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Estimation and Trend Analysis of Biomass Production in River Basin in Taiwan: 1. Case in Tamsui River Basin

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(1)中國環境工程學刊 第十四卷 第一期 (民國九十三年) Journal of the Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8 (2004). ESTIMATION AND TREND ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS PRODUCTION IN RIVER BASIN IN TAIWAN: 1. CASE IN TAMSUI RIVER BASIN Chungfang Ho Chang,1,* I-Hsin Lee,2 Je-Lueng Shie2 and Ching-Yuan Chang2 1. Department of International Trade Chung Yuan Christian University Chung Li, Tao-Yuan, 320, Taiwan 2 Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 106, Taiwan. Key Words : Material flow, Northern Taiwan, Tamsui River basin, biomass, agricultural production ABSTRACT This study aims at the Tamsui River basin in the Northern Taiwan, establishing the data and information of biomass (B) of crop (C), forestry (F), fishery (Fi) and livestock (L) materials, and analyzing its yearly variations of the material productions, employees, population, GDP and other productivity items for the crop, forestry, fishery and livestock sectors. Some important indicators, such as the per capita use (PCUB) and intensity of use (IUB) of biomass materials, are established and employed to assess whether the biomass materials are efficiently used in the Tamsui River basin. The results indicate that the Tamsui River basin has become a highly developed region. Its rice production contributed to that of Taiwan has gradually reduced. However, its rice production per harvested area (MR/AH) has increased in recent years, indicating the improvement of the valid exploitation of the farm-land resources. In the aspects of material production of biomass (MPB) of the Tamsui River basin, the value increases from 280,407 tons in 1991, to 442,436 tons in 2000, revealing the great demand of these materials in the Tamsui River basin. In regarding to the MPB per person in the Tamsui River basin, the demands decrease from 83.3 kg/person in 1989 to 67.6 kg/person in 2000, respectively, declining about 18.88 %. However, the yearly variation curve after 1992 (54.7 kg/person) shows slow-rising trend. Thus, an improvement of the conservation of MPB in the Tamsui River basin is still needed. The values of MPB per GDP (total GDP for all industrial sectors) and GDPB (GDP for biomass industrial sectors) in the Tamsui River basin are 22.5 kg/106 US$ of GDP in 1989, descending to 11.07 kg/106 US$ of GDP in 2000, and 1.49 tons/106 US$ of GDPB in 1989, decreasing to 0.8 tons/106 US$ of GDPB in 1993, approximate 50.78 and 46.17 % reductions, respectively. Here, the measurement of GDP is based on the constant price in 1996 with 1 US$ = 27.46 NT$. All these indicate that the Tamsui River basin has efficient usage of MPB toward its economical growth. The information thus obtained can be used as the reference basis for the related administration in policy making related to the economical efficiency and environment protection. INTRODUCTION Prior to 1980, studies on the conservative and efficient usages of the national resources already had gained much attention regarding the sustainability of the economical development [1-3]. In the late 1980s, much interest had risen in the effects of resources consumption upon the environment. Those studies have emphasized the need to analyze adequate data before we can make intelligent decisions on industrial policy [4-7]. Hsiao et al. [8] had developed a dynamic *. To whom all correspondence should be addressed. E-mail address: chunfang@cycu.edu.tw. model of domestic material flows of concrete waste and employed statistical analyses to obtain projections of future material flows by using existing statistics and literature sources of data for the construction and demolition wastes generated in Taiwan. They also proposed a long-range consequence of utilizing domestic supply sources including construction waste to assess environmentally sound and economically feasible solutions for satisfying the future demand [9]. Our previous study provided the first thorough investigation of the material production of biomass of.

