生態工法規範訂定之探討

Ϡၗ̍ڱఢቑࢎؠ̝ଣ੅

Discussion on Guidelines for Ecological Engineering

Methods

έ៉̂ጯϠۏᒖဩր௚̍඀ጯրି଱

ૺ!಴!઼!

Tsun-Kuo Chang

έ៉̂ጯϠۏᒖဩր௚̍඀ጯրჇ̀

ች!ᇊ!බ!

Hui-Ping Tsai

ĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝ

ၡ! ! ࢋ

έ៉гડܕѐ̂˧ଯҖϠၗ̍ڱĂ׎ϫ۞дٺҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈᄃϠၗր௚ઉБ̝ ჯ᜕Ą઼࡚̏གྷѣధкҋ൒ྤ໚ᄃϠၗܲֈ̝ఢቑ໤݋೩ֻගЧᙷݭ̝ฟ൴ಏҜᏲ ҖĂ఺ֱߏܧ૱р̝ቑּΞ઼ֻ̰ણ҂Ąώࡁտͽ੺֧ᜋэಕڼͳ̄੤۞ᒖဩྤ໚ ొٙ൴ण۞Ҳ኏ᑝёฟ൴(Low-Impact Development)ᄃྺຽొҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈཌ۞ܲ ֈ߉үఢቑ(Conservation Practice Standards)ࠎࡁտՄफ़Ăፋந࠹ᙯ̝ఢቑ໤݋ĂГ̶ ژᏴ΍઼̰Ϡၗ̍ڱ९ּ౵૱ϡ̝߉ү̍ڱĂซҖϠၗ̍ڱఢቑ̝ᑢؠĄώࡁտВ ࡁᑢ˞19 ีϠၗ̍ڱఢቑĂүࠎ˘ਠ̝ࣧ݋ّఢቑĄᔵ൒Ϡၗ̍ڱఢቑᄃϫ઼݈̰ ̝Ϡၗ̍ڱϏυඈТĂҭүࠎฟ൴ຽ͹၆ྤ໚ᄃϠၗ̝ܲֈ̝ᅮՐĂᏲҖѩ໤݋ֽ ఢቑΒથ̝߉үҖࠎĂ׎ϫ۞૟Ξͽ྿זܲֈᄃฟ൴۞πᏊĂϒߏϠၗ̍ڱ੠Ր̝ ϫᇾĄ ᙯᔣෟĈϠၗ̍ڱĂϠၗ̍ڱఢቑĄ

ABSTRACT

The purposes of implementation of ecological engineering methods in Taiwan are to conserve nature resources and to protect the integrity of ecosystems. Serials of conservation practice standards were already established to protect nature resources aimed at many activities in the developing operations in U. S. which provided good examples for us to set up the ecological engineering methods’ guideline. In this study, two categories of nature resources conservation were discussedĈlow impact development and agricultural activities’ nature resources conservation, for the purpose to establish standards for developer to follow. Nineteen ecological engineering methods standards were drawn up from those cases studies which were most frequently applied in Taiwan.

ྺຽ̍඀ጯಡ! ௐ

51 סௐ 1 ഇ

Journal of Chinese Agricultural Engineering

̚රϔ઼

94 ѐ 3 ͡΍ۍ

Vol. 51, No. 1, March 2005

Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ

In the future, the standards can be served as guidelines used for many developing sites have the similar operations in order to conserve nature resources.

Keywords: Ecological engineering methods, Ecological engineering methods standards. ĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝĝ

˘ă݈! ֏

˟˩͵ࡔ̍඀ᄃϠၗᒖဩ۞኏ࡎঙனĂٺߏ Ϡၗ̍඀д 1962 ѐϒёజؠཌྷј˘૞ຽᅳા (Odum, 1989)Ą҃Ϡၗ̍ڱھ޽дᚑࢦˠࠎ̒ᕘ ޢĂਕ྿זםӄϠၗրޭೇࣧᄻ̝ϫ۞Ăٙ߉ү ۞̍඀͞ڱĄдϠၗ̍ڱ͞ࢬĂለ࡚ᄃ઼̰̝གྷ ᑻăۤົ̈́˿гӀϡඕၹਫ਼ளĂ࡭ֹԧ઼னล߱ ྵࠎૻአдϠၗ̍ڱ˯۞ᑕϡ҃ܧϠၗ̍඀Ă֭ ྵࠎᓾՐ׎̝к̮̼ϫᇾᄃјड़Ă̙҃Ҭ઼γࢵ ࢦͽޭೇϠၗրࠎጱШ̝ಏ˘ఢထᄃᑕϡ(ڒᗉ ߶ඈĂ2003)ĄϠၗ̍඀۞ᑕϡ˩̶ᇃھĂ઼ᅫม ధкАซ઼छдซҖฟ൴ҖࠎॡТॡᏉЪϠၗ ៍هĂϫ۞ߏࠎ˞ഴ͌ฟ൴Җࠎ၆ᒖဩ۞৔ᗼᄃ ૟ᇆᜩഴҌ౵ҲĂኜтౌξฟ൴ă྽ྮฟ൴ᄃྺ ຽҖࠎඈĄέ៉ҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈ۞ޥሗᎸ੓ٺ1970 ѐ΃Ă1980 ѐͽֽ߆عЧಏҜฟؕણᄃۏ჌۞ܲ ֈăࡁտᄃିֈ̍үĂ҃ᒔ଀ధк׍វ۞јड़Ą ઼ᅫ࣍ጱ۞ĶϠۏкᇹّķ(biodiversity)ܲֈಶ ߏˠᙷ၆ЧᙷϠۏ۞გந׶ӀϡĂιΒ߁˞౎Ϡ ۏ჌۞ܲֈĂϠۏྤ໚۞ჯ᜕ᄃϖᜈӀϡĂϠၗ ր۞ೇֈᄃҋ൒ᒖဩ۞ԼචĄдϠۏкᇹّ۞͵ ࠧሗ߹̝˭Ă2001 ѐҖ߆ੰ఼࿅ĶϠۏкᇹّଯ જ͞९ķĂ2002 ѐҖ߆ੰϖᜈົ఼࿅ĶϠۏкᇹ ّҖજࢍ൪ķĂ2003 ѐҖ߆ੰࡊԫᜪયވϺ८ؠ Ķ઼छϠۏкᇹّࡁտଯજࢍ൪ķĄдଯજ͞९ ̚ĂϤ̳В̍඀؎ࣶົ࢑య͹Ᏹ̳Вޙన̝Ϡၗ ̍ڱĄ

˟ăϠၗ̍඀൴णᄃ̰உ

1938 ѐᇇ઼ Seifert ࢵА೩΍ܕҋ൒ګ໨ፋ ڼ۞ໄهć1962 ѐ H.T. Odum ඈ೩΍૟ҋޠҖ ࠎ(self-organizing activities)̝Ϡၗጯໄهྻϡٺ ̍඀̚Ăૻአ౅࿅ˠࠎᒖဩᄃҋ൒ᒖဩม̢̝ જ ྿ ז ̢ Ӏ В Ϡ(symbiosis) ϫ ۞ ֭ ࢵ ޘ ೩ ̈́ Ķecological engineeringķ˘ෟćۡҌ 1989 ѐϠ ၗጯछ Mitsch ̈́ JØrgensn ϒёଣ੅ Ecological Engineering ۞៍ه֭ኬ̟ؠཌྷĂϠၗ̍඀ΞᏜϒ ёኚϠĄϠၗ̍඀Ϥ 1938 ѐ൴णҌ̫Ăགྷ࿅׎ ޢ˘ాҚՀஎˢ۞ࡁտᄃ၁ᅫᑕϡĂు႙ࠎϠၗ ̍඀̺ઙ΍Հᔿځ۞዇၏ĄТॡд఺ഇมౙᜈк Ҝ૞छጯ۰ࠎ׎ؠཌྷĂਬ૟׎ᕩৼтܑ1 ٙϯ(ڒ ᗉ߶ඈĂ2003)Ą Mitsch ٺ 1996 ѐ೩΍Ϡၗ̍඀۞ࣧ݋т ˭ćΩγKirk R. Barrett ٺ 1999 ѐ૟็௚̍඀ᄃ Ϡၗ̍඀̝পّΐͽͧྵтܑ2 ٙϯĄ (1) ᑕϡҋԧనࢍ(self-design)ć (2) Ϡၗր௚۞ޙϲυืགྷ࿅ᚑध۞Ϡၗநኢ ۞҂រć (3) ၆ٺր௚۞ܫᏥć (4) ᜕̙ܲΞГϠྤ໚ć (5) ᜕ܲҋ൒Ą έ៉гડˠ˾༵૜̍થຽ൴྿Ă࡭ֹҋ൒ྤ ໚ฟ൴ӀϡᅮՐᄃѳߖ࢑ఈໂࠎՔࢦĂࠎ႕֖Ϡ ߿˯̝ᅮՐăщБăܮӀᄃනዋĂϹ఼྽ྮă֨ ߸ăҝшඈЧี̳В̍඀న߉࿆ҶĂฟ൴̙ᕝĄ ௢᎕˭ֽౄј၆ҋ൒ᒖဩໂ̝̂ᇆᜩĂЯ͔҃൴ Ϡၗ̝৔ᗼᄃ߸ͪă˿Ϯ߹ඈխच̝ΐᆐĄ ࠎ˞ܳซᒖဩᄃϠၗܲֈ̍үБϔ̼Ă̈́ར ၁Ϡၗܲֈ۞̍үĂԧ઼ౙᜈטؠ˞ధкᄃܲֈ ࠹ᙯ̝ڱఢĂт౎Ϡજۏܲֈڱă̼͛ྤயܲх ڱăᒖဩૄώڱඈĄ1995 ѐͽֽĂϠၗ̍ڱ۞៍ هд̚δ͹გ፟ᙯ̳В̍඀؎ࣶົ۞᎕ໂଯજ ̝˭Ă̏дயăءăጯ͔ࠧ੓ᇃ̂۞ਫ਼ᜩĂ˵ឰ ̍඀ࠧ၆ٺҋ൒ྤ໚۞ܲֈශ൴˘჌າ۞ޥჯ ሀёĂ҂ณ఺ֱ̳В̍඀̝న߉тңᄃᒖဩϠၗ פ଀׶ᏘĄҖ߆ੰ̳В̍඀؎ࣶົٺ 2002 ѐᛉ ј઼̰Ϡၗ̍ڱ̝௚˘ؠཌྷт˭Ĉ ٙᏜϠၗ̍ڱܮߏ޽Ķૄٺ၆Ϡၗր௚̝எ ̷ᄮۢᄃར၁Ϡۏкᇹّܲֈ̈́ϖᜈ൴णĂ҃ଳ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ Ĝ

