Plant Disease Management in the Era of Energy Conservation節能下的病害管理策略

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(1)Plant Pathology Bulletin 18: 1-12, 2009. Plant Disease Management in the Era of Energy Conservation Hung-Chang Huang1 and Min-Tze Wu1, 2 1.. Respectively, Chair Professor and Researcher/Director, Biotechnology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan 2. Corresponding author, e-mail: wu@tari.gov.tw; Fax: +886-4-2330-2806 Accepted for publication: March 20, 2009. ABSTRACT Huang, H. C., and Wu, M. T. 2009. Plant disease management in the era of energy conservation. Plant Pathol. Bull. 18: 1-12. In the 21st century, the term of "agricultural sustainability" has become a norm for modern agriculture as we are facing several long-term crises such as energy shortage, global warming and environmental pollutions. As environmental and ecological issues continue to impact on agriculture, all technologies developed for crop production must be economically feasible, ecologically sound, environmentally safe and socially acceptable. Numerous non-chemical methods for control of crop diseases such as pathogen-free seeds, disease resistance, crop rotation, plant extracts, organic amendments and biological control are considered less harmful than synthetic chemical pesticides and, therefore, offer great potential for application in conventional agriculture, organic farming and/or soilless culture. No single method can provide satisfactory control of crop diseases. Integration of all effective and eco-friendly measures in accordance with the dynamics of the agroecosystem management would be the best strategy for efficient control of diseases in crops. In this era of energy conservation and environmental protection, research on energy saving and environmentally sound methods for sustainable management of crop diseases is a priority and a challenge. Key words: disease management, sustainable agriculture, non-chemical control. INTRODUCTION During the second half of the 20th century, we have witnessed an unprecedented growth in human population, agricultural production and technology. The population pressure increases demands for basic human needs such as food and clothing; it is one of the driving forces for the. success of control of plant diseases by synthetic chemicals had created a general perception that chemical control could provide a permanent solution to disease problems in modern agriculture. Zadoks (76) defines the period between 1940s and 1980s as 'chemism' to reflect high dependency on agrochemicals for crop production. In this period, the. evolution of modern agriculture. The most striking feature. agricultural economy was highly dependent on the. in this period was the practice of intensive agriculture to. development and application of chemical pesticides and. increase crop production. As a result, high crop yield in. fertilizers.. that period was achieved through heavy use of synthetic. By late 1980s, numerous environmental problems. pesticides, chemical fertilizers and new cultivars grown in. associated with chemical pesticides emerged. Questions. monoculture with or without a short crop rotation. The. were raised on whether an agricultural production system.

(2) 2. 18. 1. 2009. heavily dependent upon expensive, ecologically-unsound. more environmentally friendly than the chemical control.. chemical pesticides could be sustained in the long run.. They are of potential for plant disease management in. Since then, the philosophy of plant protection has shifted. sustainable agriculture.. from the use of chemical pesticides to methods that are more energy saving and environmentally friendly. Zadoks(76) defined this period as 'environmentalism' and attributed the year of 1990 as the beginning of this new era. Under the environmental era, all practical solutions to plant disease control must be based on safety of environment, conservation of natural resources, and maintenance of biodiversity (36) . Environmentalism addresses the renewability and persistence of these resources, and considers long-term impacts of agricultural production systems on present and future generations(71). The energy crises in the past 50 years have drawn further concerns on the use of non-renewable resources such as fossil fuel for farm machinery in crop production and pest management. The objective of this review was to discuss research and development of some of the energy saving. Pathogen-free seeds, bulbs or seedlings Use of pathogen-free seeds, bulbs or seedlings is a pre-requisite for sustainable control of crop diseases because numerous plant pathogens are transmitted to the field or to other countries via infected- or contaminatedseeds, bulbs or seedlings. For example, Verticillium wilt of alfalfa (caused by Verticillium albo-atrum Rheinke and Berthold) (Fig. 1) has long been recognized as an important disease in Europe since its first discovery in Sweden in 1918 (30). The disease is transmitted by infected seeds (Fig. 2) or infected crop debris. Thus, commercial trades of alfalfa seeds or alfalfa hay may serve as important venues for spread of this pathogen regionally, nationally and internationally (29). The outbreak of this. and ecologically sound methods for sustainable. disease in the USA in 1976 (26), Canada in 1977 (66) and. management of plant diseases in this era of energy. Hokkaido, Japan in 1981 (64) was attributed to the. conservation and environmental protection.. importation of pathogen-contaminated seeds from other countries. Quarantine measures such as seed indexing and. METHODS FOR SUSTAINABLE DISEASE MANGEMENT IN CROPS Following disease control methods are considered. 1. seed certification have been implemented in some countries to prevent importation of infected alfalfa seeds from diseased regions or countries. Bacterial wilt of common bean, caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens. 2. Figs. 1-2. Verticillium wilt of alfalfa showing a diseased stem with brown V-shaped lesion on leaflets (Fig. 1) and a diseased seed with mycelia (Fig. 2)..

