ߩϜմԞΤѷՃঢ়৴ߒԪٻң
۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ᐤโ
-пࠓᑫ࣐پ
(The Decision-Making Process of the Home
Care Service for the ¿ rst time users of
non-Medium-and-Low-Income Families in
Nantou County)
!
ചు
+!еڠဒ
++!᎓ᢛྜ
++(Chen, Shu-Hua ȇġWang, Cho-Sheng ȇġCheng, Tsan-Yuang)
ᄣ!् ࡹ۬ۚৎ୍ܺςԖΒΜᎩԃΑǴࣁ୯ৎЬाวྣ୍៝ܺౢҞϐ ǴӕਔࢂၲԋȨӧӦԴϯȩࡹҞϐБݤǶϣࡹ(2007a)ϦթၗǴว ޕၰԴΓᅽճࡼޣՠ҂٬ҔϐচӢǴόགྷճҔޣǴࠅаۚৎ୍ܺϐ81.30%ࣁ നଯǶӕԃࠄᑜԴΓғࢲރݩϷᅽճሡፓൔΨࡰрǴԖ2.8ʘම٬Ҕ ၸԴΓۚৎ୍ܺǴԶ߄Ңόሡाޑэ66.4ʘǴӵԜޑຝࢂॶளزޑǶ ҁࣴزၸ፦܄ࣴزుࡋೖፋ10ঁߚύեԏΕѨૈԴΓৎՉၗԏ Ǵ٠ୖԵHicks &LamȐ1999ȑ܌ගрޑޗၸำ،ኳԄǴ໘ࢤߚύ եԏΕѨૈԴΓϷځৎ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺޑԵໆᆶၸำǵୖᆶޣǴϩቹៜ +!!!!!!ϣࡹύԴΓϐৎՉࡹ࠻ЬҺǶ ++!!!!!୯ҥύ҅εᏢޗᅽճᏢࣴز܌റγংᒧΓǶ +++!!!୯ҥύ҅εᏢޗᅽճᏢࣴز܌ୋ௲Ƕ ++++!!!ҁЎձགᖴٿӜӜቩہϐቩǴฅ౧ᅅϐೀϝҗբޣဂԾॄЎೢǶ
ۚৎ୍ܺ٬Ҕ࣬ᜢӢનޑӄᇮǶࣴزว҇வޕၰǵΑှډ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺϐ Ο໘ࢤၸำǴ҂ѸࢂޔጕวǴՠࠅࢂख़ाၸำǶৎΓࢂ୍ܺૻ৲ޑගٮޣǴৎ ΓޑՉࣁᆶᄊࡋமϯ܈ࢂ෧১ԴΓޑሡགǴԶቹៜԴΓ٬Ҕ୍ܺǶྣ៝ޣ ޑ٩ᒘำࡋ۳۳ࢂ୍ܺ٬ҔᆶցޑᜢᗖӢનǴՠྣ៝ޣჹྣ៝ೢҺޑ࣮ݤϷྣ៝ॄ Ьᢀޑჸำࡋωࢂ୍ܺ٬ҔวޑᗺᐯᏔǶቹៜ୍ܺ٬Ҕཀᜫޑᜢᗖߚࢂ ྣ៝ޣޑيЈރݩǴԶᔈஒྣ៝ޣ፦યΕԵໆǶ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺޑਥҁҗࣁ൨פ ৎྣ៝фૈᆶѨૈԴΓྣ៝ሡޑѳᑽᗺǶৎрѨૈԴΓྣៈӼ௨ޑᒧϷ ،ᆶޗნӢનǵྣៈࡹ৲৲࣬ᜢǶ നࡕҁЎගрϐࡌǴȐ1ȑӭϡϯՉᎍۚৎ୍ܺૻ৲Ǵаගϲ୍ܺၗૻϐࢬ೯ ܄ᆶё߈܄ǹȐ2ȑว؍୍ܺྗբࢬำ܈Չ؍ًǴа಄ӝѨૈৎϐϪ ჴሡǹ(3)ගٮϪޑৎྣ៝ޣഹ৲୍ܺǴаቚуৎྣ៝ޑૈໆǹ(4)ԾЬᒧ ϷЬᏤϐѳᑽೀၶǴаගϲ୍ܺࠔ፦Ƕ ᜱᗥມȈ!۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȃަཽႇโ؛๋ዂԓȃѷՃ
The Decision-Making Process of
the Home Care Service for the
¿ rst time users of
non-Medium-and-Low-Income Families in
Nantou County
Chen, Shu-Hua* ; Wang, Cho-Sheng** ; Cheng, Tsan-Yuang***
Abstract
It has been over 20 years since the home care services were implemented and promoted by the government. It have been regarded as one of the items mainly responsible for developing the care service industry across the nation and one of the methods for the elders of aging in place. However, according to the Ministry of the Interior in 2007, while there is an awareness of the measures for caring for aging people, they are not used yet: home care services comprised 81.30% of the ȸdonȷt feel like usingȸ items. Also, according to a report on the living status and a social
* Chief, General Affairs Section, Central Region Senior, Ministry of the Interior. ** Doctorate Candidate, Department of Social Welfare, National Chung Cheng University. *** Associate Professor, Department of Social Welfare, National Chung Cheng University.
welfare survey for the elderly in Nantou County in the same year, only 2.8% of the elderly used senior home care services while 66.4% of them indicated ȸno needȹ, which is a phenomenon worth attention and discussing.
The purpose of this research is to proceed with data collection for an in-depth interview through qualitative research, employing the social process of decision-marking proposed by Hicks and Lam (1999) considered as a highly comprehensive and dynamic framework of conceptual analysis for discussing the concerns and process involved in the decision-making by 10 non middle-to-low income disabled elderly and their families regarding the use of home care services at this stage, as well as for analyzing related factors that affect the use of home care services in terms of generating a complete picture. According to the research, the process from ȸawarenessȹ, ȸacquaintanceȹ to ȸdecide to useȹ home care services, does not constitute a linear development; however, these three stages are equally important, as family members are providers of service information. The behavior and attitude of the family will reinforce or weaken the feeling of demand and further affect the use of service provided for seniors. The level of dependency of care receivers normally determines whether the service will be used; however, the viewpoint of caretakers on care responsibility and the level of subjective awareness of various caring burdens are what ignite the use of service. The key point that affects the use of service is not simply the mental/physical status of care receivers, but also the characteristics of caretakers; these should be considered altogether. The root cause of using home care services is seeking a balance between home care function and the need for senior care. However, the choices and decisions that the families make for disabled senior care are closely linked to social variables and care policies.
