「潛」力無窮─班級經營中的潛在課程

ᓉەΓЎޗ཮Ꮲൔ 2011 ԃ 1 Д ಃϖڔಃ΋ය। 119-134

Providence Studies on Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 5, No. 1, January 2011, pp. 119-134

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ȨወȩΚคጁɡ੤ભ࿶ᔼύޑወӧፐำ

Цਁ፵1! Цҏࣔ2

ᄔा

يࣁ௲Ꮲ౜൑ޑ௲ৣॺǴନΑਜҁ΢ޑޕ᛽໺ሀѦǴځჴǴ௲ৣޑՉࣁᖐЗ೿ቹៜ ๱ᏢғǶӧᏢғᏢಞޑၸำύǴ௲ৣคཀ໺ሀޑሽॶᢀᆶ҂٣ӃीฝޑፐำǴჹᏢғࠅ ԖుᇻޑቹៜǴךॺᆀϐࣁወӧፐำǶԶᏢғӧਠޑਔ໔՞Α΋Ϻਔ໔ύޑΟϩϐ΋Ǵ Ꮲਠᆶ੤ભԋࣁ఼ᎦᏢғΓ਱ޑख़ा൑܌ǴӢԜǴ௲ৣ੤ભ࿶ᔼ܌໺ሀрٰޑወӧፐำ ჹᏢғޑቹៜό৒λᚅǴ฽ޣ೸ၸ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑϤঁय़ӛٰፕॊǴаჴ୍౜൑ޑ࿶ᡍϩ٦ ੤ભ࿶ᔼύǴ௲ৣ৒ܰ໺ၲޑወӧፐำᆶ௲ৣܰ۹ౣ܈׋ᒱወӧፐำǹҁЎޑҞޑǴନ Α຾ՉԾך௲Ꮲϸ࣪ѦǴයૈ೸ၸ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑወӧፐำ௖૸Ǵගᒬ௲ৣѺઇа۳ޑ଎ࡘǵ ݙཀԾρޑقՉǴᡣወӧፐำวචȨወȩΚคጁޑфਏǶ ᜢᗖӷǺወӧፐำǵ੤ભ࿶ᔼ 1 ᓉەεᏢ௲ػࣴز܌௲௤ঋΓЎޗ཮ࣽᏢଣଣߏ! 2 _{ᓉەεᏢ௲ػࣴز܌ࣴزғ}

The hidden curriculum in Class management

Chen- Hui Wang*ʳ Yu-Jen Wang**

Abstract

As a teacher in classroom, teacher’s behavior is affecting students. In the process of learning, there are many values and not planned courses with teacher’s teaching behavior. It has a far-reaching impact on student, we call it the hidden curriculum. While students spend their time for one-third of the day in school, school and class become important space for molding student's temperament, therefore, the teacher's class operating out of potential effects on students' course. We discuss this subject by six dimensions of class management. Practical experience proves that teachers easier to convey the curriculum in class management and they always neglect or mistake the potential courses. The purpose of this article is a teacher’s reflection with our discuss of the hidden curriculum, and breaking the previous myth of course, remind teacher’s acts and deeds, so that the hidden curriculum can take advantage of the boundless potential.

Keywords: hidden curriculum, Class management

*

Professor of Graduate Institute of Education, Providence University.

൘

൘ǵʳ߻ق

Ȩ੤ભ࿶ᔼȩ(classroom management or class control)ǴΞᆀȨ௲࠻ᆅ౛ȩǵȨ௲࠻࿶ ᔼȩ܈Ȩ੤ભᆅ౛ȩǹႜۅႜլ(H. M. Lemlech)මஒ੤ભ࿶ᔼКേԋӧ௲࠻ύ᛼ቪ΋२ ୏Γޑғࢲᆅಌ኷ԔǴԜ኷Ԕϣ৒хࡴीฝፐำǵၮҔၗྍǵӼ௨௲࠻ᕉნǵࡰᏤᏢғ ӚᅿᏢಞࢲ୏ȐLemlech,1989ȑǹӳޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼࢂ΋ঁӳԴৣޑѸഢచҹǴ੤ભ࿶ᔼૈΚ ޑ୻ᎦǴࢂ௲Ꮲԋфޑ२ाచҹȐTauber,1995ȑǴ੝ձࢂيࣁ੤ભሦᏤޣ─ᏤৣǴ׳ࢂ Ѹ໪ుΕΑှ੤ભ࿶ᔼӚᅿय़ӛǶ ੤ભ࿶ᔼϣ৒ੋϷቶݱǴӧ΋૓ޑ௲ࣽਜύЬाёϩࣁϤБय़Ǻ(1)Չࡹ࿶ᔼǹ(2)௲ Ꮲ࿶ᔼǹ(3)Ծݯࢲ୏ǹ(4)தೕᇶᏤǹ(5)੤ભᕉნǹ(6)੤ભ਻ݗ฻ٰ௖૸(ֆమξǴ1992)Ƕ வ೭٤ቫय़ٰ࣮Ǵ੤ભ࿶ᔼᗨฅόࢂ௲ᏢǴՠࠅࢂ௲ػύനόё܈લޑ೽ϩǶӢࣁӧ੤ ભ࿶ᔼޑ೭٤य़ӛύǴ௲ৣԖཀ܈คཀޑ໺ሀԾρࡽԖޑሽॶᢀǵᐕўᢀǵШࣚᢀ฻ཀ ᛽׎ᄊ੆ࢉᏢғǴځወӧቹៜхࡴ҅य़ᆶॄय़ޑሽॶǴԜࣁȨወӧፐำȩ (Hidden Curriculum)ǴѬޑวғόܰᡣΓჸ᝺ǴځቹៜΚࠅࢂό৒λ㉚Ƕ ȨወӧፐำȩࢂࡰᏢғޑᏢಞၸำک่݀ύǴፐำว৖ޣ҂٣Ӄीฝ܈҂ཀკޑ೽ ϩȐ໳ࡹണǴ1992ȑǶҞ߻୯ϣ੤ભ࿶ᔼύወӧፐำࣴزϣ৒εठ΢வي௲ǵق௲ǵნ ௲ǵڋ௲೭ѤБय़ѐ௖૸ǴҁЎҞޑόӧ௖ز೭٤ወӧፐำٰྍǴԶࢂ೯ၸ੤ભ࿶ᔼӚ ᅿय़ӛޑ௖૸Ǵᇶа௲ػ౜൑ޑჴ୍࿶ᡍǴӑ᛾ӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼύ௲ৣ܌໺ၲޑӚᅿወӧፐ ำǴନΑ຾Չ௲ᏢޑԾךϸ࣪ѦǴයૈ೸ၸ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑወӧፐำ௖૸ǴѺઇа۳ޑ଎ࡘǵ ᔠຎ௲ᏢޣޑقՉǴᡣወӧፐำวච௲ػᐟวᏢғคጁȨወȩΚޑфਏǶ

ມǵʳ໺಍੤ભ࿶ᔼޑ౛ۺᆶϸ࣪

੤ભࢂᏢਠޑ΋λიᡏǴ೭იᡏࢂҗ΋ဂᏢғᆶ௲ৣ܌ಔԋǴځԋ঩໔ӧ੤ભ္Ӆ ӕғࢲǵᏢಞᆶԋߏǶ௲ৣ೸ၸԖਏૈޑ࿶ᔼǴ௲ᏤᏢғᇡޕǵמૈǵ௃ཀय़ޑޕ᛽Ǵ Ψ൩ࢂ܌ᒏȨৣޣǴ܌а໺ၰǵ௤཰ǵှൽΨȩǶ Carson ᆶ Carson(1984)ࡰрǺ੤ભ࿶ᔼࢂ௲ৣԖس಍ӦճҔՉࣁᆅ౛מೌޑচ౛ᆶ БݤǴԖਏӦ௓ڋᏢғՉࣁୢᚒޑ߻Ӣࡕ݀Ǵځϣ৒хࡴԖਏӦ࿶ᔼ௲࠻ᕉნႣٛ௲࠻ ୢᚒǴϷԖਏӦ௲ᏤᏢғёటޑՉࣁ෧ϿᏢғόؼՉࣁวғޑБݤǶDoyle(1986)ࡰр੤ ભ࿶ᔼࢂ௲ৣှ،தೕୢᚒਔǴ܌٬ҔޑՉ୏ᆶ฼ౣǶEmmer(1987)߾ࡰр੤ભ࿶ᔼࢂ ௲ৣࡌҥکᆢ࡭ԖજׇޑՉࣁǴႣٛυᘋᏢಞޑЋࢤᆶБݤǶЦЎࣽ(1996)ᇡࣁǴ੤ભ ࿶ᔼࢂ௲ৣࣁ٬௲Ꮲࢲ୏ளа໩ճ຾ՉǴа؃Ԗਏၲԋ௲ᏢҞ኱ǴԶჹᏢಞ௃ნޑթ࿼ǵ ᏢғᏢಞՉࣁޑ௓ڋǵજׇޑᆢ࡭Ǵ܌଺ޑೀ౛Бݤ܈מೌǶશذறȐ1999ȑΨᇡࣁ੤ ભ࿶ᔼᆶதೕᆅ౛ǵೕંǵજׇǵइࡓ฻ӜຒԖ࣬ӕޑཷۺӅ೯܄Ƕҗа΢Ꮲޣჹܭ੤ ભ࿶ᔼޑۓကёளޕǴԐයޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼ๱ख़ӧ੤ભજׇޑඓඝǴ೸ၸ௲࠻જׇ܈தೕޑ ࡌҥǴڐշᏢғׯ҅όؼ܈ୃৡޑՉࣁǴஒ஑ݙΚ׫ݙӧᏢ཰ԋ൩΢Ǵаයၲډ௲ػҞ ޑǴԶӭኧޑԴৣΨᇡࣁؼӳޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼ൩ࢂע੤ભજׇᆅ౛ӳǴᏢғӼᓉޑ᠋ᖱǴᏢ ཰ԋᕮؼӳ൩ى୼Ƕ΋૓ԶقǴ໺಍ޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼԖаΠ੝ՅǺ ΋ǵ ੤ભ࿶ᔼа௲ৣࣁख़Ј ੤ભ္௲ৣࢂЬाᡫሲΓނǴځ࿶ᔼሦᏤБԄ཮ቹៜ᏾ঁ੤ભ਻ݗᆶ॥਱ǴฅԶ໺ ಍ޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼࢂа௲ৣࣁख़ЈǴᏢғתᄽ᠋வޑفՅǴ᏾ঁ੤ભၮբа௲ৣࣁЬᡏǴԶ ੤ભ࿶ᔼኳԄᆄ࣮௲ৣ౛ۺࣁՖǴᏢғؒԖ๏ϒཀـޑᐒ཮ǹךॺᆀࣁϐ஑ڋԄޑሦᏤǴ ೭ᅿ੤ભ࿶ᔼჹᏢғᝄ਱ᆅ౛ǴЪइࡓᝄܴǴԴৣࢂനଯޑ៾࠶Ǵӧ೭ኬޑ௲Ꮲᕉნϐ ΠǴᏢғ཮ჇᚆǴ٠཮Ԗၨӭޑ਋שᆶϸགǴ௲࠻ޑ਻ݗࡐᝄ๘Ȑ݅ғ໺Ǵ1994ǹԙЎ ໢Ǵ1989ȑǶ