ܑ1 Ϡၗ̍඀̝ؠཌྷ ጯ ۰ ॡ ม ؠ ཌྷ 1962 дˠᙷٙፆᓂ۞ᒖဩ̚ĂӀϡ˘̈ొ̶ᗝγ۞ਕณĂֽଠט˘࣎ͽҋ൒ ਕณࠎૄᖂ۞ր௚ĂϠၗ̍඀ٙᑕϡ۞ఢ݋ᔵͽҋ൒Ϡၗրࠎ΍൴ᕇĂ ҭ̝ޢٙࢉϠ΍۞າր௚૟ѣҾٺࣧ۰Ą 1971 Ϡၗ̍඀ܮߏҋ൒̝གྷᒉგநĂ˧ဦͽ˘፾প̝៍ᕇྃૻ็௚̍඀Ăٕ ΞᏜ˘჌ᄃ̂ҋ൒۞ЪူᙯܼĄ 1983 ఺჌ᏉЪϠၗր۞າё̍඀నࢍܮߏ˘჌Ӏϡҋ௡Җࠎր௚۞ᅳાĄ H.T. Odum 1989 Ϡၗ̍඀ߏ˘჌నࢍĂྻүགྷᑻր௚ᄃҋ൒̝ࠧมᙯܼ۞ԫఙĂซ҃ܳ ֹˠᙷᄃ׎ᒖဩ̝ม࠹̢አዋĄ Uhlamn 1983 Staškraba 1984-1985 Staškraba & Gnauck 1985

Ϡၗԫఙ (Eco-technology) ޽ૄٺ၆Ϡၗ۞எޘᄮۢâ჌ϡٺგநϠၗր۞ԫ ఙĂ׎ϫ۞дٺ૟ેҖ࠹ᙯନ߉۞јώĂ̈́׎၆ᒖဩ ౄј۞ຫचࢫҌ౵ҲĄ Ϡၗ̍඀ ၆ٺϖᜈϠၗր۞నࢍ֭ፋЪˠᙷۤົᄃҋ൒ᒖ ဩĂ੠Րᗕ͞ࢬ۞ВТӀৈĄ

Mitsch & JØrgensn 1989 b

Ϡၗ̍඀ᄃϠၗ ԫఙ 1. ೇֈ˘ЯࠎˠᙷѳߖᒖဩٕԼត˿гֹϡ҃జ̒ ᕘ۞Ϡၗր௚ć 2. ൴ण˘၈າ֭׍ѣˠᙷ̈́Ϡၗᆊࣃ۞Ϡၗր௚Ą ઼઼࡚छࡊጯੰ (National Academy of Sciences, NAS) 1993 ϖᜈགྷᒉ۞Ϡၗր௚నࢍĂѩ˘Ϡၗր௚ፋЪˠᙷۤົᄃ׎ٙд̝ҋ൒ ᒖဩĂֹ֭׌۰ౌਕצৈĄ ͟ώᑕϡϠၗ̍඀ጯົ

Ϡၗ̍ڱϺჍࠎĶᑕϡϠၗ̍ጯķ(applied ecological engineering)ٕĶᒖ ဩВϠԫఙķ(environmental symbiosis technology)Ą၆ٺϠၗ̍ڱ̝ؠ ཌྷт˭Ĉ 1. ᑕϡ۞࠹ᙯᅳાĈྭጯܝ۞ፋЪтϠۏጯ۞࠹ᙯᅳા̈́˿̍͢඀ԫఙ ۞ፋЪᄃ੅ኢć 2. ᑕϡϠၗ̍ጯࡁտ۞၆෪ᄃቑಛĈӈˠౄۏ၆ᒖဩ۞ᇆᜩ̈́ˠ̍ᒖဩ ާᔗត̼၆ҋ൒ᒖဩ۞ᇆᜩć 3. ܲֈ၆෪۞ॡม͎ޘĈтңײᑕܲֈ၆෪۞Ϡ߿ΫĂෞҤ׎ዋᑕ̝ј ड़ć 4. ࡁտ͞ڱᄃ၆ඉĈӀϡ၁гአߤ̈́ࡁտ઄నΐͽរᙋĄ ܑ2 Ϡၗ̍඀׶็௚̍඀̝পّͧྵ ̶ᙷ/পኳ ็௚̍඀ Ϡၗ̍඀ ࢍ൪ϫᇾ ಏ˘ϫᇾ к͞ࢬ۞р఍ ၆Ϡၗր۞р఍ Ҳޘ࠹ᙯ ੼ޘ࠹ᙯ ඕၹ ͪڪ׶᐀Ăˠౄ۞ гഀ/ͪകજങۏĂҋ൒۞ ਕณֽ໚ Ϯ̼ࣧफ़Ă࿪˧ ͉วਕĂг͕͔˧ĂങۏĂજۏ Մफ़ொੵ፟טᄃ࿅඀ ᑒ঒ĂࢲቐĂྻᏮ྅ཉĂˠࠎᜭજĂ ˠࠎ࠹ᙯ۞ ၆߹Ăࢦ˧Ăങۏ/຋Ϡۏ࿅඀Ăҋ൒ ۞Ăҋԧአ༼۞ ঈ࣏׶гഀᒖဩ ࠹၆ྵ̙ࢦࢋ ᙯᔣ Ϡ׻ഇࢨ ࠹၆ྵൺ ࠹၆ྵܜ јڍ צଠט۞ кត۞ ࡝ϡ඀ޘ ــྵҲ ఼૱ྵ੼ ፆү׶ჯ᜕јώ ੼ Ҳ ˿гᅮՐ Ҳ ੼

ဦ1 ̙Тᛳّ̝ϫ۞ְຽ፟ᙯ၆ᒖဩᄃҋ൒ྤ໚᜕ܲ۞ઇڱ פͽϠၗࠎૄᖂăщБࠎጱШ۞̍඀͞ڱĂͽഴ ͌၆ҋ൒ᒖဩౄј๋चĄķ ࡶֶͽ˯ؠཌྷ҃֏Ăѣֱ̍඀тͪ˿ܲ޺ٕ ߏകгፋޙĂ׎ϫ۞ߏྤ໚ܲֈٕߏϠၗೇֈĂ ᛳܲֈّኳܮΞͽݵЪ˯ࢗ៍هᄃؠཌྷĂซҖ̍ ඀߉үĄҭధк̳В̍඀̝т྽ྮన߉Ă׎ϫ۞ ࠎ೩ֻܮଥ̝Ϲ఼ćٕߏಟ֨న߉Ă׎ϫ۞ࠎܡ ጿ߸ͪćٕߏҝшฟ൴ўд೩ֻاٙĂ׎ᛳّࠎ ฟ൴۰Ăӈޝᙱͽ̍඀న߉ֽར၁˯ࢗؠཌྷĄ ĶϠၗ̍ڱķᑕྍߏ˘ਕૉ྿זҋ൒ྤ໚ܲ ֈᄃϠၗπᏊ۞̍඀͞ڱĂٙͽߏᛳٺ߱͘ᄃ͞ ڱ̙҃ߏ̍඀న߉ώ̝֗ϫ۞Ąࡶ૟઼̰࠹ᙯಏ Ҝ̮ͽ׎ϫ۞̶ࠎฟ൴׶ܲֈ׌̂ᙷҾтဦ1 ٙ ϯĂТॡଯҖϠၗ̍ڱॡĂͽฟ൴ࠎְຽϫ۞̝

ಏҜ˘ؠົயϠ൑ٙዋଂͷ൑ఢቑΞᏲೈ۞ඃ ڶć҃ͽܲֈࠎְຽϫ۞ಏҜྵਕ଀͕ᑕ͘Ą఺ ׌̂ొ̶̝ડ̶дٺ˘ࠎд྿јฟ൴ϫ۞(ҝ шă྽ྮඈ)ĂТॡͽ׍វүࠎ᜕ܲҋ൒ᒖဩҺצ ৔ᗼٕ૟ᇆᜩഴҌ౵̈ć˘ࠎͽ᎕ໂ͞ڱܲֈҋ ൒ྤ໚ăܳซϠۏкᇹّĄٙͽд઼γགྷរ̚Ă ̙֭ૻՐ݈۰(ͽฟ൴ࠎְຽϫ۞̝ಏҜ)ֹϡϠ ၗ̍ڱĂ҃ߏͽ౵ָგநඉர(Best Management Practices, BMP) ٕ Ҳ ኏ ᑝ ฟ ൴ (Low Impact Development, LID)۞͞ё྿ј၆ҋ൒ྤ໚ᄃᒖဩ Ϡၗ᜕̝ܲĄт઼࡚੺֧ᜋэಕڼͳ̄੤۞ᒖဩ ྤ໚ొٙ൴ण۞Ҳ኏ᑝёۤડฟ൴ăΐэϹ఼Ԋ ۞ᒉޙ̍г౵ָგநඉரᄃ઼࡚ྺຽొҋ൒ྤ ໚ܲֈཌ۞ܲֈ߉үఢቑĂӮͽҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈࠎ ϫ۞̝߉̍ఢቑĂӮΞ೩ֻـޢдฟ൴ᄃܲֈಏ Ҝ߉ү࿅඀̚۞ࣧ݋ఢቑણ҂Ą

