Review of the Researches on Debris Flows in Taiwan during Past Thirty Years

(1)

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (

ISSN 2250-2459,

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal,

Volume 4, Issue 12, December 2014)

122

Review of the Research on Debris Flows in Taiwan during Past

Thirty Years

Huang Li-Jeng

Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Science, 80778, Taiwan,

Republic of China

Abstract—This paper presents a historical review of research on debris flow during past thirty years since 1980. The content includes mainly the mechanics, mitigation and assessment of debris flows and divided into the following ten subjects related to debris flows: (1) initiation process; (2) fundamental rheology; (3) velocity distributions; (4) stoppage and deposition; (5) impact force on structures; (6) mechanics and characteristics (theoretical, numerical, experimental and in-site investigation); (7) debris-flow countermeasures; (8) hazard prediction and assessment; (9) monitoring and alert; (10) case studies. Review on the development and suggested future research topics will be explained.

Keywords—Debris Flows, Disaster Mitigation, Historical Review, Natural Hazards, Researches in Taiwan.

I. I

NTRODUCTION

Debris flow is a flow composed of mud, clay, sand,

gravels, water, air and so forth, flowing down mainly due

to its gravitational force. Natural disasters caused by debris

flows often occur all over the world recently and there are

many natural or manmade factors leading to these

tremendous accidents [1-2]. Development of prevention

techniques is obviously based on the understanding and

analysis of the mechanical behavior of debris flow [3].

Occurrence of debris flow depends highly on local

topographic, meteorological, geologic, and hydrologic

conditions. However, there are many factors influence the

occurrence of debris flow in a region. For example, the

special features and natural reasons that cause debris flows

often occur in Taiwan and can be referred to the two

published books on debris flows [4, 5].

There are also some important research papers

concerning about the historical review on the debris-flows

analysis, hazards and mitigation works (Jan and Shen, 1993;

Chen et al. 2004; Wu et al. 2006; Lin, 2006).

The Water and Soil Conservation Bureau of Council of

Agriculture of Executive Yuan, Taiwan, published Debris

Flow Annual Report since 2003 and has built up a website

named Debris Flow Disaster Prevention Information from

which people can browse a lot of information on debris

flow in Taiwan.

Figure 1 Website for debris flow disaster prevention information

There are many researchers conducted a lot of studies on

debris flow in various topics. Their research works usually

published and can be searched from some famous

periodicals related to the debris-flow study such as:

(1) Journal of Chinese Soil and Water Conservation;

(2) Journal of Soil and Water Conservation;

(3) Sino-Geotechnics;

(4) Journal of Taiwan Disaster Prevention Society;

(5) Journal of Slopeland Hazard Prevention;

(6) Journal of Chinese Agricultural Engineering.

(7) Journal of the Chinese Institute of Civil & Hydraulic

Engineering;

(8) Journal of Technology;

(9) Journal of Crisis Management;

(10) City and Planning.

In the following the researches on debris flows in

Taiwan during past 30 years since 1985 to 2014 are

reviewed and summarized. The percentage of each

concerned topic (from the statistical data of the reference

list) is illustrated in Fig. 1 from which we can understand

that hazard prediction and assessment of debris-flows got

the highest attention (18.75%); the second is the initial

process of debris-flow (14.77%); while the third is case

studies (10.80%); and those lower than 5% need to be

improved in the future.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

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ISSN 2250-2459,

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal,

Volume 4, Issue 12, December 2014)

125 It is interesting that some researchers started to apply

techniques related to artificial intelligence (AI) to

debris-flow hazard assessment and prediction: expert systems

(Lin, 2000); fuzzy reasoning system (Chen, 2006);

case-based system (Tsai, 2007). In this trend of development

there are many different expert systems can be attempted:

framed-based, knowledge-based, learning-based (ANNs)

and hybrid systems. Furthermore, some techniques in

knowledge engineering (KE) can also be applied to assess

and predict the debris-flow hazards.