(2) 2. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). crop, forestry, fishery and livestock materials in Taiwan (denoted as MPBTWN) [10]. Since 1986, Taiwan has strived to increase the level of competitiveness and to become a member of World Trade Organization (WTO). Therefore, most of the material production measurements are from 1986 to the present. The national information data bank has been established between 1986 ~ 1998. However, the information is the total statistics for the whole nation but not categorized or calculated for different regions (e. g. river regions or administration regions). Thus, one can neither distinguish the material production by region, nor further assess and compare the usages of the biomass resources in different regions in order to serve as the reference basis for the related administration in policy making, which is related to the economical efficiency and environment protection. For addressing the usage information of the regional resources, this study aims at the Tamsui River basin establishing the data and information of biomass of crop, forestry, fishery and livestock materials. The data and information can then be used to compute useful indicators. However, note that this study only considers the regional productions, while does not include the input and output of the biomass materials, wastes and emissions of the pollutants in the Tamsui River basin. In addition to setup the material production of biomass (MPB) of the Tamsui River basin, this study also analyzes yearly variations of the material productions, employees, population, GDP and other productivity items for the biomass of crop, forestry, fishery and livestock sectors. Some important indicators used in previous studies [9-15], such as the per capita use (PCU) and intensity of use (IU) of materials, are established and employed to assess whether the biomass materials have efficient usage in the Tamsui River basin. DATA AND COMPUTATION The computation of the MPB in the Tamsui River basin employs the data collected from 1) the Statistical Abstract pressed by every city and county in the Tamsui River basin [16-20], 2) the Agricultural Statistics Yearbook published by the Council of Agriculture of Taiwan (COAT) [21] between 1986 ~ 2000, and 3) the online data bank of the agricultural global service Web of COAT [22]. The original data are in categorized or itemized form. Some data of biomass are not expressed in weight and should be converted accordingly. After calculating the MRB, we can then analyze its yearly variation and establish the indicators of the efficient usage of materials. The Tamsui River basin includes all areas of Taipei City and Keelung City while parts of Taipei. County, Taoyuan County and Hsinchu County. Noting that some biomass data are provided for the whole county, we would then have to distribute the amount for the whole county to the towns in the Tamsui River basin. For example, the calculation methods of ornamental plants in the river basin of Taoyuan County are illustrated as follows. Firstly, we took accounts of the known crop productions of towns of Taoyuan County in the Tamsui River basin and those of the whole Taoyuan County to obtain their ratios. The known crop products are rice, common crop, special crop, vegetables and fruits. The ratios are as follows. R1 =. Ri Ta Ri T. (1). R2 =. C Ta CT. (2). R3 =. S Ta ST. (3). R4 =. VTa VT. (4). R5 =. FTa FT. (5). where RiTa, CTa, STa, VTa, FTa = rice, common crop, special crop, vegetable and fruit productions of towns of Taoyuan County in the Tamsui River basin, respectively, and RiT, CT, ST, VT, FT = total rice, common crop, special crop, vegetable and fruit productions in Taoyuan County, respectively. Secondly, we took the average (Rave) of the ratios of R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5. Finally, we used this Rave value as the unknown product’ average value for the ratio of productions of towns of Taoyuan County in the Tamsui River basin to those of the whole Taoyuan County. Therefore, the calculated value of the unknown productions of ornamental plants of towns of Taoyuan County in the Tamsui River basin = Rave × total productions of ornamental plants in Taoyuan country. The computation methods of forage and green manure crop productions are similar to those of ornamental plants. These items include productions of young antlers, milk, honey, royal jelly, forestry, fishery and local social and economic data. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Agricultural Employment in Tamsui River Basin. Due to the deficiencies of agricultural employment (denoted as EB) data of the Tamsui River.