(3) Energy conservation for disease management pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins & Jones, is another example of disease transmission mainly through infected seeds (Fig. 3). Use pathogen-free seeds is also a sound strategy to minimize the danger of spread of this disease in the field or to other countries. Developing efficient methods such as molecular techniques or selective media for rapid detection of seedborne pathogens should be a research priority for seedborne diseases. Such methods are particularly useful in seed certification and plant quarantine. Moreover, different seedborne pathogens may occur on the same host crop, developing a multiplex PCR (5) to detect several pathogens would be more efficient and economically feasible than a PCR to detect a single pathogen.. 3. (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Taishokingtoki in 6-year rotation (in the order of potato- sugar beet-oat- kidney bean- winter wheat- red clover) increased seed yield and reduced soilborne diseases, compared to kidney bean in monoculture (45) (Fig. 4). Other studies in Canada showed that a rotation of legume crops with cereals is superior to the cereal monoculture because the legume-based rotation. Field sanitation Field sanitation is another important method to reduce primary source of inoculum and prevent transmission of plant pathogen within or between fields. It is always a good practice to collect and destroy diseased materials such as roots, stems, leaves and fruits. Also, cleaning farm implements would reduce danger of transmission of plant pathogens from diseased fields to non-diseased fields.. Crop rotation Crop rotation is an effective measure for management of crop diseases, if the crops are grown in a right sequence. For example, a long-term crop rotation study (1959-2000) in Hokkaidao, Japan, revealed that kedney bean. Fig. 3. Bacterial wilt of bean (cv. GN1140). Note healthy seedlings derived from healthy seeds (left) and wilt, stunted seedlings derived from infected seeds (right).. Fig. 4. Kidney bean, cultivar Taishokintoki, in monoculture (left plot) and 6-year rotation (right plot). Note stunting, yellowing plants in monoculture (left plot) and tall healthy plants in 6-year rotation (right plot). (The experiment was conducted from 1959 to 2000 at the Kitami Agricultural Experiment Station, Hokkaido, Japan. The two photos were taken on July 17, 1994)..