X. M

ONITORING

A

ND

A

LARM

O

F

D

EBRIS

F

LOWS

Building up the monitoring and alert is the practical,

efficient and direct approaches for real-time warning the

occurrence of debris flows. Some researches had been

conducted: forecast and alarm system (Lien, 1997);

application of intelligent control theory (Chang and Lee,

1997); application of hydrologic and physiographic criteria

(Fan and Lin, 1997); rainfall-based warning model (Jan

and

Lee,

2004);

rainfall

duration-based

real-time

monitoring (Chen et al., 2005); automatic monitoring

systems (Yin, et al., 2006; Yin, et al., 2011); underground

sound together with wavelet transform technique (Fang, et

al. 2008; Fang et al., 2011).

There can be many trials on this topic including passive

and active techniques, especially recent years rapid

development of smart phones and hand-held tablets and

Apps. The building monitoring and alarm system using

smart phones via techniques of Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and

remote communication can be attempted so that people can

be alerted in time and prepared to escape from the potential

disasters,

XI. C

ASE

S

TUDIES

O

F

D

EBRIS

-F

LOWS

H

AZARDS

Case studies of debris-flow hazards are sorrowful but

valuable works for the researchers. Collecting in-site data

for future study and disaster mitigation make researchers

understand more on the occurrence, initiation, stoppage,

deposition of the debris-flow and can conduct more study

on prediction and assessment (Huang and Chiang, 1991).

Taiwan is prone to occurrence of debris flow so that many

case studies have been conducted: Feng-Chiu (Yu and

Chen, 1987); Tung-Men (Yu, 1990); Chi-Nan Ravine

(Chang, 1995); Hsu-Mei-Chi Creek (Huang, 1997, 1998);

Central Taiwan (Chen, et al., 2004); Taipei City (Yu et al.,

2006); Chai-Yi Feng-Shan watershed (Lien, et al. 2008).

Some researches concentrated on the study of landslides

induced by typhoons: Morakot (Chen et al. 2009; Wang et

al., 2010; Chen et al. 2011; Jan, et al., 2011; Lin, et al.,

2011).

Case study of debris-flow induced by landslides (Liaw et

al. 1999); erosion mechanism and mitigation (Chang and

Wang, 2000; Chou, et al., 2000; Lin, et al. 2000); landslide

dam breach induced debris-flow (Chen, et al., 2004).

There is a famous Chinese classic proverb: Human

wisdom can prevail over nature. It is expected more

researches can be conducted for thorough study on each

debris-flow disaster occurred in Taiwan to build up

complete data-bases for researches on the prediction,

assessment and alert of debris-flow hazards. However, this

is an time-consuming task and team-working is required.

XII. C

ONCLUDING

R

EMARKS

A historical review of research on debris flows during

past thirty years in Taiwan has been conducted. The

content includes mainly the mechanics, mitigation and

assessment of debris flows and divided into ten subjects: (1)

initiation process; (2) fundamental rheology; (3) velocity

distributions; (4) stoppage and deposition; (5) impact force

on structures; (6) mechanics and characteristics (theoretical,

numerical, experimental and in-site investigation); (7)

debris-flow countermeasures; (8) hazard prediction and

assessment; (9) monitoring and alarm; (10) case studies.

Review on the development and suggested future research

topics are also explained.

REFERENCES

I. I

NTRODUCTION

[1] Takahashi, T. 1991. Debris Flow, Balkema, Rotterdam.

[2] Jan, C. D. 2000. Introduction to Debris Flows, Science and Technology Books Company, Taiwan, R. O. C. (in Chinese). [3] Huang, L. J. 2001. Introduction to Theory and Practice of

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[5] Chen, R. H., Lin, M. L., Liao, H. J.,Lin, S. S., Liao, J. T., Nelson Chou, N. S. and Lee, W. F. 2004. Review and Forethrough of Mitigation Works of Landslide and Debris Hazards. Sino-Geotechnics, 100, 107-126. (in Chinese).