Finally, we have suggestions for home care services. (1) multiple marketing for home care services in order to promote the information of conductivity and accessibility; (2) making the standard operation process of bathing service and bathing service car; (3)providing enough respite services for family caregiver in order to
promote them empowerment;(4)the balance of autonomy and professional treatment in order to promote the quality of home care service.
Key words: home care services, the social process of decision-making, disabled elderly
൧ȃःفनෂ
ᇄᢋಒΚ״ࡤᔊڌዙ 1Ӷ2010Ԓ൸ᗛΤ65ྒԒឮȂԫࡤഃԒ݃ᡘ ቩђȂࡈ֚ҔԓໍΤȶπՃϾዙȷȂՃϾዙࢻࡼ៊Վ2029ԒȄ ርαȂ65ྒпαπЩ౦Ҧ7ʦቩՎ14ʦޠԒхߓȶՃϾഁ࡚ȷȂՅ ѯᢋӶ1993Ԓႁژ7ʦȂႲզӶ2017Ԓژ14ʦໍΤȶାឮަཽȷȇ௦ ӕ8ԒࡤȞ2025Ԓȟ֊Ѡႁژ20ʦȂՅԚ࣐ȶົାឮަཽȷȞ࢈ଲစ ᔽ࡛೪ېসཽȂ2010ȟȄӱᔗାឮϾዙࢻȂԥܛᒞȶԹՔ९ڽȷȃ ȶማᏂཿȷȃȶྲཿȷȃȶୋஷཿȷȃȶߞྲȷ๊өԓө ኻޠᇴݳІึȂηөӶდଞӅ࢈๋ȃୋஷІߞྲ࢈๋ȃІ ަཽᆌւ࢈๋๊ϛூϛ८ᄈޠୱᚡȄ ՃԒπޠቩђڸՃϾᗎ༗ཏکȂՃԒҐٙ८ᄈөᆎୱᚡȂ ॷӒစᔽڸୋஷޠ૿ଞȃڐԪަཽᚕȃӕڐԪЗ౪።ᎍୱᚡ ȞጿजȂ1994ȟȄٳୱᚡᡘұՃӶٙЗөР८ޠሰؒСઊቩђȂ ดՅᓎަཽᕘძޠᡑ᎑ȃঢ়৴Мࡼقಜޠϛ٘Ȃᡲ೩ӼՃԒടΤ֩ ძϟϜȂؔٸϧȞ1998ȟࡿяՃޠ֩ძєࢃȈߞொુнᚃᕜၦ ྜȃᕜᎵᐡᄻІྲȃစᔽ֩ძȃ᎐ڨेࡠпІڐу֩ᜳ๊ȄՃԒ πٟഁԚߞȃ҂ְᎸڽϛᘟ۾ߞȂηᡲᄛܓޠୱᚡђቒȂӱՅቩђ ߞྲៗ 2ޠሰؒȇСҐߞྲៗึޠစᡜȂ௱զяؑΚҢϜङԥ6.5 ԒϟȶߞྲៗሰؒਣࢳȷȂڐϜعܓ҂ְਣࢳङ5.7ԒȂυܓ҂ְਣࢳ ङ7.1ԒȞзх๊Ȃ2009Ȉ2ȟȄ ዊजӒໍঢ়ӶπՃϾึޠߒȂӼпᐡᄻԓྲៗձ࣐ߞྲ ៗึޠӒᎣȂڐࡤȂࠔึ౫ᐡᄻԓྲៗାԚҐȃુнҢࣁࠣ፵пІ1dz ᓻٽዊШжࢂࡰ1946ԃډ1964ԃрғޑΓȐHooyman & Kiyakǵ݅ኻमǴ2003Ǻ
24ȑǴඤقϐǴԴΓዊШжࢂࡰ2010ԃԿ2029ԃǶ
2dz ߏයྣៈǺଞჹԖфૈѨૈޑΓගٮߏਔයǵ҅Ԅ܈ߚ҅Ԅޑ଼நϷ଼ந࣬ᜢЍ୍ܺǴаၲ
ܓϾޠྲ๊ୱᚡȂіዊঢ়ܼ1960ԒॷӒණяΠȶӶӵՃϾȷܗȶӶ ԊՃϾȷ 3ޠᢏ܉Ȃᇰ࣐ߞྲៗᔗᅿѠޠڐ݉ଡ଼ᒰଛՎѷՃȃ ٙЗሬᛥܗڐуԥሰؒޠ۩՟ӵȂпڟֆٯᆱࡼڐҢࣁޠҔளϾ Ȟ֕ుᛞȃೆۆࢸȂ2001ȟȄ ٸᐄϲ࢈ഌȞ2000ȟ።ࢦ๗ݏȂש65ྒпαሰߞྲៗޠπԥ 182,000ȂխӓᡞՃπޠ9.7%Ȃ՟ӶΚૢঢ়Йխ92.4%ȂڐϜ 78.5%ᇅପୌȃڌυܗᒒЅӤ՟ȞചҔ߈ȃ֕ుᛞȂ2006ȟȄέϲ࢈ഌ Ȟ2007bȟ።ࢦൣ֚ηᡘұ65ྒпαՍ౪Сளକ۩ࣁԥ֩ᜳՃȂڐл ्ྲ࣐ପୌȃφυܗཁ൬Ӭќ40%Ȃ࣐ѵᝳܗҐࣽៗϏӬќ18%Ȃ ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼সќ0.89%Ȃᐡᄻ݉ଡ଼সќ7.63%ȂณڟֆՅՍשྲ ߗήԚȄӶѯᢋӼѷՃϬп՟Ӷঢ়Ϝ۩ӼȂτഌϸߞྲៗೱӉ ϬҦঢ়৴ᑀΩ॓ᐋȄѫ።ࢦϜηᡘұ65ྒпαՃᇰ࣐౪དྷޠ۩՟Рԓ ϬпȶᇅφυӤ՟(֥ପୌȃφυପୌІφυ)ȷќ59.95%ഷӼȄ ᓎަཽᐍᡞᕘძȃঢ়৴๗ᄻޠᡑȂঢ়৴ೞࡠྲାឮԚসޠѓ ݃ᡘӵڨژࢆȂՃѷϛѬཽኈڐՍٙޠҢࣁࠣ፵Ȃᄈঢ়ηཽ ആԚ२τ॓ᐋȂ༉ಜঢ়৴ྲៗዂԓޠΚτ֩ძȂࢆ౫Ӷᆌւ ᡞقޠᎍ࿌ܓȄᙐّϟȂᇄᢋ८ᖞޠძߞྲៗሰ्ቩђޠ८Ȃ ԫΚ౫ຬޠٿᖞࠍೞࣩ࣐ۢȶུޠަཽॴᓏȷȞMorel,2006ȟȄ ดՅϲ࢈ഌȞ2007aȟϵոՃᄈܼ࢈ۻණٽөՃᆌւ௪ࢋϟ ᇰޤᇅւңםȂึ౫ޤၿՃᆌւ௪ࢋկґٻңϟӱȈȶϛདྷւ ңȷȂࠔпȶ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȷϟ81.30%࣐ഷାȄՅചᐹᆋȞ2006ȟܛձޠ ࠓᑫՃҢࣁޒݸІᆌւሰؒ።ࢦൣ֚ϜηࡿяȂՃѠᄈ݉ଡ଼ϲ ৡϛΠ၍Յϛඹ௦ڨȂܛпᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼௦ڨ࡚ϛାȄשউึ౫༊ԥ2.8ʦ ٻңႇՃ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ȃґٻңޠӱ࣐ȶϛޤၿȷԥԫ݉ଡ଼ќ 3dz ྷڂଯஏࡋޑۚৎྣ୍៝ܺǴ٬Ԗ93%ԴΓૈӧৎύғࢲԴѐǴӵৎԖᡛᅯޑԴΓǴۚৎ ୍ܺқϺٰ5ԛǴఁٰ2ԛǴ1Ϻೖ7ԛѳ֡3λਔ൩ٰৎ္୍ܺȐఉҏޱǴ2011ȑǶ
30.3ʦȂՅߓұȶϛሰ्ȷޠќ66.4ʦȄեп࢈ۻὠݨΠᛂτޠစຳ௱ ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȂՅ࣐ٙ݉ଡ଼ٻңޠՃࠔϛདྷւң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȉڐӱفഥ ࣐եȉ ࢈ଲȶྲ݉ଡ଼ᆌւІཿึРȷӓٙЗѓሬᛥҖಁ ાΤ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼၅ֆጓ൝Ȃпȶഇႇᎍ࡚၅ֆᇷึ۩ঢ়ྲៗ݉ଡ଼ሰؒȷޠ ๋וగڗᐮ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠԚߞȂՍॏฬᒳпٿᗷ݉ଡ଼ȃ݉ଡ଼Ԫ І݉ଡ଼ਣְഃؐԚߞȂկҖಁໍΚؐཏрຳᗋຶ݉ଡ଼ޠЩپϬ մȂ2002Ԓȃ2003ԒҖಁՍຳЩپҦ2Ԛ5ණାՎ2Ԛ9Ȃ2004Ԓȃ2005Ԓ ϸր७մ2Ԛ4І1Ԛ8Ȃ2007Ԓӕ७1Ԛ8ȄեпҖಁཏрຳᗋຶ݉ଡ଼ޠ ЩپϬϛାȉ ҦܼࠓᑫӱΟΡΚ२࡛ޠሰ्ȂϜѶ࢈ۻΤτ์ޠ२࡛စຳȂ ࠓᑫۻᑗ྄ӪϜѶލڦစຳஊଌ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼সІ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ᏳসȂٻᑫ ϲ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ཿଡ଼ፁࠐึȂ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ཿଡ଼Ѡېଋޠ՞຺ٿ຺Ӽȃཿ ݉ଡ଼Ωηࣻ࿌ޠщ٘Ȅ2002Ԓ9УᒳߩϜմԞΤѷՃІٙЗሬᛥ ၅ֆٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ȃࠓᑫܼᒳϟߒ֊ԥ9ঢ়۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ණٽ՞ණٽ ݉ଡ଼Ȃ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼՞༊ԪܼѯіҀޠ11ঢ়Ȃ࣐ӓಒΡӼȄᗷด࢈ۻ ὠݨΠᛂτޠစຳ௱۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ཿଡ଼Ȃկঢ়Іѷߞ௦ڨ࡚ІҖಁ ໍΚؐཏрຳᗋຶ݉ଡ଼ϬϛାȂϛռᡲःفԂۊӶשНϾძ ίȂ੬րߩϜմԞΤѷՃঢ়৴Ҩ፝ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ᐤโȂژ ۼϨቅӱષѿѢΠѷঢ়৴ޠᒶᐆྲ݉ଡ଼РԓޠႇโȂ؛๋ޠโז Ϩቅȉ፣ᇅΠ؛๋ޠႇโȉؑঐঢ়৴ԚসѠԥϛӤޠлᢏཏᜌᇅࣽ ݳȂՅ࣐ٙ݉ଡ଼ٻңлᡞޠѷՃȂуӶ݉ଡ଼ٻңޠ؛๋ႇโϜȂ лِȂᗚପِȂܗѬਡᢏޠᢏಁںȉέ݉ଡ଼ᄈຬԄեࣽࡠҔӶஉ ޠ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȉኈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષ࣐եȉ ҐНۼίϸԚϥഌϸȂಒΚԥᜱٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟࣻᜱӱષ ଇȂഇႇНᝧفึ౫ኈٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟ२्ӱષȇಒΡفঢ়৴ ᄈѷՃྲៗԋ௷؛๋ႇโϟࣻᜱ౪፤ȂпІҐःف࢝ᄻᇴ݃ձ࣐౪