Β Βǵ ੤ભ࿶ᔼаதೕऊ״ࣁЬ Doyle(1986)ම࿶ࡰр੤ભ࿶ᔼࢂ௲ৣှ،தೕୢᚒਔǴ܌٬ҔޑՉ୏ᆶ฼ౣǶҗԜ ёޕǴ໺಍ޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼࢂаதೕऊ״ࣁЬǴा؃ؼӳޑજׇǴӧ੤ೕڋु΢Ψаइࡓࣁ ЬǴமፓؼӳޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼ฻ܭؼӳޑதೕा؃Ƕ௲ৣࣁ؃ؼӳதೕӧ੤ೕڋु΢Ψ཮ၨ ୃӛᚵᆦԄೕۓǴᏢғ཮Ӣࣁ্܂ᚵᆦԶᒥӺೕۓǴԶό΋ۓж߄ૈ୼୻ᎦᏢғ҅ዴޑ ᄊࡋǶ Οǵ ௲ৣሦᏤ॥਱ୃӛ៾࠶ԄሦᏤ JacksonȐ1968ȑࡰрǴҗܭ੤ભϣԖӳ൳ΜঁٰԾόӕङඳޑᏢғᔒӧ੟ઞޑޜ໔ ္ǴӢԜத཮р౜ӵܦۯǵόᅈىǵυᘋǵණ໶฻લᗺǴࣁΑԖਏ౗Ӧ٬ᏢғᏢ཮ऐЈ ฻ংϷᒥӺೕ߾Ǵ௲ৣѸ໪ࡌҥଆ΋঺ܴዴޑ៾࠶س಍Ȑauthority systemȑ٠ᆒЈ೛ी ೚ӭܴዴޑ៾࠶฼ౣǴωૈ໩ճӦ௓ڋᏢғǴаᆢ࡭ፐ୸௲Ꮲޑ໩ճ຾ՉǶ߫၉ᇥǺȨᝄ ৣрଯ২ȩǴ໺಍ޑ௲ᏢБԄமፓаᝄ਱௲ᏤᏢғǴ௲ৣתᄽ៾࠶ޑفՅǴȨ௲όᝄৣ ϐආȩǴӵ݀௲Ꮴό୼ᝄ਱ࢂԴৣᚷආǴҗԜё࣮р໺಍ޑ௲ػ࣬ߞ୤Ԗᝄ਱ωૈ௲р ӳᏢғǴӢԜ༟೷р௲ৣ៾࠶ᆶᝄ๘ޑѦӧ׎ຝǴฅԶό፾྽ޑ៾࠶ၮբࠅёૈ೷ԋᏢ ғॄय़ޑቹៜǴࣗԿ཮ᏤठᏢғϸלՉࣁޑр౜ȐEdwards,1994ǹVirginia & James,1992ȑǴ ᡣৣғᜢ߯ౢғ႖ሖߔᛖǶ Ѥǵ ৣғྎ೯և౜ൂӛԄ ٩ഋࠪᐫǵᎄ၃അ฻Ꮲޣჹа۳੤ભ࿶ᔼޑᘜ่Ǵ΋ᜪႽ GayȐ2000ȑޑᢀᗺǴд ᇡࣁ໺಍ޑ௲࠻ಞܭ௦ҔȨ೏୏—ௗԏȩ(passive-receptive) Ԅޑྎ೯ኳԄǴ໺಍ޑ௲Ꮲ ᢀۺ္Ǵа௲ৣࣁЬᡏǴ௲ৣᇥޑ၉ซӵဃԑ૓ǴؒΓඪϸჹ܈ޣԖཀـǴӢԜӧৣғ ྎ೯΢և౜΢ჹΠޑރᄊǴջ٬ᏢғЈ္όܺǴΨඪࡗόඪقǴ೭ኬޑྎ೯ኳԄ৒ܰ೷ ԋ௲ৣ΋ཀېՉǴஒԾρሽॶᢀமуӧᏢғي΢Ǵ೷ԋৣғྎ೯р౜ୢᚒЪౢғ຋౩Ƕ ќ΋ᜪӵ๮ୌȐWaller, 1967ȑаፂँᆶץղϐᢀᗺǴඔॊ໺಍੤ભৣғϐᜢ߯Ǵдᇡࣁ ੤ભ߯ೀܭ΋ᅿኩਔѳᑽރᄊϐ஑ڋಔᙃȐdespotismȑǴԜࣁ໺಍੤ભ࿶ᔼύৣғྎ೯ ޑڂࠠኳԄǶҗԜǴഋࠪᐫ฻ᏢޣΨᇡࣁǴ໺಍੤ભ௲࠻ޑৣғᜢ߯ᔈࢂ΋ᅿڋࡋϯޑ ȨЍଛ──வឦȩȐinstitutionalized dominance and subordinationȑޑᜢ߯Ǵ۶Ԝϐ໔Ԗወ ӧჹҥޑ௃གȐഋࠪᐫǴ1996ǹᎄ၃അǴ1998ȑǶ ϖǵ ό৒೚ঁձৡ౦Ӹӧ ໺಍ޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼ္Ǵ੝ձࢂȨε੤௲ᏢޑᡏڋΠǴ௲ৣคݤ៝Ϸ؂ՏᏢғޑ੝፦ᆶ ৡ౦Ǵӆу΢಍΋௲׷ǵ຾ࡋᆶԵ၂Ǵ׳คݤၲԋӢ׷ࡼ௲ޑ౛གྷǶԶൂፓᖱ௤ޑ௲Ꮲ ࠠᄊǴΨ٬ᏢғѨѐᏢಞޑ፪ښᆶᡂϯޑڈᐟǶ೚ӭӧᏢಞၸำύပࡕޑᏢғǴ׳Ӣค ݤளډ፾ϪޑڐշԶܫకᏢಞǴԋࣁ௲ػၸำޑి؎ޣک឴࣊ޣȩ(Չࡹଣ௲ׯ཮Ǵ 1996ȑǶǴӢԜӧڋԄϯޑೕۓΠा؃܌ԖᏢғाၲԋ΋ठޑҞ኱Ǵӵ݀όܺவ൩ࢂό ი่ǵབ੝ٯ฻ॄय़኱ᠸǶ௲ৣӧڋۓ੤ೕਔǴࣁ؃Бߡᆅ౛Ǵ௦ڗ಍΋ೕۓᆶዛᚵǴ όԵቾᏢғޑঁձৡ౦ǴฅԶٰԾόӕৎ৥ङඳޑᏢғ੿ޑ፾Ҕܭ಍΋ޑᆅ౛༏?೭ࢂ ךॺॶளుࡘޑǶ Ϥǵ ೕۓሼϯคቸ܄ ੤ભ္மፓ੤ೕޑᒥӺǴฅԶ໺಍੤ભ࿶ᔼ္ڋۓ੤ೕਔǴа௲ৣࣁЬᡏǴӧ୺Չ ੤ೕਔǴΨคቸ܄ёقǴ΋൩ࢂ΋Β൩ࢂΒǴ೭ኬޑ੤ೕமፓ΋ຎӕϘǴૈࡐזޑ࣮ډ ԋਏǴՠΨᡣΓ᝺ளό୼Γ܄ϯǴٯӵ໺಍੤ભ࿶ᔼύа᏾ዅજׇКᖻٰᆅ౛Ꮲғޑၴ ϸΓ܄ޑբݤǴ൩Їଆ௲ػࣚቶݱޑ૸ፕǴӧѠ᡼௲ػࣚǴᏢਠ࿶தᖐՉ੤ሞ໔ޑ᏾ዅǵ જׇКᖻǴࣗԿࢌ٤୯ύ཮ӧڬ཮ύϦ໒Ⴇวε໵ᄡ๏ғࢲதೕό٫੤ભǴӵԜբݤǴ Ԗ೽ϩԴৣགډᓸΚࡐεǴමӧᏤৣ཮ൔගр፦ᅪǴ٠׫ਜ൞ᡏࡰೢᏢਠၴϸΓ܄௲ػ

ᆒઓǴдॺࡰрǺȨЀځ྽౲Ⴇว໵ᄡǴ༟೷໵Ꮲғǵ໵Դৣ׎ຝǴࢂаಚଋжඹᆅ௲Ǵ ᡣᏢғޑЈ౛εڙѺᔐǶ೭ӜԴৣᗋᇥǴᏢਠҔ೭ᅿೱ֤ೀᆦБԄǴԖၴϦѳচ߾Ǵ௲ ػπբόૈӢᆅ౛БߡǴԶॹՉ଍ࡼǴЀځჴࡼаࡕǴε೽ϩৣғ೿ԖΑ໵ᄡੱংဂȩ (ᖴ᐀ߙǵᖴښࣔǵම୷◖Ǵ2001)Ƕ ฅԶǴᒿ๱ਔжޑે୏ᆶޗ཮ޑᡂᎂǴ௲ৣ೭ᅿаՉࣁऊ״ᆶதೕ૽ግࣁЬޑ໺಍ Ԅ੤ભ࿶ᔼኳԄǴᗋ፾Ҕܭ౜ӧ௲Ꮲ౜൑༏? ໺಍ޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼ౛ۺΏவޗ཮Ꮲفࡋ࣮ၨୃӛ่ᄬфૈፕǴ่ᄬфૈፕۈܭϾቺ ȐAuguste M.F.X. ComteǴ1795-1857ȑޑჴ᛾ȐpositivistȑণᏢᢀᗺǵम୯Ꮲޣўᇯ༞ ȐH. Spencer, 1820-1903ȑޑ่ᄬȐstructureȑǵфૈȐfunctionȑᆶޗ཮ᐒᄬȐsocial institutionȑ аϷṅᅟ༸ȐE. DurkheimȑޑȨޗ཮ೱ஥ȩ(social solidarity)฻ᢀᗺǴдॺ࣬ߞǴޗ཮Ԗ Ӆ᛽ᆶ୷ҁߞһࢂޗ཮ი่کޗ཮ᛙۓޑЬा୷ᘵǴவԶமፓΑȨޗ཮જׇȩǵȨሽॶύ ҥȩ฻ᢀᗺ(Цਁ፵Ǵ2007ǴಃΒക)Ǵՠࢂ೭ኬޑ౛ፕ۹ౣΑӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼύ௲ৣԖཀ܈ คཀޑ໺ሀᏢғ೚ӭወӧޑሽॶᢀǹ٣ჴ΢Ǵӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼਔǴ௲ৣ೚ӭޑೕۓᆶೀ౛Б ԄΨࢂڙډԾρࡽԖሽॶᢀޑቹៜǶӵ݀аҞ኱Ꮴӛޑᢀᗺٰ࣮Ǵ่ᄬфૈፕமፓ੤ભ ύޑજׇᆶሽॶύҥǴޑዴૈԖਏ౗ޑၲԋҞ኱ǴΨૈᡣ੤ભ࣮ଆٰߚதԖइࡓǴՠӧ इࡓ೭ቫ຀ଵޑय़થΠǴࢂցᗋᗦᙒ๱όࣁΓޕޑ΋य़ǻӢԜǴيࣁ௲ৣޑךॺǴѸ໪ ჸ᝺ӧӭϡЎϯޑޗ཮္Ǵय़ჹٰԾόӕৎ৥ङඳޑᏢғǴሼϯޑ௲చᆶ៾࠶ԄޑሦᏤ ࢂցᗋ፾Ҕܭ౜Ϟޑ௲Ꮲ౜൑?ӵ݀௲ৣӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼ္ǴନΑᏼҺ΋ঁᆀᙍޑሦᏤޣѦǴ ᗋૈਔਔϸ࣪Ծρޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼǴவৣғፂँᆶᏢғୢᚒ္ǴᔠຎԾρ࠾ഈޑሽॶᢀᆶᆅ ௲БԄǴ܈೚೸ၸԾ࣪ޑБԄǴךॺஒ཮ว౜௲ػςόӆࢂ΋Ѝણ฽΋చ௲ᚎ൩ૈوϺ ΠǶ