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Keynote Speech, Proc. the 2nd Taiwan-Japan Joint Workshop on Geotechnical Hazards from Large Earthquakes and Heavy Rainfall, Japan.

II. I

NITIATION

P

ROCESSES OF

D

EBRIS

F

LOWS

[8] Wu, J. S. and Chiang, Y. C. 1985. Study on the Relation Between the Geomorphic Factors and the Occurrence of Debris-Flow on the Forestland in Lin-Kou Terrace Area. J. Soil and Water Cons. 16(2), 48-58. (in Chinese).

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ISSN 2250-2459,

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal,

Volume 4, Issue 12, December 2014)

126

[9] Zheng, R. T. and Chiang, Y. C. 1986. Preliminary Study on the

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[13] Chiang, Y. C. and Lin, C. Y. 1991. An Analysis of Rainfall Characteristics for Debris Flow Events in Taiwan. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 22(2), 21-37 (in Chinese)

[14] Huang, H. B. 1993. Study on Relationship between Critical Angle for Occurrence of Debris Flow and Water Content in Unsaturated Deposits. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 24(1), 21-28 (in Chinese) [15] Lin, P. S., Feng, T. Y. and Lee, C. M. 1993. A Study on the

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[21] Fan, J. C. and Mao, C. T. 1997. Hydrograph at the Places Where Debris Flows Had Ever Occurred in Shou-Lin, Hua-Lien-Using a Watershed Model and Simulated Rainfall. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 28(1), 75-86. (in Chinese)

[22] Chou, H. T. and Liaw, W. M. 1998. Study on the Mechanism of the Occurrence of Debris Flow by Excess Pore Pressure in Channel Bed. Proc. 9th_{Conf. Hydra. Engng. July 8-9, Tau-Yuan, Taiwan.} H69-H77. (in Chinese).

[23] Chen, R. H. and Yang, S. C. 2000. Study on Debris-Flow Triggered by Pore Water Pressure. Proc. 2nd_{Int. Conf. on Debris-Flow Hazards} Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Taipei, Taiwan, Aug. 16-18. (ed. by Wieczorek, G. G. and Naeser, N. D.) A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield. 61-65.

[24] Lin, M. L. and Wang, K. L. 2006. Seismic Slope Behavior In Large-Scale Shaking Table Model Test. Engng. Geo. 86. 118-133. [25] Lin, M. L. and Lu, B. H. 2007. Numerical Simulation of Debris

Flow Initiation Caused by Up-Welling Ground Water and Surface Runoff. EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria.

[26] Chen, R. H., Kuo, K. J., Chien, W. N. 2010. Laboratory Study on the Failure Mechanism of Granular Soil Slopes with Different Profiles. Proc. of the 4th Japan-Taiwan Joint Workshop on Geotechnical Hazards form Large Earthquakes and Heavy Rainfalls”, Oct. 25-27, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, pp. 267-276.

[27] Wang, K. L. and Lin, M. L. 2010. Development of Shallow Seismic Landslide Potential Map Based on Newmark‘s Displacement: The Case Study of Chi-Chi Earthquake, Taiwan. Environmental Earth Sciences. 60. 775–785.

[28] Chen, J. C., Huang, W. S., Jan, C. D. and Tsai, Y. F. 2011. Rainfall Conditions for the Initiation of Debris Flow during Typhoon Morakot in the Chen-Yo-Lan Watershed in Central Taiwan. Italian J. Engng. Geo. Envir. (IJEGE), B-004, 31-36.