፤Іϸݚϟ࢝ᄻஆᙄȇಒήҐःفРݳІःفᄈຬϟᇴ݃ȂᙥҦ፵Ͼ ःفРݳህпљ๗ᄻԓୱڣІ࡚ፚݳȂᕤ၍ࠓᑫߩϜմԞΤѷ Ճঢ়৴ኻҐҨ፝ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ᐤโȇಒѳःف๗ݏϟϸݚІ ึ౫ȂΠ၍ѷՃঢ়৴ᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼؛ۢࢻโȇϥଭᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼قಜ ණя࡛ឋІ๗፤Ȅ
ະȃٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟࣻᜱӱષଇ
ኌȞ2003Ȉ17ȟᐍ౪ΠӼ՞Ᏹᄈܼ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ۢဏȂєࢃԥঢ় ٲ݉ଡ଼ȃঐྲȃަཽܓྲȃܗៗ౪ܓྲៗ๊๊Ȅԥᜱៗ౪ܓྲៗ ӱਗ਼Іᚃᕜ࣐ȃܓៗ౪ϏձȂȶៗ౪ݳȷϜϑ݃ጃۢ၏ഌϸҦ ፐҢȃᚃᕜȃៗ౪๊ࣻᜱ՞॓ೱȄՅަ࢈՞ϟ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࠍ݉ଡ଼२ ᘉဋܼަཽܓྲቺ८ȂІ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟ२ᘉဋܼᜱᛅȃЗ౪Мࡼȃᕘძ ྲȃަཽᇅІርϤР८Ȅ Ӷϲ࢈ഌȞ1998ȟȶђ௱۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ᄃࢋРȷख़݃Ȉ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ ޠл्݉ଡ଼ᄈຬ࣐65ྒпαȂӱٙЗڨयСளҢࣁѓሰуڟֆϟ ۩ঢ়ՃȞ֥ᑀ۩ՃȟȂпІስԥٙЗሬᛥКьȂйСளҢࣁѓሰ уڟֆϟ۩ঢ়ٙЗሬᛥȄՅڐდ݉ଡ଼ϲৡȈঢ়ଡ଼ІСளҢࣁྲ ݉ଡ଼ȃඳࣀՙޑϟࣀᕂȃঔ၅ȃ۩ঢ়ᕘძȞплஆҐҢࣁጓ൝࣐ лȟȃঢ়ଡ଼݉ଡ଼Ȟֆ౪ȟȃНਫ݉ଡ଼ȃЅຝȃႬၘୱԋȃᓢ݉ ଡ଼ȃഘӤܗхᗋҢࣁ҇ңࠣȃഘӤ൸ᚃܗᖓᚃᕜᐡᜱȞᄻȟȃݳࡢ ᒛၛ݉ଡ଼ȃڐуࣻᜱϟ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȃٙᡞྲ݉ଡ଼ȃпІڟֆٻңСளҢ ࣁህֆᏣڏ๊݉ଡ଼ҭȂٻл៊ӶՍϐዤோޠᕘძϜҢࣁȄ ٻң݉ଡ଼ޠ࣐ϛ༊ᄃଡ଼ϏձᜱЗޠ፟ᚡȂηЖକᏱࣩޠः فᑺ፹ȇ੬րӶଇՃڸҔԓྲᡞقޠᜱ߾ਣ२्ޠःفлᚡȂ ӱٻң݉ଡ଼ՃڸҔԓྲᡞقϮ८ޠۗȄѵߗԒٿϑၷЎԥН ᝧଇ۩ঢ়ྲៗޠ௦ڨםІڐӱષϸݚȂѠӱޠϛӤйዊज๊ၷԟՃϾޠঢ়Ȃڐ۩ঢ়ྲៗዂԓᄃࢋІ௱ኅϑӼԒȂΚޣ࣐ߞ ྲៗϜ२्ޠΚᕘȂй݉ଡ଼ٻң౦ηၷାȂܛпٯءԥሰ्ଇ௦ڨ࡚ ޠ्҇Ȅ ѯᢋ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ႇџ݉ଡ଼ᄈຬ༊४ܼϜȃմԞΤЙՃȂӱ࣐݉ଡ଼ϛ ІܼӓҖȂܛпΫԒٿԚߞጦᄛȞ֕ుᛞȃചҔ߈Ȃ2000ȟȄӼ Ճ۩ঢ়ᒶᐆᇅሰ्ϟःف๗ݏᡘұȂณ፤ՃٙᡞӈȂ۩՟Ӷঢ়ܗ ަୣϜϬτഌϸՃޠࡠȂ࣐МࡼѷᅿѠӶঢ়৴ႇՍ лȃளᄙҢࣁȂйөଭᄈߞྲៗሰؒޠቩђܛ௵ڦ२τޠ࢈๋РӪ Ӽ።ྲៗၦྜЩپޠ።ᐍପဋȂჃᓿ۩ঢ়ԓІަୣԓ࣐ஆᙄޠ݉ଡ଼ڦ хᐡᄻྲៗȞ֕ుᛞȂ2003aȇGibson, Gregory, & Pandya, 2003ȟȄܛ п࢈ۻᇅҖ՞ංԒٿϑᑗ྄௱ᒳ౪ө۩ঢ়ԓ݉ଡ଼௪ࢋȂҼ ᔗϲҖ්Ӫ70ʦަୣྲȂ30ʦᐡᄻԓྲޠდРӪȞ֕ుᛞȂ 2003bȇߚԮৎȃചષࢍȃ༂ႜȂ2004ȟȄ࢈ଲ௱ޠȶྲ݉ଡ଼ᆌ ւІཿึРȷІ௱ȶߞྲ10Ԓॏฬ~τྤཹަཽᆌւϟ ᄰॏฬȷӓٙЗѓሬᛥҖಁાΤ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼၅ֆጓ൝Ȃוగණ Ёڐ݉ଡ଼МࡼȂٯᙥпڗᐮ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠԚߞȄկ௱пٿҖಁՍຳᗋຶ ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ཏմȂٸ࢈ଲःفึՄਰېসཽȞ2007ȟൣ֚ࡿяȂ өᑫҀҖಁՍຳٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Щ౦ϟ҂ְঅ࣐18%Ȃۧԥ19ᑫҀϟՍຳٻ ң౦մܼ၏҂ְঅȂᡘұ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ՍຳٻңםࡠђȂйۧԥᑫҀϟ ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Սຳਣ֖౫॓ԚߞȞԄུԽᑫȟȄࢉߪሰџଇҖಁᄈ۩ঢ় ݉ଡ଼ޠ௦ڨ࡚ᇅΠ၍݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષȂпٽש۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ึϟ ՄȄ Ӳ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષޠःف٠ϭӔԥ10፤НȂଷ1࣐፵ ϾःفѵȂڐуࣲ࣐໕ϾःفȄՅڐϜ5፤НȈᛴڄࡧȞ2004ȟȶኈ Ճٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࣻᜱӱષϟःف-пାᑫ࣐ᄈຬȷȃ৹ࡧ♛Ȟ2005ȟ ȶኈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңםІڐࣻᜱӱષଇ- пᇄіᑫ࣐پȷȃചҔ߈๊ Ȟ2006ȟȶঢ়৴ྲᄈߞྲៗ݉ଡ଼ٻңཏϟଇȷȃखޚԄȃ
ೆۆࢸȃ֕ਐᓹȃ֕ుᛞ๊Ȟ2006ȟȶ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષः فȷпІ଼ۤ֘Ȟ2007ȟȶѯϜҀΚૢѷՃՍຳٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟࣻ ᜱӱષଇȷϟःفȂࣲпAndersen ɍ NewmanȞ1973ȟܛණяޠԋ ሌୋஷ݉ଡ଼ٻң࣐ዂԓȞAndersen behavioral modelȟձ࣐ःفၽң ܼႲข݉ଡ଼ٻң࣐ޠ౪፤࢝ᄻȄ
Andersen ܼ1968 ԒණяፐҢ࣐ዂԓࡤೞኅހᔗңܼፐҢ݉ଡ଼ւң ޠःفȂҦڐҐᇅڐуᏱϛᘟޠђпঔҔȃ۾իȂٯၽңܼຠ զөୋஷ݉ଡ଼ޠѠߗܓȞച߁֦Ȃ2009ȟȄAndersen & Newman (1973) ܛණяኈୋஷ݉ଡ଼ٻңޠަཽڸঐ؛ۢӱષȂڐϜঐ؛ۢӱષ֊ Κૢܛᆏȶԋሌୋஷ݉ଡ଼ٻң࣐ዂԓȷȞ឵ಒΚࢳᚃᕜ݉ଡ଼ւң ዂȟȄঐ؛ۢӱષєࢃ་Ӫӱષȃٻӱષȃሰؒӱષ๊ήȄڐ Ϝ་ӪӱષȞpredisposing characteristicsȟ࣐ঐٻңୋஷ݉ଡ଼་Ӫޠ ஆҐ੬፵ȂєࢃπᏱᡑȃަཽ๗ᄻᡑȃІୋஷ߭܉๊Ȅٻӱષ Ȟenabling characteristicsȟࠍࡿঐᕖூᚃᕜྲៗޠΩȂєࢃঐܗঢ় ৴ᡑȃަୣᡑ๊ȄሰؒӱષȞneed characteristicsȟ߾ঐᄈୋஷޠᄙ ࡚ܗᖞטαຠզޠޒȂ࣐ഷޣ௦йഷ२्ኈᚃᕜ݉ଡ଼ւң࣐ޠӱ ષȂє֥ᇰޤᇅຠզ๊Ȅ Ӷ೩Ӽଇ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષޠНതϜȂᗷөԥڐၽңޠዂ ԓᇅ࢝ᄻȂпίၑпAndersenዂԓϜၽңޠ3ᆎኈӱષϸȂःف ึ౫ϟኈӱષᐍ౪ԄίȈ ᨧ་Ӫӱષ ་Ӫӱષ߾ࡿঐڏԥ࢛ᆎ੬፵Յၷܿ་Ӫٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ȅܓրڸ Ԓឮഷளೞଇޠڎঐπ੬፵ӱષȄःف๗፤ࣲΚयȂυܓٻң۩ ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠᐡཽτܼعܓȞዟೈȂ2000ȇᛴڄࡧȂ2004ȟȄпȶѷՃ ІٙЗሬᛥ၅ֆٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ॏฬȷஉٿࣽȂЩၷӓ2007Ԓٻ ң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟܓրȂሇ࡚ІϜ२࡚ѷпυܓٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Щپङխ6