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ୖǵʳወӧፐำᆶ੤ભ࿶ᔼ

ӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼύǴ௲ৣᑈཱུೕჄǵӼ௨ޑ௛ࡼǴ܈೚ёຎࣁፐำ௲Ꮲޑ΋೽ϩǴฅԶ ௲ৣό࿶ཀ܈คཀ໔܌߄౜рٰޑ΋٤բݤǴჹᏢғࠅԖుᇻޑቹៜ߾ឦܭወӧፐำޑ ጄൎǴӧፐำᆜा္٠ؒԖೕჄ੤ભ࿶ᔼ೭ߐፐำǴՠځख़ा܄٠ό٥ܭ҅Ԅፐำቹៜ ΚǴаΠ൩ወӧፐำᆶ੤ભ࿶ᔼٿঁय़ӛٰፕॊǶ ΋ǵ ወӧፐำᆶ੤ભ࿶ᔼϣ఼ (΋) ወӧፐำ ௲ৣӧ୺Չ௲Ꮲ΢ࢂ٩ྣᏢਠ௨ۓޑ҅Ԅፐำ௤ፐǴ೭٤҅Ԅፐำӈӧ؂੤ޑፐ߄ ΢य़ǴฅԶନΑ҅ԄፐำѦǴ௲ৣޑ΋ق΋Չᆶ໺ሀޑሽॶᢀۺǴ೭٤όӧፐำጄൎᆶ ीฝϣǴЪࢂፐำว৖ޣԖཀ܈คཀ໺ၲޑፐำǴځቹៜΚᆶགࢉΚࠅు෌ᏢғЈύǴ ೭ިወӧޑΚໆǴךॺёᆀࣁወӧፐำǶወӧፐำȐhidden curriculumȑࢂҗ Jackson ܭ 1968 ԃ܌ගрǴځҭᆀϣᗦፐำȐimplicit curriculumȑǴࢂࡰԖ΋٤ᗦᙒӧ௲ػࢲ୏ΠǴ ځҞޑၨόࣁΓޕǴՠࠅૈаወ౽ᓨϯޑΚໆቹៜᏢғޑ௃གᆶᄊࡋϐፐำǶٯӵǺ௲ ࣽਜϣ܌ᗦᙒޑሽॶᢀǵ௲ৣޑي௲ᆶ੤ભ਻ݗ฻ǶወӧፐำᗨόࢂፐำೕჄޑ΋೽ҽǴ ՠӢቹៜΚό৒۹ຎǴӢԜΨຫٰຫӭ௲ৣᜢݙወӧፐำޑว৖ǴаΠ᏾౛ወӧፐำр ౜ޑᜪࠠᆶ੝܄Ƕ 1. ወӧፐำΟᅿᜪࠠ ! ! ໳Ӏ໢வύᢀቫԛ(meso-level)Ȑ1989ȑٰࣚۓȨወӧፐำȩǴ٩ԜǴᘜયᏢޣ஑ ৎॺޑ౛ፕǴനܴᡉޑԖΟᅿᜪࠠǺ (1) வᏢಞޑٰ่݀ࣚۓǺ

! ! வᏢಞޣᏢಞޑٰ่݀ղۓǴځ่݀ࢂᏢೌ܄ޑǴឦܭᇡᇡޕሦୱБय़ޑޕ ᛽ǴٯӵǺ୯ЎǵमЎǵኧᏢ…฻ӚᏢࣽǴΨ൩ࢂፐ߄΢ܴӈޑȨᡉ๱ፐำȩǹ ԶߚᏢೌ܄ޑǴឦܭ௃ཀሦୱБय़ޑፐำǴٯӵǺᄊࡋǵሽॶᢀǵਠቼၮ୏཮ Ӛᅿࢲ୏ǵຼ཮ǵ੤཮…฻฻Ꮲਠࢲ୏Ǵ൩ࢂȨወӧፐำȩǶ (2) வᏢಞޑᕉნٰࣚۓǺ ! ! ёϩࣁᇡޕᕉნǵނ፦ᕉნکޗ཮ᕉნΟᜪᕉნǶᇡޕᕉნࢂޕ᛽΢ޑᏢ ಞǴނ፦ᕉნࢂᏢਠޑࡌᑐǵᕉნ೛ी฻Ǵޗ཮ᕉნ൩ࢂӚᅿڋࡋǵ௛ࡼ฻Ƕ வᇡޕᕉნύᏢಞԶౢғޑਏ݀൩ࢂȨᡉ๱ፐำȩǶԶނ፦ᕉნᆶޗ཮ᕉნჹ ᏢғޑቹៜǴ൩ࢂឦܭȨወӧፐำȩޑ΋೽ϩǶ (3) வᏢಞޑወӧቹៜٰࣚۓǺ ! ! Ψ൩ࢂᇥᏢਠޑڋࡋೕჄǵԴৣޑՉࣁᄊࡋǴჹᏢғޑወӧቹៜࢂȨԖཀȩ ܈ȨคཀȩޑǴӵ݀٣Ӄ࿶ၸ೛ीǵೕჄǴᏢғޑᏢಞၸำ೿೏ԴৣඓඝǴ೭ ൩ࢂȨᡉ๱ፐำȩǹӵ݀Դৣ٣ӃคཀޑǵؒԖीฝޑǴࠅჹᏢғౢғΑቹៜǴ ೭൩ћ଺ȨወӧፐำȩǶ ! ! வа΢໳Ӏ໢ܭ 1989 ԃගрޑወӧፐำᜪࠠύёளޕǴᏢਠύޑወӧፐ ำค܌όӧǴхࡴਠቼࢲ୏ǵ੤཮฻ߚ҅ԄፐำǴᗋԖᏢਠޑᕉნթ࿼ǵᏢਠ ڋࡋǴ௲ৣقՉᆶ௲ৣคཀύ໺ሀޑሽॶᢀǴࣣឦܭወӧፐำޑ΋೽ϩǶךॺ Ψёҗ೭٤ወӧፐำޑᜪࠠёளޕǴወӧፐำޑ໺ሀࢂ໔ௗޑԶόࢂޔௗޑǴ ѬόႽ҅Ԅፐำ૓ᡉԶܰـǴӢࣁѬதࢂឦܭ௃ཀޑ௲ػޑ΋೽ҽǴჹܭᏢғ ޑቹៜό΋ۓӄዬࣣࢂǴԖځ҅य़ΨԖځॄय़ޑቹៜǴځቹៜΚதК҅Ԅፐำ ׳ࣁుᇻǶӢԜǴيࣁ௲ৣޑךॺǴ׳ᔈ၀ჸ᝺Ъख़ຎךॺคཀύ܌໺ሀрޑ ወӧፐำǴ଺ډਔਔᔠຎਔਔϸ࣪Ƕ (Β) ੤ભ࿶ᔼ Edwards(1993)߾வ༾ᢀޑቫԛ(micro-level)ࡰрǴ੤ભ࿶ᔼࢂ௲ৣၮҔӭ໨מૈǴ ӵӼ௨௲࠻ᕉნǵࡌҥ௲࠻ೕ߾ǵೀ౛όؼՉࣁǵᅱ࿎Ꮲғࢲ୏ǵᒧҔዛ፞ᆶቚமБݤǵ ૽ግதೕǴаᆢ࡭΋ঁԖਏ౗ޑᏢಞᕉნǴᔼ೷ؼӳৣғᜢ߯Ǵߦ຾Ԗਏ௲ᏢޑБݤǶ ֆమξ(1999)ගрৣғࡪྣ΋ۓྗ߾ǴԖਏೀ౛੤ભӚ໨٣୍Ǵаวච௲Ꮲਏ݀ǴவԶ ၲډ௲ػҞ኱ޑ΋ೱՍၸำǶᖴЎӄ(2001) ௲ৣჹ੤ભΓ٣ނ଺፾྽ೀ౛Ǵ٬ৣғ௲Ꮲ ૈԖਏޑ຾ՉǴ຾Զၲډ௲ৣޑ௲ᏢҞ኱Ƕவа΢ΟՏᏢޣჹ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑۓကёᘜયр ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑᡫሲΓނࢂ௲ৣǴ௲ৣၮҔ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑמѯၲډؼӳ੤ભ਻ݗᆶӝᒋৣғᜢ ߯ޑ΋ঁၸำǴԜၸำޑЬाҞޑǴӧᆢ࡭΋ঁԖਏ౗ޑᏢಞᕉნǴߦ຾௲ৣԖਏ௲Ꮲ ᆶᏢғԋфᏢಞǶ٩ԜǴҁЎύ܌ࡰޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼΏவ༾ᢀفࡋǴջᏢޣֆమξ(1992)܌ ࡰр੤ભ࿶ᔼޑϤБय़Ǻ(1)Չࡹ࿶ᔼǹ(2)௲Ꮲ࿶ᔼǹ(3)Ծݯࢲ୏ǹ(4)தೕᇶᏤǹ(5)੤ ભᕉნǹ(6)੤ભ਻ݗ฻ٰ௖૸ወӧፐำǶ Βǵ ੤ભ࿶ᔼᆶወӧፐำ ӧ௲ػ౜൑ಃ΋ጕޑ௲ৣ೿Αှ੤ભ࿶ᔼᆶወӧፐำঁձޑख़ा܄Ǵ۳۳௲ৣӧ੤ ભ࿶ᔼύǴ཮೸ၸԾךሽॶᢀѐڋۓ੤ભೕۓǴځჴǴ௲ৣӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼ္ਔਔڅڅ೿຾ Չ๱ወӧፐำǴόޕό᝺܈Ԗཀคཀޑ຾Չ΋୸ወӧፐำޑ௲ᏢǶ΋٤ёૈࢂ௲ৣຎࣁ ౛܌྽ฅǵಞోόჸޑ௛ࡼ܈բࣁǴჹ೚ӭᏢғٰᇥǴ೿ёૈӧࢌ΋೽ϩౢғΑ΋٤ቹ ៜǶӢԜǴёаᘜયр੤ભ࿶ᔼхࡴΑՉࡹ࿶ᔼǵ௲Ꮲ࿶ᔼǵԾݯࢲ୏ǵதೕᇶᏤǵ੤ ભᕉნǵ੤ભ਻ݗϤय़ӛ٠คਔคڅ຾Չ๱ወӧፐำ(ځϣ఼ӵკ΋܌Ң)Ƕ