[29] Wu, Y. H. and Liu, K. F. 2011. The Unified Theory of Debris Flow Initiation by Using Homogenization Theory. The 5th_{Int. Conf. on} Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Italian J. Engng. Geo. Envir. (IJEGE), B-012. [30] Tsai, Y. J., Wang, K. C., Chen, Y. C. and Shieh, C. L. 2011. The

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[31] Chen, R. H., Kuo, K. J., Chien, W. N., 2012. Failure Mechanism of Granular Soil Slopes under High Intensity Rainfalls. J. of GeoEngng. 7(1), 21-31.

[32] Hsiao, D. H. 2012. Investigating the Effect of Various Seepage Directions on the Mechanism of Slope and Debris Flows by Using Simplified Formula. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 43(4), 285-292 (in Chinese).

[33] Huang, L. J. and Hsiao, D. H. 2014. A Multi-phase Mixture Theory for Debris Flows: Part III - Critical Angle of an Infinite Slope. Int. J. Emerg. Tech. and Adv. Engng. (IJETAE), 4(11), 65-72.

III.

F

UNDAMENTAL

R

HEOLOGY OF

D

EBRIS

F

LOWS

[34] Jan, C. D. 1993. Dynamic Internal Friction Angles of Idealized Debris Flow. J. Chi. Soil and Water Cons. 24(1), 29-36.

[35] Jan, C. D., Yu, C. Y. and Wu, Y. R. 1997. A Preliminary Study on Effects of Sediment Concentration on Rheological Parameters of Sediment-Water Mixture. Proc. 1st Conference of Debris Flows. 179-190.

[36] Tseng, S. H. and Yu, F. C. 1997. Mechanism of Particles’ Collision in Debris Flow. Proc. 1st_{Conference of Debris Flows. 191-198.} [37] Jan, C. D., Chang, Y. W., Kuo, F. H. and Lo, W. C. 2009. Effects of

Solid Particles on the Rhelogical Parameters of Bingham Fluid. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons., 40(1), 95-104. (in Chinese).

[38] Liu, K. F. and Wu, Y. H. 2012. Steady Motion of Bingham Fluid Contained between Two Concentric Cylinders. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons., 43(3), 264-274. (in Chinese).

IV. V

ELOCITY

D

ISTRIBUTION OF

D

EBRIS

F

LOWS

[39] Yu, F. C. and Chen, C. G. 1990. Basic Study on the Debris Flow: (II) Preliminary Study on the Flow Velocity of Debris Flow. J. Soil & Water Cons. 21-22(2), 115-142 .(in Chinese)

[40] Su, C. G., Lien, H. P. and Chiang, Y. C. 1993. Study on the Velocity Distribution of Debris Flow. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 24(1), 75-82. (in Chinese)

[41] Lien, H. P., Su, C. G. and Chiang, Y. C. 1993. Study on the Mechanism of Debris Flow. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 25(3), 151-160. (in Chinese)

[42] Ho, M. L. 1997. Study on Initiation Mechanism and Blocking Structures of Debris Flows. Doctoral Dissertation, Institute of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University (in Chinese).

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ISSN 2250-2459,

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal,

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[43] Huang, L. J. and Hsiao, D. H. 2014. A Multi-phase Mixture Theory

for Debris Flows: Part II - Velocity Distribution on an Infinite Slope. Int. J. Emerg. Tech. and Adv. Engng. (IJETAE), 4(11), 56-64.

V. S

TOPPAGE AND

D

EPOSIT OF

D

EBRIS

F

LOWS

[44] Chiang, Y. C. and Lin, Y. Y. 1987. Preliminary Study on the Characteristics of Deposition of Debris Flow. J. Chi. Soil and Water Cons. 18(2), 15-27. (in Chinese).

[45] Yu, F. C. and Lin, C. W. 1991. Preliminary Study on the Characteristics of Deposition of Debris Flow. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 22(2), 1-20. (in Chinese)

[46] Yu, F. C. 1992. Studies on the Characteristics of Deposition of Debris Flow (II): on the Deposition Forms of Debris Flow. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 23(1), 1-16. (in Chinese)

[47] Yu, F. C. 1993. Studies on the Characteristics of Deposition of Debris Flow (III): on the Progression of Deposition in Sequent Debris Flow. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 24(1), 45-53. (in Chinese) [48] Lin, P. S., Feng, T. Y. and Lee, C. M. 1993. A Study on the

Initiation Characteristics of Debris Flow in Gravelly Deposits. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 24(1), 55-64 (in Chinese).