ԚȂ྄२࡚ഌϸعυٻңЩپᗎߗөխ5ԚȇᐍᡞՅّȂυܓѷٻң ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟЩپାܼعܓߗ1Ԛ5ȄЩၷࠓᑫ2006ȃ2007Ԓ࡚ٻң۩ঢ় ݉ଡ଼ϟܓրȂηூژӤኻޠ๗ݏȂυܓѷٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟЩپାܼ عܓȄ Ӷ۩ঢ়ঐϜȂԒឮ຺τٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠᐡ຺ཽτȄు߈ȃೆۆ ࢸȃചҔ߈ȃဩΞᆋȃ֕ుᛞȞ2004ȟःفึ౫۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ঐ҂ְԒឮ ࣐75.5ྒȂߩՃխܛԥٻңЩ౦࣐12.8ʦȂՅ75ྒпαՃܛխЩپഷ Ӽ࣐66.8ʦȄகࡆР८Ȃτഌϸःفࠔึ౫ϑகٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ၷӼȞച ߬ԮȂ2002ȇചܒԄȂ2003ȇు߈๊Ȃ2004ȇᛴڄࡧȂ2004ȟȄఁ يโ࡚Р८Ȃٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ӽ࣐ఁيโ࡚ϊᏱпίܗϛᜌԆȞചܒ ԄȂ2003ȇ֕ుᛞȂ2004ȇు߈๊Ȃ2004ȇᛴڄࡧȂ2004ȟȄᆌւ ٙϸР८ȂӶు߈๊Ȟ2004ȟޠःفϜึ౫Ȃ݉ଡ଼ٻңᄈຬϜၷӼ࣐ ΚૢЙҖಁȇԫѵȂᛴڄࡧȞ2004ȟޠःفϜҼึ౫݉ଡ଼ᄈຬ࣐ΚૢЙ Ճќ62.2ʦȂմԞᇅϜմԞՃќ37.8ʦȄ ᨨٻӱષ ٻӱષࡿঐᕖூ݉ଡ଼ޠΩڸၦྜȄ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ѡп၅щঢ়৴ ྲϟϛ٘ȂԥᖓϟᒒЅ຺ӼȃԥӤ՟ঢ়ȃܛூژޠަཽМࡼ โ຺࡚ାȄඳّϟȂঢ়৴ྲၦྜၷӼȂӱՅၷЎٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȇঢ় ৴ྲΩЎȂٻңၷӼ݉ଡ଼ȞܒȂ2000ȇলȂ2002ȇച߬ ԮȂ2002ȇᛴڄࡧȂ2004ȟȄϲӼःف๗ݏߓұަୣϜٙЗሬᛥ ܗՃϟл्ྲ࣐ପୌܗཁஐ(ച߬ԮȂ2002ȇᛴڄࡧȂ2004)Ȃྲ πᏱ੬ܓഷ݃ᡘޠ੬፵࣐пυܓ࣐лȄ ᨩሰؒӱષ єࢃлᢏᄈՍϐޠՍញȃޒຩᘟІࡋᢏҦᖞטαޠᄃርຠզ ๗ݏȄՍញୋஷޒݸၷৰȃԥᇰޤѓሬᛥȃᄈ݉ଡ଼ޠᇰᜌโ຺࡚ା
ְၷ་Ӫܼٻң݉ଡ଼ȞܒȂ2000ȇኌȂ2003ȇলȂ2002ȇ ᛴڄࡧȂ2004ȟȄСளҢࣁࣁѓၷৰȃᄛܓၷӼȃሰٻңҢࣁህ ڏηၷཽٻң۩ঢ়ྲៗȞ৹ࡧ♛Ȃ2005ȇച߬ԮȂ2002ȇਵลȂ 2002ȇዟೈȂ2000ȟȄѫѵȂःف๗ݏᡘұADL ІIADL 4 ሬᛥܗٸ ᒧҭၷӼȂڐٻң݉ଡ଼ޠਣαཽԥቩђޠᗎ༗(଼ۤ֘Ȃ2007ȇᛴ ڄࡧȂ2004ȇKorbin , Manton,ɍAragon ,2000ȇThorslund , Norstrom, ɍ Wernberg, 1991)Ȅঢ়৴л्ྲՍຠୋஷޒݸབৰȃ࿌ྲߓႁၷ ାޠྲ॓ೊਣȂٻңၷӼ݉ଡ଼ȞݔིโȂ2000ȇܒȂ2000ȇചҔ ߈๊Ȃ2006ȇᚠྕȂ1997ȟȄ ᘫાпαНᝧึ౫ኈٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟ२्ӱષє֥Ȉπ੬፵ȃ စᔽޒݸȃୋஷޒݸȃঢ়৴Мࡼၦྜڸᄈ݉ଡ଼ޠᇰޤᇅᄙ๊࡚Ȅ
ȃ ঢ়৴ᄈѷՃྲៗԋ௷۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼؛๋ႇโϟϸ
ݚ࢝ᄻ
ҭࠊٻңަཽ݉ଡ଼ڸୋஷ݉ଡ଼ϟႲขӱષःفϜԋሌୋஷ݉ଡ଼ٻ ң࣐ዂԓഷளೞЖңޠःف࢝ᄻȄпԋሌዂԓٿࣽՃՍҦ ᒶᐆྲៗРԓӼ२ܼՃঐ੬፵ޠኈȇՅڐуᏱᇰ࣐Ճྲៗ ԋ௷ȂѠԥڐуޠᇅȂளପୌڸԚԒφυޠഌϸȂӱԫঢ় ৴ԚসӶՃԒπྲៗ؛ۢႇโηᅌࣻ࿌२्ޠِՔȄHicks &LamȞ1999ȟܛණяޠަཽႇโ؛๋ዂԓȞthe social process of decision-makingȟȂΚঐ࣐ӓ८йᄙޠަཽዂȂڐՄኍژӼ ؛๋সڸӱષޠԇӶȄԫዂඣख़ަཽ؛๋ႇโϜήᄻԚ्ષȈ
4dz ԴΓޑѨૈำࡋЬाࢂ٬ҔЃМໆ߄(Barthel Index)уаෳໆǴхࡴ१ǵ౽ՏǵঁΓፁғǵӵ
൵ǵࢱᐙǵՉوǵΠኴఊǵऀಥՊܺǵεߡᆶλߡڋΜȨВதғࢲфૈࡰȐActivity of Daily Living ǴADLȑȩǴࢂکঁΓ୷ҁԾךྣ៝фૈϷيᡏՉૈΚ࣬ᜢޑҞǶԶ ॊфૈଏϯ܈഼ѨޣࡐёૈೱቹៜȨπڀ܄ВதғࢲфૈȐInstrumental Activity of Daily LivingǴIADLȑȩޑวචǴхࡴܺᛰǵѦрǵᖼނǵނᆅǵࢱՊǵ٬Ҕႝ၉ǵฆᆶѺ ΖǴࢂঁᡏӧޗғࢲύᆶฯᡏ܈ޗᕉნϕޑૈΚǶ
ȞΚȟ؛๋ထಣȈყᡞᇅঐȇȞΡȟ؛๋ႇโȈл्؛๋ȃϸය؛๋ ܗ༌Ͼ؛๋ȇȞήȟ؛๋ᜱ߾Ȉᖓ࿘ܗᝰލȄ؛๋Ԛসᜱ߾ᇅ؛๋ႇโ ཽᓎڨྲޠโਣՅᡑȂҼѠᓎୱᚡϜ੬ੇޠ؛ۢՅ ᡑϾȄήᄻԚ्ષҼཽᓎഌᇅτዂޠަཽΩȂኈ؛๋ϟᒶ ᐆᇅۢဏȄަཽΩᇅ؛ۢӱષຝם༗ᇅᕘძՅۢȂє֥Ӭݳစᔽښ࡚ȃ НϾȃୋஷྲښ࡚ᇅ࢈ۻ࢈๋ȄഷࡤȂަཽᐤโȃொ੬ኊᇅަཽ؛ ๋ႇโࣻϤኈȄ ཿসӶࡩܓᚃᕜྲៗᇅߞྲៗ؛๋ޠِՔᅌԥܛৰ ޠȄࡩܓᚃᕜྲៗ؛๋ளೞຝ࣐ȶΫЭࡩȷȂཿসޠᖞטցᘟள ளᅌлᏳޠِՔȂໍՅࠉ৶ொޠՍл᠍ȇࣻၷϟίȂߞྲៗೞ ᙐۢဏ࣐ȶӶୋஷȃঐྲៗȃަཽሰ๊ؒР८ȂᄈુнՍשྲៗ Ωܛණٽޠө݉ଡ଼ȷȄߞྲៗ؛๋֥ԥ௦៊ܓȂڐጓ൝ႈІঐ СளҢࣁޠܛԥቺ८Ȅঢ়৴Ԛসਗ਼Τޠโ࡚ࣻ࿌ஞϹȂߞྲៗ؛๋Ӽ љҦՃڸঢ়৴ԚসӔӤԚȂঢ়৴ԚসԥѠ༊ᇅ؛๋ȂηԥѠ Ӥਣ॓ྲៗޠೱӉȄ τഌӌޠୋஷྲៗ؛๋ःفٯґӤਣᄈঢ়ȃᇅୋஷྲៗණ ٽϟኈᔯขȂӼःف༊ࠂ४ܼଇྲܗՃᄈΚ݉ଡ଼ޠ ٻңཏȄঢ়৴؛๋ٸᐄႇџःف๗ݏȂӶަཽޠঢ়৴؛๋ ளϛѬΚȂ؛๋܂܂ሰܜᐋঢ়৴ϲቌঅፑऐᇅަཽᗗ፤ޠᔇΩȄঢ় ৴ϛӶޫޒᄙίձ؛๋Ȃڐ؛๋ᇅަཽძȃୋஷྲៗ࢈๋Іྲៗ ཿসਁਁࣻᜱȂϛӤޠަཽӱષኈ؛๋І؛๋ႇโȂٳӱષ ϟࣻϤኈᇅٸᒧޠȄپԄަཽᕘძ४ښΠ࢛ٳϏձِՔȃਣІ ঢ়৴๗ᄻȇަཽၦྜޠѠߗܓȂԄ݉ଡ଼ਣȃຳңІཿ݉ଡ଼ޠ४ښ๊ Ѡኈঢ়৴ᄈܼՃޒޠףڨ࡚Ȃय़ٻঢ়৴яѷՃྲៗԋ௷ ޠᒶᐆᇅ؛๋Ȅঢ়৴ԚসᄈҔԓ݉ଡ଼ޠᄙ࡚ІᄈٻңҔԓ݉ଡ଼ޠԥңܓ ޠ߭܉๊ӱષϛৡ܈ຝޠȂखޚԄ๊Ȟ2006ȟଇ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ሰ् ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠኈӱષηึ౫Ȃᄈ݉ଡ଼ޠႲਞңڸྲᢏ܉Җಁ
؛ۢٻң݉ଡ଼ޠ२्ࣻᜱӱષȄ ࣐ΠпᢏޠРӪໍΚؐџଇߩϜմԞΤѷՃঢ়৴ٻң۩ ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ႇโȂՄٯঔHicks &LamȞ1999ȟܛණяޠަཽႇโ ؛๋ዂԓȂםԚҐःفޠ྆܉ϸݚ࢝ᄻȞԄშ1ȟȂަཽႇโ؛๋Ϝή ᄻԚ्ષȈȞΚȟ؛๋ထಣȈҐःفޠ؛๋ထಣϲঢ়৴ԚসȃՃȃ ཿসഎѠٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼؛๋ႇโϜޠᇅȇȞΡȟ؛๋ႇโȈ ѷՃঢ়৴؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ԥѠ༊1ȂηԥѠϛѬ1 ঐȂ؛๋םԓཽٸϛӤޠٲӈܗঢ়৴ޒݸ֖౫ȶл्ȷܗȶϸයȷޠ ؛๋ႇโዂԓȄȶ༌Ͼ؛๋ȷඣख़ᓎަཽᐤโߒۗᡑՅኸя౫ޠ ؛๋ȂپԄȈᚃҢȃៗς๊ӶѷՃঢ়৴؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠႇโ ϜԥѠ༌Ͼ؛๋ܗණٽ؛๋Ȃߵٻঢ়឵ᡑԒߞޠҢࣁРԓܗٻң ུ݉ଡ଼ȇȞήȟ؛๋ᜱ߾Ȉӱ࣐ঢ়৴ϜؑΚঐܛ᐀ԥޠ᠍४τϊϛࣻ Ӥ൸ཽኈژȶ፣ԥ᠍Ω؛๋ȷȂӶѷՃٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ႇ โϜѠཽӱ࣐ঢ়৴ԚসϛӤзхޠᢏ܉ᘅྜྷཽӶঢ়৴؛๋ႇโϜҢ ȶᖓ࿘ȷܗȶᝰލȷޠ؛๋ᜱ߾Ȅ ަཽΩᇅ؛ۢӱષຝם༗ᇅᕘძՅۢȂӶҐःفϲଇє֥НϾ ጓȞԄȈᒒ឵ِՔࡠڸܓրِՔ๊ȟȃ౫ࢳ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ښ࡚೪ॏ ȞԄȈ݉ଡ଼ϲৡȃਣȃԞຳዀྦ๊ȟԄեኈژঢ়৴؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ ଡ଼ޠႇโȄѫѵȂԥᜱѷՃޠ੬፵Іྲޠ੬፵ٸᐄܓրȃԒ ឮȃகࡆȃఁيโ࡚ȃঢ়৴Ωၦྜȃѷโ࡚ȃྲሰࣲ๊ཽؒኈ ژ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠٻңȄ
နȃःفРݳІःفᄈຬᇴ݃