კ კ΋! ੤ભ࿶ᔼᆶወӧፐำ ฅԶڙډΑࡕ౜жӭϡϯ(Post-modern Plurality) ޗ཮ޑᑫଆ3 Ǵ໺಍Ԅޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼ ஒᙯϯࣁ҇ЬԄᆶࢲ୏Ԅޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼኳԄǹ௲ৣӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑᆅ౛வа۳ޑதೕᆅ౛Ǵ ᙯ౽Կ੤ભࢲ୏ޑಔᙃᆶ࿶ᔼǹவ໘ቫᡏسᙯӛӭϡ٠ҥǹவ࠶៾ሦᏤᙯӛ҇Ьྎ೯ٰ ว৖ǹவ҅Ԅፐำޑว৖ᙯӛወӧፐำޑख़ຎǶࡺ௲ৣჹܭወӧፐำޑΑှᆶ௖زԖځ Ѹा܄Ǵԋфޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼ༈ѸाԖӝᒋޑ੤ભ਻ݗᆶวΓ࣪ࡘޑወӧፐำǴନΑёаᏉ ᆫᏢғჹ੤ભޑӛЈΚǵᘜឦགǴᡣᏢғᔶ؍ӧྕཪޑ੤ભ਻ݗ྽ύǴ኷ܭᏢಞǹനࡕǴ ؼ๓ޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼಖཱུҞ኱߾ӧܭ٬ᏢғԋࣁԾρޑЬΓǵԖԾݯԾࡓޑૈΚǶ ௲ৣ೸ၸ੤ભ࿶ᔼ຾ՉወӧፐำǴ܌٬ҔޑೕጄϷ௛ࡼǴԖ٤ࢂԖཀޑǴԖ٤ёૈ ࢂคཀ໔܌р౜ޑǴځ཮ቹៜډ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑਏ݀ǴᏵԜǴ੤ભ࿶ᔼᆶወӧፐำޑᜢ߯ё җ௲ৣӧ຾Չ੤ભ࿶ᔼਔࢂցԖཀ᛽ډወӧፐำޑӸӧᆶࢂցԖཀӧ࿶ᔼ੤ભٰϩᜪǶ ఉڷܴ(2005)ࡰр੤ભ࿶ᔼᆶወӧፐำޑᜢ߯ёаᘜયрѤᜪࠠޑ௲ৣǴϩձࢂԖཀ੤ ભ࿶ᔼޑჴࡼЪԖཀ᛽ډወӧፐำҞ኱ࠠ௲ৣǹคཀ੤ભ࿶ᔼࠅԖཀ᛽ډወӧፐำੁᅐ ࠠ௲ৣǹԖཀ੤ભ࿶ᔼࠅคཀ᛽ወӧፐำӸӧӒᓀࠠ௲ৣǹคཀ੤ભ࿶ᔼΨคཀ᛽ډወ ӧፐำܫҺࠠ௲ৣǶيࣁ௲ػπբޣǴᔈ၀ਔڅϸ࣪ձᡣԾρԋࣁӒᓀࠠᆶܫҺࠠޑ੤ ભ࿶ᔼޣǶ

စǵʳ੤ભ࿶ᔼύޑወӧፐำ

ӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼ္ନΑ᏾ዅǵજׇ೭٤Ѧᡉޑ߄౜ѦǴ׳όё۹ຎޑࢂځύޑወӧፐำǴ ೭ኬޑወӧፐำதࢂ௲ৣคჸ᝺ډǴࣗԿ௲ৣΨόޕၰԾρค׎ύς໺ሀΑ೚ӭወӧሽ ॶᢀǴԶ੤ભ࿶ᔼ္ޑሦᏤޣǴନΑሡाΑှ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑय़ӛѦǴ׳όё۹ຎወᙒӧ੤ ભ࿶ᔼޑወӧፐำǶаΠֆమξ(1992)੤ભ࿶ᔼϤय़ӛϩ٦੤ભ࿶ᔼύޑወӧፐำǶ ΋ǵ Չࡹ࿶ᔼ ੤ભύ൩ႽࢂঁλࠠᏢਠǴ੤ભ٣఼୍ᇂΑ௲୍ǵ૽Ꮴǵᕴ୍ǵᇶᏤ฻Չࡹπ բǴ೯த௲ৣॺǴё೸ၸ੤ભ༸೽ޑڐշǴஒ೭٤εελλޑᚇ٣ೀ౛ֹԋǴӢԜǴ ୻ᎦᏢғೢҺЈࢂ੤ભ࿶ᔼύόё܈લޑወӧፐำǶ

3 _{Ԝࣁ࠶༹ۅ·ӭᅟ(WǷdoll)ޑЬाᢀᗺǴдӧȠࡕ౜жЬကፐำᢀȡ(A Post-modem Perspective On}

Curriculum )(1993 ԃ)΋ਜύჹ౜жЬကፐำ຾ՉΑ၁ಒޑϩ݋کץຑǴᇡࣁ࠾ഈ܄ǵᙁൂϯǵ ಕᑈ܄ࢂ౜жЬကፐำޑੰ౛Ǵࡕ౜жፐำமፓ໒ܫ܄ǵፄᚇ܄کᡂॠ܄Ƿ໒ܫ܄൩ࢂஒፐำຎ ࣁ΋ঁ໒ܫޑس಍Ǵࢬ୏ǵᡂϯǵυᘋǴᒱᇤࡐᜤӣᗉǴѬॺࢂس಍຾ՉԾಔᙃޑࠨᐒکྍࢨǴ ፐำࡌ೛ाᒿਔԵቾډ೭٤ӢનޑӸӧکቹៜǺፄᚇ܄ཀښ๱ߚጕ܄کᙁൂჹҥǴ௲ػၸำࢂҗ ӭᅿӢનޑҬϕբҔಔԋޑǴځӢનࢂᆛރޑǴቹៜࢂᆕӝޑǴᡂॠ܄߾ࡰس಍வᇻᚆѳᑽޑރ ᄊډ׎ԋཥѳᑽޑၸำࢂँว܄ޑǴ௲ৣा፾ਔᇨวᏢғϣ೽ޑόѳᑽа؃ཥޑѳᑽǴፐำᔈ๏ ᏢғԾಔᙃޑᐒ཮ǴӧനԖճޑਔᐒЇวᏢғޑϣ೽ख़ಔǶA Post-modem Perspective On Curriculum,New York Teachers College University Press,1993,charpter 2-6.