ˬăϠၗ̍ڱ̝ఢቑࢎؠ

Ϡၗ̍ڱдέ៉гડශ܂ᄃ൴णࡦഀ͹ࢋ ߏЯˠ˾༵૜ࠎ႕֖Ϡ߿˯̝ᅮՐăܮӀᄃන ዋĂֹ଀ྺڒฟ൴ăϹ఼྽ྮă֨߸ăҝшඈЧ ี̳В̍඀న߉ฟ൴εአĄ௢᎕˭ֽౄј၆ͪ˿ ྤ໚ᄃᒖဩໂ̝̂ᇆᜩĂЯ͔҃൴Ϡၗ̝৔ᗼᄃ ߸ͪă˿Ϯ߹ඈխच̝ΐᆐĂЯѩϠၗ̍ڱዋϡ ̝͹ࢋ၆෪ߏ̳В̍඀ھ޽Чᙷ̝˿͢ăͪӀă ͪܲăᒖ̍ᄃϹ఼̍඀Ą ਬ૟Ϡၗ̍ڱ೩̿ҌϠၗ̍඀ᆸࢬ҃ྏဦ ၆Ϡၗ̍඀˭˘ؠཌྷт˭Ĉ Ķր௚̼г҂ณన߉д׎నࢍă߉ү̈́ᒉྻ ۞Б඀Ϡ׻ฉഇ̚Ă၆ˠᙷщБ჊ࡅᆧซăᒖဩ ྤ໚ܲֈ̈́ϠၗઉБჯ᜕ĂϫᇾΑਕᒻड़̝ૻ ̼Ąķ ֶѩؠཌྷ̙ኢߏϹ఼̍඀ăͪӀ֨߸̍඀ඈ ׎дᆧซ၆ˠᙷщБ჊ࡅ̝ТॡĂϺื҂ณ၆ᒖ ဩྤ໚ܲֈ̈́ϠၗઉБჯ᜕̝ૻ̼Ă̙҃ε׎̍ ඀న߉నϲֽ̝ࣧ͹ўĄ ͅ៍ܕѐֽЋຽ఍நᒖဩયᗟ۞͞ёĂ̏ѣ ྯ௲็௚̍ᇄᄦ඀გϐ఍ந۞ᔌ๕Ă҃ు႙૟൏ ᕇ ᖼ ொ Ҍ ဘ ྏ ࡁ ൴ ׍ ᒖ ဩ ̓ ච(Environmental- friendly)۞ქҒயݡĂͽႽΞਕഴᅅ׎၆ᒖဩౄ ј۞኏ᑝĄϤٺଳפᒖဩ̼నࢍΞ૟ᒖဩ۞҂ณ ѣր௚۞ፋЪҌயݡᄃᄦ඀నࢍ̚ĂֹЋຽТॡ ྿זࢫҲјώăഴ͌Пचă೩੼ᚮۋ˧Ăͽ̈́ܳ ซᒖဩ᜕ܲ۞ϫ۞ĂߏፋЪᒖဩ̈́གྷᑻࢬҌயݡ Ϡ׻ฉഇ۞˘჌నࢍ͞ڱĄ༊Ћຽυื۷࢑Հк ۞ᒖဩయЇॡĂѩ˘నࢍ͞ё೩ֻ˞າ۞៍ᕇĂ ј ࠎ Ξ ֹ Ћ ຽ Հ ׍ ᚮ ۋ ˧ ᄃ ౹ າ ˧ ۞ ѣ Ӏ ̍ ׍ĄЯѩĂᒖဩ̼నࢍ̏གྷֹᒖဩ᜕ܲ۞ར၁Ă ଂ˘჌៍هតјࠎĶԫఙ౹າķ(ዑཌྷĂ2003)Ą ଂ 1990 ѐ΃੓Ă౅࿅૟ᒖဩ̼నࢍ۞நه ར၁дڱ΄ఢౢ઼ٕᅫᇾ໤Ăు႙ֹፋ࣎யݡঐ ෱ξಞயϠ၆ქҒயݡ̝ࢋՐĄּтĈለ༖̈́͟ ώඈ઼छӮౙᜈ೩΍Ϗֽ૟၆࿪̄̈́ྤੈயݡ Яᑕᒖဩᛉᗟ҃யϠ̝ᒖّܲࢋՐĄ઼ᅫᇾ໤௡ ᖐϺٺ2002 ѐࢎؠ˞ ISO 14062ĶፋЪᒖဩ҂ณ ࢬٺயݡనࢍGuidelines for integrating environ- mental aspects into product developmentķĂ֭ٺ 2002 ѐ 2 ͡ϒё८ࣞĶISO 14062 ፋЪᒖဩ҂ณ ࢬٺயݡనࢍķ̝ԫఙಡӘઇࠎᇄથซҖᒖဩ̼ నࢍ۞޽͔Ąѩ޽ጱჩᅳ೩ֻຽࠧ˘࣎૟ᒖဩ҂ ณࢬৼˢயݡనࢍᄃฟ൴̝၁Җߛၹ۞ણ҂(ዑ ཌྷĂ2003)Ą ̍ຽࠧଯજ̝Ϡၗనࢍ(Eco Design)「дՏ˘ ࣎࿅඀̚ౌ҂ᇋזᒖဩĂ˜ፋЪᒖဩېڶҌயݡ ̝ඉரĂΒӣϠ׻ฉഇޥ҂ĂტЪϫ۞ܼ၆ҋ൒ ྤ໚ăਕณ̈́ᒖဩ኏ᑝ۞౵̼̈ᄃঐ෱۰̝౵̂ Ӏৈ」ćͽ̈́࿪̄̈́ྤੈயݡຽଯજ̝ᒖဩ̼న ࢍ/ᒖဩ̓චԫఙ(Design for Environment, (DfE)) ׎நهߏ૟ᒖܲ۞෦Րৼˢ׎யݡ۞ࡁ൴҃̚ ฟؕ۞Ąᒖဩ̼నࢍᄃქҒనࢍăϠၗ̼నࢍ̈́ ᄃϖᜈనࢍӮܧ૱ᙷҬĂౌܑϯ૟யݡనࢍ༊ү ˘ีᒖဩְચĂͷдՏ࣎Ξਕ۞፟ົ૟யݡ̝ۡ ତᄃมତ̝ᒖဩ኏ᑝഴҌ౵̈Ąтဦ2 ٙϯг੠ ໖யݡٕயݡր௚Ϡ׻ฉഇٙѣล̝߱ᒖဩ࢑ ፉĂтѩਕֹనࢍ۰дซҖயݡనࢍॡ҂ᇋՀᆵ ᇃ۞யݡᒖဩӣຍ(ዑཌྷĂ2003)Ą ၆ᑕٺ̍ຽࠧᄃ࿪̄ຽଯજ̝Ϡၗనࢍᄃ ᒖဩ̼నࢍĂԧࣇΞ૟Ϡၗ̍ڱෛࠎ̳В̍඀ٕ ھ޽˿̍͢඀̝Ϡၗనࢍٕᒖဩ̼నࢍĂϺᅮࢋ ᙷҬĶISO 14062 ፋЪᒖဩ҂ณࢬٺயݡనࢍķ

ဦ2 ̍ຽயݡ̝ᒖဩ̼నࢍ(DfE)ٙஉᄏ۞నࢍࣧ݋ ̝ԫఙಡӘઇࠎᇄથซҖϠၗ̍ڱ۞޽͔Ă߇ώ ̝͛͹ࢋϫᇾࠎဘྏࢎؠϠၗ̍ڱఢቑͽઇࠎ ̙Тᛳّ̝̍඀ಏҜࡁտซҖ̍඀̝߉ү໤݋ ણ҂ĂͽՐ׎౵௣ᒖဩჯ᜕̝ϫ۞Ą

αăࡁտቑּ

(˘) ઼࡚ྺຽొҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈཌ۞ܲֈ߉үఢ ቑ(NHCP)

࡚ ઼ ྺ ຽ ొ(United States Department of Agriculture)۞ҋ൒ྤ໚᜕ܲཌ(Natural Resources Conservation Service)ߏ઼࡚ҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈ۞౵੼ ޽ጱ፟ᙯĄдԫఙྤ໚͞ࢬ೩ֻ˞ధкᙯٺԫఙ ྤੈăྤ໚ă̍׍ăሀёᄃૄᖂྤफ़Ą׎̚дҋ ൒ܲֈ߉ү(Conservation Practices)۞ಏ̮Е΍˞ ᑕϡд˿г˯ܲֈԫఙ۞޽ጱĂ֭ͷనϲ˞ԫఙ ˯ ౵ Ҳ ۞ ତ צ ܝ ᕣ Ą ఺ ֱ ܲ ֈ ߉ ү ۞ ఢ ቑ (conservation practice standards)ౌྎЕٺܲֈ߉ ү ͘ Ί ̚(National Handbook of Conservation

PracticesĂᖎჍ NHCP)Ăϫ݈Вѣ 155 ี߉үఢ ቑĂ֭ͷॲፂ၁ᅫଐԛ̙ؠഇ۞ՀາĄ૟ၡᐂొ ̶઼࡚ྺຽొҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈཌ۞ܲֈ߉үఢቑ Етܑ3Ą (˟) Ҳ ኏ ᑝ ё ฟ ൴ (Low-Impact Development, LID) 1990 ѐĂ઼࡚੺֧ᜋэಕڼͳ̄੤۞ᒖဩྤ໚ొ (Prince George’s County Department of Environmental Resources, PGDER)ࢵА൴णͽҲ ኏ᑝёฟ൴(LID)ྻϡٺᇷܥგநĄLID ඾ࢦٺซ Җฟ൴ҖࠎॡĂਕૉТॡჯ޺Ϡၗր௚׶ͪ͛Α ਕĄLID ፋЪ˞ქҒ۩ม(green space)ăࣧϠгഀ (native landscaping) ă ҋ ൒ ͪ ͛ Α ਕ (natural hydrologic functions)ͽ̈́׎΁дฟ൴гડΞഴ͌ ూ߹ณ۞ନ߉ĂLID ߉үϯຍтဦ 3Ą