ϲःف۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષӼп໕Ͼၦਠϸݚٿଇࣻᜱᡑ Ȃկϸݚޠ๗ݏৡܿմզΠՃІڐঢ়৴ԚসЗ౪ᇅަཽቺ८ޠၦ ਠȂ౫ԥޠःفଇ݉ଡ଼ٻңޠ؛ۢӱષਣȂᗷϑݨཏژՃڸঢ়৴Ԛ সޠࣻᜱᡑְཽኈ݉ଡ଼ٻңȂկϬ܈ٳᡑѠһϤձң Յᄈ݉ଡ଼ٻң࣐ҢޠኈȂԫΚᄙႇโϟસᎍӬ፵ܓःفȂࢉ ์וగᙥҦ፵ϾःفРݳህпљ๗ᄻԓୱڣІ࡚ፚݳȂ׳яϹ ӬՃІڐл्ྲϟ؛๋ᐤโȄ Ґःفლၑঢ়৴ຝ࣐ΚᐍঐᡞȂᙥҦસܓޠ፵Ͼःفଇঢ়৴ ؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠᐤโȂଇঢ়৴ԚসԄե၍មІᇅٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ ! 23 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ྣ ៝ ᒧ ، ၸ ำ ! ่ ݀! ᒧ٬Ҕ! ۚৎ୍ܺ! ᒧό٬Ҕ ۚৎ୍ܺ! !ྣ ៝ ሡ ! ѨૈԴΓޑ ፦! ྣ៝ޣޑ ޗΚ! 2ǵЎϯೕጄǺ/ᒃឦفՅޑයࡑǵ܄ձයࡑǶ 3ǵ໘ࢤۚৎ୍ܺڋࡋीǺ୍ܺϣǵਔ ໔ǵԏྗǵ୍ܺҙፎࢬำǶ! ،ဂಔ! Ȑঁᡏǵიᡏȑ! ،ᜢ߯! Ȑᖄ࿉ǵᝡݾȑ ،ၸำ! ȐЬा،ǵ! ! ! ϩණ،ǵ! ! ! ϯ،ȑ! ܄ձǵԃសǵஆ࠷ǵ௲ ػำࡋǵৎΓΚၗ ྍǵѨૈำࡋǵྣ៝ሡ Ƕ! კ1ࣴزϩࢎᄬკ ҁࢎᄬঅׯԾǺHicksکLamȐ1999ȑޗၸำ،ኳԄޠ؛ۢȄःفᄈຬޠٿྜҦᑫ࢈ۻȃө۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼՞ණٽಓӬҐःف ޠӫȂӒߒؐᑣᒶٯᒶᐆᎍӬޠᄈຬȂҦڐӒഀٯڦூӶڨ ߒؐӤཏࡤȂӕҦःفпҴཏܫኻٸᐄःفҭޠȃःفୱᚡпІѠ ८ᖞޠ४ښڸѠւңޠၦྜџᒶᐆኻҐȂኊூঐӤཏࡤໍໍΚؐ ޠ८ᄈ८ΤፚȄفϟᄈຬ࣐ߩϜմԞΤѷՃІڐঢ়৴ԚসȂ й࣐ґٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ȃӱसϑစٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ӼԒȂڐথۗٻң ݉ଡ଼ਣޠٙᡞᇅঢ়৴ޒݸȃІᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ښ࡚೪ॏޠߒؐᇰᜌᇅࣽݳϑ ၷᜳྦጃණٽȂй࣐ᗘռెڸӲᏺৰȂࢉпߒԪҨ፝݉ଡ଼ޠঢ়৴࣐ ःفᄈຬȄ ࣐Πଇኈٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠӱષȂҐःفᄈຬ࣐ҭࠊߒԪҨ፝ٻ ң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠѷՃঢ়৴ȞϑໍΤҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࢻโϜȂկᗚґ ۗҔԓٻңȟȂӔፚΠ10ঐঢ়৴Ȃ17(6՞ѷՃȃ11՞ঢ়৴ྲ )ȄःفᄈຬՎЎಓӬίӗөӈȈȞΚȟѷՃȈ࣐ߩϜմԞ Τ 5ঐȂԒᅗ65ྒȂВЫ໕ߓȞСளҢࣁࣁѓ໕ߓȂADLȟ80ϸ (֥)пίϟߞȂй्ڏԥᇮّߓႁΩȄԥᝓ२ΩܗᇮّሬᛥȂ٘ пኈፚໍȂܗᇰޤڨโ࡚Ϝ๊пαޠՃȂ௷ଷܼኻҐϟѵȄ ȞΡȟл्ྲܗ؛๋Ȉঢ়Ϝл्ྲѷՃϟঢ়឵ܗঢ়Ϝڏԥ ᇅ؛ۢΩޠȄ ҐःفӔፚΠ10ঐߒԪҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠѷՃঢ়৴ϲл्ྲ τӼ࣐ପୌȂйڨྲഎ༊ᇅପୌ1Ӥ՟Ȃྲ҂ְԒឮ࣐69 ྒȂτӼЇᔗٙᡞϑึҢޒݸܗྲ॓ೊτȄՅӶྲޠ੬፵Р८Ȃ ึ౫ڨޠѷՃঢ়৴Ϝл्ྲҐٙτӼ࣐ϜାឮϏձҀൠᝰލ 5dz ȨߚύեԏΕȩջȨЊȩǴߚᑜѱࡹ۬܌ӈнϐեǵύեԏΕЊǶ2002ԃ໒ۈ໒ᒤϐȨߚ ύեԏΕѨૈԴΓϷيЈምᛖޣံշ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺ၂ᒤीฝȩǴஒচҁගٮύեԏΕѨૈޣ ޑྣ୍៝ܺᘉϷѨૈ୯҇Ƕ ٩Ᏽϣࡹ2004ԃޑȨѨૈԴΓϷيЈምᛖޣံշ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺ၂ᒤीฝȩЃМໆ߄ຑ่݀ 80ϩډ61ϩࣁᇸࡋѨૈǴ61ϩԿ31ϩࣁύख़ࡋѨૈǴ30ϩаΠࣁཱུख़ࡋѨૈǴࡺҁࣴزޑࣴز ჹຝȨѨૈԴΓȩሡ಄ӝЃМໆ߄80ϩ(֖)аΠϐߏޣǶ
Ωၷϛ٘ȂѠӱ࣐ঢ়৴Ӷ८ᖞԥྲሰؒޠՃਣȂӱѷՃ ޠҢࣁሰ्ٸᒧঢ়ߞਣޠᜱݨІᓎਣޠᅗ٘Ȃ࣐ӱᔗѷՃޠྲ ሰؒȄঢ়৴Ϝޠߩ൸ཿπԚ࣐ೞՄ໕ޠᒶȂءԥϏձޠঢ়ӱՅ Ԛ࣐౫ԚޠֆΩȂηঢ়৴ӶϛᡑٿޠΩІစᔽ๗ᄻܛޠഷٺ ።ᐍȄѫѵڨޠѷՃঢ়৴Ϝޠл्ྲυܓխ7՞ϟӼȄ ԥᜱڨ10ঐߒԪҨ፝ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ѷՃঢ়৴؛๋ႇโпშጤ ਲРԓ֖౫ԄίȈ ᨧAঢ়৴-ڨ֕ྼྼȞA1ȟȃ֕ѹѹȞA2ȟ ֆྭྭύ॥ठѓ ୁ ަ ᡏ ୃ ᡛ Ю ΚǴΞຳॹᏤठ ֹӄคݤՉوǶ ਢε༲ޑܻ϶ࢂྣ៝ ୍ܺޕਢ༲ۚৎܺ ୍ޑૻ৲٠ᒃԾډਢৎ ၯᇥ٬ҔǶ ਢηζӃࡕҙፎٿঁѦമԿৎ္ ྣ៝ֆྭྭǴঁόᜫཀ٣Ǵ ঁາǴനࡕ،ۓόӆҙፎǴ җֆѪѪԾρྣ៝Ƕ ֆѪѪ،ۓҙፎۚৎ ୍ܺǴՠᎁٽηϷֆ ྭྭϸჹǶ ֆѪѪԃ Դᡏ১ค ݤॄྣ ៝ᓸΚǶ ֆѪѪᇥܺٽ ηϷֆྭྭࡕ ،ۓҙፎۚৎ ୍ܺǶ კ2 ֆѪѪȜྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ ᨨBঢ়৴-ڨѹѹȞB1ȟȃІྼྼȞB2ȟ ѪѪମ፦ ᝄख़౧ό ؼܭՉǶ ྭྭόᏰ ೀৎ୍Զ གᓸΚεǶ ᏼҺྣ୍៝ܺ ޑᒃډਢ ৎၯᇥ٬ҔǶ ྭྭ،ۓ ٬Ҕۚৎܺ ୍Ƕ კ3ྭྭȜྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ
ᨩCঢ়৴-ڨቔѹѹȞC1ȟȃቔྼྼȞC2ȟ ቅѪѪමًᅾڙ Ъᑡӭᄌ ܄੯ੰΞຳॹǴ ᏤठֹӄคݤՉ وǶ ਢηԵቾҙፎ ѦമǴՠቅྭ ྭӢᔮॄᏼ ୢᚒϷόߞҺ ѦമԶܔ๊Ƕ ቅྭྭό Ᏸೀৎ ୍Զགᓸ ΚεǶ ቅྭྭ࣮ډᎃ ۚௗڙۚৎܺ ୍ࡕ،ۓ ҙፎǶ კ4 ቅྭྭȜྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ ᨪDঢ়৴-ڨጿЋЋȞD2ȟ ጰѪѪᑡ ӭᄌ܄੯ ੰᏤठՉ όߡǶ ਢ༲ጰϼϼ Ӣߏයྣ៝ ԶགੲᏩǶ ਢ༲ᏼҺཁᔮדπ ৎೖᜢᚶਔวۚ ৎ୍ܺόᒱǴޕ ӃғǶ ጰϼϼᆶጰ Ӄғଆ، ۓҙፎۚৎ ୍ܺǶ კ5 ጰӃғᆶጰϼϼȜྣ៝ޣ-ٽηϷ༲ȝଆ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ ᨫEঢ়৴-ڨߞφӒҢȞE2ȟȃߞཁЋЋȞE3ȟ ֺѪѪᑡ ӭᄌ ܄੯ੰᏤ ठՉό ߡǶ ਢζஇৎ ԖҙፎǴਢ ηζวۚ ৎ ܺ ୍ ό ᒱǶ ਢηζ׆ ఈҙፎ Γᔅ ਢ Ь ൺ ଼Ƕ ਢηζӛֺ ѪѪӝϯ ှញΓ рޑѸ ा܄Ƕ җֺѪѪ നಖр ୍ܺ٬Ҕ ޑ،ۓǶ კ6ֺѪѪȜྣ៝ޣȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ
ᨬFঢ়৴-ڨԪυߚϊەȞF2ȟ ߋ ྭ ྭ5 ԃຳॹ တڙ ᏤठՉ όߡǶ ਢৎමҙፎ Ѡᝤ࣮ៈ ྣ ៝ ߋ ྭ ྭǴӀৎ ύᑈᆽǶ ߋѪѪԾ Չྣ៝ߋ ྭྭǴோ ྣ៝ॄ εǶ ߋλۆҗൔ રύளޕۚ ৎ ܺ ୍ ૻ ৲Ƕ ߋλۆᆶ ߋѪѪ ଆ،ۓҙ ፎۚৎܺ ୍Ƕ კ7 ߋѪѪȜྣ៝ޣȝᆶߋλۆȜྣ៝ޣ-ζٽȝଆ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎܺ ୍ၸำ ᨭGঢ়৴-ڨཁஐԾЋЋȞG2ȟ ԯ Ѫ Ѫ1 ԃຳॹ ᏤठՉ όߡǶ ԯ۫࠼Γ ޕਢ༲ ۚৎ୍ܺ ૻ৲Ƕ ਢ༲ྣ៝ॄ εЪ׆ఈ ҙፎΓ ᔅਢЬൺ ࡌǶ ԯϼϼᆶԯӃ ғӛԯѪѪӝ ϯှញ ΓрޑѸ ा܄Ƕ җԯѪѪ നಖр ୍ܺ٬Ҕ ޑ،ۓǶ კ8ԯѪѪȜྣ៝ޣȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ ᨮHঢ়৴-ڨভѹѹȞH1ȟȃভྼྼȞH2ȟ ঞѪѪᑡ ӭᄌ܄੯ ੰᏤठՉ όߡǶ ঞྭྭԖЈ᠌ ੰيᡏރݩຫ ٰຫৡǴྣ៝ ॄεǶ ༸٣ޕ ਢৎۚৎܺ ୍ૻ৲Ƕ ঞྭྭ،ۓ ٬Ҕۚৎܺ ୍Ƕ კ9ঞྭྭȜྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ
ᨯIঢ়৴-ڨྼྼȞI1ȟȃѹѹȞI2ȟ ྭ ྭ4 ԃ ύ॥Ъᑡӭ ᄌ܄੯ੰᏤ ठՉόߡǶ ѪѪӢߏය ࢱيᡏރݩ ຫٰຫৡǴྣ ៝ॄεǶ ࢱᙴଣޑ ᙴৣޕ ѪѪۚৎܺ ୍ૻ৲Ƕ ѪѪ،ۓ ٬Ҕۚৎܺ ୍Ƕ კ10ѪѪȜྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ ᨰJঢ়৴-ڨഀྼྼȞJ1ȟȃഀѹѹȞJ2ȟ ೱ ྭ ྭ4ԃ ᚈጣΓπᜢ ЋೌᏤठՉ όߡǶ ೱѪѪԃइ εЪྣ៝ॄ εǶ ೱѪѪୖԵᎃۚ ჴሞ٬Ҕۚৎܺ ୍ᡍᇡࣁ୍ܺ ࢂ҅ӛԖਏҔǶ ೱྭྭǵೱ ѪѪଆ، ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ ୍ܺǶ კ11 ೱྭྭȜྣ៝ޣȝᆶೱѪѪȜྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȝଆ،ۓ٬Ҕۚ ৎ୍ܺၸำ
Ӄȃःف๗ݏϟϸݚІึ౫
ःف๗ݏึ౫ȂߩϜմԞΤѷՃঢ়৴ߒԪٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛ ๋ᐤโȂԥֆܼΠ၍ȶຳԂІᒶᐆȷཏӪȂණٽᄃଡ଼Ϗձȃѷ Ճϟঢ়І࢈๋ᔤۢձ࣐ՄȄпί࣐Ґःف๗ݏޠϸݚІึ ౫ȈΚȃ݉ଡ଼ٻңூޤ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ၦଊޠᆔၿ