[49] Chen, R. H., Huang, T. H., Tsay, T. K., Fan, C., Lin, M. L., Chen, F. Y. 1993. Study on the Debris Flows in Hua-Lien Aera (I), Report of National Science Council, NSC 81-0414-P002-16-B. (In Chinese). [50] Chiang, Y. C., Huang, J. J., Lien, H. P., Lin, H. M. and Wu, C. D.

1993. Study on the Effects of the Flume Diffusion Angle on the Deposition of Debris-Flow. J. Chi. Soil and Water Cons. 24(2), 91-99. (in Chinese).

[51] Jan, C. D. 1994. Assessment and Prediction of Debris Flow Hazards. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 25(2), 95-102. (in Chinese)

[52] Shieh, C. L.. Tsai, Y. F. and Chang, T. C. 1995. Erosion and Deposition Processes of Debris Flow. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 26(4), 253-267. (in Chinese)

[53] Shieh, C. L. and Tsai, Y. F. 1997. Experimental Study on the Configuration of Debris-Flow Fan. Proc. 1st_{Int. Conf. on} Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. San Francisco, California, Aug. 7-9, 1997. (Edi. Chen, C-L). ASCE, New York. 133-142.

[54] Huang, H. P. and Su, F. C. 2007. Deposition Length of Debris Flow. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons., 38(2), 195-204.

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[56] Tseng, W. R. 2011. Study of Deposition Length of Debris Flow Using Small Channel Apparatus. Master Thesis. Institute of Civil Engineering and Disaster Mitigation Technology. National Kaohsiung University of Applied Science. (in Chinese)

VI. I

MPACT

F

ORCE OF

D

EBRIS

F

LOWS ON

S

TRUCTURES

[57] Yu, F. C. 1992. A Study on the Impact Force of Debris-Flow. Proc. Nation. Sci. Counc. Part A: Phys. Sci. and Engng. 16(1), 32-39. [58] Lin, H. C. 1994. The Impact Force of Dams by Debris Flow. Master

Thesis. Nat. Chung-Hsing Univ., Taiwan. (in Chinese)

[59] Shiau, C. Y. 1995. A study of the Impact Force on Slit Dam by Debris Flow. Master Thesis. Nat. Chung-Hsing Univ., Taiwan. (in Chinese)

[60] Liu, K. F. and Yu, B. 1996. Impact Force and Energy Dissipation of Concave Debris Dams. Proc. 8th_{Hydra. Engng. Taipei,Taiwan.} 521-528. (in Chinese).

[61] Liu, K. F. and Lee, F. C. 1996. A Study of the Impact Force on Debris Dams. 8th_{Conf. Hydra. Engng. 577-584. (in Chinese).} [62] Liu, K. F., Lee, F. C. and Tsai, H. P. 1997. The Flow Field and

Impact Force on a Debris Dam. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanic, Prediction, and Assessment. San Francisco, California, Aug. 7-9, 1997. (Edi. Chen, C-L). ASCE, New York. 737-746.

[63] Ting, C. S., Shieh, C. L., Syu, C. and Pan, H. W. 2006. Study on the Impact Force of Debris Flow on Curved Dam. J. Taiwan Hydraulic Engineering, 54(3), 118-28.

VII. M

ECHANICS AND

C

HARACTERISTICS OF

D

EBRIS

F

LOWS

A. Theoretical Studies

[64] Lien, H. P. 1997. Quantitative Classification on Debris Flow. 1997. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 28(2), 129-136. (in Chinese)

[65] Huang, L. J. and Hsiao, D. H. 2014. A Multi-phase Mixture Theory for Debris Flows: Part I - Model Equations of Debris Flows. Int. J. Emerg. Tech. and Adv. Engng. (IJETAE), 4(11), 46-55.