˘࣎јΑ۞ LID ૄг࣎९Ξд᜕ܲҋ൒ྤ ໚׶Αਕ۞݈೩˭ĂТॡഴ͌˿гฟ൴׶ૄᖂޙ

ܑ3 ઼࡚ྺຽొҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈ߉үఢቑ(NHCP)- -ొ̶ၡᐂ Conservation Practice (Units) (Code)

Alley Cropping (Ac.) (311) ̈श჌ങ Contour Farming (Ac.) (330) ඈ੼ਆү Access Road (Ft.) (560) ాඕ྽ྮ Contour Orchard and Other

Fruit Area (Ac.) (331)

ඈ੼ڍ๩׶׎΁჌ങͪ ڍ۞гડ

Animal Mortality Facility (No.) (316)

જۏѪ˸఍நన ߉

Cover Crop (Ac.) (340) ᖬᄏүۏ Anaerobic Digester, Ambient

Temperature (No.) (365)

နউঐ̼ᄃ׹ಛ ໢ޘ

Critical Area Planting (Ac.) (342)

ᙯᔣгડങॺ Anaerobic Digester, Controlled

Temperature (No.) (366)

နউঐ̼ᄃ໢ޘ ଠט

Cross Wind Ridges (Ac.) (589A)

Шࢲਖ Animal Trails and Walkways

(Ac.) (575)

જۏ̈शᄃ఼྽ Cross Wind Trap Strips (Ac.) (589C)

Шࢲౝ֪૲ Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM)

Erosion Control (Ac.) (450)

ౚᗓ̄ჸʹ஛῔ ۞ܬᄞଠט

Dam, Diversion (No.) (348) Ҳಠ , ̶ͪಠ Aquaculture Ponds (Ac.) (397) ዳതѰ๭ Dam (No. and Ac-Ft) (402) ಟ , ឥ Atmospheric Resource Quality

Management (Ac.) (370)

̂ঈྤ໚ݡኳგ ந

Deep Tillage (Ac.) (324) எਆ Bedding (Ac.) (310) ါਨ Dike (Ft.) (356) ಟ Brush Management (Ac.) (314) ᛿͢გந Diversion (Ft.) (362) ̶ͪ Channel Stabilization (Ft.) (584) റ྽ᘦؠ Drainage Water Management

(Ac.) (554)

ଵͪგந Channel Bank Vegetation (Ac.)

(322)

റ྽ᙝ؂ങϠ Dry Hydrant (Each) (432) ઀Կගͪ

ဦ3! LID ߉үϯຍဦ

(Լᘱҋ Low Impact Development Center, 2003)

న۞གྷ෱Ąдฟ൴࿅඀̚Ăనࢍ۰ăฟ൴ಏҜ׶ Ⴞ༛ಏҜυืВТЪүྋՙયᗟĂͽ྿ј˭Еໄ ه(Low Impact Development Center, 2003)Ĉ

(1) ܲхฟٸ۩ม֭૟˿г̒ᕘഴҌ౵Ҳć (2) ᜕֭ܲͽҋ൒ր௚ࠎనࢍ̮৵(໠гă໨߹ /౎Ϡજۏು྽ăјڒ)ć (3) ౹າ۞Ӏϡăఢထ׶నࢍࣧώ۞ූ྽ć (4) ͽ LID ۞ᇷܥგந߉үд໚ᐝซҖ̶೸ᄃ ຋გநĄ

઼࡚Ҳ኏ᑝฟ൴͕̚(Low Impact Develop- ment Center)ࠎ˘ܧᒉӀ௡ᖐĄѩ௡ᖐ͹ўࠎ̬௜ LID ̝៍هăፋЪ LID ۞࠹ᙯྤੈ֭ͷ೩ֻ LID ۞ఢထڇચĄࠎ˞೩ֻ̂ி׍វ۞߉үϯቑĂҲ ኏ᑝฟ൴͕̚੫၆LID ̝ 3 ี૱ϡ۞߉ү೩΍߉ үఢቑᄃఢॾĂ̶ҾߏϠۏ႖߹న߉ă౅ͪዛࢬ ಏ̮ᄃ˿ᚓԼචĄ

̣ă઼̰९̶ּژ

ͽҖ߆ੰྺຽ؎ࣶົᄃ̚රϔ઼ᒖဩქ̼ םົٺ2003 ѐ 3 ͡΍ۍ۞Įέ៉гડҋ൒Ϡၗ ̍ڱ࣎९ဦᄲຉበįࠎ̶ژྤफ़Ą૟ 34 ࣎९ּ ̚۞̍ڱన߉̶ᙷ௚ࢍĂᎡᏴ΍૱ϡ̝̍ڱีϫ

ဦ4! ̍ڱีϫᇴณ௚ࢍဦ ܑ4! Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑ ૱ϡ̍ڱีϫ Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑ(በཱི) ࡂϮ᜕ث ఏ᝕᜕ث ̶ᙷA-᜕ث̍඀ Ꮠ᜕ͪث ᜕ث(A1) ҋ൒٦Ϯ ̶ᙷB-ፋ߹̍඀ (׽Ԗ̍/ ฀ͪ̍/୺ឥ/૲̍) ̙ދغ̍ڱ റ྽ᘦؠ(B1) ూ߹გநր௚(B2) Ҳಠă̶ͪಠ(B3) ՔࡀѰ(B4) Քࡀ႖߸Ѱ(B5) ̶ͪಠ(B6) ୺ᝎგந(B7) ̶ᙷC-Ϡၗ҂ณ കгԼචନ߉ જۏ̈शᄃ఼྽(C1) ౦྽(C2) ໠гೇֈ(C3) К̼കгೇֈᄃგந(C4) ᜕ثᕝࢬങॺ ̶ᙷD-ങϠ ګثქ࡚̼ ໛റങϠ(D1) ಕ͢/᛿͢۞ޙϲ(D2) ᜕ᄏᆸ(D3) ᖬᄏᆸ(D4) ܑࢬ௖ᒸ̼(D5) Վ྽ ̶ᙷE-׎΁ Ꮠͪన߉ ߝ᛼(E1) ፋг(E2) тဦ3 ٙϯĄ߄Ᏼ΍෹࿅ 10 ࣎९ּٙϡ̝̍ڱ ีϫĂ̶ҾࠎࡂϮ᜕ثăఏ᝕᜕ثăᏐ᜕ͪثă ҋ൒٦Ϯă̙ދغ̍ڱăകгԼචନ߉ă᜕ثᕝ ࢬങॺăګثქ࡚̼ăՎ྽ᄃᏐͪన߉Ăֶ׎̍ ڱ჌ᙷ૟׎̶ࠎ̶ᙷA- ᜕ث̍඀ă̶ᙷ B-ፋ߹ ̍඀ă̶ᙷC-Ϡၗ҂ณă̶ᙷ D-ങϠᄃ̶ᙷ E-׎΁̣̂ᙷĂГ̶ҾซҖ௟ีఢቑ۞ᑢؠĂϫ݈ ВЕ΍19 ีϠၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑтܑ 4 ٙϯĄώ ͛࠹ᙯ̝ొ̶ఢቑ̰टܢܑٺޢ(ܢܑ 1 ᄃܢܑ 2)Ą 4.2 Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑ ֶፂ૱ϡ̍ڱన߉ٙࢎϲ̝Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉ү ఢቑͽ᜕ث̍඀ăፋ߹̍඀ăങϠ̍඀ăϠၗ҂ ณᄃ׎΁̶̣̂ᙷ̶ҾซҖ௟ี۞߉үఢቑޙ ϲĄ߉үఢቑॾё̰टࠎЩჍăበཱིăؠཌྷăቑ

ܑ5 Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑॾёᄲځ Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑ Щ Ⴭ ఢቑЩჍ በཱི ఢቑበཱི ؠཌྷ ఢቑ̝ؠཌྷ ቑಛ ఢቑ̝ቑಛ ϫ۞ ఢቑ̝ϫ۞ ఢቑዋϡ۞ېڶ ఢቑዋϡ۞ېڶ ఢቑ Β߁˘ਠఢቑٕ׎΁࠹ᙯ(тͪ͛ೇֈăങϠೇֈඈ)ఢቑ ҂ณ ᙯٺංѣ̈́ᘓПۏ჌ăകгкᇹّăͪኳăͪณඈ҂ณ ࢍ൪ᄃఢॾ ᄲځఢቑ̝ࢍ൪ᄃఢॾ ፆүᄃჯ޺ ᄲځఢቑፆү͞ёᄃჯ᜕ࢍ൪ ܑ6 Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑᄃҋ൒ྤ໚̝ᙯܼ ͪ ˿ ̂ঈ Ϡۏ гഀ ᛳّ ྤ໚ܲֈ ᇾ۞ ̍ڱన߉ ͪ ኳ ͪ ந ֨ ᄞ ߿ ˧ ঈק ຋ঈ࣏ જ ۏ ങ ۏ ຋Ϡ ۏ кᇹ ّ ക г ು ྽ ࡚ኳ გ ந ̍ ඀ ྺ ᘹ ᜕ث ̍඀ ᜕ ث Ŗ Ŗ Ŗ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ ŗ ŗ റ྽ᘦؠ Œ Ŗ Ŗ Œ ŗ Քࡀ႖߸Ѱ Œ Ŗ Ŗ Œ Œ ŗ ŗ ҲಠĂ̶ͪಠ Ŗ Ŗ Œ ŗ ̶ͪಠ Ŗ ŗ ŗ ՔࡀѰ Ŗ ŗ ూ߹გநր௚ Œ Ŗ Œ Œ Œ Œ ŗ ፋ߹ ̍඀ ୺ᝎგந Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ ŗ ŗ ໛റങϠ Ŗ Œ Ŗ Œ Ŗ Œ Œ Ŗ Œ Œ Ŗ Ŗ ŗ ŗ ങజޙϲ Œ Ŗ Ŗ Ŗ Œ Ŗ Œ Ŗ Ŗ Œ Œ Œ ŗ ŗ ܑࢬ௖ᒸ̼ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ ŗ ŗ ፋ г Œ Œ ŗ ŗ ᜕ᄏᆸ Œ Œ Œ Ŗ ŗ ങϠ ᖬᄏᆸ Œ Ŗ Ŗ Ŗ Ŗ Œ ŗ ŗ ౦ ྽ Ŗ Ŗ Œ Ŗ ŗ ŗ ᒅгೇֈ Ŗ Œ Œ Ŗ Œ Ŗ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ ŗ ŗ ŗ К̼കгೇֈᄃგ ந Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ ŗ ŗ જۏ̈शᄃ఼྽ Œ Ŗ Œ Ŗ ŗ ŗ Ϡၗ ҂ณ ߝ ᛼ Œ Œ Œ Ŗ Œ ŗ ŗ ොĈŒࢦࢋ Ŗܧ૱ࢦࢋ ŗᙷᛳ ಛăϫ۞ăఢቑዋϡ۞ېڶăఢቑ(˘ਠఢቑă࠹ ᙯܢΐఢቑඈ)ă҂ณăࢍ൪ᄃఢॾ̈́ፆүᄃჯ޺ ۞ᄲځтܑ 5Ą֭૟Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑᄃҋ൒ྤ ໚۞ᙯܼͽܑ6 ᄲځ̝Ą