(4) 4. 18. 1. 2009. system improves yield of cereal crops (15, 75), improves fertility and quality of soils (8, 27) and increases soil microbial populations including fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes (9) . Thus, types of crops and cropping sequence are important factors affecting effectiveness of crop rotation as a disease control strategy. The major obstacles to successful disease management through crop rotation are wide host range and long-term survival of some pathogens (14). For example, the number of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary in a canola field remained unchanged after planting barley (non-host crop) in this field for three consecutive years (72). Morrall and Dueck (56) reported that a 3-4 year rotation was ineffective in reducing Sclerotinia stem rot of canola. Although rotation alone may not always reduce disease levels, it is still a good practice for most of diseases as growing non-host crops would prevent further. Fig. 5. Application of Coniothyrium minitans in a field naturally infested with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum reduced incidence of sclerotinia wilt of sunflower (right plot), compared to untreated control (left plot). Field experiment at Agricuture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba, Canada, 1978.. build-up of pathogen inoculum in the field.. Natural toxic compounds from plants There is a broad range of natural, plant extracts that can be used as alternatives to chemical pesticides, allowing sustainable protection of crops against economically important diseases (65). For examples, extracts from Allium and Capsicum plants (73) or essential oils from certain species of plants (73) were used in sustainable management of gray mold of crops caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. Inorganic and/or organic matter from plant residues were used in soil amendment to alter soil physical and chemical properties and thereby, affect population dynamics of soil microflora (44) . For example, glucosinolates from Brassicaceae are well known for their toxic effects on plant pathogens (18, 62). Amendment of soil or growth media with cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata ) residues as green manure (25) or seed treatment with Brassica seed meal (18) is effective in controlling damping-off diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani K hn AG-4. Recent research has also focused on the development of formulated products for control of soilborne pathogens and improvement of soil fertility at the same time. Such formulated products were developed and commercialized in Taiwan(44) and other countries.. Biological control Numerous studies indicate that biological control may. be of potential for management of plant diseases. For example, the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans Campbell was reported as an effective agent for control of diseases caused by S. sclerotiorum, including Sclerotinia wilt of sunflower (11, 34, 53) (Fig. 5), white mold of bean (38, 41), pea (Fig. 6) and lettuce drop (13). Application of C. minitans to soil not only reduced disease incidence and increased crop yield(34), but also reduced sclerotial survival (34, 39, 54) and induced soil suppression to S. sclerotiorum (35, 47, 53). In 1997, C. minitans was released as a commercial product Contans® by Prophyta in Germany (52) and Koni ® by Bioved Ltd. in Hungary (www.bioved.hu) for control of Sclerotinia diseases in crops. Environmental condition might be one of the most determinant factors affecting efficacy of biocontrol agents. In western Canada, C. minitans was the most effective agent for control of white mold of bean, compared to other mycoparasites such as Trichothecium roseum (Pers.:Fr.) Link (46), Talaromyces flavus (Klocker) Stolk and Sampson (53, 54) and Trichoderma virens (Miller, Giddens & Foster) Arx. (38) because it survived well under prairie conditions (40) and effectively controlled sclerotia (34, 54) and apothecia (12, 40, 41) of S. sclerotiorum. Numerous attempts have been made in the past five decades to use antagonistic bacilli, Streptomyces, and fluorescent pseudomonads as biocontrol agents for management of plant diseases. Some agents were developed into commercial products for control of fungal.

(5) Energy conservation for disease management. 5. and/or bacterial diseases of crops. For instance, the. control of damping-off of canola, safflower, dry pea and. commercial products, Quantum TM and Kodiak TM. sugar beet caused by Pythium spp. (6, 50) but it is also a. (Gustafson, Texas, USA), Epic (MicroBio, England), and. pathogen causing pink seed disease of pea (48), bean (43). Bactophyt (Novosibirsk, Russia) are based on formulation. lentil(42), chickpea (42) and wheat (55). Trichothecium roseum is. of Bacillus subtilis Cohn and used for control of seedling. a mycoparasite of S. sclerotiorum (46) but it produces a. diseases of numerous crops, including cotton, peanut and. mycotoxin, Trichothecin (49), which is harmful to animals.. vegetables. (51). . Although fluorescent pseudomonads were. identified as biocontrol agents for commercial development. in. numerous. reports,. very. few. pseudomonads-based products showed high values and high commercial returns. For example, the sale of the product Dagger G TM (Ecogen, Pennsylvania, USA), formulated by Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula strain. Biofumigation as Alternative to Methyl Bromide Methyl bromide has been used since 1930s as an effective soil fumigant for control of nematodes, fungi, insects and weeds in more than 100 crops worldwide (63).. EG1053, was discontinued, likely due to short shelf-life of. This chemical has been classified as a Class 1 stratospheric. this product (51).. ozone depletor (74) and has been scheduled to phase-out by. A good biocontrol technology is not only. 2005 in developed countries and by 2015 in developing. economically feasible but also environmentally safe,. countries (74) . Composts can provide a food base for. ecologically sound, and socially acceptable. Other than. biocontrol agents of soil-borne pathogens (31) and thereby,. efficacy and shelf-life, research should also focus on risk. improve the consistency of disease control (22). De Ceuster. assessment of biocontrol agents. For example, Erwinia. and Hoitink (23) reported that composts and biocontrol. rhapontici (Millard) Burkholder is an effective agent for. agents can be used as substitutes for methyl bromide in. Fig. 6. Control of Sclerotinia pod rot of peas by Coniothyrium minitans (Cm). Note diseased pea pods from plants sprayed with pathogen alone (left) and healthy pods from plants sprayed with pathogen and Cm (right)..

