非中低收入失能老人家庭初次使用居家服務的決策歷程-以南投縣為例

ߩϜմԞΤѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴ߒԪٻң

۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ᐤโ

-пࠓ׺ᑫ࣐پ

(The Decision-Making Process of the Home

Care Service for the ¿ rst time users of

non-Medium-and-Low-Income Families in

Nantou County)

!

ചు๽

+!

еڠဒ

++!

᎓ᢛྜ

++

(Chen, Shu-Hua ȇġWang, Cho-Sheng ȇġCheng, Tsan-Yuang)

ᄣ!् ࡹ۬௢৖ۚৎ୍ܺςԖΒΜᎩԃΑǴࣁ୯ৎЬाว৖ྣ୍៝ܺౢ཰໨Ҟϐ ΃ǴӕਔࢂၲԋȨӧӦԴϯȩࡹ฼Ҟ኱ϐБݤǶϣࡹ೽(2007a)Ϧթၗ਑Ǵว౜ ޕၰԴΓᅽճ௛ࡼޣՠ҂٬ҔϐচӢǴόགྷճҔޣǴࠅаۚৎ୍ܺϐ81.30%ࣁ നଯǶӕԃࠄ׫ᑜԴΓғࢲރݩϷᅽճሡ؃ፓࢗൔ֋ΨࡰрǴ໻Ԗ2.8ʘම٬Ҕ ၸԴΓۚৎ୍ܺǴԶ߄Ңόሡाޑэ66.4ʘǴӵԜޑ౜ຝࢂॶள௖زޑǶ ҁࣴز೸ၸ፦܄ࣴزుࡋೖፋ10ঁߚύեԏΕѨૈԴΓৎ৥຾Չၗ਑ԏ ໣Ǵ٠ୖԵHicks &LamȐ1999ȑ܌ගрޑޗ཮ၸำ،฼ኳԄǴ௖૸౜໘ࢤߚύ եԏΕѨૈԴΓϷځৎ৥،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺޑԵໆᆶၸำǵୖᆶޣǴϩ݋ቹៜ +!!!!!!ϣࡹ೽ύ୔ԴΓϐৎՉࡹ࠻ЬҺǶ ++!!!!!୯ҥύ҅εᏢޗ཮ᅽճᏢࣴز܌റγংᒧΓǶ +++!!!୯ҥύ҅εᏢޗ཮ᅽճᏢࣴز܌ୋ௲௤Ƕ ++++!!!ҁЎ੝ձགᖴٿӜ୓Ӝቩࢗہ঩ϐቩࢗǴฅ౧ᅅϐೀϝҗբޣဂԾॄЎೢǶ

ۚৎ୍ܺ٬Ҕ࣬ᜢӢનޑӄᇮǶࣴزว౜҇౲வޕၰǵΑှډ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺϐ Ο໘ࢤၸำǴ҂Ѹࢂޔጕว৖Ǵՠࠅ೿ࢂख़ाၸำǶৎΓࢂ୍ܺૻ৲ޑගٮޣǴৎ ΓޑՉࣁᆶᄊࡋ཮மϯ܈ࢂ෧১ԴΓޑሡ؃གǴ຾ԶቹៜԴΓ٬Ҕ୍ܺǶ೏ྣ៝ޣ ޑ٩ᒘำࡋ۳۳ࢂ୍ܺ٬ҔᆶցޑᜢᗖӢનǴՠྣ៝ޣჹྣ៝ೢҺޑ࣮ݤϷྣ៝ॄ ಻Ьᢀޑ᝺ჸำࡋωࢂ୍ܺ٬Ҕว୏ޑᗺᐯᏔǶቹៜ୍ܺ٬Ҕཀᜫޑᜢᗖߚ໻ࢂ೏ ྣ៝ޣޑيЈރݩǴԶᔈஒྣ៝ޣ੝፦યΕԵໆǶ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺޑਥҁ౛җࣁ൨פ ৎ৥ྣ៝фૈᆶѨૈԴΓྣ៝ሡ؃ޑѳᑽᗺǶৎ৥଺рѨૈԴΓྣៈӼ௨ޑᒧ᏷Ϸ ،฼ᆶޗ཮௃ნӢનǵྣៈࡹ฼฻৲৲࣬ᜢǶ നࡕҁЎගрϐࡌ᝼ǴȐ1ȑӭϡϯՉᎍۚৎ୍ܺૻ৲Ǵаගϲ୍ܺၗૻϐࢬ೯ ܄ᆶё߈܄ǹȐ2ȑว৖؍੎୍ܺ኱ྗբ཰ࢬำ܈Չ୏؍੎ًǴа಄ӝѨૈৎ৥ϐϪ ჴሡ؃ǹ(3)ගٮ፾Ϫޑৎ৥ྣ៝ޣഹ৲୍ܺǴаቚуৎ৥ྣ៝ޑૈໆǹ(4)ԾЬ៾ᒧ ᏷Ϸ஑཰៾ЬᏤϐѳᑽೀၶǴаගϲ஑཰୍ܺࠔ፦Ƕ ᜱᗥມȈ!۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȃަཽႇโ؛๋ዂԓȃѷ૗Ճ΢

The Decision-Making Process of

the Home Care Service for the

¿ rst time users of

non-Medium-and-Low-Income Families in

Nantou County

Chen, Shu-Hua* ; Wang, Cho-Sheng** ; Cheng, Tsan-Yuang***

Abstract

It has been over 20 years since the home care services were implemented and promoted by the government. It have been regarded as one of the items mainly responsible for developing the care service industry across the nation and one of the methods for the elders of aging in place. However, according to the Ministry of the Interior in 2007, while there is an awareness of the measures for caring for aging people, they are not used yet: home care services comprised 81.30% of the ȸdonȷt feel like usingȸ items. Also, according to a report on the living status and a social

* Chief, General Affairs Section, Central Region Senior, Ministry of the Interior. ** Doctorate Candidate, Department of Social Welfare, National Chung Cheng University. *** Associate Professor, Department of Social Welfare, National Chung Cheng University.

welfare survey for the elderly in Nantou County in the same year, only 2.8% of the elderly used senior home care services while 66.4% of them indicated ȸno needȹ, which is a phenomenon worth attention and discussing.

The purpose of this research is to proceed with data collection for an in-depth interview through qualitative research, employing the social process of decision-marking proposed by Hicks and Lam (1999) considered as a highly comprehensive and dynamic framework of conceptual analysis for discussing the concerns and process involved in the decision-making by 10 non middle-to-low income disabled elderly and their families regarding the use of home care services at this stage, as well as for analyzing related factors that affect the use of home care services in terms of generating a complete picture. According to the research, the process from ȸawarenessȹ, ȸacquaintanceȹ to ȸdecide to useȹ home care services, does not constitute a linear development; however, these three stages are equally important, as family members are providers of service information. The behavior and attitude of the family will reinforce or weaken the feeling of demand and further affect the use of service provided for seniors. The level of dependency of care receivers normally determines whether the service will be used; however, the viewpoint of caretakers on care responsibility and the level of subjective awareness of various caring burdens are what ignite the use of service. The key point that affects the use of service is not simply the mental/physical status of care receivers, but also the characteristics of caretakers; these should be considered altogether. The root cause of using home care services is seeking a balance between home care function and the need for senior care. However, the choices and decisions that the families make for disabled senior care are closely linked to social variables and care policies.

Finally, we have suggestions for home care services. (1) multiple marketing for home care services in order to promote the information of conductivity and accessibility; (2) making the standard operation process of bathing service and bathing service car; (3)providing enough respite services for family caregiver in order to

promote them empowerment;(4)the balance of autonomy and professional treatment in order to promote the quality of home care service.