̱ăඕڍᄃᑭ८

ώࡁտࡁᑢ̝Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑࠎ˘ࣧ݋ ّఢቑĂྵዋϡٺฟ൴ಏҜ̝ຽ͹(ϥ͞)Еٺ൴

ܑ7 Ϡၗ̍ڱᑭ८ܑ၆໰ 1-Ğજۏ఼྽ğ ҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈ߉үఢቑĞ઼࡚ྺຽొҋ൒ྤ໚᜕ܲཌğ Ϡၗ̍ڱૄώဦĞ̳В̍඀؎ࣶົğ ЩჍ જۏ̈शᄃ఼྽ በཱི C1 ЩჍ જۏ఼྽ በཱི EM-006 ᑭ८ ຍ֍ ؠཌྷ ೩ֻࠗহٕ౎ϠϠۏ఼࿅ᅪᘣٕϠၗୂຏડ۞ྻᏮ న߉Ą ޙన Αਕ ᔖҺ྽ྮ̝Ꮈޙ҃ܡ࿣Ϡۏ఼̝྽Ą Ŗ ϫ۞ ఺ี߉үΞЕࠎܲֈგநր௚۞˘ొЊĂϫᇾт˭: 1. ೩ֻٕԼචᖏࢴֻᑕă̶ٕͪዌትć 2. Լචٸێ۞ड़தᄃ̶Ҷć 3. ᖼொགྷ࿅Ϡၗୂຏгٕܬᄞг۞఼ҖĄ Ϡၗ Αਕ ̈ݭજۏ(̈ݭࣲ֯જۏă׌കᙷᄃۊᖪ ᙷ)̝Ϡၗು྽Ą Ŗ ఢቑዋ ϡ۞ې ڶ જۏொજజӸᘣٕצࢨט۞гડĂּтгԛੲथ ఍ăجϮડă૜ڒٕ᛿͢ᕍăႦجᆸăڮ፨ێгٕ ߏٽצႝ߹ᇆᜩ۞ێгĄ ዋϡ ቑಛ ዋϡٺ̋ડ྽ྮજۏ఼྽צܡ࿣̝ડ ાٕજۏዎᔒᑅଐԛᚑࢦ̝ྮ߱Ą Ŗ ఢቑ నࢍࣧ݋ 1. غᆸᑕዛన˿ᚓᄃརཧĂ౵рਕᄃฉዎҋ൒ ᒖဩгܑᖬᄏ˘࡭Ą Œ 2. ΍ˢ˾ΞనࢍϠۏಛ៊ͽ͔ጱજۏซ΍Ą Ŗ ˘ਠ ఢቑ 1. ޙౄᇃھዋϡજۏொજᄃፆү۰̍ү྽ྮ఼ٕ ྽ć 2. ̈श఼ٕ྽υืᔖҺᆧΐܬᄞĂ֭೩ֻυࢋ۞щ Б΍˾ć 3. υื᜕ܲ̈श఼ٕ྽ങϠᖬᄏ̝ᇫ჌ᄃॺങĂۡז ׎׍౯Ϡܜ։рͷགྷ଀੓ٸێᄃኹኼ۞ਕ˧Ą ఼྽ዋ ϡఢቑ 1. ఼྽ޙౄυื႕֖π૱੼ͪҜ۞౵Ҳ੼ޘᅮՐć 2. Яࠎޙౄ఼྽ᅮࢋ޶߽Ăٙͽυืᔖฟٸێг׶ ఼྽۞ਫ਼ྮજቢć 3. ༊υࢋॡĂ྅ཉඕၹॡυืᔖҺҋ൒ͪ߹߹જТ ॡଠטঔͪˢܬĄ 3. ࠎᔖҺજۏᄱ˯ྮࢬᑕనࢍܡ࿣న߉Ą Œ ҂ณ ׎΁ਕԼචٸێ۞̶Ҷ׶ૻޘ۞߉ү(тࢍ൪۞ٸ ێ)Ă݋υื׶ѩี߉ү˘੓ซҖĄ (۩Ϩ) Ŏ ࢍ൪ᄃ ఢॾ Տ˘࣎̈शᄃ఼྽υืॲፂώఢቑ׶ЧᎩξ߆ع۞ ఢቑĂֶ֭ፂૄг۞পّనࢍĄ (۩Ϩ) Ŏ ڦຍְี ፆүᄃ ჯ޺ ፆүᅮΒӣ၆̈श׶఼྽۞ؠॡ̶৺ٕአፋͽჯ޺ నࢍࣧᄻ͎̇Ąჯ޺υืΒ߁ᅮࢋ࣒ྃඈೀี̂ ְĂт੼ూ߹ณă੼ሗѱٕ׎΁၆ٺѩี߉үд૱ ၗፆү˭ົயϠ࢑ࢬᇆᜩ̒ᕘ۞ְІĄ 1. ᑕనཉٺߊѣ۞Ϡၗು྽ᄃۏ჌ྵ૜ะ̝ડ ҜĄ 2. آؠഇߤ࠻ĂᔖҺ఼྽ܡ๫Ą Ŗ ྃ·ޙᛉ (۩Ϩ) щଵϠၗႾീᄃనؠϫᇾۏ჌ĂͽቁᄮΑड़Ą Ŗ ොĈŒ࠹ᙯ! Ŗܧ૱࠹ᙯ! Ŏ൑࠹ᙯ̰ट! ŗᗝγ̰ट Β͛І̚Ăͷᑕځቁᄲځٙѣ۞߉̰̍टυืͽ Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑࠎࣧ݋ĂٚΒથ(˙͞)ፂѩॲ ፂ̍඀࣎९۞পঅଐڶ׶ᅮՐĂΞ೩΍Чี̍ڱ నࢍޢĂГϹϤϥֶ͞ఢቑᆶ८Ą 2004 ѐ઼̰ϤҖ߆ੰ̳В̍඀؎ࣶົ̳ٙ Ә̝ĶϠၗ̍ڱૄώဦķЕѣ 15 ี̍ڱ̝௟ొ నࢍĂّኳྵᙷҬٺฟ൴ಏҜ۞ٚΒથ(˙͞)̝ ߉̍ဦᄲĄਬͽ઼࡚ྺຽొҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈཌ۞ܲ ֈ߉үఢቑ(NHCP)۞જۏ̈शᄃ఼྽ᄃҲ኏ᑝ ёฟ൴(LID)۞Ϡۏ႖߹న߉Ăણ໰ᑭ८ૄᆸ̳В ̍඀ૄώဦௐαۍ̝̚ĶϠၗ̍ڱనࢍࣧ݋̈́͞ ڱķ׶ĶϠၗ̍ڱૄώဦķ۞જۏ఼྽ᄃϠۏ႖ ߹ѰĂтܑ7 ᄃܑ 8 ٙϯĄ Ϥܑ7 ᄃܑ 8 ̝ᑭរјڍΞ֍ĂĶϠၗ̍ ڱૄώဦķ඾ࢦٺ௟ี̝߉̍ဦᄲĂдજۏ఼ ྽۞҂ณᄃࢍ൪ఢॾ͞ࢬ֭൑ᒖဩܲֈ̝ᄲځ (ܑ 7)ćϠۏ႖߹Ѱ͞ࢬ֭Ϗ၆׎˿ᚓኳгă޶ ଧ͞ڱăඕၹ׶ߏӎᅮࢋ᜕ᄏۏăг˭ଵͪᄃ ੨ ཉ Ϡ ۏ ႖ ߸ Ѱ ॡ ̝ ˿ ᚓ ஄ Ъ ۏ ү ྎ ௟ ᄲ ځ (ܑ 8)Ą