੤ભ࿶ᔼ! ወӧፐำ! )2*Չࡹ࿶ᔼ!)3*௲Ꮲ ࿶ᔼ!)4*Ծݯࢲ୏!)5* தೕᇶᏤ!)6*੤ભᕉნ! )7*੤ભ਻ݗ

(΋) ੤ભ༸೽ɡᗉխϿኧΓೱុᏼҺ௃׎Ǵ๏ϒᏢғԾЬวචޑޜ໔ ӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼύǴ੤ભ٣୍۳۳ሡा೸ၸ௲ৣޑளΚᔅЋɡ੤ભ༸೽ٰ୺ՉǴԋфޑ ੤ભ࿶ᔼᔈ၀ࢂܫЋᡣ੤ભ༸೽ԾՉᆅ౛ǴନΑ୻ᎦᏢғೢҺЈѦǴΨё୻ᎦᏢғᑈཱུ ᇡ੿ޑᄊࡋǴ೭٤೿ࢂ੤ભ༸೽҅य़ޑወӧፐำǶฅԶǴԖਔ௲ৣࣁΑ࣪ਔ໔གྷाԖਏ ౗ޑᒧр༸೽Ǵܭࢂ௦ڗࡰࢴޑБԄǴΨ൩ࢂ௲ৣޔௗᇡۓፔૈ୼ᏼҺϙሶᙍՏǴ൩ፎ ᏢғᏼҺࢌᙍՏ༸೽ǴԜբݤᗨ࣮՟Ԗਏ౗Ψૈଭ΢ᒧрӝ፾ΓᒧǴՠค׎ύΨ኱ᠸϯ ΑᏢғȨࢌࢌࢌ൩ࢂКၨᓬذǴ܌аёа྽੤ߏȩǴԖਔᗋр౜༸೽வΕᏢډ౥཰೿ؒ Ԗ׳ඤޑ௃׎Ǵ܈೚၀ՏᏢғ߄౜ؼӳՠࠅΨคཀ໺ሀΑۦහථமፓޑ௲ػޑၸำࢂӧ ᒧ᏷፾྽ޑΓωǶ ੤ભࢂঁიᡏǴᏢғࢂიᡏಔԋޑ΃ҽηǴ؂ՏᏢғ೿ࢂᐱ΋คΒख़ाޑفՅǴӵ ݀੤ભ༸೽ޑౢғࢂ೸ၸ௲ৣᐱຊޑ،ۓǴ཮ᡣځдᏢғؒԖ߄౜ޑᐒ཮Ǵ೷ԋᏢғؒ ߞЈǴΨό಄ӝ҇Ьচ߾ǶӢԜǴ੤ભ༸೽҅ዴౢғޑБԄǴᔈ၀ࢂҗৣғӅӕє໒੤ ભ཮᝼ǴҗᏢғ۶Ԝ໔ϕ࣬ගӜ٠೸ၸ౻ᒧౢғǴԶ༸೽ ໔ޑΓᒧаόख़ፄࣁচ߾Ǵ ᡣ؂ՏᏢғ೿Ԗࣁ੤ભ୍ܺᆶวචወૈޑᐒ཮Ƕ ନԜϐѦǴ௲ৣΨёஒ੤ભπբ໨ҞಒϩǴᡣ੤ભύ؂ঁᏢғ೿ԖឦܭԾρޑπ բ໨ҞǴ٠Ъ೸ၸϩ໨ޑೕۓǴ୻ᎦᏢғவύᏢಞჹԾךॄೢޑᄊࡋǴаϷࣁ੤ભ୍ܺ ޑ዗וǶԶ௲ৣӧ௲Ꮴ੤ભ༸೽ਔΨሡݙཀԾيޑفՅǴࡌ᝼аᇶᏤڐշޑفՅٰ຾ՉǴ ᡣ੤ભ༸೽ԖԾך߄౜ޑᐒ཮Ǵ௲ৣவ਒ڐշǴԶόࢂᐱຊޑा؃༸೽᠋зࡰචǶ Β Βǵ ௲Ꮲ࿶ᔼ ጰ຾໢Ȑ1999ȑࡰрǴԖਏޑ௲ᏢΏࢂԖਏ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑѸाచҹǶԶӧ௲Ꮲ࿶ᔼ္ ߾х֖௲Ꮲࢲ୏ޑ೛ीǵ௲Ꮲϣ৒ޑᒧ᏷ǵ௲ᏢБݤޑᔈҔǵᏢғբ཰ޑࡰᏤϷᏢಞਏ ݀ޑຑໆ฻य़ӛǴᏢғډਠࡕԖӭъޑਔ໔ӧ຾ՉᏢಞǴӢԜǴ௲Ꮲ࿶ᔼ္ޑወӧቹៜ Κࢂό৒۹ຎޑǶ (΋) ௲ࣽਜɡ௲ৣᔈၸᘠค׎ޑཀ᛽׎ᄊ җܭޕ᛽ޗ཮Ꮲޑϩ݋ёа࣮рǺፐำҁيόёૈࢂȨሽॶύҥȩޑǴவҞ኱ޑ، ۓǵว৖ำׇޑӼ௨ǵ௲׷ޑᒧ᏷аϷຑ᠘ޑၸำǴ೿кᅈሽॶղᘐ(Apple,1979; Bourdieu,1974; Bernstein,1977)ǶԶ٣ჴ΢Ǵፐำҁي൩ࢂ΋ᅿࡹݯ܄ޑࢲ୏ǴӢࣁӧፐ ำ׎ԋޑၸำύǴ۳۳х֖๱೚ӭ໘ભճ੻ǵ࿶ᔮᆶЎϯϩଛ฻ሽॶፂँᆶჹҥޑୢᚒ (Lawton,1975; Eggieston,1977; Apple,1990)Ƕ၈ӵՆݢȐM.Apple,1976ȑ܌ᇥǺȨᏢਠύ ޑޕ᛽׎Ԅόፕࢂᡉ๱܈ࢂᗦᙒޑǴ೿ᆶ៾Κǵ࿶ᔮၗྍکޗ཮௓ڋ……฻ԖᜢǴޕ᛽ ޑᒧ᏷Ǵջ٬ࢂคཀ᛽ޑǴΨ೿ᆶཀ᛽ࠠᄊԖᜢǶȩ ӢԜ௲ৣӧ௤ፐਔӵ݀όݙཀᏢಞϣ৒ङࡕޑወӧፐำǴаϷᏢಞၸำύޕ᛽ǵሽ ॶޑᏢಞᆶ៾Κ่ᄬ܈ޗ཮໘ቫޑᜢ߯Ǵٗሶ൩คݤΑှፐำޑ੿࣬Ǵ௲Ꮲёૈԋࣁឲ ᒡǴᏢਠΨёૈԋࣁཀ᛽׎ᄊޑᇙ೷πቷǶځύӧ௲ࣽਜύനதр౜ޑወӧፐำхࡴ܄ ձǵᅿ௼ǵ໘ભ฻όϦѳޑݔຎǴ৒ܰ೷ԋᏢғόᔉள൧ख़ঁᡏᆶЎϯৡ౦ǴӢԜǴ௲ ৣό၀ѝࢂঁ௲ਜӐǴ׳ᔈ၀ҔЈ࿶ᔼ௲Ꮲύёૈр౜ޑወӧፐำǴᗉխр౜໺ሀॄय़ ሽॶ๏ϒᏢғǶ (Β) ፐำ೛ीɡ௲ৣᔈஒፐำ௲Ꮲӭϡϯ٠Ԗፐำ೛ीૈΚ ᒿ๱ӭϡЎϯޑว৖Ǵ௲ৣޑ௲Ꮲמѯᆶፐำ೛ीૈΚǴςόૈӆࢂྣҁ࠹ࣽ௲Ꮴ ௲ࣽਜ΢ޑޕ᛽Ǵ௲ৣѸ໪ૈ୼๏ϒᏢғЬ୏ୖᆶǵεᖌ჋၂ǵЬ୏௖઩ޑᐒ཮Ǵӧፐ ำ೛ी΢ନΑૈࡀନ௲ࣽਜ໺ሀཀ᛽׎ᄊޑፐำѦǴ׳೸ၸӭϡᆶᡂϯޑ௲ᏢӼ௨ѐЇ วᏢғޑᏢಞᑫ፪Ƕ

ӧፐำჴࡼਔǴନΑᇡޕޕ᛽ޑ໺ሀѦǴמૈࢲ୏ޑ௲ᏤǴ׳ख़ाࢂόૈ۹ຎ؂ঁ ൂϡ௃ཀޑ௲ᏢǴ೚ӭ௲ৣӧϲᏢᆶᇴ຾ࡋޑᓸΠǴ۳۳ీࣁൂપ௲ਜޑ௲ਜӐǴԶב ΑᏢਠ௲ػޑനಖҁ፦όࢂᇙ೷཮᠐ਜǵԵ၂ޑᏢғǴԶࢂ೸ၸᏢਠ௲ػ୻Ꭶؼӳࠔቺ ޑӳϦ҇Ƕ ௲ৣӧ຾Չ௲ᏢຑໆਔǴϮаൂ΋Ե၂БԄ຾ՉǴֽज़ΑᏢғወૈޑว৖Ǵค׎ύ ᡣᏢғᡂԋϩኧޑѩᗧǴ؂ϺࣁΑགྷ৾ଯϩόᘐ಄ᔈ௲ৣޑा؃ೕۓǴٯӵǺȨӧೕۓ ਔ໔ϣֹԋёауϩȩǵȨฝޑຫႽޑϩኧຫଯȩ฻Ƕ྽ᏢғؒԖΑԾךǴᏢಞΨ཮ᅌ ᅌᡂԋόז኷ޑ٣௃Ǵ܈೚Ե၂ࢂϲᏢޑ΋ঁѸाЋࢤǴค׎ύ௲ৣΨឲᒡᏢғ᠐ਜω ཮ԋфޑᢀۺǴځჴΨࢂঁᒱᇤޑወӧፐำǴᆶځ๏ᏢғങӞǴόӵ௲ᏤдഄങޑБԄǴ ୻Ꭶ҅ዴޑΓғᄊࡋωࢂ௲ػޑനಖ٩ᘜǶ (Ο) ፐำ௲ᏢɡႴᓰᏢғჹܭፐำϣ৒ᆶᏢਠࢲ୏ޑࢰჸΚ ௲ৣӧ௲ᏢޑၸำύǴନΑፐำޕ᛽ޑ໺ሀѦǴᔈ၀୻ᎦᏢғࢰჸޕ᛽ޑૈΚǴ໺ ಍ޑ௲ᏢБԄǴᏢғࣣࢂ೏୏ௗԏޕ᛽ޑفՅǴᒿ๱ࡕ౜жЬကޑᑫଆǴ௲Ꮲמѯᆶຑ ໆБԄޑӭϡϯǴᏢғᔈ೸ၸӚᅿБԄ߄ၲдॺჹᏢਠወӧፐำޑ᝺ჸǴيࣁ௲ৣޑך ॺᔈႴᓰᏢғჹܭፐำϣ৒ᆶᏢਠࢲ୏ǴวචځץղΚᆶബ೷ΚǴନΑჹፐำϣ৒ᆶᏢ ਠࢲ୏ޑץຑϐѦǴ׳ૈวචബ೷ΚǴаගр׳ڀᡏޑࡌ᝼Ǵа٬ፐำϣ৒ᆶᏢਠࢲ୏ ૈ׳ᅈىᏢғޑሡ؃ǴᡣᏢਠόӆԋࣁཀ᛽׎ᄊޑᇙ೷ቷǶ (Ѥ) જׇᆅ౛ɡᗉխ៾࠶ޑܺவ ՆݢᢀჸΑѴ࿧༜ύٽูޑᏢಞғࢲǴว౜ӧѴ࿧༜ޑ௲࠻ύǴλܻ϶Ѹ໪Ꮲಞ٠ ᒥӺ௲ৣ܌ुۓޑೕۓǴ௲ৣයఈٽู፾ᔈ੤ભიᡏғࢲǴӢԜǴा؃΢ፐਔ໔όૈᒿ ཀو୏ǵהڙѦय़ޑᏓॣǵ΢ፐόૈᖱ၉аխυᘋӕᏢᏢಞ฻ᅿᅿೕۓ(Apple,1982)Ƕ ௲ৣӧ௲ᏢਔࣁΑ௲Ꮲޑ໩ᄣǴᆶ൧ख़дΓᏢಞޑ៾ճǴӧ௲Ꮲ࿶ᔼύՔᒿ๱જׇதೕ ޑᆅ౛ǴฅԶӧᆅ౛ޑၸำύǴᔈ၀ࢂᡣᏢғܴқԾࡓᆶ൧ख़дΓޑख़ा܄ǴԶόѝࢂ ௲ᏤᏢғԋࣁ᠋၉ޑᐒᏔΓǶ ೚ӭ௲ৣӧᆅ౛જׇਔǴ཮р౜Ȩӧ֐൩рѐᆦઠȩǵȨ๏ךӼᓉᗺȩ฻៾࠶ܺவޑ ӷ౳Ǵӧอਔ໔ϣᏢғ཮ଶЗ֐ᎵܺவڮзǴՠᆢ࡭ޑਔ໔ёૈόΦǴচӢрӧǴ௲ৣ ໺ሀр៾࠶ޑૻ৲Ǵा؃ᏢғܺவǴ٠ؒԖ௲ᏤᏢғ΢ፐሡाԖજׇޑচӢǴӵ݀௲ৣ ૈ୼ඤԋȨךॺёаӧ፾྽ޑਔ໔วقǴᏢಞ൧ख़дΓȩ฻౛܄ӷ౳Ǵаගᒬڗжೢഢǵ а൧ख़ڗжܺவǴᡣᏢғԖᐱҥࡘԵޑᐒ཮Ǵόा΋ࢁޑ਍ፁԾρޑ௲ৣ࠶ᝄԶԋΑϸ ௲ػǶ Ο Οǵ Ծݯࢲ୏ ΐԃ΋ೣፐำᆜाჴࡼࡕǴ௲Ꮲ࿯ኧ္ӭΑቸ܄ᆶޜқਔ໔ǴԜޜқਔ໔ೕჄޑҔ ཀǴࢂᡣᏢғӧᆙ෣ޑᏢಞࢲ୏ࡕΨԖ੃ϯ᏾౛ޑਔ໔Ǵനख़ाޑҞޑࢂा୻ᎦᏢғவ ٣Ծךᆅ౛ޑૈΚǶ (΋) Ծঅፐɡ๏ϒᏢғԾךᏢಞޑਔ໔ ӧ୯ύޑ௲Ꮲ࿯ኧ္ԖӼ௨΋࿯Ծঅፐਔ໔Ǵ೭࿯ፐ๏ϒ੤΢ԾՉၮҔǴᏤৣёа όҔډ੤΢ࡰᏤᏢғǴՠε೽ϩޑ੤ભǴᛖܭ௲Ꮲ຾ࡋޑᓸΚǴ೯த཮ஒԜ࿯ፐӼ௨Ե ၂ǴࡐӭԴৣΨ೿ᇡࣁǴԾঅፐӼ௨Ե၂ࢂന৒ܰᆅ౛ᏢғޑБԄǴᆶځ࣮๱Ꮲғӧว քǴόӵٰ৾Ե၂཮КၨԖཀကǴȨԵ၂КၨԖཀကȩ೭ࢂ௲ৣ΃൶௃ᜫޑሽॶᇡۓǴ ٠όж߄ᏢғΨᇡӕ೭ኬޑБԄǶฅԶǴӧ௲Ꮲ౜൑Ψ੿ჴޑว౜ǴᏢғ՟Яόᔉளၮ Ҕޜқፐำޑਔ໔Ǵ྽ؒԖԵ၂ਔǴӭኧޑᏢғఈ๱໵݈วքǴ܈ޣेΠᅵ᝺Ǵךགྷ೭ ኬޑՉࣁ߄౜Ǵ٠όࢂፐำೕჄ੿҅ޑҔཀǶيࣁ੤ભሦᏤޣޑ௲ৣॺǴёаӛᏢғᇥ