(3) Chungfang Ho Chang et al. : Estimation and Trend Analysis of Biomass Production in River Basin in Taiwan: 1. Case in Tamsui River Basin. basin between 1994 ~ 2000 in the available references [16-22], we analyzed its yearly variations between 1986 ~. Fig. 1. Time variations of EB ( ○ ), PFa/PT ( △ ) and HFa/HT ( □ ) in Tamsui River basin. EB: agricultural employment. PFa: farm household population. PT: total population. HFa: farm households. HT: total households.. 1993. Here, the EB includes all biomass sectors of crop, forestry, fishery and livestock materials. Figure 1 shows that EB in the Tamsui River basin decreases from 123.96 × 103 persons in 1986 to 105 × 103 persons in 1993, dropping off about 18.96 × 103 persons and 15.3 %. For the ratio of farm household to total populations (PFa/PT), it appears that the value reduces from 4.17 % (234,899 persons of PFa) in 1986 to 3.03 % (189,397 persons of PFa) in 1994, declining about 27.34 %. Regarding the ratio of farm to total households (HFa/HT), also due to the deficiencies of data, we only analyzed its variations of 1993 and 1994. The values of HFa are 38,518 and 37,344 households, and of HFa/HT are 3.85 and 3.68 % in the Tamsui River basin in 1993 and 1994, respectively. After the economical growth in Taiwan, the employment opportunities of the non-biomass industrial sectors are increasing, while the EB, HFa/HT and PFa/PT are decreasing gradually. This phenomenon symbolizes the change of the role of biomass industries toward the growth of economy, and is also one of the contributions of the biomass industries. If the EB does not decrease after the economical growth in the Tamsui River basin, neither the efficiency of the biomass industrial productions can be promoted nor can the incomes of farmers be raised. Therefore, we don’t need to merely focus on the EB, but rather pay more attention on the policy to justify the production and management of biomass industries which are beneficial to the EB. 2. Cultivated Land Area. Figure 2 indicates that the cultivated land area (Ac) in the Tamsui River basin decreases from 50,216 ha in 1986 to 43,037 ha in 2000, dropping off about 14.3 %. The reason may be due to the rapid industrial development, resulting in the industrial structural change. Furthermore, for the Ac per farm household. 3. (Ac/HFa) in the Tamsui River basin, we only analyzed its yearly variations in 1986 ~ 1994 because of the deficiencies of HFa data in the Tamsui River basin be-. Fig. 2. Time variations of Ac ( ○ ), Ac/HFa ( △ ) and Ac/EB (□) in Tamsui River basin. Ac: cultivated land area. Other notations: as specified in Fig. 1.. tween 1995 ~ 2000. Therefore, from Fig. 2, the values of Ac/HFa are between 1.12 ~ 1.41 ha/household in 1986 ~ 1994, showing that the variations are stable. Taking 1994 for example, the Ac, HFa and Ac/HFa in the Tamsui River basin are 45,418 ha, 37,344 households and 1.22 ha/household, respectively. Also due to the deficiencies of EB data in the Tamsui River basin between 1994 ~ 2000, we only focused on the yearly variations of Ac per EB (Ac/EB) between 1986 ~ 1993. In Fig. 2, it indicates that the variations of Ac/EB values are stable and keep at the values between 405.74 ~ 478.15 ha/103 persons of EB. Taking 1993 for example, the EB, AC and Ac/EB in the Tamsui River basin are 105 × 103 persons, 45,951 ha and 437.63 ha/103 persons, respectively. The variations of Ac is not only limited by nature factors, but also affected by the structures of industry and economy. The lands of the administration districts in the Tamsui River basin are almost urbanized. The competition of the land usages between agriculture and non-agriculture are drastically. Although many regulations are put on the protection of agricultural lands, there are many agricultural lands transformed into non-agricultural lands by legal ways or out-offrame methods. Nowadays, the agricultural development is toward multifunctional directions; therefore, the cultivated land area has decreased in the recent years. 3. Rice Planted to Cultivated Land Areas Ratio, Regional to Taiwan Rice Productions Ratio and Rice Productions Per Harvested Area. The rice planted area (AP) decreases from 17,246 ha in 1986 to 4,393 ha in 2000, descending about 12,853 ha and 74.53 %. From Fig. 3, the rice planted to cultivated land areas ratio (Ap/Ac) drops off from 34.35 % in 1986 to 10.21 % in 2000. From the chronic variation trend, the decreasing values of Ap/Ac are very apparent, revealing that the rice farming in the.