ܑ8 Ϡၗ̍ڱᑭ८ܑ၆໰ 2(Ϡۏ႖߹Ѱ) Ҳ኏ᑝฟ൴(LID) (઼࡚੺㝯ᜋэಕڼͳ̄੤ᒖဩྤ໚ొ) Ϡၗ̍ڱૄώဦ Ğ̳В̍඀؎ࣶົğ ЩჍ Ϡۏ႖߹న߉ ЩჍ Ϡۏ႖߹Ѱ በཱི EM-005 ᑭ८ ຍ֍ ޙన Αਕ ૟ܥ͔ͪҌͪѰĂֹ׽វயϠՔ፥Ăొ Њѳߖۏజ̶ྋĂ҃யϠஐ̼үϡĄ Ŗ Ϡၗ Αਕ 1. Ξ ஐ ̼ ѳ ͪ ഴ ቤ ˭ ഫ ګ ̌ ѳ ߖ ඀ ޘĂมତ᜕ܲ˭ഫګ̌ͪኳ̝ΑਕĄ 2. ׍ѣྃڦг˭ͪ۞ΑਕĄ 3. Ξ೩ֻ։р۞Ϡۏԕ᜕ٙĂ֭Ξ౹ౄ ਨ፨໠гᒖဩĄ Œ ೡࢗ Ϡۏ႖߹న߉Ξдࢫܥซˢᇷܥଵͪր௚̝݈ĂӀ ϡ̈ݭ۞ഀ៍Ѱ೩ֻᇷܥూ߹۞ˢႣĄϠۏ႖߹న ߉૟ٺѩ͛І̚ᄲځĂΒ߁ٙѣՄफ़ăన౯ă̍ү ׶ڇચĄ ዋϡ ቑಛ 1. ϡٺ̂ࢬ᎕߹ા̝ూ߹ѳߖଠטĄ 2. ᅮࢋΝੵ੼ּ̝ͧ௕ېѳߖۏ̈́͌ ณ̝໘ྋّѳߖۏॡĄ Œ ˿ᚓ ኳг 1. ࠎ˘ങϠ˿ᚓă᜕ᄏۏ׶ࡀ۞஄Ъۏ(Ϡۏ႖߹ ˿ᚓ஄ЪۏĂBioretention Soil Mixture, BSM)Ą

Ҍ͌дనཉѩϠۏ႖߸Ѱ45 ͇݈ĂϤٚΒથ၆ ̍඀र೩΍ޙᛉ̝ዋآ˿ᚓć 2. ѩ প অ ۞ ஄ Ъ ۏ ̚ (Β ߁ ᜕ ᄏ ۏ )̙ ΞӣѣϮ ๴ăണঀăണॲٕ׎΁̂ٺ50 ̶̳۞ۏݡĄ̙ ᅮࢋΐˢ׎΁ۏኳĂͽҺ̒ᕘങۏϠܜٕߏങϠ ᄃჯ᜕۞ซҖĄ (۩Ϩ) Ŏ నࢍ ࣧ݋ 1. ਨ჌ͽࣧϠݐઝّਨᙷࠎ͹(т઄ᆍ ਨ)Ăፘ჌ΞᏴϡࣧϠ᛿ಕ͢Ą 2. ᄊͪஎޘ̝నࢍᑕ

≤

15 ̶̳Ą 3. ႖߹Ѱ̝׹ಛĂ׎؂ࢫᑕࠎ 3Ĉ1Ą Œ ങۏ Մफ़ 1. ٙѣ۞ങۏՄफ़ౌυืֶፂ࠹ᙯఢቑć 2. ٙѣ۞ങۏՄफ़υืጾѣ̶ڑ൴णϒ૱ăॲրӴ ઉ۞পّć 3. ዌౚ׶ฟ܅ፘ჌υื࠹ჍͷπᏊć 4. ͹ڑ̙Ξј V ݭĂЯࠎ V ݭົᇆᜩඕၹૻޘć 5. ̙Ξѣ̙ઉ૵ٕצ๋ۡश෹࿅ 2.5 ̶̳۞ፘڑć 6. ዌౚፘυืѣಏ˘͹຅Ă֭൑ᗔڑ̒ᕘͪ߹ć 7. ങۏՄफ़υืਕዋᑕనࢍᇷܥഇม̶ͪ࿸׶۞ ˿ᚓĄ నࢍ ࣧ݋ ᄊͪஎޘ̝నࢍᑕ

≤

15 ̶̳Ą Œ ͪ ങϠăޙౄٕ໰ᜪങॺॡυืᔖҺЇң၆ങۏϠ׻ ѣचĄ ڦຍ ְี ड़தΞਕҲٺ̂ొЊూ߹఍நన߉Ą Ŗ Ϯѷج ϮѷجҌ͌ӣ 85%۞჆ᅕถ׶჆ᅕᔡĄӣᔡ۞Ϯѷ جҌ͌ࢋѣ10%჆ᅕᔡĄ (۩Ϩ) Ŏ ޶ଧ тڍ˿ᚓߏᕆ˿(clay soil)Ăυืڦຍ̙Ξд˭͞߉ үஉგĄغԖᙝቡ۞ᕆ˿υืᐹАᖬᄏࡗ0.75 ̳ ̶۞BSMĂГдгܑ˭ 1.5 ̶̳ซҖ߉үĄ (۩Ϩ) Ŏ г˭ ଵͪ 1. Ⴝณֹϡг˭۞ଵͪన߉Ą΍ͪ˾Ҍ͌ᅮ੼ٺଵ ͪన߉ҋ൒ͪҜ1.5 ̳͎Ă֭ͷͽҋ൒ଵͪგቢ ၹ᎝ć 2. υืჯ᜕Ҍ͌ 45 ̶̳۞გቢᖬᄏć 3. ༊ଵͪ΍˾ࠎ؂ࢬٕߏ໛റĂੵܧ̍඀रѣপঅ ۞޽ϯĂ΍ͪ˾გቢ؂ޘҌ͌ᅮአፋ0.5%Ą నࢍ ࣧ݋ ႖߹Ѱ̝׹ಛĂ׎؂ࢫᑕࠎ3Ĉ1Ą Œ

ᜈܑ8 ᑭ८ܑ 2 Ҳ኏ᑝฟ൴(LID) Ϡၗ̍ڱૄώဦ ЩჍ Ϡۏ႖߹న߉ ЩჍ Ϡۏ႖߹Ѱ በཱི EM-005 ᑭ८ ຍ֍ ඕၹ дٙѣะͪгડ۞ඕၹإϏᘦؠ݈Ă̙Ξ߉үϠۏ႖߹ న߉ĄϠۏ႖߹న߉̙ΞүࠎՔ᎕ଠטన߉̝ϡĄдన ཉϠۏ႖߹న߉ॡ̙ΞྻϡЇң۞ࢦݭ፟׍Ą ဦϯ Œ ޶ଧ 1. ޶ଧ۞͎̇ࢬ᎕ăᙝ؂׶எޘౌυืֶ໰ޙౄࢍ൪ซ ҖĂ֭ͷ૟޶ଧ၆ᒖဩ۞ᇆᜩࢫҌ౵Ҳć 2. ΞዋॡྻϡҲޘ˿г኏ᑝన߉ซҖ޶ଧć 3. ̙ΞдϠۏ႖߹న߉۞غొྻϡЇң۞ࢦݭ፟׍ć 4. ޶ଧన౯υืдԆј̝ޢொੵć 5. дٸཉг˭ଵͪన߉׶ BSM ̝݈ăҌ͌д޶ଧஎޘ 0.15 ̳͎఍నཉΞഴቤన߉غొ኏ᑝ۞న౯ć 6. غొυืொੵٙѣ᎕ͪăͽҺౄј˿ᚓඕၹᗫ೸Ą (۩Ϩ) Ŏ ᜕ᄏ ۏ 1. ༊ૄг̰ѣങۏॡăБొ۞Ϡۏ႖߸న߉υืᖬᄏ 0.75 ̶̳ݓ۞᜕ᄏᆸć 2. ͯېർ͢ፘϩߏ઱˘Ξତצ۞ᖬᄏۏĄ (۩Ϩ) Ŏ ඕၹ г˭ ଵͪ 1. дޙౄࢍ൪̚υื੨ཉ៍၅̡ᄃ୻ሒ˾۞ከგ(0.15 ̳͎)ć 2. дޙౄࢍ൪̚ᄲځ៍၅̡ᄃ୻ሒ˾׶г˭ଵͪ۞ԁච ాඕć 3. ៍၅̡ᄃ୻ሒ˾੼ٺϠۏ႖߹న߉ᖬᄏᆸ 0.15 ̳͎ă ֭ͷΐ˯ᓲකё۞ᄏ̄Ą៍၅̡ᄃ୻ሒ˾̙ΞҜٺг ˭ଵͪ۞௣ᕇĄ ဦϯ Œ ੨ཉ Ϡۏ ႖߸ ˿ᚓ ஄Ъ ۏ 1. BSM υืͽҲޘ˿ᚓ኏ᑝ۞న౯ซҖ੨ཉᄃፋ؂ć 2. ̙Ξд BSM ٕϠۏ႖߸న߉׹ಛྻϡЇң۞ࢦݭ፟ ׍ć 3. BSM ̙Ξዛన෹࿅Ϡۏ႖߸న߉̝γ 3 ̶̳̝ቑಛć 4. ᅮࢋͪॡᅮͽᆡᝍ۞͞ё೩ֻć 5. υื೩ֻዋ༊۞Ք᎕ۏଠטన౯ć 6. тڍ BSM צזѳߖăυื੺˯ொੵ֭Հೱ൑ѳߖ۞Մ फ़ćͷ̙Шგந۰ќפᗝγ෱ϡć 7. BSM ۞౵௣؂ޘυืд 24 ̈ॡ̰׽ؠć 8. BSM ۞౵௣੼඀׶ޙౄࢍ൪۞੼඀ᄱम̙Ξ෹࿅ 0.5 ̶̳Ą (۩Ϩ) Ŏ ങϠ 1. ಕ͢ă᛿͢׶׎΁ങۏՄफ़ఢॾυืдޙౄࢍ൪̚ྎ ௟ᄲځĄ 2. дгഀޙౄăങۏޙϲٕჯ᜕ॡă̙ΞдϠۏ႖߹న ߉߉үЇң୭ᖪ጗ăੵਨ጗׶۲फ़Ą ྃ· ޙᛉ 1. Ξͽᄃഀ៍నࢍઇტЪఢထĄ 2. Ξ೩ֻ౎ϠϠۏϠܜăകि̈́ᓄࢉಞ ٙĄ Œ ොĈŒ࠹ᙯ Ŗܧ૱࠹ᙯ Ŏ൑࠹ᙯ̰ट ŗᗝγ̰ट