Key words: home care services, the social process of decision-making, disabled elderly

൧ȃःفनෂ

ᇄᢋಒΚ״᏾ࡤᔊڌዙ 1_{Ӷ2010Ԓ൸ᗛΤ65ྒԒឮȂԫࡤ஡ഃԒ݃ᡘ} ቩђȂࡈ֚ҔԓໍΤȶ΢πՃϾዙȷȂ೼޷ՃϾዙࢻ஡ࡼ៊Վ2029ԒȄ ୾ርαȂ65ྒпα΢πЩ౦Ҧ7ʦቩՎ14ʦޠԒ኶хߓȶՃϾഁ࡚ȷȂՅ ѯᢋӶ1993Ԓႁژ7ʦȂႲզӶ2017Ԓ஡ژ14ʦໍΤȶାឮަཽȷȇ௦຀ ӕ8ԒࡤȞ2025Ԓȟ֊Ѡ૗ႁژ20ʦȂՅԚ࣐ȶົାឮަཽȷȞ՘࢈ଲစ ᔽ࡛೪ېসཽȂ2010ȟȄӱᔗ೼޷ାឮϾዙࢻȂԥܛᒞȶԹՔ९ڽȷȃ ȶማᏂ౱ཿȷȃȶྲ៬౱ཿȷȃȶୋஷ౱ཿȷȃȶߞ෉ྲ៬ȷ๊өԓө ኻޠᇴݳІึ৥Ȃη࢑ө୾Ӷ೤დଞӅ࢈๋ȃୋஷІߞ෉ྲ៬࢈๋ȃІ ަཽᆌւ࢈๋๊ϛூϛ८ᄈޠୱᚡȄ ՃԒ΢πޠቩђڸՃϾᗎ༗ཏک຀ȂՃԒ΢Ґٙ஡८ᄈөᆎୱᚡȂ ॷӒ࢑စᔽڸୋஷޠ૿ଞȃڐԪ࢑ަཽ౶ᚕȃӕڐԪ࢑З౪።ᎍୱᚡ Ȟጿज๽Ȃ1994ȟȄ೼ٳୱᚡᡘұՃ΢ӶٙЗөР८ޠሰؒСઊቩђȂ ดՅᓎ຀ަཽᕘძޠᡑ᎑ȃঢ়৴Мࡼقಜޠϛ٘Ȃᡲ೩ӼՃԒ΢ടΤ֩ ძϟϜȂؔٸϧȞ1998ȟࡿяՃ΢ޠ֩ძєࢃȈߞ෉ொ੿ુнᚃᕜၦ ྜȃᕜᎵᐡᄻІྲ៬޲ȃစᔽ֩ძȃ᎐ڨेࡠпІڐу֩ᜳ๊ȄՃԒ΢ πٟഁԚߞȃ҂ְᎸڽϛᘟ۾ߞȂηᡲᄛܓ੾੿ޠୱᚡђቒȂӱՅቩђ ߞ෉ྲៗ 2_{ޠሰؒȇСҐߞ෉ྲៗึ৥ޠစᡜȂ௱զяؑ΢ΚҢϜङԥ6.5} Ԓϟȶߞ෉ྲៗሰؒਣࢳȷȂڐϜعܓ҂ְਣࢳङ5.7ԒȂυܓ҂ְਣࢳ ङ7.1ԒȞ؄зх๊΢Ȃ2009Ȉ2ȟȄ ዊजӒໍ୾ঢ়Ӷ΢πՃϾึ৥ޠߒ෉ȂӼпᐡᄻԓྲៗձ࣐ߞ෉ྲ ៗึ৥ޠӒᎣȂڐࡤȂࠔึ౫ᐡᄻԓྲៗାԚҐȃુнҢࣁࠣ፵пІ΢

1_{dz ᓻٽዊШжࢂࡰ1946ԃډ1964ԃрғޑΓȐHooyman & Kiyak๱ǵ݅ኻ຦म฻᝿Ǵ2003Ǻ}

24ȑǴඤقϐǴԴΓዊШжࢂࡰ2010ԃԿ2029ԃǶ

2_{dz ߏයྣៈǺଞჹԖфૈѨૈޑΓගٮߏਔයǵ҅Ԅ܈ߚ҅Ԅޑ଼நϷ଼ந࣬ᜢЍ࡭୍ܺǴаၲ}

ܓϾޠྲ៬๊ୱᚡȂіዊ୾ঢ়ܼ1960ԒॷӒණяΠȶӶӵՃϾȷܗȶӶ ԊՃϾȷ 3_{ޠᢏ܉Ȃᇰ࣐ߞ෉ྲៗᔗᅿѠ૗ޠ஡ڐ݉ଡ଼ᒰଛՎѷ૗Ճ΢ȃ} ٙЗሬᛥ޲ܗ࢑ڐуԥሰؒ޲ޠ۩՟ӵȂпڟֆٯᆱࡼڐҢࣁޠҔளϾ Ȟ֕ుᛞȃೆۆࢸȂ2001ȟȄ ٸᐄϲ࢈ഌȞ2000ȟ።ࢦ๗ݏȂש୾65ྒпαሰߞ෉ྲៗޠ΢πԥ 18࿳2,000΢ȂխӓᡞՃ΢΢πޠ9.7%Ȃ՟ӶΚૢঢ়Й޲խ92.4%ȂڐϜ 78.5%ᇅପୌȃڌυܗᒒЅӤ՟ȞചҔ߈ȃ֕ుᛞȂ2006ȟȄέϲ࢈ഌ Ȟ2007bȟ።ࢦൣ֚ηᡘұ65ྒпαՍ౪Сளକ۩ࣁ୞ԥ֩ᜳՃ΢Ȃڐл ्ྲ៬޲࣐ପୌȃφυܗཁ൬Ӭќ40%Ȃ࣐ѵᝳܗҐ୾ࣽៗϏӬќ18%Ȃ ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼সќ0.89%Ȃᐡᄻ݉ଡ଼সќ7.63%Ȃ௚ณ΢ڟֆՅ໹Սשྲ៬޲ ߗήԚȄӶѯᢋӼ኶ѷ૗Ճ΢Ϭп՟Ӷঢ়Ϝ۩ӼȂτഌϸߞ෉ྲៗೱӉ ϬҦঢ়৴ᑀΩ॓ᐋȄѫ።ࢦϜηᡘұ65ྒпαՃ΢ᇰ࣐౪དྷޠ۩՟Рԓ Ϭ࢑пȶᇅφυӤ՟(֥ପୌȃφυପୌІ৙φυ)ȷ޲ќ59.95%ഷӼȄ௚ ᓎ຀ަཽᐍᡞᕘძȃঢ়৴๗ᄻޠ׾ᡑȂঢ়৴ೞ෉ࡠྲ៬ାឮԚসޠѓ૗ ݃ᡘӵڨژࢆ᏾ȂՃ΢ѷ૗ϛѬཽኈ៫ڐՍٙޠҢࣁࠣ፵Ȃᄈঢ়΢ηཽ ആԚ२τ॓ᐋȂ؂࢑༉ಜঢ়৴ྲៗዂԓޠΚτ֩ძȂ؂ࢆ᏾຀౫Ӷᆌւ ᡞقޠᎍ࿌ܓȄᙐّϟȂᇄᢋ८ᖞޠ೏ძ࢑ߞ෉ྲៗሰ्ቩђޠ׌८Ȃ ԫΚ౫ຬޠٿᖞࠍ࢑ೞࣩ࣐ۢȶུޠަཽॴᓏȷȞMorel,2006ȟȄ ดՅϲ࢈ഌȞ2007aȟϵոՃ΢ᄈܼ࢈ۻණٽө໷Ճ΢ᆌւ௪ࢋϟ ᇰޤᇅւң௒םȂึ౫ޤၿՃ΢ᆌւ௪ࢋ޲կґٻңϟ঩ӱȈȶϛདྷւ ңȷ޲Ȃࠔпȶ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȷϟ81.30%࣐ഷାȄՅചᐹᆋȞ2006ȟܛձޠ ࠓ׺ᑫՃ΢ҢࣁޒݸІᆌւሰؒ።ࢦൣ֚ϜηࡿяȂՃ΢Ѡ૗ᄈ݉ଡ଼ϲ ৡϛΠ၍Յϛඹ௦ڨȂܛпᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼௦ڨ࡚ϛାȄשউึ౫༊ԥ2.8ʦ ෇ٻңႇՃ΢۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ȃґٻңޠ঩ӱ࣐ȶϛޤၿȷԥԫ໷݉ଡ଼޲ќ 3_{dz ྷڂ᎞๱ଯஏࡋޑۚৎྣ୍៝ܺǴ٬Ԗ93%ԴΓૈӧৎύғࢲԴѐǴӵৎԖᡛᅯޑԴΓǴۚৎ} ୍ܺ঩қϺٰ5ԛǴఁ΢ٰ2ԛǴ1Ϻ௖ೖ7ԛѳ֡3λਔ൩ٰৎ္୍ܺȐఉҏޱǴ2011ȑǶ