(6) 6. 18. 1. 2009. biological control of plant diseases. In Taiwan, Huang et. Canada were estimated at $26.6 million (Canadian dollars). al.(33) developed a granulate biofumigant named PBGG,. per year (67).. using Pseudomonas boreopolis Gray and Thornton,. Breeding for disease resistance remains a difficult. Brassica seed pomace, glycerin and sodium alginate.. task for many diseases in many crops, due to lack of. Application of 1.0% (w/w) of PBGG to the soil infested. source of resistance in cultivated plants. Moreover,. with Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 significantly reduced the. genetics of resistance may be complicated in some crops.. percentage of colonization of cabbage seeds by the. Take Verticillium wilt of alfalfa, for example, alfalfa is an. pathogen and stimulated proliferations of actinomycetes,. autotetraploid species having four loci for each gene. In. including Streptomyces padanus and S. xantholiticus. addition, the resistance of alfalfa to V. albo-atrum is. which were effective biocontrol agents of R. solani. (19). .. conditioned by a multigenic system with predominantly. Thus, the granulated product PBGG (33) can be a useful. additive genes (58, 59). Thus, breeding alfalfa for resistance to. alternative to methyl bromide in the management of. Verticillium wilt is a slow process because of the. soilborne pathogens.. polyploidy of the host (alfalfa) and polygenic nature of genes for resistance to the pathogen (V. albo-atrum) (2).. Breeding for disease resistance in crops Breeding for disease resistance is the most efficient way to manage diseases in crops. For example,. Genetic engineering of crops to enhance resistance to plant pathogens may become a valuable component of a disease management program in the future (60).. Verticillium wilt of alfalfa, caused by Verticillium alboatrum, is a devastating disease that can cause millions of. Induced disease resistance. dollars in losses to alfalfa producers in Europe and North. Induced host resistance to plant pathogens, elicited by. America. Through the breeding efforts, three alfalfa. microbial invasions or chemical treatments, may offer. (Fig. 7) and AC. potential for management of crop diseases (17, 32). It results. Longview(1) were developed in Canada. These cultivars. from fortification of cell walls, accumulation of. showed high level of resistance to Verticillium wilt, high. phytoalexins, biosynthesis of pathogenesis-related (PR). yielding ability and high adaptation to the growing. proteins or other mechanisms (32) . For example, the. conditions in western Canada (2, 37). The economic benefits. intercellular fluid from salicylic acid (SA)-treated tobacco. of growing these disease-resistant cultivars in western. was effective in the inhibition of hyphal growth of Botrytis. cultivars Barrier. (28). , AC Blue J. (3). Fig. 7. Comparison of 12 alfalfa cultivars for resistance to verticillium wilt in a field naturally infested with V. albo-atrum. Note loss of alfalfa stand in susceptible cultivars due to encroachment of dandelion (yellow plots) and only light dandelion infestation in the plots of wilt-resistant cultivars (green plots), including AC Blue J (arrow)..