Ґःفึ౫ѷՃӼഇႇᒒЅقಜڦூ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠၦଊȂ҇ᙥ Ҧಒήޠ൭Ϯᇅഀ๗ȂҔԓྲ݉ଡ଼ϘԥᐡཽւᒰଛӶ݉ଡ଼ሰ ؒȄӶڨޠ10ঐҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ঢ়৴ϜȂࣲߩѷՃՍϐ൷ᕖԥᜱ ݉ଡ଼ޠଊਁȂଷ1ঐঢ়৴Ҧ؇٩ཇٲژঢ়֚ޤѵȂҨ፝ٻң݉ଡ଼ޠڨ ঢ়৴τӼҦପୌȃυڌȃཁஐȃφȃᒒȃ᎒۩ȃ݊Ѕޤၿࡤӕ֚ޤ ՃȞԄߓ1ȟȄᡘұ࢈ۻܛණٽޠ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ၦଊܺܓᇅഇ࡚݃ϛ٘Ȃ ڐᇅΚૢҖಁޠ௦ដᆔၿϬԥࡠໍΚؐึȄ ߄1 ۚৎ୍ܺૻ৲ٰྍ ѨૈԴΓۚৎܺ ୍ૻ৲ٰྍᆅၰ ڙೖ ৎ жዸ ૻ৲Ꮴ৩ ࡹ۬ᐒᜢΓ H ༸٣ Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ dzdzdzdzdzྣ៝ޣ ᒃᎃܻۚ϶ϟ ಏ A ε༲ޑܻ϶Ȑྣ୍៝ܺȑ ε༲ Ьाྣ ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ ྣ៝ޣ B ᏼҺۚܺޑᒃ Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ ྣ ៝ޣ C Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ࣮ډᎃۚௗڙۚৎ୍ܺ ྣ៝ޣ D Ьाྣ៝ޣȐ༲ȑᏼҺཁᔮדπԿਢৎᜢᚶਔ วۚৎ୍ܺόᒱ ٽη ྣ៝ޣ E ζ(ӢৎύԖҙፎ) ྣ៝ޣϐȐٽηȑ ྣ៝ޣ F ζٽҗൔરύளޕԜ୍ܺ Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ ྣ៝ޣ G ۚৎ୍ܺ Ьाྣ៝ޣȐ༲ȑ ྣ៝ޣ I ᙴғ Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ ྣ៝ޣ J Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ࣮ډᎃۚௗڙۚৎ୍ܺ ྣ៝ޣ
ΡȃѷՃІڐঢ়৴ᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠඣख़
Ґःفึ౫ःفᄈຬႈᇰ࣐۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࣻᄈܼᐡᄻԓྲІңѵ ᝳঢ়৴ᆀៗϏܛሰряޠԚҐၷ࣐մȂຳңαޠѠ॓ᐋܓၷ࣐ାȄӤਣ ҐःفϟѷՃІڐঢ়৴ᇰ࣐࢈ۻණٽ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ԥڐ्҇ޠȄ۩ঢ় ݉ଡ଼ԥڐ੬ੇܓȂ឵ؾስȃঐրϾȃᒒஞܓޠྲϲৡȂђαڐኸ ޠ݉ଡ଼ਣᇅዂጚޠϏձࣩጤ๊ӱષȂ݉ଡ଼ණٽӶණٽҔԓ݉ଡ଼ϟࠊ ᔗ߇ຳၷӼޠਣᇅл्ྲྜྷȂӱ࣐уউ܂܂ഷఽྀѷՃޠ ٙЗޒݸᇅҢࣁಭܓȂԄԫϘᇅೞྲӔӤᒘӬяഷٺޠ݉ଡ଼Р ԓȂණାѷՃঢ়৴݉ଡ଼ޠ௦ڨ࡚Іᄈ݉ଡ଼ࡼၷ࣐Ҕ८ޠᄙ࡚Ȅ ךளޑࢂሡाǶฅࡕǴךགྷёа෧ϿޗԋҁǴࡹ۬όҔ ќѦᇂᐒᄬǴԶЪৎ္ޑΓёаიᆫӧଆǶգࢂᇥךፎঁ Ѧമ1ঁДा3༧ǴٗፎόଆѦമ࡛ሶᒤǻٗ೭ঁ൩ࢂᔅշ೭ ٤ৎޑঁߚதӳޑ୍ܺǶȐD2-ྣ៝ޣ-༲ȑ ೭ঁ୍ܺԖሡाǼόฅፎѦമٗሶǵقᇟΞό೯Ǵᆉᇥࡹ ۬ᔅךॺॄᏼ٤ǶȐJ1-ྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȑήȃ
ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ౪ҦȈ൷ؒঢ়৴ྲѓᇅѷՃྲ
ሰؒޠ҂ᒌᘉ
Ґःفึ౫ԚԒφυөՍԚঢ়ҴཿณݳচՃҢࣁྲޠೱӉȂ φυقಜޠྲ༊४ܼ੬ۢਣࢳȃ੬ۢҭȂпІϛۢޠྲڟֆȂ ӲᔗΠަཽᡑ᎑ίޠঢ়৴๗ᄻȂӤਣԒᗛЯҕϑစᄈ༉ಜޠׄၿНϾ Ңϛп࣐ดޠདྷݳȄ࿌ՃԒЊۏӶྲᜱ߾ޠᎍᔗαુнφυޠڟֆၦ ྜਣȂྲႇโϲѠཽ᎐ႅژၷӼޠୱᚡȄྲϏձᄈՃԒପୌྲ ޠᡞΩڸୋஷτޠࡅૐȂ࿌ྲདޤژӪѵ൷ؒӬᎍྲၦྜ п၅щঢ়৴ྲѓϛ٘ޠ्҇ܓਣȂ߰ఃΠঢ়৴ྲڸҔԓྲ݉ ଡ଼ᡞقഀ๗ޠτߟȄٽηঁᘶࡨӣٰᔅдࢱԛᐙǴ൩ᔅдరరǵؑؑǴೱ ᓐଆᔅдࢱǴӵ݀ࢂךѝૈᔅдᔔᐙǴؒᒤݤᔅдࢱᓐǶ ȐA2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ࠸ηॺྣ፺ޑǴ೭ᘶࡨдӣٰǴΠᘶࡨඤΓ೭ኬǴՠࢂԖਔং ؒԖΓӣٰǴζٽКၨֵǼӴԖਔୂາӣٰᔅд ࢱᐙǶȐI2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ःفኻҐϜ൸ԥ6ঐѷՃ༊ᇅପୌӤ՟Ȃ۩՟ԋ௷ኈঢ়Йϲ ޠྲៗΩၦྜȂ༊ᇅପୌӤ՟ޠՃȂପୌளԚ࣐Ճл्ྲණٽ ȂםԚȶՃྲՃȷ౫ຬȇࣻၷܼφυ࣐ྲȂڐަစІୋஷ ޒݸࣻᄈၷ࣐ৰȂйՃԒྲளգᓎԥٙᡞѓሬᛥІᑰொᄛܓ ޠםȄ ךΨ75ྃΑǴךޑဌǴଆԖਔΨࡐለภǴԖਔংለډόૈ وǴ൩ाଆٰǶךيᡏΨόӳǴךߏයӞफ़Ոᓸǵफ़ ՈᑗޑᛰǴؒᒤݤǼךॺΓډ70ྃǴКၨӭЛੰǴ܌аਥҁ ܤόдǴࢱᐙѝૈҔᔔޑǶдΞόाऀֿѲǴाҔֿ൙Ǵ ྣ៝ࡐٌधǶȐA2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ךԾρيᡏҁٰ൩১Ǵྣ៝ךޑӃғྣ៝ډғੰǶٗਔং൩ ሡाᔅдᙌيǴдόૈوǴ፴Ǵाᅵਔ൩ሡाᡣдيᡏ፴ ΠǴाଆਔǴ൩ሡाᡣдيᡏଆٰ֤Ǵ፺ශाעдр ѐǴډߐαଣηᡣдןǴᡣдوٰوѐǴ፺ශΞעдၸ ٰ೭ᜐǴΞћдןǴ൩೭ኬЋдǴЋᡣдןǴ൩ ೭ኬݮၡޔوǴႽࢂᏢوၡٗኬǴᏢوၡ೭ኬǴ፺ශ൩ ٰѐǶадൺ଼ਔό൩ޔጜךǴጜډךᓸΚε൩ ғੰΑǶȐI2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ঢ়৴ྲΚঐߞᡞΩІЗΩޠϏձȂԄݏঢ়ԥѷޠୱ ᚡȂؑЉሰ्ᙛٙȃᗾॶȃᗾȃٙᡞޠఽዔȂ܂܂Κ՜ณЦณӅ ޠСளྲȄӶϭСঢ়৴๗ᄻޠᡑ᎑ίȂ࿌Ճሰ्ߞྲៗਣȂঢ়
ྲਣޠؖ२॓ᐋȂ৽ܑߩΚૢܛདྷޠȄܛп۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠණ ٽȂೞຝ࣐൷׳ঢ়৴ྲѓᇅѷՃྲሰؒޠ҂ᒌᘉȄ
ѳȃ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ⴒਞңኈ݉ଡ଼ϟٻң
ҐःفፚҨ፝ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠѷՃঢ়৴10ঐঢ়৴Ϝ൸ԥ6ঐঢ় ৴ȂϛᆔѷՃҐٙܗڐঢ়ӼഎՄٙᜟᒒЅޠᄃርٻң စᡜࡤᇰ࣐݉ଡ଼ҔӪйԥਞңޠȂԫኈΠڐՍٙҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠཏ Ȅ ഽǴӢࣁӧω࿘ډǶٗࢂ࣮ǾךǵךளࢂᇥǴӢࣁךම ѐ࣮ךޑཁᔮᜢᚶЊǶฅࡕǴдԖޑٗঁۚܺΨߚதӳǶٗ ࣗԿܭԖঁǴࠄԖঁঁਢ൩ࢂ༕ǾдΑϼϼǶഽǼࢂ ೭ǾඵૈԖᗺୢᚒǶฅࡕ൩ғঁλ࠸Ǵ൩ࢂတ܄࿂࿄ޑǶǾٗ ٤మዅޑҽǴٗঁۚܺΨᔅԆǾᗋᔅԆฆǶޑࡐӳǶୟ ᔅд္य़ȐѠᇟȑǶᗋᔅд္य़Ǵ೭ኬηǶԖޑ ޑࢂǾࡐǾޑࡐӳǼȐD2-ྣ៝ޣ-༲ȑ ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࢌϑԚ࣐ྲཿޠΚᕘȂ൸ԥຳ࣐Ȅຳ࣐єࢃ ୧ࠣᇅ݉ଡ଼Ȃ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠᄈຬȂڐ୧ࠣ൸ණٽྲ݉ଡ଼Ȅຳ ޠཽ࣐ڨژࡋᅗཏ࡚ޠኈȂՅ؛ۢࡋᅗཏ࡚ޠ२्ӱષ൸݉ ଡ଼ࠣ፵ȄпΚૢຳՅّȂଢؒାࠣ፵ޠ݉ଡ଼ϑഷஆҐޠຳሰ ؒȂՅ݉ଡ଼ࠣ፵ޠԂᚾڦ؛ܼࡋޠདڨȄ݉ଡ଼ࠣ፵ᅗཏ࡚ᄈຳࡤ ࣐ӕຳȃπࣻ༉ԥҔӪӱݏᜱ߾ᇅᡘኈޠȄયӶпࡋ࣐൶ޠ ҴൠȂл௦ڨྲ݉ଡ଼ࡤޠདڨܗᡞᡜ؛ۢл៊ٻң۩ঢ় ݉ଡ଼Ȃηཽ௦ኈަཽτಁᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠࣽݳȄϥȃަཽΩԄեኈঢ়৴؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠႇโ
ᨧᒒ឵ِՔޠࡠପୌྲཽྲຝ࣐ՍดޠೱӉܜᐋȃφυྲࠍӼྲ Яҕຝ࣐Љစӵဏޠဏଡ଼ȂՅྲளӶףณѠףޠݸίȂྲ ॓ೊ໕ႁژΚᖞࣩᘉਣȂϘཽۗՄኍٻңѠޠҔԓ݉ଡ଼ȄՅ۩ঢ়݉ ଡ଼ϑดԚ࣐ڐϜΚᆎϛᓀޠྲᒶᐆȂೞࡠึදൈਁ݉ଡ଼ȃདМࡼ ᇅܓᜱᛅ๊ѓȄ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼౫ࢳޠѓۢ՞࣐ኸܓȃྑܓޠ ݉ଡ଼ණٽȂঢ়৴ྲϬᐋ॓କτӼਣޠྲϏձȄ ؒᒤݤୟǼٗঁǾ೭ঁࢂԾρޑ༰༰ǴԾρޑ༰༰ӧ൩೭ኬ ηΑǴӆٌधΨा੮ӧৎ္Ծρྣ៝Ǵךॺҙፎ೭ঁȐۚৎ ୍ܺȑޑཀࡘࢂᇥǾεৎଆٰᔅԆޑཀࡘǴࢃයǵΒԛ ᔅঁԆǴᆉࢂ෧ᇸךॺޑॄᏼǼȐE2-ྣ៝ޣ-ߏηȑ ךς78ӭྃΑǴܭࢂԴΓӧྣ៝ԴΓǴဈکဌԖਔለډό ՉǴϺᡂϯਔֹӄؒᒤݤǴךֹӄคݤཚдǴԖਔংᗋ ଢډဈǴޑؒᒤݤΑǼҙፎ೭ঁȐۚৎ୍ܺȑǴᔅךϩ ΠǴ࣮ךёόёаᇸᗺǶȐJ2ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ᨨܓրِՔ ΰЊޠѷȂཏکۏφ्ܜᐋӼڔݗӠຬޠঢ়ٲȄࣻЇȂसۏ φѷȂΰЊ൸ܜᐋӼঢ়ଡ଼ೱӉȂعܓҦܼԟҢࣁಭᄜٸᒧପୌ ණٽ݉ଡ଼Ȃܛпளᄈܼ౪ঢ়ଡ଼ޠစᡜϛӼȄҐःفϜᡘұعܓྲ ІυܓྲӶҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ሰؒԥৰܓȂᡘұعܓᄈܼঢ়ٲޠ݉ ଡ଼ሰؒᇅԟٸᒧପୌྲԥᜱȂᏳयՃԒعܓ८ᄈྲՃԒۏφਣள ુн٘ޠѾᇅ߭ЗȄ ᏙǼаךؒԖӧฆޑǴӧབளΎΖᕪޑǶᏙǼབள ࢂǾǶനЬाࢂाᔅԆฆǼᗋԖࢱᐙǵࢱՊܺΨࢂा ǼȐB2-ྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȑ ฆךᗋόǴך൩ᒿߡӞǴך൩لᆭ٢ǵ෯ϙሶޑ Ӟ೭ኬηǶӵ݀ζٽᗋࢂᇥ༲ԖӣٰъϺǵϺǴӴ൩ᔅך