30.3ʦȂՅߓұȶϛሰ्ȷޠќ66.4ʦȄեп࢈ۻὠݨΠᛂτޠစຳ௱৥ ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȂՅ࣐ٙ݉ଡ଼ٻң޲ޠՃ΢ࠔϛདྷւң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȉڐ঩ӱفഥ ࣐եȉ ՘࢈ଲȶྲ៬݉ଡ଼ᆌւІ౱ཿึ৥Р਱ȷ஡ӓ୾ٙЗѓ૗ሬᛥҖಁ ાΤ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼၅ֆጓ൝Ȃпȶഇႇᎍ࡚၅ֆᇷึ۩ঢ়ྲៗ݉ଡ଼ሰؒȷޠ ๋౲וగڗᐮ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠԚߞȂՍॏฬ໡ᒳпٿᗷ݉ଡ଼΢኶ȃ݉ଡ଼΢Ԫ І݉ଡ଼ਣ኶ְഃؐԚߞȂկҖಁໍΚؐ᜺ཏрຳᗋຶ݉ଡ଼ޠЩپϬ୒ մȂ2002Ԓȃ2003ԒҖಁՍຳЩپҦ2Ԛ5ණାՎ2Ԛ9Ȃ2004Ԓȃ2005Ԓ ϸր७մ2Ԛ4І1Ԛ8Ȃ2007Ԓӕ७1Ԛ8ȄեпҖಁ᜺ཏрຳᗋຶ݉ଡ଼ޠ ЩپϬϛାȉ Ҧܼࠓ׺ᑫӱΟΡΚ२࡛ޠሰ्ȂϜѶ࢈ۻ׺Ττ์ޠ२࡛စຳȂ ࠓ׺ᑫۻᑗ྄ӪϜѶލڦစຳஊଌ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼সІ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼࿝ᏳসȂٻᑫ ϲ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ཿଡ଼ፁࠐึ৥Ȃ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ཿଡ଼Ѡېଋޠ൑՞຺ٿ຺Ӽȃ஠ཿ ݉ଡ଼΢Ωηࣻ࿌ޠщ٘Ȅ2002Ԓ9У໡ᒳߩϜմԞΤѷ૗Ճ΢ІٙЗሬᛥ ޲၅ֆٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ȃࠓ׺ᑫܼ໡ᒳϟߒ֊ԥ9ঢ়۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ණٽ൑՞ණٽ ݉ଡ଼Ȃ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼൑՞኶༊ԪܼѯіҀޠ11ঢ়Ȃ࣐ӓ୾ಒΡӼȄᗷด࢈ۻ ὠݨΠᛂτޠစຳ௱৥۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ཿଡ଼Ȃկঢ়΢Іѷ૗ߞ޲௦ڨ࡚ІҖಁ ໍΚؐ᜺ཏрຳᗋຶ݉ଡ଼ϬϛାȂ೼ϛռᡲःف޲ԂۊӶש୾НϾ௒ძ ίȂ੬ր࢑ߩϜմԞΤѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴Ҩ፝ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ᐤโȂژ ۼϨቅӱષѿѢΠѷ૗ঢ়৴ޠᒶᐆྲ៬݉ଡ଼РԓޠႇโȂ؛๋ޠโז࢑ Ϩቅȉ፣୥ᇅΠ؛๋ޠႇโȉؑঐঢ়৴ԚসѠ૗ԥϛӤޠлᢏཏᜌᇅࣽ ݳȂՅ࣐ٙ݉ଡ଼ٻңлᡞޠѷ૗Ճ΢ȂуӶ݉ଡ଼ٻңޠ؛๋ႇโϜȂ࢑ лِȂᗚ࢑ପِȂܗѬ࢑ਡᢏޠᢏಁںȉέ݉ଡ଼ᄈຬ࢑ԄեࣽࡠҔӶஉ ՘ޠ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȉኈ៫۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષ࣐եȉ ҐНۼί஡ϸԚϥഌϸȂಒΚ࢑ԥᜱٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟࣻᜱӱષ௥ ଇȂഇႇНᝧ௥فึ౫ኈ៫ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟ२्ӱષȇಒΡ࢑௥فঢ়৴ ᄈѷ૗Ճ΢ྲៗԋ௷؛๋ႇโϟࣻᜱ౪፤ȂпІҐःف࢝ᄻᇴ݃ձ࣐౪

፤Іϸݚϟ࢝ᄻஆᙄȇಒή࢑ҐःفРݳІःفᄈຬϟᇴ݃ȂᙥҦ፵Ͼ ःفРݳህпљ๗ᄻԓୱڣІ౐࡚೥ፚݳȂᕤ၍ࠓ׺ᑫߩϜմԞΤѷ૗ Ճ΢ঢ়৴ኻҐҨ፝ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ᐤโȇಒѳ࢑ःف๗ݏϟϸݚІ ึ౫ȂΠ၍ѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴ᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼؛ۢࢻโȇϥ࢑ଭᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼قಜ ණя࡛ឋІ๗፤Ȅ

ະȃٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟࣻᜱӱષ௥ଇ

؄ኌ࣢Ȟ2003Ȉ17ȟᐍ౪ΠӼ՞Ᏹ޲ᄈܼ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ۢဏȂєࢃԥঢ় ٲ݉ଡ଼ȃঐ΢ྲ៬ȃަཽܓྲ៬ȃܗៗ౪ܓྲៗ๊๊Ȅԥᜱៗ౪ܓྲៗ ӱਗ਼Іᚃᕜ՘࣐ȃ׭೛ܓៗ౪ϏձȂȶៗ౪ݳȷϜϑ݃ጃ೤ۢ၏ഌϸҦ ፐҢȃᚃᕜȃៗ౪๊ࣻᜱ൑՞॓ೱȄՅަ࢈൑՞ϟ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࠍ஡݉ଡ଼२ ᘉဋܼަཽܓྲ៬ቺ८ȂІ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟ२ᘉဋܼᜱᛅȃЗ౪Мࡼȃᕘძ ྲ៬ȃަཽ୥ᇅІ΢ርϤ୞Р८Ȅ Ӷϲ࢈ഌȞ1998ȟȶђ஽௱৥۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ᄃࢋР਱ȷख़݃Ȉ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ ޠл्݉ଡ଼ᄈຬ࣐65ྒпαȂӱٙЗڨ཭यСளҢࣁѓ૗ሰу΢ڟֆϟ ۩ঢ়Ճ΢Ȟ֥ᑀ۩Ճ΢ȟȂпІስԥٙЗሬᛥКьȂйСளҢࣁѓ૗ሰ у΢ڟֆϟ۩ঢ়ٙЗሬᛥ޲ȄՅڐ೤დ݉ଡ଼ϲৡȈঢ়ଡ଼ІСளҢࣁྲ៬ ݉ଡ଼ȃඳࣀՙޑϟࣀᕂȃঔ၅ȃ۩ঢ়ᕘძ׾๢Ȟп਱лஆҐҢࣁጓ൝࣐ лȟȃঢ়ଡ଼݉ଡ଼Ȟֆ౪ȟȃНਫ݉ଡ଼ȃЅ๢೥ຝȃႬၘୱԋȃᓢ໾݉ ଡ଼ȃഘӤܗхᗋҢࣁ҇໹ңࠣȃഘӤ൸ᚃܗᖓ๝ᚃᕜᐡᜱȞᄻȟȃݳࡢ ᒛၛ݉ଡ଼ȃڐуࣻᜱϟ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȃٙᡞྲ៬݉ଡ଼ȃпІڟֆٻңСளҢ ࣁህֆᏣڏ๊݉ଡ଼໷ҭȂٻ਱л૗᝸៊ӶՍϐዤோޠᕘძϜҢࣁȄ ٻң݉ଡ଼ޠ՘࣐ϛ༊࢑ᄃଡ଼Ϗձ޲ᜱЗޠ፟ᚡȂηЖକᏱ೛ࣩޠः فᑺ፹ȇ੬րӶ௥ଇՃ΢ڸҔԓྲ៬ᡞقޠᜱ߾ਣ࢑२्ޠःفлᚡȂ ӱٻң݉ଡ଼࢑Ճ΢ڸҔԓྲ៬ᡞقϮ८ޠ໡ۗȄ୾ѵߗԒٿϑၷЎԥН ᝧ௥ଇ۩ঢ়ྲៗޠ௦ڨ௒םІڐӱષϸݚȂѠ૗ӱ୾௒ޠϛӤйዊज๊

୾࢑ၷԟՃϾޠ୾ঢ়Ȃڐ۩ঢ়ྲៗዂԓᄃࢋІ௱ኅϑӼԒȂΚޣ࣐ߞ෉ ྲៗϜ२्ޠΚᕘȂй݉ଡ଼ٻң౦ηၷାȂܛпٯءԥሰ्௥ଇ௦ڨ࡚ ޠ्҇Ȅ ѯᢋ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ႇџ݉ଡ଼ᄈຬ༊४ܼϜȃմԞΤЙՃ΢Ȃӱ࣐݉ଡ଼ϛ ඾ІܼӓҖȂܛп኶ΫԒٿԚߞጦᄛȞ֕ుᛞȃചҔ߈Ȃ2000ȟȄӼ໷ Ճ΢۩ঢ়ᒶᐆᇅሰ्ϟःف๗ݏᡘұȂณ፤Ճ΢ٙᡞ఩ӈȂ۩՟Ӷঢ়ܗ ަୣϜϬ࢑τഌϸՃ΢ޠ෉ࡠȂ࣐Мࡼѷ૗޲ᅿѠ૗੽Ӷঢ়৴ႇ຀Ս лȃளᄙҢࣁȂйө୾ଭᄈߞ෉ྲៗሰؒޠቩђܛ௵ڦ२τޠ࢈๋РӪ Ӽ஽።ྲៗၦྜЩپޠ።ᐍପဋȂჃᓿ۩ঢ়ԓІަୣԓ࣐ஆᙄޠ݉ଡ଼ڦ хᐡᄻྲៗȞ֕ుᛞȂ2003aȇGibson, Gregory, & Pandya, 2003ȟȄܛ п࢈ۻᇅҖ໣൑՞೼ංԒٿϑᑗ྄௱୞ᒳ౪ө໷۩ঢ়ԓ݉ଡ଼௪ࢋȂҼ໸ ᔗ୾ϲҖ௒්Ӫ70ʦަୣྲ៬Ȃ30ʦᐡᄻԓྲ៬ޠ೤დРӪȞ֕ుᛞȂ 2003bȇߚԮৎȃചષࢍȃ༂໰ႜȂ2004ȟȄ՘࢈ଲ௱՘ޠȶྲ៬݉ଡ଼ᆌ ւІ౱ཿึ৥Р਱ȷІ௱୞ȶߞ෉ྲ៬10Ԓॏฬ~τྤཹަཽᆌւ৉਱ϟ ᄰ᝽ॏฬȷ؂஡ӓ୾ٙЗѓ૗ሬᛥҖಁાΤ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼၅ֆጓ൝Ȃוగණ Ёڐ݉ଡ଼МࡼȂٯᙥпڗᐮ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠԚߞȄկ௱՘пٿҖಁՍຳᗋຶ ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ཏ᜺୒մȂٸ՘࢈ଲःفึ৥ՄਰېসཽȞ2007ȟൣ֚ࡿяȂ өᑫҀҖಁՍຳٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Щ౦ϟ҂ְঅ࣐18%Ȃۧԥ19ᑫҀϟՍຳٻ ң౦մܼ၏҂ְঅȂᡘұ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Սຳٻң௒םࡠђ஽ȂйۧԥᑫҀϟ ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Սຳਣ኶֖౫॓ԚߞȞԄུԽᑫȟȄࢉߪሰџ௥ଇҖಁᄈ۩ঢ় ݉ଡ଼ޠ௦ڨ࡚ᇅΠ၍݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષȂпٽש୾۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ึ৥ϟ୥ ՄȄ Ӳ៬۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષޠःف٠ϭӔԥ10጖፤НȂଷ1጖࣐፵ ϾःفѵȂڐуࣲ࣐໕ϾःفȄՅڐϜ5጖፤НȈᛴڄࡧȞ2004ȟȶኈ៫ Ճ΢ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࣻᜱӱષϟःف-пା໱ᑫ࣐ᄈຬȷȃ৹ࡧ♛Ȟ2005ȟ ȶኈ៫۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻң௒םІڐࣻᜱӱષ௥ଇ- пᇄіᑫ࣐پȷȃചҔ߈๊ ΢Ȟ2006ȟȶঢ়৴ྲ៬޲ᄈߞ෉ྲៗ݉ଡ଼ٻңཏ᜺ϟ௥ଇȷȃखޚԄȃ

ೆۆࢸȃ֕ਐᓹȃ֕ుᛞ๊΢Ȟ2006ȟȶ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષः فȷпІ଼ۤ֘Ȟ2007ȟȶѯϜҀΚૢѷ૗Ճ΢Սຳٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟࣻ ᜱӱષ௥ଇȷϟःفȂࣲпAndersen ɍ NewmanȞ1973ȟܛණяޠԋ኉ ሌୋஷ݉ଡ଼ٻң՘࣐ዂԓȞAndersen behavioral modelȟձ࣐ःف޲ၽң ܼႲข݉ଡ଼ٻң՘࣐ޠ౪፤࢝ᄻȄ