B. Numerical Simulations

[66] Shieh, C. L. and Hsu, J. H. 1992. Numerical Study on Flow and Deposition of the Debris Flow. Proc. 6th_{Conf. Hydra. Engng., July} 10-11, 1992. Hsin-Chu, Taiwan. 274-285. (in Chinese)

[67] Liu, K. F., Kuo, C. K. and Wu, C. S. 1993. Granular Flows on Mild Inclines. J. Chi. Soil and Water Cons. 24(1), 1-11. (in Chinese). [68] Shieh, C. L. and Tsai, Y. F. 1994. Numerical Study on Erosion and

Deposition of the Debris Flow. Proc. 7th_{Conf. Hydra. Engng., July} 8-9, Kee-Lung, Taiwan. G27-G42. (in Chinese).

[69] Liu, K. F. and Yang, M. R. 1994. Debris Flow Affected by Channel Variation. Proc. 7th_{Conf. Hydra. Engng., July 8-9, Kee-Lung,} Taiwan. G112-123. (in Chinese).

[70] Jan, C. D., Chen, J. C. and Hwang, G. W. 1996. Application of Kinematic Wave Model to 1D Debris Flow Routing. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 26(2), 119-126. (in Chinese)

[71] Shieh, C. L., Jan, C. D. and Tsai, Y. F. 1996. A Numerical Simulation of Debris Flow and Its Applications. J. Int. Soc. Prev. and Mit. on Nat.Haz.13,39-54.

[72] Liu, K. F. and Huang, M. T. 1996. Study of the Front Shape of 3D Stationary Debris Flows. Proc. 8th_{Hydra. Engng. Taipei, Taiwan.} 529-536. (in Chinese).

[73] Liu, K. F. and Yang, M. R. 1997. Numerical Simulation of a Semi-Three Dimensional Debris Flow. Proc. 1st_{Conference of Debris} Flows. 157-170.

[74] Jan, C. D. 1997. A Study on the Numerical Modeling of Debris Flows. Proc. 1st_{Int. Conf. on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation:} Mechanic, Prediction, and Assessment. San Francisco, California, Aug. 7-9, 1997. (Edi. Chen, C-L). ASCE, New York. 717-76. [75] Jan, C. D., Wang, Y. Y. and Han, W. L. 2000. 1997. A Study on

the Numerical Modeling of Debris Flows. Proc. 2nd_{Int. Conf. on} Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Taipei, Taiwan, Aug. 16-18. (ed. by Wieczorek, G. G. and Naeser, N. D.) A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield. 369-372.

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[76] Liu, K. F. and Lai, K. W. 1998. One-Dimensional Varied Density

Debris Flow Model. Proc. 9th_{Conf. Hydra. Engng. July 8-9, 1998.} Tau-Yuan, Taiwan. H89-H96. (in Chinese),

[77] Liu, K. F. and Lai, K. W. 2000. Numerical Simulation of Two-dimensional Debris-Flows. Proc. 2nd_{Int. Conf. on Debris-Flow} Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Taipei, Taiwan, Aug. 16-18. (ed. by Wieczorek, G. G. and Naeser, N. D.) A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield. 531-535.

[78] Liu, K. F. and Huang, M. C. 2006. Numerical Simulation of Debris Flow with Application on Hazard Area Mapping. Computat. Geosci. 10, 221-240.

[79] Tsai, M. P., Hsu, Y. C., Li, H. C., Shu, H. M. and Liu, K. F. 2011. Application of Simulation Technique on Debris Flow Hazard Zone Delineation: A Case Study in the Daniao Tribe, Eastern Taiwan, Nat. Hazards and Earth System Sci. 11(11), 3053-3062.