ฆΠǴӵ݀ؒӣٰǴך൩ԾρǾᒿߡӞ൩ჹΑǴᎊᅄޑҐ ᜪວᗺ൩೭ኬǾࢱՊܺךΨࢂόϼǾȐH2-ྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ ଛଽȑ ᨩ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϲৡȃਣ ҐःفᄈຬѷՃ࣐ВЫ໕ߓ80ϸȞ֥ȟпίϟߞȂӶٙᡞྲ ݉ଡ଼ȃঢ়ଡ଼ڟֆࣲԥ྄ାޠሰؒȂᄈྲᡞΩαԥᝓ२॓ೊޠȄ ӶፚႇโϜூޤѷՃҢࣁѓ૿ଞᝓ२Ȃڟֆл्ྲ ഷད֩ᘚޠȂܛпࡠҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٿᅗ٘ሰؒȄҐःف10ঐߒԪҨ፝ ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠڨঢ়৴Ϝ൸ԥ8ঐሰ्ණٽࣀᐨޠ݉ଡ଼ȇՅφυөՍԚ ঢ়Ҵཿӱ࣐Ϗձᇅ۩ܛޠᜱ߾Ȃள༊४ܼණٽЯҕ੬ۢਣࢳȃ੬ۢ ҭȂпІϛۢޠྲڟֆȇڐϜ੬ۢҭޠചख़ητӼпࣀᐨҭ࣐ лȞၐԄߓ2ȟȄःفᡘұ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼সึሰ्݉ଡ଼ޠঐਣȂளளл௱ ࣀᐨ݉ଡ଼ȂٿᇷึѷՃঢ়৴ւң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ȅ ҭࠊሰ्ߞਣޠ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϛᒶᐆҭࠊښ࡚ਣޠۢȂ ൸ᒶᐆڐуޠྲၦྜȞԄȈңѵᝳࣽៗϏȟȂᏳय۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ᜳп ᅗ٘ԫ݉ଡ଼ٻңȂםԚ࢈๋೪ॏᇅሰؒᅗ٘ޠဤৰȄ࣐Πٻூө ݉ଡ଼ޠዀޠπထҔூژܛ्ޠ݉ଡ଼ȂΠ၍ٯڟֆ௷ଷ݉ଡ଼ٻңޠ ӶሬᛥȂϾᆌւၦྜޠԥਞၽңη्҇ޠȄ ߄2 ڙೖ߃ԛҙፎ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺޑѨૈԴΓৎ܌ሡ୍ܺҞ༼߄ ڙೖৎ жဦ ܌ሡۚৎ୍ܺҞ A ۚৎᕉნǵڐշ؍ B ۚৎᕉნǵڐշ؍ǵฆǵࢱՊǵࡪነǵໆՈᓸ C ۚৎᕉნǵڐշ؍ǵฆǵࢱՊǵഉӕණ D ۚৎᕉნǵڐշ؍ǵഉӕණ E ڐշਢЬ૽ግԼΚᆶᜢࢲǵڐշ؍
F ަᡏᜢࢲǵഉӕණǵڐշ१ G يᡏྣ୍៝ܺ H ۚৎᕉნǵڐշ؍ǵࢱՊǵ I ۚৎᕉნǵڐշ؍ǵيᡏྣ୍៝ܺǵฆǵࢱՊ J ۚৎᕉნǵڐշ؍ǵيᡏྣ୍៝ܺ ᨪ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠԞຳዀྦ ӶҐःفޠፚႇโϜึ౫ȂѷՃл्စᔽٿྜ࣐ՃࢼຯȂ ڐτഎߓұȈѵяϏձޠφυτӼ࣐ᖞਣϏȂᖡЬЎέϛᛨۢȂ्ၪ ܗܙࡑູᗚ्ᎵϊࡇȂᓁഎϛ߇ΠȂ٦ᗚԥӼᎸޠᓁЯҕںȉ ᗷดՃঢ়ႈߓұ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ᄈڐጃᄃԥᔔֆȂկӶуউԥ४ޠߝᓁ ࡚ϲኈΠՃঢ়৴ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠཏȄ Ґःفึ౫စᔽၷ৶༗ޠѷՃঢ়৴Ȃӱ࣐ՍຳΩޠԥ४Ȃঐ ளளณݳᕖூ٘ᓝ౦ޠ݉ଡ଼Ȃೞय़Ѭٻңঢ়৴॓ᐋூକޠ݉ଡ଼ਣ ȂࢉᜱܼԞຳዀྦޠ೪ॏ࢈ۻ՞ӕϡпຠզᇅՄ໕Ȅ ךၟдॺᇥঁᘶࡨٰٿϺ൩ӳΑǴٿঁԴޑѝԴၭ6ίϡ ԶςǴךᗋࢂܦԴڮԾρǼॄᏼωόٗሶख़ǶȐC2-ྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȑ
ϳȃ
؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ႇโϜঢ়৴ԚসȃѷՃȃཿস
ޠᜱ߾
ᨧ؛๋ႇโϜঢ়৴ԚসޠِՔ ٸᐄႇџޠःفစᡜȂަཽޠঢ়৴؛๋ளϛѬΚঐȄѬ ؛๋םԓཽٸϛӤޠٲӈܗঢ়৴ޒݸ֖౫л्ܗϸයޠ؛๋ႇโዂ ԓȄл्؛๋ዂԓҦΚ՞ഷڏ᠍ࡅޠ؛๋؛ۢȂڐл्ޠྲ ள࣐л्؛๋ȂःفᄈຬϜ֕ѹѹȞA2ȟȃྼྼȞB2ȟȃቔྼྼȞC2ȟȃভྼྼȞH2ȟȃѹѹȞI2ȟࢌ࣐л्ྲη࣐л्؛๋ Ȅϸය؛๋ዂԓࠍҦڏԥ؛ۢ᠍ޠӔӤٿ؛ۢȂளඣख़࣐ፓޠ ȶשউȷȂःفᄈຬϜޠጿЋЋȞD2-л्ྲȟІጿӒҢӔӤ؛๋ȃ ߚѹѹ(л्ྲ)ІԪυߚϊەȞF2ȟӔӤ؛๋ȃഀѹѹȞJ2-ྲ ȟІഀྼྼȞJ1-ೞྲȟӔӤ؛๋ȃφυ(E2)ᢛӤІѹѹ(ೞྲ ഷಥ؛ۢ)ȃφІཁ(G2)ᢛӤІԾѹѹ(ೞྲഷಥ؛ۢ)Ȅл् ؛๋ᇅϸය؛๋ޠ؛๋ႇโၐಡϲৡԄߓ3Ȅ ߄3 Ьा،܈ϩණ،ၸำ Ьा، ϩණ، ךԾρ،ۓޑǼдॺᘶࡨԖӣ ٰǴךԖၟдॺᇥךाҙፎۚৎܺ ୍ǴдॺؒϙሶཀـǴдॺΞؒԖ ा ᔅ ך ॄ ᏼ Ƕ ٽ η ॺ Ԗ ۀ η ा ᎦǶȐB2ȑ ،ۓഽࢂך،ۓޑǴךᇥךԃइε ΑؒᒤݤΑǴाາܿາՋࡐಕޑǴ ҁٰךٽηԖᇥाፎѦമǴךᇥѦ മόՉǴঁДाΒӭǴ࡛ሶӊ ᆉ Ǵ ा ග ٮ д Ӟ Ǵ ᗋ ा ග ٮ Ր Ƕ ȐC2ȑ ךٽηॺόΑှ೭ঁ୍ܺǼᛦ НႝΨࢂךԾρाᛦǴ܌аך рᒲךԾρ،ۓҙፎޑǶȐH2ȑ ךၟךӃғଆໆǵଆ،ۓा ҙ ፎ ٰ ᔅ ך இ இ ܺ ୍ ޑ Ǵ ന ࡕ ᗋ ࢂ д ᔅ Ԇ ଌ ҹ ǵ Ѻ ႝ ၉ ଓ ᙫ ޑ Ƕ ȐD2ȑ ך࣮ډൔરϟಏǴၟ༰༰ᖱǴךॺ ଆ،ۓҙፎޑǶȐF2ȑ ᨨ؛๋ႇโϜѷՃޠِՔ Ґःفึ౫ࠓᑫ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠҨ፝τӼпঢ়឵ሰؒ(ԄȈմྲ ޠᔇΩȃቩђڐަһޠਣ)࣐Մ໕ȂՅߩлሰؒȄл्ӱѠ
лӱҢ౪४ښΠڐሰؒߓႁޠΩȇܗ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ᄈܼঢ়឵ޠ ѓۢ՞Ȃᡲঢ়឵ԥൈਁޠᐡཽȂࢉпঢ়឵ሰ࣐ؒлȂܗлߞ εпٿҦঢ়឵ྲȂڐϤᜱ߾စளᇅᆨޠࢳȂлηདྷຼԫᐡ ཽՍϐൈਁΚίȂܛплᄈܼՍϐޠሰؒೞࣦՎϛߓұཏُ ޠȄঢ়৴ԚসӶѷՃೞߓႁࡠᇅሰؒпІঐлᢏ॓ೊٻϟ ίȂঢ়৴ԚসӶ࣐αѠлᏳΠᐍঐঢ়৴؛๋ޠႇโȄ Ґःفึ౫࿌ѷՃᇰ࣐Սϐழঢ়྄ାޠ॓ೊᇅᔇΩਣȂ࣐ Πሇঢ়ޠ॓ᐋȂՃཽ་Ӫঢ়ޠ؛ۢܗೞ௦ڨ؛ۢޠ๗ ݏȄೞྲޠٸᒧโ࡚܂܂݉ଡ଼ٻңᇅޠᏳЭጤȂկྲᄈྲ ೱӉޠࣽݳІөྲ॓ೊлᢏޠញᄇโ࡚Ϙ݉ଡ଼ٻңఃޠᘉᐾ ᏣȄึ౫ኈ݉ଡ଼ٻңཏޠᜱᗥߩ༊ೞྲޠٙЗޒݸȂՅᔗ ྲ੬፵ાΤΚڂՄ໕Ȅ ᨩ؛๋ႇโϜཿসޠِՔ Ґःفึ౫τӼޠѷՃঢ়৴ᄈܼຠզসޠӠຬዂጚޠȂ йᄈѷຠզхߓޠཏဏȃѠ၅ֆਣпІ݉ଡ଼Ҩ፝ࢻโ๊ഌϸȂ౪၍ โ࡚ࣻ࿌ޠԥ४Ȅٸᐄፚޠຨᇴึ౫ຠզসӶॏฬᔤۢႇโϜȂ ᡘดڏԥࣻ࿌โ࡚ޠлᏳ᠍Ȃளளґមܺщϸଇ፤ڟ୧ޠޫϡྲ ІೞྲȄ գᇥٗࢂᑜࡹ۬ࢴٰޑຑΓഽǼךΨόᇡӷǵΨόޕ ၰǶٗϺԖঁλۆࢂԖٰǼӴᇥ࣮ךԴՔޑǴӴᇥा ๏ךॺቪ32λਔǼځჴд೭ኬቪǴךࢂ܂ᒲКၨόǾคݤ ॄᏼǾǶȐA2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ൳ϺԖঁԃᇸΓᇥࢂٰᛝऊޑǶεऊᖱΠ္य़ޑϣǴ ךΨόࢂࡐమཱǴᒿߡǼԖࡪਔࢴΓ୍ٰܺ൩ӳΑǾȐE2-ྣ៝ޣ-༲ȑ ѫηึ౫Ȃࠓᑫܼ2002Ԓȃ2003Ԓ௵ȶΚୣӼᘉȷȂژΠ2004
Ԓȃ2005Ԓӱؑ໑ᚋҀஆҐঐ໕ϛ٘пМᔗ݉ଡ଼՞စᕋϟԚҐȂࢉ ᑫۻέ௵ȶΚୣΚᘉȷښȂژΠ2006Ԓȃ2007Ԓ࣐ପӬ࢈ۻཿϾ࢈ ๋ࢉέӲȶΚୣӼᘉȷښȂ݉ଡ଼՞ᒶᐆ᠍ҖಁȄᗷด۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ Ӷࠓᑫ౫ձݳӤΚ݉ଡ଼ୣԥ2ঢ়пα݉ଡ଼ණٽ՞ٽҖಁᒶᐆණٽ ݉ଡ଼Ȃկ൸ፚႇโϜึ౫ӱ࣐Җಁޠᇰޤᇅၦଊϛ٘ȂࣃРԓංо ӓഎҦߞྲϜЗཿসಜΚࣃȂՅߩҦ݉ଡ଼ٻңٸڐޒݸȃሰ ؒՍлᒶᐆȄӱԫӶםԓαծоϑᅗ٘ΠҖಁᒶᐆ᠍ޠሰؒȂկ൸ᄃ፵ ޠᐈձቺ८ࠍۧґႁԚՍл᠍ޠٻȂϬԥޠޫȄ ভǾךؒԖڅཀϙሶѐࡷൂՏǴӢࣁךॺޔௗѺႝ၉๏ፁғֽ ǼୟǼٗϺٰٗঁࢂፁғֽǶٗ٤ǾܭࢂдाӃٰຑа ࡕǴω،ۓᇥाόाᙯϟ๏ൂՏǶȐD2-ྣ៝ޣ-༲ȑ ӳႽፁғֽΓٰຑࡕǴ୍ܺൂՏԏډךޑҙፎд൩ၟךᖄ ๎ΑǶךࡐϿ࣮ႝຎǴӢࣁѳதךǴךεཷϤᗺъ൩р ߐǴӣٰεཷఁΐᗺӭΜᗺǴ܌аځჴךॺǾόޕၰ೭ ٤ૻ৲ǶȐF2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζٽȑ
ഛȃ࡛ឋᇅ๗፤
ᇄᢋ௱۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ߞྲៗึޠ२्ΚᕘȂѻཿစᔽޠΚ ഌϸȂᜱႁԚȶӶӵՃϾȷ࢈๋ޠ२्РݳȄᐄҐःف๗ݏϟ ϸݚᇅึ౫Ȃණяϟ࡛ឋԄίȈΚȃӼϰϾ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ଊਁȂпණЁၦଊϟࢻܓᇅѠߗܓ