Andersen ܼ1968 ԒණяፐҢ՘࣐ዂԓࡤೞኅހᔗңܼፐҢ݉ଡ଼ւң ޠःفȂ෉໣ҦڐҐ΢ᇅڐуᏱ޲ϛᘟޠђпঔҔȃ۾իȂٯၽңܼຠ զө᜹ୋஷ݉ଡ଼ޠѠߗܓȞച߁֦Ȃ2009ȟȄAndersen & Newman (1973) ܛණяኈ៫ୋஷ݉ଡ଼ٻңޠަཽڸঐ΢؛ۢӱષȂڐϜঐ΢؛ۢӱષ֊ Κૢܛᆏȶԋ኉ሌୋஷ݉ଡ଼ٻң՘࣐ዂԓȷȞ឵ಒΚ໧ࢳᚃᕜ݉ଡ଼ւң ዂ࠯ȟȄঐ΢؛ۢӱષєࢃ་Ӫӱષȃٻ૗ӱષȃሰؒӱષ๊ή໷Ȅڐ Ϝ་ӪӱષȞpredisposing characteristicsȟ࣐ঐ΢ٻңୋஷ݉ଡ଼་Ӫޠ ஆҐ੬፵Ȃєࢃ΢πᏱᡑ໷ȃަཽ๗ᄻᡑ໷ȃІୋஷ߭܉๊Ȅٻ૗ӱષ Ȟenabling characteristicsȟࠍࡿঐ΢ᕖூᚃᕜྲៗޠ૗ΩȂєࢃঐ΢ܗঢ় ৴ᡑ໷ȃަୣᡑ໷๊ȄሰؒӱષȞneed characteristicsȟ߾ঐ΢ᄈୋஷޠᄙ ࡚ܗᖞטαຠզޠ઀ޒȂ࣐ഷޣ௦йഷ२्ኈ៫ᚃᕜ݉ଡ଼ւң՘࣐ޠӱ ષȂє֥ᇰޤᇅຠզ๊Ȅ Ӷ೩Ӽ௥ଇ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષޠНതϜȂᗷөԥڐၽңޠዂ ԓᇅ࢝ᄻȂпίၑ຀пAndersenዂԓϜၽңޠ3ᆎኈ៫ӱષϸ᜹Ȃ஡ःف ึ౫ϟኈ៫ӱષᐍ౪ԄίȈ ᨧ་Ӫӱષ ་Ӫӱષ߾ࡿঐ΢ڏԥ࢛ᆎ੬፵Յၷܿ་Ӫٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ȅܓրڸ Ԓឮ࢑ഷளೞ௥ଇޠڎঐ΢π੬፵ӱષȄःف๗፤ࣲΚयȂυܓٻң۩ ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠᐡཽτܼعܓȞዟ࣢ೈȂ2000ȇᛴڄࡧȂ2004ȟȄпȶѷ૗Ճ ΢ІٙЗሬᛥ޲၅ֆٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ॏฬȷஉ՘ٿࣽȂЩၷӓ୾2007Ԓٻ ң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟܓրȂሇ࡚ІϜ२࡚ѷ૗޲пυܓٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Щپङխ6

ԚȂ྄२࡚ഌϸعυٻңЩپᗎߗөխ5ԚȇᐍᡞՅّȂυܓѷ૗޲ٻң ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟЩپାܼعܓߗ1Ԛ5ȄЩၷࠓ׺ᑫ2006ȃ2007Ԓ࡚ٻң۩ঢ় ݉ଡ଼ϟܓրȂηூژӤኻޠ๗ݏȂυܓѷ૗޲ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟЩپାܼ عܓȄ Ӷ۩ঢ়ঐ਱ϜȂԒឮ຺τٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠᐡ຺ཽτȄ෇ు߈ȃೆۆ ࢸȃചҔ߈ȃဩΞᆋȃ֕ుᛞȞ2004ȟःفึ౫۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ঐ਱҂ְԒឮ ࣐75.5ྒȂߩՃ΢խܛԥٻңЩ౦࣐12.8ʦȂՅ75ྒпαՃ΢ܛխЩپഷ Ӽ࣐66.8ʦȄகࡆР८Ȃτഌϸःفࠔึ౫ϑக޲ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ၷӼȞച ߬ԮȂ2002ȇചܒԄȂ2003ȇ෇ు߈๊΢Ȃ2004ȇᛴڄࡧȂ2004ȟȄఁ يโ࡚Р८Ȃٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼޲Ӽ࣐ఁيโ࡚ϊᏱпίܗϛᜌԆȞചܒ ԄȂ2003ȇ֕ుᛞȂ2004ȇ෇ు߈๊΢Ȃ2004ȇᛴڄࡧȂ2004ȟȄᆌւ ٙϸР८ȂӶ෇ు߈๊Ȟ2004ȟޠःفϜึ౫Ȃ݉ଡ଼ٻңᄈຬϜၷӼ࣐ ΚૢЙҖಁȇԫѵȂᛴڄࡧȞ2004ȟޠःفϜҼึ౫݉ଡ଼ᄈຬ࣐ΚૢЙ Ճ΢޲ќ62.2ʦȂմԞᇅϜմԞՃ΢ќ37.8ʦȄ ᨨٻ૗ӱષ ٻ૗ӱષࡿঐ΢૗ᕖூ݉ଡ଼ޠ૗ΩڸၦྜȄ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ѡп၅щঢ়৴ ྲ៬ϟϛ٘Ȃԥᖓ๝ϟᒒЅ΢኶຺ӼȃԥӤ՟ঢ়΢ȃܛூژޠަཽМࡼ โ຺࡚ା޲ȄඳّϟȂঢ়৴ྲ៬ၦྜၷӼȂӱՅၷЎٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ȇঢ় ৴ྲ៬΢ΩЎȂٻңၷӼ݉ଡ଼Ȟ؄ܒ઎Ȃ2000ȇ஼׊লȂ2002ȇച߬ ԮȂ2002ȇᛴڄࡧȂ2004ȟȄ୾ϲӼ኶ःف๗ݏߓұަୣϜٙЗሬᛥ޲ ܗՃ΢ϟл्ྲ៬޲࣐ପୌܗཁஐ(ച߬ԮȂ2002ȇᛴڄࡧȂ2004)Ȃྲ៬ ޲΢πᏱ੬ܓഷ݃ᡘޠ੬፵࣐пυܓ࣐лȄ ᨩሰؒӱષ єࢃлᢏᄈՍϐ੾੿ޠՍញȃ઀ޒຩᘟІࡋᢏҦᖞטαޠᄃርຠզ ๗ݏȄՍញୋஷޒݸၷৰȃԥᇰޤѓ૗ሬᛥ޲ȃᄈ݉ଡ଼ޠᇰᜌโ຺࡚ା

ְၷ་Ӫܼٻң݉ଡ଼Ȟ؄ܒ઎Ȃ2000ȇ؄ኌ࣢Ȃ2003ȇ஼׊লȂ2002ȇ ᛴڄࡧȂ2004ȟȄСளҢࣁࣁ୞ѓ૗ၷৰȃᄛܓ੿ၷӼȃሰٻңҢࣁህ ڏ޲ηၷཽٻң۩ঢ়ྲៗȞ৹ࡧ♛Ȃ2005ȇച߬ԮȂ2002ȇ෇ਵลȂ 2002ȇዟ࣢ೈȂ2000ȟȄѫѵȂःف๗ݏᡘұADL ІIADL 4 _ሬᛥܗٸ ᒧ໷ҭၷӼȂڐٻң݉ଡ଼ޠਣ኶αཽԥቩђޠᗎ༗(଼ۤ֘Ȃ2007ȇᛴ ڄࡧȂ2004ȇKorbin , Manton,ɍAragon ,2000ȇThorslund , Norstrom, ɍ Wernberg, 1991)Ȅঢ়৴л्ྲ៬޲Սຠୋஷޒݸབৰ޲ȃ࿌ྲ៬޲ߓႁၷ ାޠྲ៬॓ೊਣȂٻңၷӼ݉ଡ଼ȞݔིโȂ2000ȇ؄ܒ઎Ȃ2000ȇചҔ ߈๊΢Ȃ2006ȇᚠྕ઎Ȃ1997ȟȄ ᘫાпαНᝧึ౫ኈ៫ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟ२्ӱષє֥Ȉ΢π੬፵ȃ စᔽޒݸȃୋஷޒݸȃঢ়৴Мࡼၦྜڸᄈ݉ଡ଼ޠᇰޤᇅᄙ๊࡚Ȅ