(4) 4. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). Tamsui River basin is not in the main streams of the development of cultivation. Furthermore, the rice production (MR) decreases from 64,086 tons in 1986 to 22,261 tons in 2000, declining about 65.26 %. The re-. For the fisherman to total households ratio (HFi/HT) in the Tamsui River basin, we only analyzed its yearly variations between 1993 ~ 1995 and 1997 ~ 2000 because of the deficiencies of total household data in the Tamsui River basin between 1986 ~ 1992. Fig. 3. Time variations of Ap/Ac (○), MR/MRTWN (△) and MR/AH (□) in Tamsui River basin. Ap: rice planted area. MR: rice production. MRTWN: rice production in Taiwan. AH: harvested area. Ac: as specified in Fig. 2.. Fig. 4. Time variations of AF/PT (○) and TF/PT (△) in Tamsui River basin. AF: reforestation area. TF: reforestation trees. PT: as specified in Fig. 1.. gional to Taiwan rice productions ratio (MR/ MRTWN) decreases from 1.43 % in 1986 to 0.65 % in 2000. The contribution of rice production in the Tamsui River basin to Taiwan gradually becomes less important. All the information listed above indicates that the Tamsui River basin has become a highly densed developing district and does not produce agricultural production gradually. For the rice production per harvested area (MR/AH), the values are between 3.59 ~ 6.02 ton/ha in 1986 ~ 2000 and gradually increase with time, especially in 1996 with a maximum value of 6.02 ton/ha. Considering the improving range, the MR/AH value increases from 3.71 ton/ha in 1986 to 5.06 ton/ha in 2000, raising about 36.39 %. Pleasantly, the efficiency of usage of the cultivated land to produce biomass resources has increased in the Tamsui River basin in the recent years. 4. Forestry. Figure 4 shows that the ratio of reforestation area to total population (AF/PT) in the Tamsui River basin is about 0.1 ~ 7.5 ha/103 persons in 1986 ~ 2000 with 0.95 ha/103 persons in 2000. Considering the variation tendency of the ratio of reforestation trees to PT (TF/PT), also from Fig. 4, its values are between 3,569.6 ~ 14,304.4 stock/103 persons in 1986 ~ 2000 with 4,083.7 stock/ 103 persons in 2000. Both the values of AF/PT and TF/PT are gradually decreasing. Some efforts need to be put on the reforestation in the Tamsui River basin. 5. Fishery 5.1 Fisherman to Total Households Ratio, Aquaculture Area per Fisherman Household and Aquaculture Area per Fisherman Household. Fig. 5. Time variations of HFi/HT (○), AFi/HFi (△) and AFi/EFi ( □ ) in Tamsui River basin. HFi: fishermen household. AFi: aquaculture area. EFi: persons employed in fisheries. HT: as specified in Fig. 1.. and 1996. From Fig. 5, the values of HFi and HFi/HT in the Tamsui River basin are 3,914 and 4,878 families, and 0.39 and 0.44 % in 1993 and 2000, respectively. The increased households of HFi are 964 families and about 24.63 % from 1993 to 2000. For the chronic yearly variation tendency in the Tamsui River basin, the HFi/HT values are between 0.39 ~ 0.53 %. For the aquaculture area per fisherman household (AFi/HFi), the values are between 5.78 ~ 16.53 ha/household in the Tamsui River basin in 1986 ~ 2000. Also, from Fig. 5, the value of AFi/HFi decreases from 12.39 ha/household in 1986 to 5.78 ha/household in 1992, then from the least value increases to 15.38 ha/household in 2000. The increasing ratio of AFi/HFi reaches 24.13 % from 1986 to 2000. As for the aquaculture area per fisherman employed (AFi/EFi) in the Tamsui River basin, from Fig. 5, it shows that the values of AFi/EFi are between 2.44 ~ 6.07 ha/person in 1986 ~ 1999. However, the value of AFi/EFi in 2000 is 13.16 ha/person with the increasing ratio of 144.16 % as compared to that (5.39 ha/person) in 1986. 5.2 Far-Sea Fisheries in Tamsui River Basin.