(7) Energy conservation for disease management. 7. cinerea in vitro and this might be due to presence of. measures may enhance protection of crops from diseases. extracellular antifungal PR-proteins (57). Some of PR-. as well as reduce production inputs for crops. Integration. proteins identified during the infection process of B.. of these effective measures in accordance with the. (7). -1,3-glucanase . The SA-. dynamics of the agroecosystem management is the key to. induced resistance to B. cinerea in tobacco was also found. succeed the control of crop diseases and achieve. in lily infected by Botrytis eliptica (16).. sustainable production of crops. As energy conservation. cinerea were chitinase and. and environmental protection remain the major issues for. INTEGRATION OF CONTROL METHODS For most crops, there is no single method for. human beings in the 21st century, research on development of energy saving and environmentally friendly methods for sustainable disease management in agriculture is a challenge and a priority.. satisfactory control of a disease. Integration approach is the best strategy for effective management of diseases of greenhouse and field crops. For example, gray mold of strawberry (caused by Botrytis cinerea) in organic farming in greenhouse can be effectively managed by aeration, plastic mulch, sanitation, biocontrol using Trichoderma spp.(4), spray of Ullocladium atrum Preuss (10) and spray of non-chemical fungicides (20, 21). For control of gray mold of grapes in the field, the main components of an IPM program may include management techniques such as maintaining a canopy configuration of 45 nodes/vine (68), removal of leaves and thinning of clusters 2-3 times during the season (61), shoot tipping at bloom(69), shoot positioning and topping to improve air flow through the canopy (70), rational application of N fertilizer (61), and integration of biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma harzianum T39 (24). Strategy for sustainable management of crop diseases include judicious use of nature toxic substance from plants, soil management such as biofumigation and organic soil amendment, crop management such as the use of pathogen-free seeds or other planting materials, disease resistant cultivars, and biological control agents, and cultural practices such as field sanitation and crop rotation. Future success hinges on further integration of these control strategies in various crop production systems such as conventional agriculture, organic farming and soilless cultures. Such integrated disease management approach requires a thorough understanding of the ecology of each cropping system, including the crop, the pathogen and the antagonists, as well as the surrounding environments.. CONCLUSION No single method is capable of controlling crop diseases satisfactorily. A combination of effective control. LITERATURE CITED 1. Acharya, S. N., and Huang, H. C. 2000. AC Longview alfalfa. Can. J. Plant Sci. 80: 613-615. 2. Acharya, S. N., and Huang, H. C. 2003. Breeding alfalfa for resistance to verticillium wilt: A sound strategy. Pages 345-371 in: Advances in Plant Disease Management. H. C. Huang and S. N. Acharya (eds.) Research Signpost, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. 3. Acharya, S. N., Huang, H. C., and Hanna, M. R. 1995. Cultivar description: AC Blue J alfalfa. Can. J. Plant Sci. 75: 469-471. 4. Albajes, R., Gullino, L. M., van Lanteren, J. C., and Elad, Y. (eds.). 1999. Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 545 p. 5. Audy, P., Braat, C., Saindon, G., Huang, H. C., and Laroche, A. 1996. A rapid and sensitive PCR-based assay for concurrent detection of bacteria causing common and halo blights in bean seed. Phytopathology 86: 361-366. 6. Bardin, S. D., Huang, H. C., Liu, L., and Yanke, L. J. 2003. Control, by microbial seed treatment, of damping-off caused by Pythium sp. on canola, safflower, dry pea and sugar beet. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 25: 268-275. 7. Benito, E. P., ten Have, A., van't Klooster, J. W., and van Kan, J. A. L. 1998. Fungal and plant gene expression during synchronized infection of tomato leaves by Botrytis cinerea. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104: 207-220. 8. Biederbeck, V. O., Campbell, C. A., Rasiah, V., Zentner, R . P., and Wen, G. 1998. Soil quality attributes as influenced by annual legumes used as green manure. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30: 1177 - 1185. 9. Biederbeck, V. O., Lupwayi, N. Z., Rice, W. A., Hanson, K. G. and Zentner, R. P. 1999. Crop rotation effects on soil microbial populations, biomass and diversity under wheat in a brown loam. Pages 594-602.