ტЪͽ˯ٙࢗĂĶϠၗ̍ڱૄώဦķ̝ᑕϡ ᄃᄲځإѣΞГΐૻ̝۩มćϠၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑ Ξүࠎ˘ᑭ८̍׍Ăᑕϡٺຽ͹(ϥ͞)̝൴Βఢ ቑĄຽ͹υืځࢎٙѣ۞߉̰̍टᅮͽϠၗ̍ڱ ߉үఢቑࠎࣧ݋ĂٚΒથ(˙͞)ॲፂ̍඀࣎९۞ প অ ଐ ڶ ׶ ᅮ Ր ֭ ፂ ѩ ೩ ΍ ̝ Ч ี ̍ ڱ న ࢍ ޢĂГֶఢቑᆶ८Ą

˛ăඕኢᄃޙᛉ

Ϥٺܕѐֽ߆عᇃھଯᇃϠၗ̍ڱĂ֭ͷͽ ̳В̍඀ࠎதА׏ቑĂఢؠՏี̍඀υืֹϡϠ ၗ̍ڱćҭإϏࢎϲ၁ᅫ߉ү͞ࢬ۞ఢቑᄃ໤ ݋Ăٽ΄̍඀ಏҜ̮ౝˢ൑ٙዋଂ۞ӧဩĄ߇ώ ࡁտ೩΍઼̰૱ϡ̝Ϡၗ̍ڱఢቑĂΞ೩ֻϏֽ ̍඀ซҖЧಏҜ̮ᑢؠఢቑ໤݋ણ҂Ą

ણ҂͛ᚥ

1. ڒᗉ߶ăܘช͛ĂϠၗ̍ڱໄኢĂځ͛३Ԋ ۵Њѣࢨ̳ΦĂᄂΔξĂpp. 13-14, 45-47Ă 2003Ą 2. ڒܫዂ͹በĂέ៉гડҋ൒Ϡၗ̍ڱ࣎९ဦ ᄲຉበĂҖ߆ੰྺຽ؎ࣶົă̚රϔ઼ᒖဩ ქ̼םົĂέ̚ξĂ2003Ą 3. ዑཌྷĂ”ԧ઼ଯજᒖဩ̼నࢍ۞߄ጼᄃЯᑕ၆ ඉ”Ă̍ຽѳߖ֨ڼ 87Ĉ92-104Ă2003Ą 4. Kirk R. Barrett, “Ecological Engineering in

Water Resources: The Benefits of Collaborating with Nature”, International Water Resources Association, Vol. 24, No. 3,Ĉ182-188. 1999. 5. Low Impact Development Center, “Builder’s

Guide to Low Impact Development”, 2003. 6. Mitsch, W.J., S.E. JØrgensn, Ecological

Engineering: An introduction to Ecotechnology, Wiley, New York. 1989.

7. Mitsch, W. J., “Ecological Engineering: a new paradigm for engineers and ecologists”, Engineering Within Ecological Constraints, Washington, D. C., pp.111-128, 1996.

8. Odum, H. T., “Man in the ecosystem”. In proceedings Lockwood Conference on the Suburban Forest and Ecology. Bull. Conn. Agr. Station 652. Storrs, CT, pp.55-75, 1962.

9. Odum, H.T., “Ecological engineering and self-organization”. In Mitsch, W.J., S.E. JØrgensn, eds. Ecological engineering: An introduction to Ecotechnology, Wiley, New York, pp.79-101, 1989.

10. Prince George's County, “A Decentralized Stormwater management Approach to a Functional Ecosystem Based Design”, Maryland Department of Environmental Resources Programs and Planning Division, 1999.

11. U.S. NRCS, “National Handbook of Con- servation Practices”, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., 2003. 12. William J. Mitsch, “Ecological Engineering--

the 7-year itch”, Ecological Engineering, Vol. 10Ĉ119-130, 1998.

ќቇ͟ഇĈϔ઼93 ѐ 12 ͡ 14 ͟

࣒ϒ͟ഇĈϔ઼94 ѐ 3 ͡ 1 ͟

ܢܑ1 Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑĞ౦྽ğ Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑ Щ Ⴭ ౦ ྽ በ ཱི F5 ؠ ཌྷ ԼචٕொੵΞਕࢨטٕӸᘣ౦ᙷ߿જٕዏொ۞ᅪᘣۏĄ ϫ ۞ дΞҖ׶நຐ̝఍నཉਕ̯ధ౦ᙷ఼࿅ᅪᘣۏ҃д˯ഫ׶˭ഫ߿જĄ ఢቑዋ ϡېڶ ώఢቑዋϡٺٙѣ۞ګ̌ă໨߹׶Ѱ๭ٕߏസڿ۞΍ͪ˾ĂٙѣӸᘣ౦ᙷ఼Җ۞ᅪᘣۏ̝఍Ą ఢ ቑ ˘ਠ ఢቑ 1. ೩ֻ౦྽۞үຽĂυืࢋႽΞਕᔖҺயϠ၆ٺᘓᓜ඗჌ăצރ਎۞̈́׎കгĂٕ׎΁჌ᙷ۞ ࢑ࢬᇆᜩĄણ҂Җ߆ੰྺຽ؎ࣶົ̝έ៉۞ංѣ̈́ᘓПങۏྤफ़ऱăܲֈᙷ౎ϠજۏЩᐂ ඈĂ҂ณѣΞਕ̝ᇆᜩć 2. నࢍ˘࣎༊౦఼࿅˘࣎౦྽ඕၹٕ۰гᕇॡĂ̙ົЯࠎᗝγਕณ҃צࡴٕ۰ѣ̙ዋ༊ۏநᒖ ဩ۞ᑅ˧ć 3. ౦྽૟నࢍࠎд౦఼࿅˘࣎౦྽ඕၹۏٕ۰гᕇॡ̙ົజপҾؼᏵĂੵܧည˘࣎ᅪᘣۏ۞Լ චٕ۰ၣੵĂּт˘࣎ሗѱߝ᛼ົ͔੓၆׎΁ྤ໚̙։۞ᇆᜩć 4. ౦྽ඕၹ׶гᕇυืд౵̈׶౵̂߹ณॡӮਕӛ͔ϫᇾ౦჌ֽ݈ć 5. నཉгᕇ׶Бࢬ۞౦྽నࢍĂٕߏ౦྽న߉ౌυืዋᑕะͪડည໨߹кᇹ̼ᄃګԖ໗۞ଐ ڶć 6. నཉгᕇ׶Бࢬ۞౦྽నࢍĂٕߏ౦྽న߉ౌυืዋЪ̙Т۞ͪϠϠۏ჌ᙷᄃѣΞਕ۞౦᛬ ᆸć 7. నཉгᕇ׶Бࢬ۞౦྽నࢍĂٕߏ౦྽న߉ౌυืዋЪ༊г୧І׶໨߹۞гᄻć 8. ౦྽ඕၹՄफ़۞Ᏼፄυืߏ၆౦ᙷ׶׎΁ͪϠϠۏ൑च۞ć 9. дګ߹۞ഭ˾Ăஉ߽˭ࢬ۞੼ޘ׶உ߽̚۞߹ి̙ᑕྍ෹࿅ᇾ۞౦჌дѩૄг˯ă˭ഫ̝ม ഇ୕۞߿જਕ˧ć 10. ॲፂϠၗᅮՐ҃ᆧన౦྽۞ͪឥυืࢋ௑ЪͪឥனҖڱఢ׶̍඀ఢቑć 11. ٙѣࢍ൪̍үౌ૟ֶፂٙѣ̚δĂг͞ڱఢ׶ఢ݋Ą ҂ ณ 1. ͇Ϡр੽׶̙р੽۞჌ᙷ׶׌കᙷ۞ͽ̈́ᘓᓜ඗჌ăצރ਎۞ă࣏Ᏼ჌Ăංѣ჌׶׎΁ୂຏ ჌ᙷυื௟͕г҂ᇋ̦ᆃॡ࣏నࢍ׶ેҖ౦྽న߉ć 2. ҂ณд྽ྮϹ˽఍Βӣҋ൒ګԖغኳ۞உ߽నࢍć 3. дనཉ౦ୗ̝݈҂ᇋၣੵߝ᛼ٕ౦྽ć 4. тڍொੵ˘࣎റ྽۞ඕၹ૟ጱ࡭റ྽˯ഫ۞ܬᄞٕુ᎕Ăࠎ˞ѩггᄻ୧І׶౦྽ᅮՐٙన ཉ۞ګԖଠטన߉ಶυืΐͽ҂ณĄ 5. ҂ณˢܬ۞ٕ۰ܧώ˿჌ᙷĂٕధົͽᗔϹăᚮۋٕߏѣ็ᇫ়ঽගώ˿჌ᙷٕ׎΁ͪϠϠ ۏͧᅪᘣۏՀ੼۞ሕдّᇆᜩć 6. ҂ณ׎΁ͪ˯׶ౙг۞჌ᙷĂΒ߁ᘓᓜ඗჌׶צރ਎۞჌ᙷĂϫ݈̏གྷдѣᅪᘣۏ۞хд۞ г͞ޙϲകгٕ۰ߏд˯ഫ׶˭ഫгડ߿જͷົజۡତᇆᜩ۞ۏ჌ć 7. ҂ณ˯ഫᄃ˭ഫᅪᘣۏ۞ᇴณĂ֭ͷТॡ҂ณ౦჌ࢦࢋകг࠹ా۞Ξਕّć 8. ҂ณګ໚׶ԍͪ۞؞༼ّត̼඀ޘĂ֭ͷΒӣтңΞͽࠎ౦నࢍਕૉᑒӄ౦ᙷд̙ТϠ׻ล ߱̚ዋᑕ̙Тͪ˧኏ᑝ۞ඕၹć 9. ҂ᇋ֨ͤ౦ᙷ۞߹εĂপҾߏρѐഇ۞౦ᙷĂΞͽ౅࿅щ྅Ꮘ၌д᛿൅̶ͪన߉̚Ⴞ࠻ć 10. ҂ᇋᇾ۞౦჌дࢬ၆ྵܜ఼྽ॡᅮࢋ۞ࢦࢋЃि఍నࢍć 11. ࢍ൪ॡᅮ҂ᇋ఺࣎߉үΞਕົᇆᜩ̼͛ྤ໚Ăٙͽᑕྍдనཉ׶ჯ᜕౦ᙷ఼྽ඕၹ۞ࢍ൪̝ ݈ĂᐹА҂ณ።Ϋ̼͛ྤ໚ć 12. ҂ᇋ׎΁ͪྤ໚გநϫᇾᄃ౦྽۞πᏊć 13. ಶ඀ޘ˯ֽᄲĂ౦྽ᑕྍጐΞਕనࢍࠎ૟౦ᙷдซˢٕ۰ᗓฟඕၹॡజଟࢴ۞ณഴז౵͌ć 14. ౦྽ᅪᘣۏ۞ၣੵᑕྍ҂ณז၆໠гĂ߸ϙડĂ̏хд۞ૄᖂޙన׶ۤົ۞኏ᑝć 15. ༊ॡറ྽̰۞ඕၹϤٺ˭ഫറ྽۞̷˾̙҃Ξ఼ҖĂ֭ͷѣྫ෪ពϯѣ።Ϋ఼྽ዐܕ̷˾Ă ҂ᇋ౅࿅ޭೇ።Ϋറ྽۞͞ё఼ֽ࿅఺ֱᅪᘣۏĄ ࢍ൪ᄃ ఢॾ ఺ี߉ү۞ఢॾυื࿰౯ͽዋЪྻϡٺՏ˘࣎гᕇĄࢍ൪׶ఢॾ૟ᄃ఺࣎߉ү˘࡭֭ͷ૟·̶ гೡࢗ߉ү۞௟༼̏྿זι۞࿰ؠϫ۞Ą ፆүᄃ ჯ᜕ ٙѣ۞ᑕϡౌυืѣፆү׶ჯ᜕۞ࢍ൪Ą఺ֱࢍ൪૟д౦྽ٕ۰ඕၹຫᗼăΑਕָ̙ॡ೩ֻฉ ഇّ۞ᑭߤ᜕࣒̈́Ą