(5) Chungfang Ho Chang et al. : Estimation and Trend Analysis of Biomass Production in River Basin in Taiwan: 1. Case in Tamsui River Basin. In the fishery production, we considered the total production (FiT) of the far-sea (FS), offshore, coastal and aquaculture fisheries. The far-sea fishery production (FiFS) is not produced from the Tamsui River basin, although the far-sea fishes are captured by the. Fig. 6. Time variations of FiFS (○), FiT (△) and FiFS / FiT (□) in Tamsui River basin. FiFS: far-sea fishery production. FiT: total fishery productions of farsea, offshore, coastal and aquaculture fisheries.. fishermen living in the Tamsui River basin. Therefore, we separated the far-sea fishery production from the total fishery production and analyzed the amounts of far-sea fishery production independently. We only analyzed the variations of the far-sea fishery production between 1989 ~ 2000 because of the deficiencies of the far-sea fishery production data between 1986 ~ 1988. From Fig. 6, the value of FiFS is 58,162 tons in 1989, then decreases to 6,151 tons in 1994. However, the far-sea fishery production increases to 36,593 tons in 2000 from the least value in 1994. Also from Fig. 6, the values of the ratio of FiFS to FiT are between 19.15 to 57.62 %. 6. Intensity of Use of Biomass Materials in Tamsui River Basin. We only analyzed the MPB (material production of biomass), including crop (C), forestry (F), fishery (Fi) and livestock (L) materials, in the Tamsui River basin between 1989 ~ 2000 because of the deficiencies of the data of MPB between 1986 ~ 1988. The items of crops consist of rice, common crop, special crop, vegetables, fruits, ornamental plants, forage crops and green manure crops. As for the forestry, the items include cattle, hogs, goats, yield of young antlers, poultry, eggs, milk, production of honey and production of royal jelly. The fishery materials contain far-sea fisheries, offshore fisheries, coastal fisheries and aquaculture fisheries. Finally, the items of livestock take into account for trees, bamboo and production of forest by-products. From Fig. 7, the value of the MPB in the Tamsui River basin is 499,559 tons in 1989 and slowly decreases with time. However, after 1991, the MPB in the Tamsui River basin increases from 280,407 tons in 1991 to 442,436 tons in 2000. This phenomenon indicates that the production of MPB in the Tamsui River basin has. 5. tended to increase recently. It shows that the variation trends of MPB may be due to the variation of industrial structure in the Tamsui River basin. Further examination of the effects of variation of industrial structure on the domestic wastewater generation in the Tamsui River basin would be helpful in future study. For the biomass ma-. Fig. 7. Time variations of MPB (○) and MPB/PT (△) in Tamsui River basin. MPB: material production of biomass including crop (C), forestry (F), fishery (Fi) and livestock (L) materials. PT: as specified in Fig. 1.. terial production per person (MPB /PT), the values of MPB /PT are 83.3 and 67.6 kg/person in 1989 and 2000, respectively, decreasing about 18.88 %. From the chronic variation tendency of MPB /PT, the reduction is obvious in 1991 with a least value of 45.52 kg/person at that time. However, it gradually but slightly increases after 1992 (54.67 kg/person of MPB/PT). Nevertheless, the conservation efficiency of biomass resources in the Tamsui River basin was good in 1991, but has decreased recently. On the other hand, from Fig. 8, the biomass material production per GDP (MPB/GDP), also called the intensity of use (IU), drops off from 22.5 kg/106 US$ of GDP in 1989 to 11.07 kg/106 US$ of GDP in 2000, decreasing about 50.78 %. Note that the value of MPB/GDP reflects the requirement of biomass production per dollar. Reversely, the value of GDP/MPB displays the economical efficiency of material production. The lowest value is 8.99 kg/106 US$ of GDP in 1998. The reduction is very apparent, indicating that the Tamsui River basin has efficient usage or conservation of MPB. Also from Fig. 8, we can analyze the variation of MPB per GDPB (gross domestic product of biomass in the area of interest) (MPB/GDPB). It is seen that the value of MPB/GDPB decreases from 1.49 tons/106 US$ of GDPB in 1989 to 0.8 tons/106 US$ of GDPB in 1993, decreasing 46.17 %. This shows that the amounts of MPB used in the Tamsui River basin is not proportional to the economical growth in terms of GDP or GDPB. Thus, the efforts, such as the efficient usage of MPB, development of biomass products with high added-value and establishment of concepts with quality better than quantity, would all contribute the reduction of the values of MPB/GDPB and display that the biomass industries in the Tamsui River basin are.