୥ȃ ঢ়৴ᄈѷ૗Ճ΢ྲៗԋ௷۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼؛๋ႇโϟϸ

ݚ࢝ᄻ

ҭࠊٻңަཽ݉ଡ଼ڸୋஷ݉ଡ଼ϟႲขӱષःفϜԋ኉ሌୋஷ݉ଡ଼ٻ ң՘࣐ዂԓ࢑ഷளೞЖңޠःف࢝ᄻȄпԋ኉ሌዂԓٿࣽՃ΢࢑֐ՍҦ ᒶᐆྲៗРԓӼ຀२ܼՃ΢ঐ΢੬፵ޠኈ៫ȇՅڐуᏱ޲ᇰ࣐Ճ΢ྲៗ ԋ௷ȂѠ૗࢑ԥڐу΢ޠ୥ᇅȂ೾ள࢑ପୌڸԚԒφυޠഌϸȂӱԫঢ় ৴ԚসӶՃԒ΢πྲៗ؛ۢႇโη׹ᅌࣻ࿌२्ޠِՔȄ

Hicks &LamȞ1999ȟܛණяޠަཽႇโ؛๋ዂԓȞthe social process of decision-makingȟȂ࢑Κঐ؂࣐ӓ८й୞ᄙޠަཽዂ࠯ȂڐՄኍژӼ ኶؛๋΢সڸӱષޠԇӶȄԫዂ࠯ඣख़ަཽ؛๋ႇโϜή໷ᄻԚ्ષȈ

4_{dz ԴΓޑѨૈำࡋЬाࢂ٬ҔЃМໆ߄(Barthel Index)уаෳໆǴхࡴ຾१ǵ౽ՏǵঁΓፁғǵӵ}

൵ǵࢱᐙǵՉوǵ΢ΠኴఊǵऀಥՊܺǵεߡᆶλߡ௓ڋ฻Μ໨ȨВதғࢲфૈࡰ኱ȐActivity of Daily Living ǴADLȑȩǴ೿ࢂکঁΓ୷ҁԾךྣ៝фૈϷيᡏՉ୏ૈΚ࣬ᜢޑ໨ҞǶԶ ΢ॊфૈଏϯ܈഼Ѩޣࡐёૈೱ஥ቹៜȨπڀ܄ВதғࢲфૈȐInstrumental Activity of Daily LivingǴIADLȑȩޑวචǴхࡴܺᛰǵѦрǵᖼނǵ଄ނᆅ౛ǵࢱՊǵ٬Ҕႝ၉ǵฆ໭ᆶѺ௟ ฻Ζ໨Ǵࢂঁᡏӧޗ୔ғࢲύᆶฯᡏ܈ޗ཮ᕉნϕ୏ޑૈΚǶ

ȞΚȟ؛๋ထಣȈყᡞᇅঐ΢ȇȞΡȟ؛๋ႇโȈл्؛๋ȃϸය؛๋ ܗ༌Ͼ؛๋ȇȞήȟ؛๋ᜱ߾Ȉᖓ࿘ܗᝰލȄ؛๋Ԛসᜱ߾ᇅ؛๋ႇโ ཽᓎ຀ڨྲ៬޲ޠ੾੿੿โਣ໣Յ׾ᡑȂҼѠᓎ຀ୱᚡϜ੬ੇޠ؛ۢՅ ᡑϾȄή໷ᄻԚ्ષҼཽᓎ຀׌ഌᇅτ೤ዂޠަཽΩȂኈ៫؛๋޲ϟᒶ ᐆᇅۢဏȄަཽΩᇅ؛ۢӱષຝם༗ᇅᕘძՅۢȂє֥Ӭݳစᔽښ࡚ȃ НϾȃୋஷྲ៬ښ࡚ᇅ࢈ۻ࢈๋ȄഷࡤȂަཽᐤโȃொ੿੬ኊᇅަཽ؛ ๋ႇโࣻϤኈ៫Ȅ ஠ཿ΢সӶࡩܓᚃᕜྲៗᇅߞ෉ྲៗ؛๋໣ޠِՔ׹ᅌ࢑ԥܛৰ౵ ޠȄࡩܓᚃᕜྲៗ؛๋ளೞຝ࣐ȶΫ࿳ЭࡩȷȂ஠ཿ΢সޠᖞטցᘟள ள׹ᅌ຀лᏳޠِՔȂໍՅࠉ৶੿ொޠՍл᠍ȇࣻၷϟίȂߞ෉ྲៗೞ ᙐ൑ۢဏ࣐ȶӶୋஷȃঐ΢ྲៗȃަཽሰ๊ؒР८ȂᄈુнՍשྲៗ૗ Ω޲ܛණٽޠө໷݉ଡ଼ȷȄߞ෉ྲៗ؛๋֥ԥ௦៊ܓȂڐጓ൝ႈІঐ΢ СளҢࣁޠܛԥቺ८Ȅঢ়৴Ԛসਗ਼Τޠโ࡚ࣻ࿌ஞϹȂߞ෉ྲៗ؛๋Ӽ љ࢑ҦՃ΢ڸঢ়৴ԚসӔӤ׈ԚȂঢ়৴ԚসԥѠ૗༊୥ᇅ؛๋ȂηԥѠ ૗Ӥਣ޹॓຀ྲៗޠೱӉȄ ௚τഌӌޠୋஷྲៗ؛๋ःفٯґӤਣᄈঢ়΢ȃ੿΢ᇅୋஷྲៗණ ٽ޲ϟኈ៫୉ᔯขȂӼ኶ःف༊ࠂ४ܼ௥ଇྲ៬޲ܗՃ΢ᄈ൑Κ݉ଡ଼ޠ ٻңཏ᜺Ȅঢ়৴؛๋޲ٸᐄႇџःف๗ݏȂӶ๽΢ަཽޠঢ়৴؛๋޲೾ ளϛѬΚ΢Ȃ؛๋޲܂܂ሰܜᐋঢ়৴ϲቌঅፑऐᇅަཽᗗ፤ޠᔇΩȄঢ় ৴ϛ࢑Ӷ઎ޫޒᄙίձ؛๋Ȃڐ؛๋ᇅަཽ௒ძȃୋஷྲៗ࢈๋Іྲៗ ஠ཿ΢সਁਁࣻᜱȂϛӤޠަཽӱષኈ៫຀؛๋І؛๋ႇโȂ೼ٳӱષ ϟ໣࢑ࣻϤኈ៫ᇅٸᒧޠȄپԄަཽᕘძ४ښΠ࢛ٳϏձِՔȃਣ໣І ঢ়৴๗ᄻȇަཽၦྜޠѠߗܓȂԄ݉ଡ଼ਣ໣ȃຳңІ஠ཿ݉ଡ଼ޠ४ښ๊ Ѡ૗ኈ៫ঢ়৴ᄈܼՃ΢઀ޒޠףڨ࡚Ȃय़ٻঢ়৴୉яѷ૗Ճ΢ྲៗԋ௷ ޠᒶᐆᇅ؛๋Ȅঢ়৴ԚসᄈҔԓ݉ଡ଼ޠᄙ࡚ІᄈٻңҔԓ݉ଡ଼ޠԥңܓ ޠ߭܉๊ӱષ࢑ϛৡ܈ຝޠȂखޚԄ๊΢Ȟ2006ȟ௥ଇ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ሰ्޲ ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠኈ៫ӱષηึ౫Ȃᄈ݉ଡ଼ޠႲ෉ਞңڸྲ៬ᢏ܉࢑Җಁ