ܢܑ2 Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑ(ՔࡀѰ) Ϡၗ̍ڱ߉үఢቑ Щ Ⴭ ՔࡀѰ በ ཱི B4 ؠ ཌྷ ޙౄͽќะᚙঙ׽វᄃᐼхՔ᎕ۏࠎϫ۞۞Ѱ๭Ą ቑ ಛ ఺ีఢቑᑕϡдనཉͽ᚜ܡ׶ᐼхགྷϤͪྮྻᏮ۞Ք᎕ۏᄃᚙঙ׽វࠎࢵࢋϫ۞۞Ѱ๭Ą ϫ ۞ ࠎ˞ჯ޺෬ͪѰă໛റăګ྽ă̶ͪన߉ăͪྮ׶໨߹۞टณĂᔖҺҲ჎гᄃฟ൴ડ΍னᕘˠ ۞Ք፥ۏĂ᚜ܡϤ̍гயϠ۞Ք᎕ۏĂ֭ͷ೩ֻ˘჌Ѱ๭ϡٺՔ፥׶ᐼхڪăࡀăࡀᚬăϮ๴ă ྺຽᆿୢۏ׶׎΁ᚙঙۏͽࢫҲٕഴ͌ѳߖĄ ఢቑዋ ϡېڶ ώఢቑዋϡٺЇңۏநଐڶధΞ˭Β߁г͹୬నཉܬᄞଠט͞ڱͽ࿰֨˿ᚓٕ׎΁Մफ़՞ᄞĂ ٕਕૉ၁ᅫྋՙયᗟĄ ఢ ቑ ˘ਠ ఢቑ 1. ՔࡀѰ۞टณυื׶ѩѰ۞నࢍϠ׻ฉഇ̝̰ഇ୕ਕ᚜ܡ۞Ք᎕ณٕనࢍ۞᜕ܲณ࠹ඈĄт ڍՔ᎕ۏΞؠഇ୻ੵĂटณΞͽֶּͧࢫҲć 2. ឥăࠈ߸྽׶ଵͪన߉۞నࢍυื௑ЪѰ๭۞ఢቑ׶؂ޘᘦؠඕၹ۞ఢቑĂ׎΁࠹ᙯ̶ᙷ۞ ඕၹ˵ౌᅮࢋ҂ᇋć 3. ᓜॡّ۞ՔࡀѰࡶߏଵͪࢬ᎕д 2 ̳౥ͽ˭۞Ăͽ̈́Бొಟث੼ 1.5 ̳͎ͽ˭ٕధΞͽдଐ ڶ̯ధ̝˭ࢋՐྵ͌۞ఢቑĄಟث౵͌υืᆵ1.2 ̳͎ăᙝ؂ͧࠎ 2:1 ٕՀкĄ΍ͪ˾υื ೩ֻгܑ˯న౯ăგቢăϮᐝٕߏ׎΁۞న౯Ăਕૉዋ༊۞ܡ඗Ք᎕ۏ֭ͷਕૉд՟ѣᄱम ٕࢦ̂ܬᄞ̝˭ٚצ˩ѐ۞ଵٸᐛதć 4. ଵͪՔ፥ѰдυࢋॡᅮనཉщБ׶ঽಫଠט۞࿰֨న౯Ąࠎ˞̂ி۞щБĂдυࢋॡυืన ཉߝ᛼׶׎΁щБ۞ନ߉Ăͽ࿰֨ౝˢ߸ͪ̈́హڪ̚Ąഀ៍ྤ໚۞გநϺื҂ณĄ ҂ ณ ͪณ 1. ၆ٺͪྤ໚۞πᏊĂপҾߏూ߹ăˢႣăᄐ൴ăᄐ೸ăஎᆸˢႣ׶г˭ͪྃڦ۞ᇆᜩć 2. ၆˭ഫ߹ณᄃӣͪᆸ۞ᇆᜩ̈́Ξਕᇆᜩ׎΁۞ͪྤ໚ֹϡć 3. ߹ณ၆ٺᒖဩăۤົ׶གྷᑻ۞ᇆᜩć 4. ၆˭ഫͪҜ̈́׎࠹ᙯ̝ങۏϠܜԼត۞ᇆᜩĄ ҋ൒ྤ໚ܲֈ߉үఢቑ ͪኳ 1. ၆ٺ՞ᄞăՔ᎕ۏྻொăঽ໚ෂ׶Ξ໘ྋ̈́ూ߹̚Ք᎕ۏኳ̝ᇆᜩć 2. ၆ٺૄг̈́˭ഫͪྤ໚ഀ៍࡚ኳ۞ᇆᜩć 3. ၆ٺ᜕ܲгܑ̈́г˭̝ͪܐഇങϠనϲ۞ᇆᜩć 4. ໠гᄃ࠹ᙯͪകّ౎Ϡજۏകг۞ᇆᜩĄ ᙯٺᘓ ᓜ඗჌ જۏ۞ ҂ณ 1. ՙؠనཉ̝݈υื҂ณ఺ีన߉၆̏ࢎϲ۞ංѣٕᘓᓜ඗჌જങۏٕകг۞ᇆᜩĄϫ۞ߏࠎ ˞ֹ఺ֱۏ჌צৈĂٕ۰Ҍ̙͌ົ၆΁ࣇயϠЇң࢑ࢬ۞ᇆᜩĄтڍдᒖဩෞҤ̚޽΍఺ี Җࠎົ၆Щಏ̚۞ۏ჌ٕߏ׎ᙯᔣ۞കгயϠ࢑ࢬᇆᜩĂޙᛉ˿г۞ጾѣ۰ֶፂ౎Ϡજۏܲ ᜕ڱ̈́࠹ᙯڱ΄ఢౢଳפ࠹ᙯ۞ܲֈ఍நֽᔖҺ࢑ࢬ۞ᇆᜩć 2. ѣֱۏ჌ߏͽ˘ѐฉഇ۞ݭၗϠхٺ໨߹̚Ăည୶ͪኇĄ׎΁ۏ჌Ăтᕂ౦ඈĂд̙Т؞༼ ౌົӀϡ໨߹Ą఺ֱᙯᔣ۞ॡഇĂтயӉăࡀϮ˯۞క̈́ѐᅅ̄΃۞ᇬֈౌົצ໨߹കг۞ ۡତᇆᜩĄᓝּֽᄲĂтڍѣӉдګԖ˯ĂಶυืᔖҺ၆ٺګԖ۞̒ᕘĄ఺ֱΞਕΒ߁Їң ၆ٺګԖࡀᚬՔ᎕ѣᇆᜩ۞ҖࠎĂּт໨߹Їңన߉ăҖ֕ٺ໨߹̚ࠤҌߏ˯ഫѣΞਕౄј Ք᎕ᇆᜩ۞ҖࠎĄ ࢍ൪ᄃ ఢॾ ࢍ൪׶ఢॾдనཉՔࡀѰॡυืॲፂѩఢቑĂ֭ͷᄲځтңٺ၁ᅫ߉ү̚྿ј࿰ؠϫᇾĄ ፆүᄃ ჯ޺ నࢍ۰υื೩ֻፆүᄃჯ޺ࢍ൪ගг͹׶ѩี߉ү̝࢑యፆү۰Ą఺ีࢍ൪υืѣྎ௟߉үᄃ ჯ޺ѩี߉үր௚ΑਕԆБ۞ߛၹĄ఺˵υืΒӣؠഇᑭߤ׶̈́ॡ࣒ೇٕആೱຫᗼన౯۞ࢍ൪Ą