ܴԾঅፐޑҔཀǴᡣᏢғᏢಞӼ௨ԾךᏢಞޑीฝǴԶόࢂҔԵ၂ѐ༤ᅈᏢғޑޜқਔ ໔Ǵ܈ޣǴ௲ৣΨёճҔԜޜқਔ໔ٰᒤ౛੤ભࢲ୏ǴᏉᆫ੤ભӛЈΚǴߦ຾ৣғᜢ߯Ƕ (Β) ੤཮ፐɡᗉխࢬܭ׎ԄϯᆶগღᏢғ҇Ь߄౜ޑᐒ཮ ੤཮ࢂᏢғख़ाޑϦ҇૽ግǴቹៜ๱Ꮲғ҇ЬનᎦϷ҇ЬᆒઓǴεӭኧޑᏢғ೿Ԗ ୖᆶ੤཮ޑ࿶ᡍǴՠࠅόޕၰ੤཮੿҅ޑҔཀǶӧ௲Ꮲ࿯ኧ೛ҥ੤཮ਔ໔ǴନΑ୻ᎦᏢ ғ҇ЬݤݯޑᆒઓѦǴ੤཮Ԗ׳ख़ाޑҺ୍Ǵ൩ࢂᏢਠᆶᏢғϐ໔ྎ೯ޑᆅၰǴ೸ၸ੤ ཮ёаӛᏢਠϸࢀ܈ࡌ᝼٣௃ǴฅԶӭኧޑᏤৣࣁ࿯࣪ഞྠǴத཮ஒ੤཮ਔ໔ਊҔࣁԵ ၂܈ޣံፐਔ໔ǴগღᏢғ҇ЬᏢಞᆶ᝼ᚒ૸ፕޑᐒ཮Ƕ ౛གྷύޑ੤཮ፐǴନΑ੤ભ༸೽؂ຼख़ा٣໨ൔ֋ᆶᔠ૸ѦǴ׳ᔈ၀ࢂଞჹ؂ঁᘶ ࡨޑЬᚒкϩ଺૸ፕǴ٠๏ϒᏢਠύޭޑࡌ᝼ǶԶ੤཮຾Չޑ׎ԄǴନΑ᝼ᚒ૸ፕѦǴ ௲ৣόѸܥݝܭ૸ፕޑ׎ԄǴΨёᒤ౛੤ભࢲ୏ǵϩಔ៏ፕǵω᛬߄ᄽ฻БԄ຾ՉǶഋ Ӏ፵(1990)ගр੤཮ޑфૈЬाԖǺගଯᏢғԾݯޑૈΚǵวච҇Ь௲ػޑфૈǵமϯ Ӻݤᆒઓǵ୻Ꭶ୍ܺ዗וǵкჴወӧፐำǵЇᏤሽॶᢀۺ฻фૈǴҗԜёޕǴ௲ৣ׳၀ ख़ຎ੤཮ፐำޑ຾ՉǴวච੤཮ፐ҅ӛфૈǶ Ѥ Ѥǵ தೕ૽ግ தೕཀԑ΋ಔܴҢޑೕ߾کำׇǴ࣮ଆٰᙁൂܴᕕǴฅԶჴሞჴՉ΢ǴࠅΞڀቶݱ ԶፄᚇǶதೕԾ׎ԋаԿೣᄇ୺ՉǴჹ௲ৣࢂ୷ҁՠፄᚇޑמѯǴჹᏢғΨࢂ΋໨ख़ा ΞڀቹៜΚޑወӧፐᚒǶ (΋) ੤ભதೕɡइࡓΨाΓ܄ϯ ڋۓ੤ભதೕޑҞޑࢂाᡣᏢғӧიᡏғࢲύૈԖܴዴࡰЇޑБଞǶ໺಍ޑ੤ೕڋ ۓ೯தа௲ৣࣁЬǴᏢғؒԖ߄ၲཀـޑᐒ཮ǴΨόޕၰ੤ೕޑཀကՖӧǻԙЎ໢Ȑ1993ȑ ࣴزࡰрǺ௲࠻தೕ߯வ௲ৣයఈᙯϯԶٰǴ೯தӃע௲ৣයᙯϯࣁ੤ભҞ኱Ǵӆע੤ ભҞ኱ᙯϯࣁ௲࠻தೕǶҗԜёޕǴ੤ೕڋۓΨ೸៛р௲ৣޑሽॶղۓǴ٠ஒ௲ৣᇡۓ ޑሽॶᢀคཀύ໺ሀ๏ᏢғǴा؃ᏢғѸ໪ܺவ௲ৣᇡۓޑሽॶǴόᘐЍଛᏢғޑགྷݤ ᆶሽॶղᘐǴค׎ύΨԋࣁ໺ሀཀ᛽׎ᄊޑ௢ЋǶӢԜǴ௲ৣӧڋۓ੤ೕਔᔈᗉխமу ԾρޑሽॶᢀܭᏢғي΢Ǵа໒ܫௗયޑᄊࡋѐय़ჹǶ ؼӳޑ੤ભதೕڋۓǴё٣ӃႣ೛ӳ੤ભҞ኱Ǵӧஒ੤ભҞ኱ᙯϯࣁ੤ભதೕǴЪ ڋۓޑၸำᔈҗৣғӅӕ૸ፕǴ٠ӧჴՉ΋ࢤਔ໔ࡕǴख़ཥᔠຎ೭ኬޑ੤ೕࢂցӝ፾ǻ ܈ޣሡाঅׯፓ᏾Ƕڋۓֹ੤ೕǴёஒ੤ೕϦ֋ܭ௲࠻թ࿼ύǴచӈԄమཱޑᇥܴೕ߾Ǵ ٠а҅ӛႴᓰޑӷ౳ڗඹೢഢόߞҺޑ၉ᇟǴёᡣӕᏢӧ੤ೕ΢଺ᛝ࿿ޑ୏բǴаҢᇡ ӕᆶᒥӺޑ،ЈǶ നࡕǴനख़ाޑᗋࢂ੤ೕޑ୺ՉΚǴԖ೚ӭ੤ભԖؼӳᆶֹ᏾ޑ੤ભೕۓǴՠ୺Չ ԋਏࠅό٫ǴচӢрӧ௲ৣؒԖ୲ۓޑᄊࡋᆶޚ࡭ޑচ߾ǴᏤठ੤ೕ׎ӕ຀೛ǴӢԜǴ ௲ৣӧ୺Չ੤ೕਔǴନΑޚ࡭୷ҁޑচ߾ѦǴ૶ள๏ϒᏢғӝ౛ޑቸ܄ޜ໔Ǵᡣइࡓᆶ Γ܄ϯฝ΢฻ဦǴനಖ୻ᎦᏢғόҔೕጄΨૈԖؼӳԾךᆅ౛ૈΚǶ ϖǵ ੤ભᕉნ ஭ྦྷᅚȐ1995ȑࡰр੤ભᕉნޑϣ఼хࡴԖ׎ޑނ፦ᕉნǴࡰޑࢂ௲࠻ޜ໔ǵ௲׷ ᆶ௲Ꮲ೛ഢǴаϷᓯӸԏᙒ௲׷௲ڀޑ൑܌Ƕ୷ҁ΢Ǵ؂ঁ੤ભ೿Ԗঁ࿶ᔼࢲ୏ޑڰۓ ௲࠻Ǵ੤ભ௲࠻ޑނ౛ޜ໔Ǵচࢂόڀғڮᆶཀကޑޜ໔ǴฅԶ΋ѿ੤ભৣғ؁Ε௲࠻Ǵ ߡᆶϐౢғϕ୏ᜢ߯ǴӢԜǴ௲ৣѸ໪ΑှၮҔӼ௨௲࠻ᕉნޑ฼ౣǴаគளᏢғޑӝ բǴቚ຾௲ৣ௲ᏢᆶᏢғᏢಞޑԋਏǴ೸ၸ੤ભᕉნวචნ௲ޑወӧфૈǶ