؛ۢ࢑֐ٻң݉ଡ଼ޠ२्ࣻᜱӱષȄ ࣐Πп؂׊ᢏޠРӪໍΚؐџ௥ଇߩϜմԞΤѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴ٻң۩ ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ႇโȂ୥Մٯঔ׾Hicks &LamȞ1999ȟܛණяޠަཽႇโ ؛๋ዂԓȂםԚҐःفޠ྆܉ϸݚ࢝ᄻȞԄშ1ȟȂަཽႇโ؛๋Ϝή໷ ᄻԚ्ષȈȞΚȟ؛๋ထಣȈҐःفޠ؛๋ထಣϲঢ়৴ԚসȃՃ΢ȃ஠ ཿ΢সഎѠ૗࢑ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼؛๋ႇโϜޠ୥ᇅ޲ȇȞΡȟ؛๋ႇโȈ ѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋޲ԥѠ૗༊1΢ȂηԥѠ૗ϛѬ1 ঐ΢Ȃ؛๋םԓཽٸϛӤޠٲӈܗঢ়৴ޒݸ֖౫ȶл्ȷܗȶϸයȷޠ ؛๋ႇโዂԓȄȶ༌Ͼ؛๋ȷඣख़ᓎ຀ަཽᐤโߒۗ׾ᡑՅ฼ኸя౫ޠ ؛๋޲ȂپԄȈᚃҢȃៗς๊Ӷѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠႇโ ϜԥѠ૗༌Ͼ؛๋ܗණٽ؛๋Ȃߵٻঢ়឵׾ᡑԒߞ޲ޠҢࣁРԓܗٻң ུ݉ଡ଼ȇȞήȟ؛๋ᜱ߾Ȉӱ࣐ঢ়৴ϜؑΚঐ΢ܛ᐀ԥޠ᠍४τϊϛࣻ Ӥ൸ཽኈ៫ژȶ፣ԥ᠍Ω୉؛๋ȷȂӶѷ૗Ճ΢ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛๋ႇ โϜѠ૗ཽӱ࣐ঢ়৴ԚসϛӤзхޠᢏ܉ᘅྜྷཽӶঢ়৴؛๋ႇโϜ౱Ң ȶᖓ࿘ȷܗȶᝰލȷޠ؛๋ᜱ߾Ȅ ަཽΩᇅ؛ۢӱષຝם༗ᇅᕘძՅۢȂӶҐःفϲ஡௥ଇє֥НϾ ೤ጓȞԄȈᒒ឵ِՔ෉ࡠڸܓրِՔ๊ȟȃ౫໧ࢳ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ښ࡚೪ॏ ȞԄȈ݉ଡ଼ϲৡȃਣ໣ȃԞຳዀྦ๊ȟԄեኈ៫ژঢ়৴؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ ଡ଼ޠႇโȄѫѵȂԥᜱѷ૗Ճ΢ޠ੬፵Іྲ៬޲ޠ੬፵ٸᐄܓրȃԒ ឮȃகࡆȃఁيโ࡚ȃঢ়৴΢Ωၦྜȃѷ૗โ࡚ȃྲ៬ሰࣲ๊ཽؒኈ៫ ژ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠٻңȄ

နȃःفРݳІःفᄈຬᇴ݃

୾ϲःف۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻңϟࣻᜱӱષӼп໕Ͼၦਠϸݚٿ௥ଇࣻᜱᡑ ໷Ȃկϸݚޠ๗ݏৡܿմզΠՃ΢Іڐঢ়৴ԚসЗ౪ᇅަཽቺ८ޠၦ ਠȂ౫ԥޠःف௥ଇ݉ଡ଼ٻңޠ؛ۢӱષਣȂᗷϑݨཏژՃ΢ڸঢ়৴Ԛ সޠࣻᜱᡑ໷ְཽኈ៫݉ଡ଼ٻңȂկ࢑Ϭ܈౲೼ٳᡑ໷Ѡ૗࢑һϤձң Յᄈ݉ଡ଼ٻң՘࣐౱Ңޠኈ៫ȂԫΚ୞ᄙႇโϟ௥સᎍӬ፵ܓःفȂࢉ ์޲וగᙥҦ፵ϾःفРݳህпљ๗ᄻԓୱڣІ౐࡚೥ፚݳȂ׳я؂Ϲ ӬՃ΢Іڐл्ྲ៬޲ϟ؛๋ᐤโȄ Ґःفლၑ஡ঢ়৴ຝ࣐ΚᐍঐᡞȂᙥҦ௥સܓޠ፵Ͼःف௥ଇঢ়৴ ؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠᐤโȂ௥ଇঢ়৴ԚসԄե၍មІ୥ᇅٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ ! 23 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ྣ ៝ ᒧ ᏷ ، ฼ ၸ ำ ! ่ ݀! ᒧ᏷٬Ҕ! ۚৎ୍ܺ! ᒧ᏷ό٬Ҕ ۚৎ୍ܺ! !ྣ ៝ ሡ ؃! ѨૈԴΓޑ ੝፦! ྣ៝ޣޑ ޗ཮Κ! 2ǵЎϯೕጄǺ/ᒃឦفՅޑයࡑǵ܄ձයࡑ฻Ƕ 3ǵ౜໘ࢤۚৎ୍ܺڋࡋ೛ीǺ୍ܺϣ৒ǵਔ ໔ǵԏ຤኱ྗǵ୍ܺҙፎࢬำ฻Ƕ! ،฼ဂಔ! Ȑঁᡏǵიᡏȑ! ،฼ᜢ߯! Ȑᖄ࿉ǵᝡݾȑ ،฼ၸำ! ȐЬा،฼ǵ! ! ! ϩණ،฼ǵ! ! ! ໽ϯ،฼ȑ! ܄ձǵԃសǵஆ࠷ǵ௲ ػำࡋǵৎ৥ΓΚၗ ྍǵѨૈำࡋǵྣ៝ሡ ؃฻Ƕ! კ1ࣴزϩ݋ࢎᄬკ ҁࢎᄬঅׯԾǺHicksکLamȐ1999ȑޗ཮ၸำ،฼ኳԄ