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(9) Energy conservation for disease management. 36.. 37.. 38.. 39.. 40.. 41.. 42.. 43.. 44.. 45.. 46.. 47.. 48.. Current Status and Future Prospects: Proceedings of International Symposium on Clean Agriculture, Oct 8, 1997, Sapporo, Japan Huang, H. C. 2000. Crop protection: Current progress and prospects for the new millennium. J. Hebei Agric. Sci. 4: 34-48. Huang, H. C., Acharya, S. N., Hanna, M. R., Kozub, G. C., and Smith, E. G. 1994. Effect of verticillium wilt on forage yield of alfalfa grown in southern Alberta. Plant Dis. 78: 1181-1184. Huang, H. C., Bremer, E., Hynes, R. K., and Erickson, R. S. 2000. Foliar application of fungal biocontrol agents for the control of white mold of dry bean caused by Sclerotinia slcerotiorum. Biol. Cont. 18: 270-276. Huang, H. C., and Erickson, R. S. 2000. Soil treatment with fungal agents for control of apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in bean and pea crops. Plant Pathol. Bull. 9: 53-58. Huang, H. C., and Erickson, R. S. 2002. Overwintering of Coniothyrium minitans, a mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, on the Canadian prairies. Australasian Plant Pathol. 31: 291-293.. Huang, H. C., and Erickson, R. S. 2004. Control of white mold of bean by Coniothyrium minitans: Comparison of soil and foliar treatments. Plant Pathol. Bull. 13: 171-176. Huang, H. C., Erickson, R. S., Yanke, L. J., Hsieh, T. F., and Morrall, R. A. A. 2003. First report of pink seed of lentil and chickpea caused by Erwinia rhapontici in Canada. Plant Dis. 87: 1398. Huang, H. C., Erickson, R. S., Yanke, L. J., M ndel, H. -H., and Hsieh, T. F. 2002. First report of pink seed of common bean caused by Erwinia rhapontici. Plant Dis. 86:921. Huang, H. C., and Huang, J. W. 1993. Prospects for control of soilborne plant pathogens by soil amendment. Current Topics in Botanical Research, Vol. 1: 223-235. Huang, H. C., Kodama, F., Akashi, K., and Konno, K. 2002. Impact of crop rotation on soilborne diseases of kidney bean: A case study in northern Japan. Plant Pathol. Bull. 11: 87-96. Huang, H. C., and Kokko, E. G. 1993. Trichothecium roseum, a mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Can. J. Bot. 71: 1631-1638. Huang, H. C., and Kozub, G. C. 1991. Monocropping to sunflower and decline of sclerotinia wilt. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica 32: 163-170. Huang, H. C., Phillippe, L. M., and Phillippe, R. C. 1990. Pink seed of pea: A new disease caused by Erwinia rhapontici. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 12: 445-448.. 9. 49. Ishii, K., Kobayashi, J., Ueno, Y., and Ichinoe, M. 1986. Occurrence of Trichothecin in Wheat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52: 331-333. 50. Liang, X. Y., Huang, H. C., Yanke, L. J., and Kozub, G. C. 1996. Control of damping-off of safflower by bacterial seed treatment. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 18: 4349. 51. Lisansky, S. G., Quinlan, R. J., and Coombs, J. 1995. Biopesticides: Markets, Technology, Registration, and IPR Companies. 4 th ed. Vol. 1. CPL Scientific Information Services, UK. 52. Luth, P. 2001. The biological fungicide Contans WG7A preparation on the basis of the fungus Coniothyrium minitans. Pages 127-128 in: Proc. Sclerotinia 2001. The XI Intern. Sclerotinia Workshop. C. S. Young, K. J. D. Hughes (eds). York, 8-12 July 2001, York, England: Central Science Laboratory, York, England. 53. McLaren, D. L., Huang, H. C., Kozub, G. C., and Rimmer, S. R. 1994. Biological control of sclerotinia wilt of sunflower by Talaromyces flavus and Coniothyrium minitans. Plant Dis. 78: 231-235. 54. McLaren, D. L., Huang, H. C., and Rimmer, S. R. 1996. Control of apothecial production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Coniothyrium minitans and Talaromyces flavus. Plant Dis. 80: 1373-1378. 