(΋) ੤ભ০ՏɡሼϯԖᛖܭ௲Ꮲ ੤ભৣғӧ௲࠻ύ০ՏޑӼ௨ࢂᏢಞޜ໔ೕჄޑЬाख़Јϐ΋Ǵ੤ભ০ՏޑӼ௨ჹ ܭᏢғޑᏢಞୖᆶำࡋᆶᏢ཰ԋᕮԖ܌ቹៜǴ೯தа߻ࢤ০ՏޑᏢғၨதᆶ௲ৣԖ܌ϕ ୏Ǵ০Տ᎞߈ืЊޑࡕࢤᏢғ߾ၨ৒ܰڙډѦӧᕉნޑቹៜǶԶ೯த੤ભ০ՏӼ௨ޑ׎ ԄόѦЯંତԄǵଭᒙԄǵϩಔԄΟᅿ׎ԄǴځύӧ੤ભ௲࠻ύനதр౜ޑࢂаൂΓ܈ ᚈΓᏢғࣁൂՏǴӚൂՏа߻ࡕǵѰѓа฻ຯᚆ௨໒Ǵӄ੤᏾ᡏ׎ԋ΋ߏቨௗ߈ޑБ׎ ંତǶ ંତԄޑ০ՏӼ௨ஒᏢғ΋ঁ΋ঁჄϩ໒Ǵ፾ҔܭԵ၂০Տᆶ΋૓΢ፐ׎Ԅޑ০ՏǴ ০Տ໔۶ԜޑຯᚆᡣᏢғόܰӧፐ୸΢଺૸ፕ܈ޣϩಔࢲ୏ǴฅԶჹܭ௲ৣԶقǴંତ Ԅޑ০Տ࣮ଆٰၨԖइࡓΨ᏾ሸჄ΋ǴજׇΨၨ৒ܰඓ௓ǴӢԜӭኧޑ੤ભ০Տ཮௦Ҕ Ԝ׎ԄǶӵԜ᏾ሸჄ΋ޑ০Տࢂց཮ወӧሼϯΑᏢғޑᏢಞǻᛖܭ০Տޑᜢ߯ǴᏢғӧ ૸ፕਔഗӭΨѝૈ߻ࡕ૸ፕၨБߡǴ܈ޣӧࢲ୏຾ՉਔǴΨҗܭ০Տޑຯᚆค׎܎໒Α Ꮲғ۶Ԝ໔ޑຯᚆǴӢԜǴӧᏢғᏢಞޑၸำύǴךॺࢂցёаѺઇሼϯޑ০ՏǴ೸ၸ ӭϡᡂϯޑ০ՏӼ௨ǴᐟวᏢғЬ୏Ꮲಞᆶ۶ԜӕᏆޑϕ୏Ƕࡌ᝼௲ৣӧሼϯޑ০ՏΠǴ ๏ϒࢬ୏ޑᐒ཮Ǵӧ؂ࢤԵࡕջёख़ཥӼ௨০ՏǴࣗԿёᡣᏢғԾҗᒧ᏷഻ངޑ০ՏǴ ٠ᗉխ೛ҥ੝ձ০኱ᠸϯᏢғǶ (Β) ௲࠻թ࿼ɡࢬܭ׎Ԅคჴ፦ཀက ௲࠻ࢂ௲Ꮲࢲ୏຾ՉޑЬा൑܌Ǵᓬ፦ޑ௲Ꮲᕉნթ࿼Ǵёаᙦ൤௲Ꮲ௃ნǴЇว ᏢғᏢಞᑫ፪Ǵ୻ᎦᏢғЬ୏ޑ؃ޕᄊࡋǴቚ຾Ꮲಞਏ݀ǶନԜϐѦǴҭё໺ၲ௲ৣޑ ௲ػ౛ۺǴပჴғࢲᇶᏤᆶᏢಞᇶᏤǶ໺಍ޑ௲࠻թ࿼Ǵ೯தࢂڰۓޑǵᓉᄊޑǵගٮ ൂӛԄޑߚࡘԵ܄ၗૻǶԖਔ௲ৣࣁΑ࣪ਔ࣪٣Ǵ௲࠻թ࿼ວ౜ԋޑ׷਑хຠ΋ຠǴᔈ бᏢਠޑຑϩǴค׎ύΨ໺ሀ๏ᏢғᒿߡΑ٣ޑሽॶᢀǶ ؼӳޑ௲࠻թ࿼ёҗৣғӅӕୖᆶǴ௲ৣ೸ၸϩಔ຾ՉӝբᏢಞǴό໻ёа୻ᎦᏢ ғޑऍགǵಞளӵՖᆶдΓӝբǵх৒дΓޑཀـǴΨёᡣᏢғԖ׳ଯޑᇡӕགǶԶӧ թ࿼ޑϣ৒္և౜ᡂϯޑǵ୏ᄊޑǵᚈӛϕ୏ǵࡘԵ܄ޑ௃ნ೛ी٠ӕਔঋڀ௲ػཀကǴ ٯӵǺ೛ҥ੤ભკਜفǵ੤ભ੮ق݈ǵᏢғբࠔݒ፞ǵᄪ៉ᄦǵფགྷϺӦ฻ϕ୏܄ଯޑ թ࿼ǴԶӧ௲࠻թ࿼ύനதр౜ޑαဦ኱ᇟΨഖёૈᗉխЇҔΖިЎѡǴӵૈࢂᏢғӅ ӕ૸ፕޑႴᓰᇟ཮׳൤Ԗཀက܄Ƕ BurdenȐ1995ȑࡰр੤ભᕉნޑ࿶ᔼԖϤ໨фૈගٮᏢғӼӄǵ๤፾ޑགڙǹޜ໔ ޑӼ௨БߡৣғǵӕᏆ۶Ԝޑϕ୏ǹ৖ҢᏢғྣТǵբࠔǴ٬ᏢғᕇளԾךᇡӕǹᔅշ ৣғ໩ճֹԋ௲Ꮲࢲ୏ǹගٮඍ৹ǵᇸ᚞ޑᕉნǹගٮᏢғԋߏၗྍǶ ! ! җа΢ёޕؼӳ਻ݗޑᏢಞᕉნǴૈ୼ၲډወ౽ᓨϯޑნ௲фૈǴӢԜǴ௲ৣό၀ ӧע௲࠻թ࿼ࢬܭᏢਠٯՉຑϩޑπբϐ΋Ƕ Ϥ Ϥǵ ੤ભ਻ݗ ੤ભ਻ݗ߯ࡰ੤ભৣғϕ୏ᜢ߯܌׎ԋޑ΋ᅿޗ཮Ј౛ᕉნǴ೸ၸ੤ભ਻ݗёаΑ ှ੤ભޑޗ཮ҬϕբҔϷঁձৡ౦௃׎ǴЪ੤ભ਻ݗΨ཮ቹៜঁᡏޑᄊࡋǵሽॶᆶᏢಞǶ ӕᏢϐ໔ޑ۶ԜӝբୖᆶǴᡣ੤ભύޑҺ୍ၲԋ౗ගଯǴ੤ભϣ೽ᝡݾёઉ᝝ᏢғԖ׳ ٫ޑ߄౜ǹჴሞޑ࿶ᡍ֋ນךॺǴ௴୏ፐ࠻዗๎ޑϕ୏਻ݗࢂ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑख़εፐᚒǴ٬ ৣғᙖҗ۶Ԝϕ୏Ǵ΋ଆᐟว௲ᏢᡫགᆶᏢಞᐒૈǴΞӢᏢғӧϕ୏ύࢂЬ୏ୖᆶᏢಞ Զߚ೏୏ௗڙ௲ᏤǴځᏢಞԋਏᆶ୏ᐒԾฅؼӳԶଯܳǴࣁԜǴԖ٤Դৣ٬Ҕڥαဦǵ ଺ၮ୏ǵཟเǵ੻ඵၯᔍǵϩಔ߄ᄽǵЊѦ௲Ꮲǵϩಔ૸ፕ฻ᇙ೷௲࠻ύ዗๎ޑ਻ݗǴ ೭ኬޑৣғϕ୏ૈϯᆭԗࣁઓڻǵࢲϯ௲ᆶᏢǴᔼ೷ؼӳޑ੤ભ਻ݗǶ

(΋) ৣғᜢ߯ɡي௲ǵق௲ࢂᜢᗖ ஭᝿ᝄ(2002)ගр໺಍ޑৣғᜢ߯ԖΓคதৣǵৣ׌คܺǵကԖᇸख़Οε੝ՅǴฅ җܭਔжޗ཮ޑᡂᎂǴৣғόӆѝࢂ΢ჹΠޑᜢ߯ǴԶቹៜৣғᜢ߯ޑӢનόѦЯࢂ௲ ৣҁيޑ΋ق΋ՉǴΨ൩ࢂي௲ǵق௲ޑख़ा܄Ƕֆےҥ(2003)ᇡࣁǴৣғӧόᘐޑޗ ཮ϕ୏ύǴ࣬ϕόᘐޑᏢಞ੤ભޗ཮ޑೕጄᆶሽॶǴᏢғ٠வᆶдΓޑϕ୏ύǴ༟೷Α ԾךޑཷۺکΓ਱ǴΨ൚ۓΑΓሞᜢ߯ޑ୷ᘵǶӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼ္Ǵ੝ձࢂ௲ৣޑقՉᖐЗ ుుቹៜ๱ᏢғޑՉࣁ߄౜Ǵؼӳޑي௲ૈԖؼӳޑҢጄфਏǵ፾Ϫޑق௲ૈ୼ᇸ᚞ᇥ ܺᏢғǴӢԜ௲ৣόё۹ຎҁيقՉ܌஥ٰޑወӧፐำቹៜǶ ؼӳޑৣғᜢ߯ૈ୼ߦ຾੤ભޑکᒋǴ௲ৣӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼ٣୍௢୏Ψૈ׳ளЈᔈЋǴ Զ ز ഖ ӵ Ֆ ߦ ຾ ৣ ғ ϐ ໔ ޑ ᜢ ߯ ګ ? ೚ ӭ Ў ᝘ ࡰ р (Emmer,Evertson ǵ Anderson,1980;JacobsenǵEggenǵKauchak,1993)Ǵቹៜৣғᜢ߯നख़ाޑӢનࢂ௲ৣҁ يޑ੝፦Ǵхࡴѳܰ߈Γǵ໒ܫྎ೯ޑᆅၰǵࡑΓ੿၈ό຀ଵǵڀ҇Ь໒ܫޑঅᎦǵո Κ࿶ᔼৣғᜢ߯฻ǴᕴԶقϐǴؼӳޑৣғᜢٰ߯Ծ௲ৣҔЈޑჹࡑᆶ௲ػངޑں᝘Ǵ ྽ৣғᜢ߯ؼӳǴ௲ৣჹᏢғޑඓඝࡋଯǴ࣬ჹӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼ္ૈ୼٣ъф७Ƕ (Β) ৣғྎ೯ɡࡌҥӝᒋྎ೯ᆅၰ ྎ೯ࢂࡰࢌ΋ঁΓᚶ๱ౢғࢌᅿਏ݀ޑཀკǴஒૻ৲໺๏ќѦ΋ঁΓޑၸำǶӧ੤ ભ࿶ᔼ္ৣғྎ೯ࢂࡐख़ा΋ᕉǴ໺಍ޑৣғྎ೯ࢂ࠾ഈᆶൂӛǴ௦΢ჹΠޑڮзБԄǴ ໺ሀ௲ৣ៾࠶ޑወӧӑຝǴ৒ܰ೷ԋৣғᜢ߯౧ᚆǶؼӳޑৣғྎ೯ࢂೱុޑǵ୏ᄊޑǵ ࢬ೯ޑၸำǹѝԖ໒ۈǴԶؒԖ่״Ǵځྎ೯ޑϣ৒ࡐቶݱǴό཮߳ज़ྎ೯ޑ᝼ᚒǴځ ྎ೯ޑ่݀೯தёၲډࢌᅿႣයਏ݀ǴԜࢌᅿႣයਏ݀҅ࢂወӧቹៜޑᜢᗖǶ ቹៜৣғྎ೯ޑӢનёϩࣁٿঁय़ӛǴӧ௲ৣБय़хࡴ௲ৣ៾࠶ǵ௲ৣޑΓ਱੝፦ǵ ௲ৣޑ஑཰ૈΚǵ௲Ꮲ࿶ᡍǵ௲ৣයఈǶᏢғБय़хࡴᏢғᆶ௲ৣྎ೯ޑᙑ࿶ᡍǵᏢғ ޑයఈǵᏢғჹԴৣޑୃـǶԶ௲Ꮲ౜൑ޑ௲ৣё೸ၸ΋٤БԄߦ຾ৣғྎ೯ޑᓎ౗ᆶ ཀᜫǴхࡴௗયᏢғǹӭᒃ߈ᏢғǹࡌҥᒃϪǵ໒ਟޑ׎ຝǹ๓Ҕަᡏᇟقǹ௓ڋ௃ᆣǹ วචࡉᓨޑΚໆǹӭᢌऍǵႴᓰǶҗа΢੝ᗺёว౜Ǵ௲ৣޑ׎ຝىᅌа໺಍៾࠶Ԅᙯ ӛᜢᚶᒃکޑ׎ຝǶ (Ο) ӕᏆϕ୏ ᏢғӕᏆϐ໔ϕ୏ޑᜪࠠёϩࣁǺӧգٰך۳ύᐟวрཥޑགྷݤǵӧգٰך۳ύ୲ ࡭Ծρޑགྷݤǵךॺ೿ࢂӳܻ϶ࠠ—ӃӧԛભიᡏύၲԋӅ᛽ǵᓉᢀځᡂࠠǵӄዬௗڙ ࠠ฻ϖᅿᜪࠠȐ׵ذীǴ2000ȑǶӧ௲ৣޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼύǴӕᏆიᡏନΑӧғࢲ΢ޑϕ୏ ΢ϐѦǴᔈ၀੝ձගঀӝբᏢಞǴ٣ჴ΢ǴᏢғϐ໔Ѐځࢂӧፐ཰΢ޑϕ୏׳ࢂᓎᕷǴ ࣴزࡰрǴӕᏢ۶Ԝϐ໔ޑ૸ፕ཮ቚ຾ፐ཰ޑ຾؁ǴࣗԿ཮Ӣࣁፐ཰ޑ࣬ϕ૸ፕԶ٬ӕ Ꮖϕ୏ஏϪǴ೭όፕࢂӧԾฅᏢࣽ܈ࢂޗ཮Ꮲࣽ܌ளޑ่݀೿ࢂ΋ठޑȐ৪ݒ৅Ǵ2002ǹ ݅჏ॳǴ2002ȑǶ வа΢੤ભ࿶ᔼޑϤঁय़ӛё࣮рǴወӧፐำςкѾӧ᏾ঁ੤ભ࿶ᔼ္Ǵคཀ໺ሀ ޑወӧሽॶᢀᆶ੤ભբࣁਔਔڅڅቹៜ๱ᏢғǴόᆅ௲ৣࢂցԖཀ࿶ᔼ੤ભ܈ޣࢂցԖ ཀ᛽ډወӧፐำޑӸӧǴ೿၀ख़ཥᔠຎԾρޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼ॥਱ࢂցคཀ᛽໺ሀ๱Ծρࡽۓ ޑሽॶᢀǶ