[80] Tseng, W. H., Hsu, Y. C., Lai, W. C., Jan, C. D. and Hsieh, C. L. 2011. The Debris Flow Numerical Model with Erosion and Deposition Effects: An Application in Jao-Pu Creek, Hsiao-Lin Village., J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons., 42(3), 219-227. (in Chinese). [81] Lin, Y. I. , Jan, C. D. and Kuo, F. H. 2013. Numerical Simulation of

Debris Flow in Jiao-Pu Creek., J. Taiwan Disaster Prevention Society, 5(1), 51-61. (in Chinese).

[82] Hsu, Y. C., Yen, H., Tseng, W. H. and Jan, C. D. 2014. Numerical Simulation on a Tremendous Debris Flow Caused by Typhoon Morakot in the Jiaopu Stream, Taiwan. J. of Moun. Sci. 11(1), 1-18.

C. Experimental Tests

[83] Chiang, Y. C., Wang, D. Y., Lien, H. P. and Huang, J. J. 1992. Study on the Effects of Dam and Downstream Bed’s Characteristics on the Flowing of Debris-Flow. J. Chi. Soil and Water Cons. 23(2), 135-143. (in Chinese).

[84] Yu, F. C. and Lai, C. H. 1996. Flowing Characteristics of Debris Flow with Different Grain Size Compositions. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 27(3), 213-222. (in Chinese)

[85] Jan, C. D. and Chen, J. C. 1997a. A Preliminary Experimental Study on Debris Flows in a Vertically Rotating Flume. Proc. 1st Conference of Debris Flows. 199-209.

[86] Jan, C. D. and Chen, J. C. 1997b. Application of a Vertically Rotating Flume to Study the Flow Behavior of Sediments. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 28(2), 157-164. (in Chinese)

[87] Chang, S. Y. 1998. An Experimental Study of Hydraulic Failure on Debris Flow. Proc. 9th_{Conf. Hydra. Engng. July 8-9, 1998.} Tau-Yuan, Taiwan. H19-H28. (in Chinese).

[88] Lin, M. L. and Wang, Y. S. 1999. The Effects of Surface Runof and Ground Water on the Occurrence of Debris Flow. Sino-Geotechnics, 74, 29-38. (in Chinese).

[89] Lien, H. P. and Tsai, F. W. 2003. Sediment Concentration Distribution of Debris Flow. J. of Hydra. Engng. 129(12) 995~1000. [90] Chan, K. C. and Yu, F. C. 2003. Debris Flows Induced by Seepage.,

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[91] Yu, F. C., Wu, J. M. and Wong, W. M. 2006. A Study on the Characteristics of Landslide in Non-Satuation and Saturation State. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons., 37(4), 389-398. (in Chinese).

[92] Lin, M. L., Lin, S. C. and Hung, F. Y. 2007. Debris Flow Run-Off Simulation Using Terrain Scanning – an Example of Zho-She River Watershed, Taiwan. EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria.

[93] Yu, F. C., Wong, W. M., Hsu, S. L. and Tung, K. H. 2007. Sediment Transportation Experiment with Overloading and Underloading in Steady Flow. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons., 38(3), 217-226. (in Chinese).

[94] Chen, R. H., Kuo, K. J. and Chang, C. M. 2011. Experiment on the Stability of Granular Soil Slope by Rainfall Infiltration. The 5th_Int. Conf. on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. June 14-17, Padua,Italy. Italian J. Engng. Geo. Envir. (IJEGE), B-035. 303-312.