55. McMullen, M. P., Stack, R. W., Miller, J. D., Bromel, M. C., and Youngs, V. L. 1984. Erwinia rhapontici, a bacterium causing pink wheat kernels. Proc. North Dakota Acad. Sci. 38: 78. 56. Morrall, R. A. A., and Dueck, J. 1982. Epidemiology of Sclerotinia stem rot of rapeseed in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 4: 161-168. 57. Murphy, A. M., Holcombe, L. J., and Carr, J. P. 2000. Characteristics of salicylic acid-induced delay in disease caused by a necrotrophic fungal pathogen in tobacco. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 57: 47-54. 58. Panton, C. A. 1967. Genetic control of resistance of lucerne, Medicago sativa L. to Verticillium albo-atrum Rke. & Berth. Hereditas 57: 741-745. 59. Panton, C. A. 1967. The breeding of lucerne, Medicago sativa L. for resistance to Verticillium alboatrum. III. Hereditas 57: 115-126. 60. Punja, Z. K. 2003. Genetic engineering of vegetable crops to enhance resistance to fungal pathogens. Pages 215-235 in: Advances in Plant Disease Management. H. C. Huang and S. N. Acharya (eds.) Research Signpost, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. 61. R'Houma, A., Cherif, M., and Boubaker, A. 1998. Effect of nitrogen fertilization, green pruning and fungicide treatments on Botrytis bunch rot of grapes. J. Plant Pathol. 80: 115-124. 62. Rosa, E. A. S., and Rodrigues, P. M. F. 1999. Towards.

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(11) Energy conservation for disease management. Dr. H. C. Huang. Dr. M. T. Wu. Dr. Hung-Chang (Henry) Huang received his B.Sc. in plant pathology from Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan in 1963, and his M. Sc. and Ph. D. in plant pathology in 1969 and 1972, respectively, from University of Toronto, Canada. After a 2-year postdoctoral training, he received an appointment as a research scientist at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) from 1974-2007. During his career at AAFC, he was promoted to the rank of Principal Research Scientist in 1998 and was awarded Emeritus status in 2007. Dr. Huang is currently serving as Chair Professor at the Biotechnology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, and Chair Professor at the Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. Dr. Huang worked on fungal and diseases of oilseed (canola, sunflower, safflower), legume (bean, pea, lentil, chickpea), forage (alfalfa) and sugar beet crops. His research interests are: biological control, disease resistance, epidemiology, microbial ecology, insectpathogen relationships, pollen-fungus relationships, risk assessment of microbial agents and genetically modified crops. Dr. Huang published 239 refereed papers, 67 book chapters or reviews, 4 books and 2 bulletins. He received 5 patents and co-released (with plant breeders) 30 crop cultivars or lines with improved disease resistance, yield and quality.. Dr. Min-Tze Wu is the director of Biotechnology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Taichung, Taiwan. He received his B. Sc. in Horticulture from National Taiwan University (NTU) in 1976, and his Ph.D. in Plant Physiology from Colorado State University in 1984. From 1984 to 1987, he worked as an associate researcher at Horticulture Division, TARI. From 1987 to 2006, he moved to Council of Agriculture (COA) serving as a senior specialist. In 2006, he returned to TARI for the present position. His field of research is currently focused on risk assessment of transgenic plants and marker assisted breeding.. 11.

(12) 12. 18. 1. 1, 2. 1. 2009. . 2009.. . 2. 2330-2806). 18: 1-12. (1 wu@tari.gov.tw. +886-4-.

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