(6) 6. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). toward the goal with successful utilization and conservation of biomass.. under the project of NSC90-2621-Z-002-038.. NOMENCLATURE CONCLUSIONS Notation Referred to Tamsui River Basin. This work examines the yearly variations of the. A Ac AF AFi AH Ap B C EB. Fig. 8. Time variations of MPB/GDP ( ○ ) and MPB/GDPB ( △ ) in Tamsui River basin. GDP, GDPB: gross domestic product and GDP of biomass in Tamsui River basin. MPB: as specified in Fig. 7.. biomass material productions (MPB), employees, population, GDP and other productivity items for the crop, forestry, fishery and livestock sectors in the Tamsui River basin. The information thus obtained is useful for the corresponding administration in policy making regarding the economical efficiency and environment protection. After the economical growth in Taiwan, the employment opportunities of the nonbiomass industrial sectors are increasing. This phenomenon symbolizes the change of the role of biomass industries toward the growth of economy, and is also one of the contributions of the biomass industries. The lands in the Tamsui River basin are almost urbanized and the competitions of the land uses between agriculture and non-agriculture are drastically. Pleasantly, the efficient uses of the cultivated land resources are gradually increasing in the Tamsui River basin. It shows that the variation trends of MPB may be due to the variation of industrial structure in the Tamsui River basin. The efficient usage or conservation of MPB, development of biomass products with high added-value and establishment of concepts with quality better than quantity, may all contribute the reduction of the values of MPB per GDPB (GDP of biomass industrial sector). The results of this study indicate that the biomass resources in the Tamsui River basin are successfully toward the goal of efficient utilization and conservation.. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We express our sincere thanks to the National Science Council of Taiwan for the financial support,. EFi F Fi FiFS FiT GDP GDPB HFa HFi HT IU IUB L MPB MR PFa PT PCU PCUB TF. agricultural land cultivated land area reforestation area aquaculture area harvested area rice planted area biomass including crop, forestry, fishery and livestock materials crop agricultural employees including all biomass sectors of crop, forestry, fishery and livestock materials. persons employed in fisheries forestry fishery far-sea fishery production total fishery productions of far-sea, offshore, coastal and aquaculture fisheries gross domestic product GDP of biomass farm households fishermen household total households intensity of use IU of biomass, MPB/GDP or MPB/GDPB livestock material production of biomass including crop (C), forestry (F), fishery (Fi) and livestock (L) materials rice production farm household population total population per capita use PCU of biomass reforestation trees. Notation Referred to Other Regions. CT CTa FT FTa MPBTWN MRTWN R1 R2 R3 R4 R5. total crop productions in Taoyuan County crop productions of towns of Taoyuan County in Tamsui River basin total fruit productions in Taoyuan County fruit productions of towns of Taoyuan County in Tamsui River basin MPB of Taiwan rice production in Taiwan RiTa/RiT CTa / CT STa/ST VTa/VT FTa/FT.

