic platform. 1. Adopt Tourism Satellite Accounts and national EEIO table 2. Allocate the proportional sales, energy use and GHG emission to the the tourism industry by the TSA tourism ratio.Advantages of the bottom‐up approach
> Detailed energy information can be gathered using business surveys to reflect the regional characteristics in production function. For example, the transportation category can be differentiated by domestic air, private air, rental car, coach, train, motorcycle, scheduled bus, or ferry, depending on the transportation modes that are best utilized in the area. > The linkages of recreational behaviors and GHG emission can be established. It helps to trace the GHG emission due to behavior changes overtime. Whistler, British Columbia, Canada (Kelly & Williams, 2007) 2004 World Rally Championship (Jones, 2008) Hawaii (Konan & Chan, 2010)Advantage of the top‐down method
> The top‐down analysis is best suited for comparing the tourism’s eco‐efficiency with other sectors, or formulating the macroeconomic instruments such as carbon charges on the tourism industry at the national level. GHG estimation for New Zealand (Becken & Patterson, 2006) Wales, UK (Jones & Munday, 2007) Australia (Dwyer, et al., 2010)Differences across previous studies
1. Analysis method 2. Research scope tourism‐characteristic industries tourism‐characteristic industries & tourism‐related industries Whether to include air transportation, especially international aviation Residents vs. tourists Internal destination energy consumption vs. employee commuting to and from the destination vs. visitor travel to and from the destination. Direct effects Direct + indirect effects Direct + indirect + induced effectsContents
1. Introduction
2. Environmental Extended Input‐Output Model
3. Literature review
4. Case study‐ electricity usages & CO2 emission for tourists in Taiwan
Study purposes of the Taiwan project
1. To construct the Environmental Extended Input‐Output Model (EEIO) as a life‐cycle assessment tool for Taiwan. 10 energy types GHG emission 2. To evaluate the amount of carbon emission based on different visitor segments per capita including Inbound tourist vs. domestic tourist Visitor segments based on nationality and travel purposes Per dollar tourist spending vs. per dollar output of the non‐tourism injection Per tourist in Taiwan vs. a global average tourist journey 3. To estimate total carbon emission associated with tourism in 2006Data sources
1. 2006 National Taiwan IO table 2. 2006 Taiwan Tourism Satellite Account 3. 2006 Energy consumption data Coal Crude oil and petroleum products (7 types) Natural gas Electricity 4. 2006 Energy converting coefficients Parameters that can covert each energy use to the emission of GHGAnalytical
framework
An example‐ The tourism electricity
consumption in Taiwan
Party-trip consumption in Taiwan (NT$) China ferry passenger Kaohsiung day visitors Domestic visitors International visitors World Games participant Accommodation 4,000 0 1,276 13,659 3,208 Food & beverage 2,764 771 1,395 6,565 2,399 Transportation 1,635 288 944 4,568 599 Entertainment 1,207 90 427 2,399 476 Shopping 25,703 570 1,728 10,509 4,502 Travel agency 2,330 0 157 1,760 185 Total 37,640 1,720 5,928 39,460 11,370Economic & environmental effects
Per 1000 party trips Sales ($ million's) Jobs Electricity (000 kwh) CO2 emission (000 kg) Multipliers (kwh per dollar direct sales) Direct effects China ferry passenger $34.3 22.5 217.8 139.0 0.00635 KHH domestic visitors $1.6 1.2 6.4 4.1 0.00400 Domestic visitors $5.7 4.2 43.2 27.6 0.00758 International visitors $38.1 28.0 369.2 235.6 0.00969 World Games participatns $10.8 7.4 96.0 61.3 0.00889 Direct + Indirect effects China ferry passenger $57.8 32.4 326.2 208.1 0.00951 KHH domestic visitors $2.8 1.8 11.6 7.4 0.00725 Domestic visitors $9.6 5.8 60.6 38.7 0.01063 International visitors $63.8 38.5 487.5 311.0 0.01280 World Games participatns $18.4 10.7 131.8 84.1 0.01220Direct & Indirect Effects Aggregate I‐O sectors Sales ($ million's) Jobs Personal Income ($ million's) Electricity (1000 Kwh) CO2 emission (000 kg) Services Lodging 22.2 15 6.3 440 281 Food & beverage 14.2 13 4.5 43 28 Transportation 9.9 7 5.4 31 20 Leisure services 4.8 4 1.8 30 19 Travel agency service 4.5 7 1.4 5 3 Retailing 22.1 16 7.7 37 23 Financial services 6.3 1 1.2 3 2 Other services 10.5 6 3.5 34 22 Manufacturing Manufactured food 7.9 2 0.7 49 31 Clothing 1.2 1 0.3 9 6 Recreation equipment 2.0 1 0.4 5 3 Handicraft products 9.5 4 0.5 85 55 Rest manufacturing sectors 28.2 6 3.1 201 128 Farming, foresting, finishing 4.0 5 1.0 16 10 Utility 4.3 0 0.2 29 19 Construction 1.0 0 0.2 0 0 Total 152.5 89 38.3 1,018 649
Challenges in implementation
1. The incompatibility across data sources Energy data – 50 sectors IO table – 166 sectors Electricity data – 200 sectors 2. Visitor expenditure data cannot directly link with IO sectors, which produce errors in estimation and cannot reflect visitor travel pattern and its associated GHG emission.Recommendations for future visitor expenditure
surveys
Break down transportation and shopping expenses into detailed categories. Shopping: (1) Clothes or accessories (2) Jewelry or jade (3) Souvenirs or handicraft products (4) Cosmetics or perfumes (5) Local special products (6) Tobacco or alcohol (7) Chinese herbal medicine or health food (8) 3C or electric appliances (9) Tea (10) Others Transportation • Domestic air • Rail • Water transportation • Road transportation • Private car / Gasoline • Distance travelledRe‐visit Kyoto Protocol
> Individual countries do not assume responsibility for the carbon footprint from goods produced outside of their jurisdiction.
⇒ Carbon emission of International aviation
services does not include or be regulated by the KP framework.
⇒ Imported products, as intermediate inputs or final products, are not included either.