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Ҵǵʳ่ᇟ

੤ભ࿶ᔼࢂ௲ৣԖߞۺǵԖीฝǵԖБݤǵϷԖബཀǴஒวғܭ੤ભϐύޑΓ٣ނǴ ԖಔᙃǵԖਏ౗ޑ࿶ᔼᆅ౛ၸำǶӢԜǴ੤ભ࿶ᔼჹ؂΋Տ௲ৣԶقǴࢂ΋ᅿന୷ҁࠅ ΨࢂനፄᚇޑπբǶךॺёҗᏢޣൂЎ࿶(1996)ගр੤ભ࿶ᔼࢂ΋ঁፄᚇޑၸำٰှញǴ

Ӣࣁ੤ભ࿶ᔼڀԖӭय़܄ǵӕਔ܄ǵҥջ܄ǵόёႣෳ܄ǵϦ໒܄ǵᐕў܄฻੝܄Ǵ཮ Ӣࣁँว٣ҹޑౢғ܈ޣϕ୏ޑΓ٣ނԖόёႣයޑރݩǴ܌а௲ৣନΑᕕှ੤ભ࿶ᔼ ޑ୷ҁϣ఼ѦǴ׳ाԖૈೀ౛ँวރݩޑૈΚǴନԜϐѦǴ੤ભ࿶ᔼਔΨёૈౢғߚႣ යޑԋਏǴ೭ᅿԋਏࢂወᙒӧ᏾ঁ੤ભ਻ݗύǴӢԜǴ௲ৣ੤ભ࿶ᔼਔǴନΑԖཀޑ੤ ભ࿶ᔼ׳ाૈཀ᛽ډ੤ભޑወӧፐำǶ ӧ᎙᠐ᆶ᏾౛Ў᝘ࡕǴவ௲Ꮲ౜൑ޑ࿶ᡍ္࣮ډΑ੤ભ࿶ᔼёૈр౜ޑ೚ӭወӧፐ ำǴךॺόёցᇡ่ᄬфૈፕ܌மፓ௲ػᡏڋӸӧޑфૈ܄Ǵдॺᇡࣁӧ่ᄬύӸӧޑ Ӛঁᐒڋ೿ԖځфૈǶКБᇥǺ௲ػޑ҅фૈӧܭ௲ϯǶӧᏢਠ္य़Ǵ௲ৣ೸ၸၰቺೕ ጄޑऊ״ᆶ௲ᏤǴΦԶΦϐǴᏢғ཮ஒ೭٤ܿՋϣϯԋԾρޑሽॶǴԶ྽؂΋ঁΓ೿ࢂ ӵԜޑਔংǴךॺ൩཮ౢғӅ᛽Ǵ٬ளޗ཮ёа҅தЪೕࡓӦၮբǶךॺёаޕၰᏢਠ ӢԜԋࣁᏢғޗ཮ϯޑख़ा൑܌Ǵ௲ৣԋࣁ໺ሀሽॶᢀޑख़ाдΓǴᏢғவ௲ৣޑقՉ Ꮲಞǵவ௲ৣޑሽॶղᘐǴӢԜךॺ׳ा଺ӳي௲ق௲Ǵ଺ӳᏢғޑڂጄǶ ฅԶǴନΑ੤ભ࿶ᔼϐѦǴӧ௲ػύᗋԖ೚೚ӭӭወӧፐำǴٯӵךॺ܌ҔޑӚᅿ ௲ࣽਜᆶᖱက΢܌ወᙒޑሽॶᢀǵШࣚᢀᆶᐕўᢀǴаϷ᏾ᡏᏢਠޑࡌ࿼ǵӚᜪݤೕǵ ሺԄ฻฻Ǵ೿ࢂբࣁ௲ػޣѸ໪ుΕᢀྣޑǴҁЎࠞܭЬᚒᆶጇ൯คݤ೴΋ᔠຎǶ ᕴϐǴךॺନΑࠀᓰԾρ྽΋ঁԋфޑ࿶ৣѦǴ׳යఈԋࣁ΋ঁԖቹៜΚޑΓৣǴ ੤ભ࿶ᔼߚ໻ӧޕ᛽ޑ໺ሀǴ׳ӭࢂಞᄍᆶΓ਱ᄊࡋޑ఼ᎦǴԶ೭൩ࢂ௲ػޑҁ፦Ƕ

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Цλ޹(1997)ǶՆݢ(Michael Apple)ፕወӧፐำǶ୯୯௲ᇶᏤǴ37(2)Ǵ20-24Ƕ ЦЎࣽ(1996)Ƕፐፐำᆶ௲ᏢፕǶѠчѱǺϖࠄკਜрހϦљǶ Цਁ፵(2008)Ƕ྽྽жޗ཮Ꮲ౛ፕǶѠύѱǺᐇᙦрހޗǶ Չࡹଣ௲ػׯॠቩ᝼ہ঩཮(1996)Ƕ௲௲ػׯॠᕴᒌ᝼ൔ֋ਜǶ ݅ғ໺(1994)Ƕ௲௲ػЈ౛ᏢǶѠчѱǴϖࠄǶ ԙЎ໢(1989)Ƕ੤੤ભ࿶ᔼǶଯ໢ǺൺЎǶ ׵ذী(2000)Ƕཷཷۺׯᡂ௲Ꮲ௃ნΠޗ཮ϕ୏ޑ௃׎ǶཥԮৣጄᏢଣ୯҇௲ػز܌ᅺγ ፕЎǴཥԮǺ҂рހǶ ݅჏ॳ(2002)Ƕޗޗ཮ࣽ૸ፕᚒҞޑԖ፪܄ӧӝբᏢಞλಔύӕᏆϕ୏፦ᆶໆޑቹៜǶᆵ ܿৣጄᏢଣ௲ػࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǴѠܿǺ҂рހǶ ֆےҥ(2003)Ƕ੤ભޗ཮ϕ୏ޑ࿶ᔼǶ୯୯௲ϺӦǴ152Ǵ20ɡ21Ƕ ֆమξ(1999)Ƕ੤੤ભ࿶ᔼޑ୷ҁཷۺǶᆵчǺЈ౛Ƕ ֆమξ฻(1992)Ƕ੤੤ભ࿶ᔼǶѠчѱǺЈ౛Ƕ ৪ݒ৅(2002)ǶόόӕှᚒቫԛޑӕᏆϕ୏ჹ୯λᏢғཷۺׯᡂቹៜϐࣴزǺаᄫఎୢᚒ ࣁٯǶཥԮৣጄᏢଣ୯҇௲ػࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǴཥԮǺ҂рހǶ શذற(1999)Ƕ੤੤ભ࿶ᔼӵՖёૈǺ΋܌୯҇λᏢϣѤঁ੤ભ௲࠻ғࢲࡺ٣ޑޗ཮Ꮲൔ ֋ǶܿੇεᏢޗ཮Ꮲࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǺ҂рހǶ ഋӀ፵(1990)Ƕ੤ભ਻ݗᆶ੤ભфૈǶϦϦ҇૽ػǴ24Ǵ6-9Ƕ

ഋࠪᐫǵЦల߭ǵൂЎ࿶ǵ໳ቺ౺Ȑ҇ 85ȑৣৣғᜢ߯ᆶ੤ભ࿶ᔼǶѠчǺΟ҇Ƕ ఉڷܴ(2005)Ƕ௲ৣ੤ભ࿶ᔼޑወӧፐำ௖૸Ƕччᑜ௲ػǴ53Ǵ74-78Ƕ ໳ࡹണ(1992)ǶፐፐำׯॠǶѠчǺᅇЎǶ ஭ྦྷᅚ(1995)Ƕ੤੤ભᕉნࠔ፦ޑׯ๓Ƕၩܭ໳ࡹണǵ׵ໜ౰ЬጓǺ੤ભ࿶ᔼ౛ۺᆶ฼ౣǶ ᆵчѱǺৣεਜलǶ ஭᝿ᝄ(2002)Ƕ੤੤ભ࿶ᔼǶѠчǺޜεǶ ᖴЎӄ(2001)Ƕύύ฻௲ػɡ౛ፕᆶჴሞǶѠчǺϖࠄǶ ᎄ၃അ(1998)Ƕ୯୯҇λᏢ੤ભ਻ݗǵ௲࠻ፂँᆅ౛ᆶ௲ৣ௲Ꮲਏૈᜢ߯ϐࣴزǶৣε௲ ࣴ܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ጰ຾໢(1999)ǶԖਏૈޑ੤ભ࿶ᔼ฼ౣǶ௲௲ػჴಞᇶᏤۑтǴ5 ڔ 2 යǴ7-8Ƕ ᖴ᐀ߙǵᖴښࣔǵම୷◖(2001)Ƕ໵໵ᄡआᄡ኱૶բҔǶ੤ભ࿶ᔼ฼ౣၗ਑৤(୯ҥᄆৣ ε)Ƕ

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