ҐःفϜ༊1ঐኻҐঢ়৴Ҧ؇٩ཇٲ֚ޤঢ়۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࣻᜱଊਁȂᎸ ഇႇᒒ݊ЅІᚃଲقಜூޤ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ଊਁȂѠُ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ଊਁޠ Ϭ༽ϛ٘Ȅ࢈ۻᔗଭᄈ݉ଡ଼ٻңఋထდԥਞ๋Ȃᡲٻңᕖ ூ݉ଡ଼ၦଊІޤၿᕖூ၏݉ଡ଼ޠഋ৸ȂϛѬೞ௦ڨໍՅлᇅ݉ଡ଼௦क़ȄՅ࢈ۻ՞ᇅ݉ଡ଼ණٽηᔗਣਣᔯଇ౫݉ଡ଼ਞݏІҨ ፝ٻң౦Ȃ።ᐍࣻᜱ݉ଡ଼п֜ӬሰؒٻңϟѠߗܓȄ ᆔ౪ޠлᡞܓึȂᆺฑܼࠣژຳȂ௦ ܓȂڐޠ२ᘉϸրࠣ፵ȃпࡋ࣐൶ІܓᜱᛅȂӱՅҭࠊ೩Ӽ୧ ཿϵѨл҉ܓᜱᛅޠྤឡםຬȂӤਣႁژڐစᔽҢԇІަཽϵઊ ޠҭዀȄඳّϟȂ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼८ᄈޠ݉ଡ଼ܗྲȂޠРݳሰҦ ܓᜱᛅяึȄྲ݉ଡ଼সޠစᡜϸٵІ݉ଡ଼ٻң౫ٙᇴݳޠᡞᡜ ȂഎϛᓀйຯߗܼҖޠࡈᏳРԓȂഇႇစᡜϸٵѠם༮۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ ޠߞȂቩໍҖಁᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ਞңϟᇰޤȄ
Ρȃ
ึ݉ଡ଼ዀྦձཿࢻโܗٚȂпಓӬѷঢ়
৴ϟϹᄃሰؒ
ҐःفϜึ౫ԥ8ঐঢ়৴Ҩ፝݉ଡ଼ϲৡְԥȶڟֆȷϟሰؒȂ၏ ݉ଡ଼ҭѷՃঢ়৴ႈܛࡠޠȂկҭࠊྲ݉ଡ଼সଌጜᄃࢋॏ ฬϲԥᜱȶఽዔᇅᎍȷޠ፟โϲৡпᏱಭڟֆטαࣀᏂȃטα ࣀᓟȃטα࣐лȂпి࣐Ճໍٙᡞఽዔޠ፟โఁᏳࠔณҔԓ ાΤਰЗ፟โϲৡϲȂԄեӱӵښۤښۢΚᎍӬܼҐ݉ଡ଼ޠዀ ྦձཿࢻโпණٽ݉ଡ଼স࣐ѷՃໍᎍйӬᎍޠ݉ଡ଼ ሰ्ޠȇܗึӬᎍޠȶٚȷණٽ݉ଡ଼ȄήȃණٽᎍϹޠঢ়৴ྲൈਁ݉ଡ଼Ȃпቩђঢ়৴ྲޠ໕
ᆤӬҐःفึ౫ྲ॓ೊϛ፤ӶЗ౪αȃਣαȃҢ౪αпІަ һαഎཽᄈл्ྲആԚኈȂ८ᄈؖ२ޠྲ॓ೊȂ࢈ۻ՞ଷΠ ्ණٽ्҇ޠМࡼȞԄȈᒳ౪МࡼყᡞȃྲѾఁيଌጜȃစᔽ၅ֆ ๊ȟቩђঢ়৴ϲл्ྲޠྲΩѵȂ्഻ആٯණٽӼϰޠх ܓྲРȂпණٽྲൈਁޠ݉ଡ଼ᇅޫȂߵٻл्ྲଷΠঢ়৴ྲѵȂᇅަཽࣁȂሇӱྲҢޠᔇΩȃ॓ೊȂණЁл ्ྲޠҢࣁࠣ፵Ȅ
ѳȃ
Սл᠍ᒶᐆ؛ۢІཿ᠍лᏳϟ҂ᒌႅȂණЁཿ݉ଡ଼
ࠣ፵Ȉ
Ґःفึ౫ཿϏձসӶຠզІණٽ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟႇโȂڏԥཿ ᠍ϟлᏳܓȂࣻᄈՅّȂ৶ϾΠҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ঢ়৴ϟՍл᠍ᒶᐆІ؛ ۢȄߞྲៗ؛๋ঢ়৴Ԛসਗ਼Τޠโ࡚ၷ࣐ஞϹȂߞྲៗ؛๋Ӽљ ҦՃڸঢ়৴ԚসӔӤԚȂཿস܂܂्๊ژՃڸঢ়৴Ԛসܼ؛ ๋ႇโϜၷໍΤޒݸࡤȂϘཽ௦ᇅȄ࿌ཿসਗ਼ΤȂᇅՃᇅঢ় ৴Ԛসޠᜱ߾߰ᘘԚή՞Κᡞޠ८ȄڏᡞՅّȂӶ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠقಜ ᡞقϲ߾֥ԥߞྲᆔ౪ϜЗຠզসȃ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼՞Ᏻসȃڨႇ ཿଌጜޠྲ݉ଡ଼স๊ཿসܛಣԚȄӱՅ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ॏฬޠᔤۢȂ ྲȃೞྲᇅཿসӔ୧ޠ๗ݏȂӤਣηՍл᠍ᒶᐆІ ཿ᠍лᏳ҂ᒌึϟ๗ݏȄՄНᝧ
ɺȮʑᄽⵒӠ ϣࡹȐ2007aȑǶȠύ҇୯95ԃޗࡹԃൔȡǶᆵчǺϣࡹǶ ϣࡹȐ2007bȑǶȠ96ԃۚৎ୍ܺံշ٬ҔޣރݩፓൔȡǶѠчǺ ϣࡹǶ Չࡹଣᔮࡌہ(2010)ǶȠ2010ԃԿ2060ԃᆵΓαीȡǶᆵ чǺՉࡹଣᔮࡌہǶ ܃Ȑ2000ȑǶȠቹៜԴΓௗڙۚৎྣៈ୍ܺϐޔௗک໔ௗӢનȡǶ ᆵчᙴᏢଣϦӅፁғᏢࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ች࣓Ȑ2003ȑǶȠଯѱѨૈԴΓԾ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺࠔ፦ϐȡǶ ܿੇεᏢޗπբࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ Шжǵቅऍ֗ǵଯ੧ǵමలฐǵᖴ៩ҏǵጰలীǷǷǷֺٵ࣑ (2009)ǶȠВҁǵᗬ୯ߏයྣៈߥᓀϣᆶ࣬ᜢݤзϐࣴزȡǶՉࡹ ଣᔮࡌہہૼࣴزीฝǶ ֈᝊᓉȐ2007ȑǶȠԴΓྣ៝ǺԴΓǵৎǵ҅Ԅ୍ܺȡȐ3ހȑǶᆵ чǺϖࠄǶ ٩ϘȐ1998ȑǶȤΒΜШइޑԴΓᅽճ-ԴΓᅽճঅ҅ϐౣȥǶ ȠޗวۑтȡǴ83Ǵ11-19Ƕ ֆలᛏǵഋ҅Ȑ2000ȑǶȤߏයྣៈၗྍޑၸѐǵӧᆶ҂ٰȥǶ ȠޗวۑтȡǴ92Ǵ19-31Ƕ ֆలᛏǵಷڷࢩȐ2001ȑǶȤӧӦԴϯ-ᆵΒΜШइߏයྣៈϐࡹ БӛȥǶȠᆵϦӅፁғᚇᇞȡǴ20Ȑ3ȑǴ192-201Ƕ ֆలᛏȐ2003aȑǶȤۚৎ୍ܺᔼၮЋнȥǶȠࡌᄬߏයྣៈᡏسӃᏤी ฝ୍ܺኳԄวᡍسӈᘀਜȡǶᆵчǺՉࡹଣޗᅽճہ ߏයྣៈਢλಔǶ ֆలᛏȐ2003bȑǶȠࡌᄬߏයྣៈᡏسӃᏤीჄՉݩᆶᔠൔȡǶᆵчǺՉࡹଣǶ ֆలᛏȐ2004ȑǶȤவȬࡌᄬߏයྣៈᡏسӃᏤीฝȭϐՉ࣮ך୯ޗ Ԅߏයྣ៝ᡏسϐࡌᄬȥǶȠޗวۑтȡǴ106Ǵ88-98Ƕ ߋԟিǵഋનࡾǵႍȐ2004ȑǶȤྣ୍៝ܺޗϯ-ԴΓϷي Јምᛖྣ୍៝ܺϐᆶӝೕჄȥǶȠޗวۑтȡǴ106Ǵ 5-17Ƕ ݅ལำȐ2000ȑǶȠѨඵԴΓৎྣ៝ޣϐॄᆶЍ܄୍ܺሡϐ ȡǶଯᙴᏢεᏢՉࣁࣽᏢࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ݅ኻमǵដໜ(ӝ)(2003)ǶȠޗԴΓᏢȡǴHooyman, N.R. & Kiyak, H.A. (চ)ǶᆵчǺϖࠄǶ इދӵǵಷڷࢩǵֆਁᓪǵֆలᛏȐ2006ȑǶȤۚৎ୍ܺ٬Ҕϐ࣬ᜢӢ નࣴزȥǶȠѠϦӅፁғᚇᇞȡǴ25Ȑ1ȑǴ37-48Ƕ ଭە։Ȑ2007ȑǶȠѠύѱѨૈԴΓԾ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺϐ࣬ᜢӢન ȡǶ٥ࢪεᏢߏයྣៈࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ৪ࡘⓟȐ2005ȑǶȠቹៜۚৎ୍ܺ٬ҔϷځ࣬ᜢӢન-аᆵчᑜ ࣁٯȡǶᆵчεᏢޗπբࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ഋߝԟȐ2002ȑǶȠޗۚৎيЈфૈምᛖޣۚৎЍ୍ܺ٬Ҕϩ ȡǶѠεᏢፁғࡹᆶᆅࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ഋ܃ӵȐ2003ȑǶȠကᑜۚৎ୍ܺϐຑࣴزȡǶࠄεᏢߚᔼճ٣ ᆅࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ഋᐪᅼȐ2006ȑǶȠࠄᑜԴΓғࢲރݩϷᅽճሡፓȡǶࠄᑜࡹ ۬ޗֽہૼࣴزǶ ഋ҅ǵֆలᛏȐ2006ȑǶȤৎྣ៝ޣჹߏයྣៈ୍ܺ٬Ҕཀᜫϐ ȥǶȠΓαᏢтȡǴ32 Ǵ83-121Ƕ ഋ֗Ȑ2009ȑǶȠကӦ୯λ໘ࢤيЈምᛖٽูൺ଼୍ܺճҔϐ፦ ܄ຑȡǴύ҅εᏢޗᅽճࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ఉҏޱȐ2011ԃ7Д18ВȑǶȤߏВஒᅰӧྷڂ߿ඪԴѐȥǶȠᖄӝ
ൔȡǶᆛВයǺ2011ԃ7Д18ВǴڗԾᖄӝཥᆪᆛ।http://mag.udn. com/mag/news/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=331190 ֻণȐ2002ȑǶȤޗԴΓ٬Ҕᅽճ୍ܺޑϷځ࣬ᜢӢનϐ ǺаᆵчᑜࣁٯȥǶȠܿֆޗπբᏢൔȡǴ8Ǵ183-232Ƕ මਦถȐ2002ȑǶȠၮҔፁғ୍ܺճҔՉࣁኳԄቹៜЬाྣ៝ޣჹ ߏයྣៈ୍ܺճҔϷᅈཀࡋϐ࣬ᜢӢનȡǶᆵчᙴᏢεᏢៈᏢࣴ ز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ මలǵಷڷࢩǵഋ҅ǵယΏᅼǵֆలᛏȐ2004ȑǶȤ๏бྗޑ ۓЇᏤ҇ჹޗԄ୍ܺޑճҔ༏ǻаۚৎ୍ܺࣁٯȥǶȠᆵ ፁғᚇᇞȡǴ23Ȑ3ȑǴ221-234Ƕ ቅЎ௵Ȑ2003ȑǶȠଯѱྣ୍៝ܺౢวБਢ-ѨૈԴΓ٬ Ҕۚৎ୍ܺ࣬ᜢӢનϐȡǶଯᙴᏢεᏢϦӅፁғᏢࣴز܌ᅺ γፕЎǶ ዐ࣓ಹȐ2000ȑǶȠ୷ໜѱԴΓۚৎ୍ܺϐຑࣴزȡǶܿੇεᏢޗ πբࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ጰऍȐ1994ȑǶȠᆵӦԴԃΓޗᅽճሡϐᆕӝࣴزȡǶܿੇ εᏢޗπբࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ᚑ྆Ȑ1997ȑǶȠфૈምᛖԴΓޑৎྣៈޣჹЍ܄Бਢޑሡ ȡǶѠεᏢϦӅፁғࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ᛥٵࡘȐ2004ȑǶȠቹៜԴΓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺ࣬ᜢӢનϐࣴز-аଯᑜࣁ ჹຝȡǶܿੇεᏢޗπբࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ʷȮᄽⵒӠ
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