(7) Chungfang Ho Chang et al. : Estimation and Trend Analysis of Biomass Production in River Basin in Taiwan: 1. Case in Tamsui River Basin. Rave RiT RiTa ST STa VT VTa. average value of R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 total rice productions in Taoyuan County rice productions of towns of Taoyuan County in Tamsui River basin total special crop productions in Taoyuan County special crop productions of towns of Taoyuan County in Tamsui River basin total vegetable productions in Taoyuan County vegetable productions of towns of Taoyuan County in Tamsui River basin. Other Notation. WTO. World Trade Organization. REFERENCES 1. Barnett, H. J., G. M. Van Muiswinkel and M. Schechter, “Are Minerals Costing More?” Int. Inst. Appl. Syst. Anal., Work. Pap. No. WP-81-20. II ASA, Lexenburg, Austria (1981). 2. Goeller, H. E. and A. M. Weinberg, “The Age of Sustainability,” Science, 191 (4228), 638-89 (1976). 3. Grenon, M. and B. Lapillonne, “The WELMM Approach to Energy Strategies and Options,” Int. Inst. Appl. Syst. Anal., Res. Rep. RR-76-19, II ASA, Lexenburg, Asutria (1976). 4. Bolin, B. and R. B. Cook, eds., The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Interactions, Wiley, New York (1983). 5. Taylor, J., “The Challenge of Sustainable Development,” Regulation, 1, 35-50 (1994). 6. Toman, M., “The Difficulty in Defining Sustainability,” in Global Development and the Environment: Perspectives on Sustainability, ed. J. Darmstadter, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 15-23 (1992). 7. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, Oxford Univ. Press, New York (1987). 8. Hsiao, T. Y., Y. T. Huang, Y. H. Yu and I. K. Wernick, “Modeling Materials Flow of Waste Concrete from Construction and Demolition Wastes in Taiwan,” Resources Policy, 28, 39-47 (2002). 9. Hsiao, T. Y., Y. H. Yu and I. K. Wernick, “A Note on Material Flows of Construction Aggregates in Taiwan,” Ibid., 27, 135-137 (2001). 10. Chang, Chungfang Ho and S. S. Lin, “Material Requirements of Agricultural, Forest and Animal Biomass Industries in Taiwan,” J. Chinese Inst.. 7. Environ. Eng. (Taiwan), 12 (4), 315-324 (2002). 11. Chang, Chungfang Ho and S. S. Lin, “Material Requirements of Metals in Taiwan,” Ibid., 12 (2), 93-102 (2002). 12. Chang, Chungfang Ho, Y. C. Liu, C. Y. Chang. A. C. Chiang and S. S. Lin, “Scenario Analysis of Material Flows of Steel and Iron for the Steel Industry in Taiwan and International Comparison of Per Capita of Use and Intensity of Use,” Ibid., 12 (4), 325 - 335 (2002). 13. Hsiao, T. Y., Y. H. Yu and I. K. Wernick, “Analyzing Material Flows for Construction Aggregates in Taiwan,” Ibid., 12 (2), 103-112 (2002). 14. Wernick, I. and J. H. Ausubel, “National Material Flows and the Environment,” Annual Review Energy Environment, 20, 463-492 (1995). 15. WRI (World Resource Institute) (Washington, DC, U. S. A.), WI (Wuppertal Institute) (Wuppertal, Federal Republic of Germany), NMOH (Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment) ( The Hague, Netherlands), and NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies) (Tsukuba, Japan), Resources Flows: the Material Basis of Industrial Economies, WRI, Washington, DC, April (1997). 16. Statistical Agency of Taipei City, Statistical Abstract (1986 ~ 2001). 17. Statistical Agency of Taipei County, Statistical Abstract (1986 ~ 2001). 18. Statistical Agency of Taoyuan County, Statistical Abstract (1986 ~ 2001). 19. Statistical Agency of Keelung City, Statistical Abstract (1986 ~ 2001). 20. Statistical Agency of Hsinchu County, Statistical Abstract (1986 ~ 2001). 21. COAT (Council of Agriculture, Taiwan) Agricultural Statistics Yearbook (1986~2000). 22. COAT, http://www.coa.gov.tw (2001). 23. Lee, I. H., A Preliminary Study in Agricultural Material Flows in Tamsui River Basin, M. S. Thesis, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (2002).. Discussions of this paper may appear in the discussion section of a future issue. All discussions should be submitted to the Editor-in-chief within six months. Manuscript Received: Octorber 2, 2003.