[95] Liu, K. F. and Ai, Y. N. 2011. Flow Patterns for Muddy Material in a Rotating Drum. The 5th_{Int. Conf. on Debris-Flow Hazards} Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Italian J. Engng. Geo. Envir. (IJEGE), .B-041

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[97] Shieh, C. L., Jiang, J. H. and Chen, L. J. 1992. Field Investigation of Debris Flow in Hualien and Taitung Counties. J. Chi. Soil and Water Cons. 23(2), 109-122. (in Chinese)

[98] Chen, R. H., Lin, M. L. and Chen, H. 1993. Preliminary Study of the Material Properties of the Debris Flow at Tung-Men. J. Chi. Soil and Water Cons. 24(1), 65-73. (in Chinese).

[99] Chang, T. C. and Shieh, C. L. 1996. Field Investigation and Analysis of Debris Flow in Lan-Young East Area. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 27(2), 139-150. (in Chinese)

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LOW

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OUNTERMEASURES

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[103] Chiang, Y. C. and Wu, D. S. 1990. Experiments on Preventing Debris-Flow by A-type Slit Dam. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 21(2), 29-43.

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REDICTION AND

A

SSESSMENT OF

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[127] Yu, F. C. and Lien, H. P. 1999. A Review of the Delimitation on Dangerous Zone on Debris Flow Fan. Sino-Geotechnics., 74, 57-66. (in Chinese).

[128] Su, M. D., Wang, Y. K., Liou, J. S. and Liu, C. H. 1999. Application of Spatial Analysis on Debris Flow Potential Study- A Case Study of Chen-Yu-Lan Creek Watershed. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons. 45(2), 52-62. (in Chinese)

[129] Huang, H. P., Cheng, H. C. and Chu, S. W. 1999. Information System for Watershed Protection and Disaster Prevention Constructions. J. Taiwan Water Cons. 47(2), 51-54. (in Chinese). [130] Liu, K. F. and Yang, M. R. 1999. Estimation of Debris Flow

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[131] Chen, J. C. and Jan, C. D. 2000. Debris-Flow Occurrence Probability on Hillslopes. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Taipei, Taiwan, Aug. 16-18. (ed. by Wieczorek, G. G. and Naeser, N. D.) A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield. 411-416.

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[133] Cheng, J. D., Su, R. R. and Wu, H. L. 2000. Hydrometeorological and Site Factors Contributing to Disastrous Debris-Flow in Taiwan. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Taipei, Taiwan, Aug. 16-18. (ed. by Wieczorek, G. G. and Naeser, N. D.) A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield. 583-592...

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[140] Wu, J. M., Dong, J. J., Yu, F. C., Hsial, L. Y. and Lien, H. P. 2006. Evaluating Potential Hazardous Areas of Debris Flows-Case Study. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons., 37(1), 55-64. (in Chinese).

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[142] Liu, K. F. and Li, H. C. 2006. The Study of the Direct damage Estimation of Debris Flow. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons., 3792), 143-155.

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[154] Fan, J. C. and Lin, S. R. 1997. Application of the Study on the Hydrologic and Physiographic Criteria of Debris Flow to Debris Flow Warning. Proc. 1st Conference of Debris Flows. 125-139. [155] Jan, C. D. and Lee, M. H. 2004. A Debris-Flow Rainfall-Based

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[156] Chen, C. Y., Chen, T. C., Yu, F. C., Yu, W. H. and Tseng, C. C. 2005. Rainfall Duration and Debris-Flow Initiated Studies for Real-Time Monitoring. Envir. Geo. 47. 715-724.

[157] Yin, H. Y., Huang, C. J., Lien, H. P., Lee, B. J., Chou, T. Y. and Wang, C. L. 2006. Development and Application of Automated Debris-Flow Monitoring System in Taiwan. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons., 37(2), 91-109. (in Chinese).

[158] Fang, Y. M., Lee, B. J., Chou, T. Y., Chang, K. F., Lien, H. P., Lin, J. I., Lien, J. C. and Yin, H. Y. 2008. Analysis of Debris Flow Underground Sound by Wavelet Transform-A Case Study of Events in Aiyuzih River. J. Chi. Soil & Water Cons., 39(1), 27-44. (in Chinese).

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