(8) 8. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004).

(9) 9. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). 台灣河流流域生產之生物資源物質計算與趨勢分析 ─案例 1:淡水河流域 何瓊芳 1,*. 李宜欣 2 1. 2. 謝哲隆 2. 張慶源 2. 中原大學國際貿易系. 國立台灣大學環境工程學研究所. 關鍵詞:物質流、台灣北部、淡水河流域、生物資源、農業產量. 摘. 要. 本研究以台灣北部淡水河流域為研究對象,建置該流域生物資源(農林漁牧資源)善用資料及指標。研究 中亦估算淡水河流域行政區內之生物資源物質之自產量,並計算區域物質使用密集度、及其他環境相關密集 度等指標。此等資料與結果可做為地方施政相關行政及經濟效率及環境限制之依據參考。 綜合各個指標的結果,發現淡水河流域已成為一個高度開發的區域,已漸漸不發展稻作生產,係對台灣 地區的稻作產量貢獻日趨減小的地區。但由稻作產量面積指標也顯示出近年淡水河流域地區已漸漸提高農地 資源的有效利用。在生物資源物質自產量需求方面,於 1991 年(280,407 tons)之後逐年微幅上升,至 2000 年時淡水河流域生物資源物質自產量約 442,436 tons,顯示淡水河流域生物資源物質自產量需求日益增加。 就淡水河流域其生物資源物質每人平均使用值而言,1989 年時為 83.3 kg/person,至 2000 年降至 67.6 kg/person,減少約 18.88 %,然而在 1992 年(54.7 kg/person)後曲線有緩慢上升趨勢,但不顯著。因此可知 淡水河流域生物資源物質使用之節約效率,雖然在 1991 年左右有顯著的成效,但於近幾年卻有成效遞減的 傾向,值得注意。淡水河流域生物資源物質使用密集度由 1989 年的 22.5 kg/106 US$ of GDP(GDP 為全流域 之總 GDP,GDP 計值之基期年為 1996 年)逐年下降至 2000 年的 11.07 kg/106 US$ of GDP,減少約 50.78%。此外,每單位農業 GDP(稱為 GDPB)生物資源物質自產量需求由 1989 年之 1.49 tons/106 US$ of GDPB 降至 1993 年之 0.8 tons/106 US$ of GDPB,下降約 46.17 %。顯示淡水河流域之生物資源物質自產量使 用並未隨著經濟成長而增加,淡水河流域境內民眾的生物資源物質善用效率非常顯著。.

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數據

Figure 2 indicates that the cultivated land area  (A c ) in the Tamsui River basin decreases from 50,216  ha in 1986 to 43,037 ha in 2000, dropping off about  14.3 %
Fig. 4.  Time  variations of A F /P T   (○) and T F /P T   (△) in  Tamsui River basin
Fig. 7.  Time variations of MPB (○) and MPB/P T  (△) in  Tamsui River basin. MPB: material production  of biomass including crop (C), forestry (F),  fishery (F i ) and livestock (L) materials
Fig. 8.  Time  variations of MPB/GDP ( ○ ) and  MPB/GDP B   (△) in Tamsui River basin

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