ޠ؛ۢȄःفᄈຬޠٿྜ࢑Ҧᑫ࢈ۻȃө۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼൑՞ණٽಓӬҐःف ޠӫ൑ȂӒߒؐᑣᒶٯᒶᐆᎍӬޠᄈຬȂҦڐӒ՘ഀ๝ٯڦூ዗Ӷڨ೥ ޲ߒؐӤཏࡤȂӕҦःف޲пҴཏܫኻٸᐄःفҭޠȃःفୱᚡпІѠ ૗८ᖞޠ४ښڸѠւңޠၦྜџᒶᐆኻҐȂኊூঐ਱Ӥཏࡤໍ՘ໍΚؐ ޠ८ᄈ८౐Τ೥ፚȄ௥فϟᄈຬ࣐ߩϜմԞΤѷ૗Ճ΢Іڐঢ়৴ԚসȂ й࣐ґ෇ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼޲Ȃӱसϑစٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ӼԒȂڐথ໡ۗٻң ݉ଡ଼ਣޠٙᡞᇅঢ়৴ޒݸȃІᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ښ࡚೪ॏޠߒؐᇰᜌᇅࣽݳϑ ၷᜳྦጃණٽȂй࣐ᗘռె౓ڸӲᏺ୒ৰȂࢉпߒԪҨ፝݉ଡ଼ޠঢ়৴࣐ ःفᄈຬȄ ࣐Π௥ଇኈ៫ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠӱષȂҐःفᄈຬ࣐ҭࠊߒԪҨ፝ٻ ң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴ȞϑໍΤҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࢻโϜȂկᗚґ໡ ۗҔԓٻңȟȂӔ೥ፚΠ10ঐঢ়৴Ȃ17΢(6՞ѷ૗Ճ΢ȃ11՞ঢ়৴ྲ៬ ޲)ȄःفᄈຬՎЎ໹ಓӬίӗө໷఩ӈȈȞΚȟѷ૗Ճ΢Ȉ࣐ߩϜմԞ Τ 5_{ঐ਱ȂԒᅗ65ྒȂВЫ໕ߓȞСளҢࣁࣁ୞ѓ૗໕ߓȂADLȟ80ϸ} (֥)пίϟߞ޲Ȃй्ڏԥᇮّߓႁ૗ΩȄԥᝓ२᠚ΩܗᇮّሬᛥȂ٘ пኈ៫೥ፚໍ՘Ȃܗᇰޤڨ཭โ࡚Ϝ๊пαޠՃ΢Ȃ௷ଷܼኻҐϟѵȄ ȞΡȟл्ྲ៬޲ܗ؛๋޲Ȉঢ়Ϝл्ྲ៬ѷ૗Ճ΢ϟঢ়឵ܗঢ়Ϝڏԥ ୥ᇅ؛ۢ૗Ωޠ΢Ȅ ҐःفӔ೥ፚΠ10ঐߒԪҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴ϲл्ྲ៬ ޲τӼ࣐ପୌȂйڨྲ៬޲എ༊ᇅପୌ1΢Ӥ՟Ȃྲ៬޲҂ְԒឮ࣐69 ྒȂτӼЇᔗٙᡞϑึҢޒݸܗྲ៬॓ೊτȄՅӶྲ៬޲ޠ੬፵Р८Ȃ ึ౫ڨ೥ޠѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴Ϝл्ྲ៬޲ҐٙτӼ࣐ϜାឮϏձҀൠᝰލ 5dz ȨߚύեԏΕȩջȨ΋૓ЊȩǴߚᑜѱࡹ۬܌ӈнϐեǵύեԏΕЊǶ2002ԃ໒ۈ໒ᒤϐȨߚ ύեԏΕѨૈԴΓϷيЈምᛖޣံշ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺ၂ᒤीฝȩǴஒচҁ໻ගٮύեԏΕѨૈޣ ޑྣ୍៝ܺᘉϷ΋૓Ѩૈ୯҇Ƕ ٩Ᏽϣࡹ೽2004ԃޑȨѨૈԴΓϷيЈምᛖޣံշ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺ၂ᒤीฝȩЃМໆ߄ຑ՗่݀ 80ϩډ61ϩࣁᇸࡋѨૈǴ61ϩԿ31ϩࣁύख़ࡋѨૈǴ30ϩаΠࣁཱུख़ࡋѨૈǴࡺҁࣴزޑࣴز ჹຝȨѨૈԴΓȩሡ಄ӝЃМໆ߄80ϩ(֖)аΠϐߏޣǶ

Ωၷϛ٘Ȃ೼Ѡ૗࢑ӱ࣐ঢ়৴Ӷ८ᖞԥྲ៬ሰؒޠՃ΢ਣȂӱѷ૗Ճ΢ ޠҢࣁሰ्ٸᒧঢ়΢ߞਣ໣ޠᜱݨІᓎਣޠᅗ٘Ȃ࣐ӱᔗѷ૗Ճ΢ޠྲ ៬ሰؒȄঢ়৴Ϝޠߩ൸ཿ΢πԚ࣐ೞՄ໕ޠ΢ᒶȂءԥϏձޠঢ়΢ӱՅ Ԛ࣐౫ԚޠֆΩȂη࢑ঢ়৴Ӷϛ׾ᡑ঩ٿޠ΢ΩІစᔽ๗ᄻܛ୉ޠഷٺ ።ᐍȄѫѵڨ೥ޠѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴Ϝޠл्ྲ៬޲υܓխ7՞ϟӼȄ ԥᜱڨ೥10ঐߒԪҨ፝ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴؛๋ႇโпშጤ ਲРԓ֖౫ԄίȈ ᨧAঢ়৴-ڨ೥޲֕ྼྼȞA1ȟȃ֕ѹѹȞA2ȟ ֆྭྭύ॥ठѓ ୁ ަ ᡏ ୃ ᡛ Ю ΚǴΞຳॹᏤठ ֹӄคݤՉوǶ ਢε༲஁ޑܻ϶ࢂྣ៝ ୍ܺ঩֋ޕਢ༲ۚৎܺ ୍ޑૻ৲٠ᒃԾډਢৎ ၯᇥ٬ҔǶ ਢηζӃࡕҙፎٿঁѦമԿৎ္ ྣ៝ֆྭྭǴ΋ঁόᜫཀ଺٣Ǵ ΋ঁາ௞Ǵനࡕ،ۓόӆҙፎǴ җֆѪѪԾρྣ៝Ƕ ֆѪѪ،ۓҙፎۚৎ ୍ܺǴՠᎁٽηϷֆ ྭྭϸჹǶ ֆѪѪԃ Դᡏ১ค ݤॄ಻ྣ ៝ᓸΚǶ ֆѪѪᇥܺٽ ηϷֆྭྭࡕ ،ۓҙፎۚৎ ୍ܺǶ კ2 ֆѪѪȜྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ ᨨBঢ়৴-ڨ೥޲؄ѹѹȞB1ȟȃІ؄ྼྼȞB2ȟ ׵ѪѪମ፦ ᝄख़౧᚞ό ؼܭՉǶ ׵ྭྭόᏰ ೀ౛ৎ୍Զ གᓸΚεǶ ᏼҺྣ୍៝ܺ ঩ޑᒃ௏ډਢ ৎၯᇥ٬ҔǶ ׵ྭྭ،ۓ ٬Ҕۚৎܺ ୍Ƕ კ3׵ྭྭȜྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ

ᨩCঢ়৴-ڨ೥޲ቔѹѹȞC1ȟȃቔྼྼȞC2ȟ ቅѪѪමًᅾڙ ໾Ъᑡ஻ӭ໨ᄌ ܄੯ੰΞຳॹǴ ᏤठֹӄคݤՉ وǶ ਢηԵቾҙፎ ѦമǴՠቅྭ ྭӢ࿶ᔮॄᏼ ୢᚒϷόߞҺ ѦമԶܔ๊Ƕ ቅྭྭό Ᏸೀ౛ৎ ୍Զགᓸ ΚεǶ ቅྭྭ࣮ډᎃ ۚௗڙۚৎܺ ୍௃׎ࡕ،ۓ ҙፎǶ კ4 ቅྭྭȜྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ ᨪDঢ়৴-ڨ೥޲ጿЋЋȞD2ȟ ጰѪѪᑡ஻ ӭ໨ᄌ܄੯ ੰᏤठՉ୏ όߡǶ ਢ༲ጰϼϼ Ӣߏයྣ៝ ԶགੲᏩǶ ਢ༲ᏼҺཁᔮדπ ৎೖᜢᚶਔว᝺ۚ ৎ୍ܺόᒱǴ֋ޕ ӃғǶ ጰϼϼᆶጰ Ӄғ΋ଆ، ۓҙፎۚৎ ୍ܺǶ კ5 ጰӃғᆶጰϼϼȜྣ៝ޣ-ٽηϷ༲஁ȝ΋ଆ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ ᨫEঢ়৴-ڨ೥޲਱ߞφ׉ӒҢȞE2ȟȃ਱ߞཁ׉ЋЋȞE3ȟ ֺѪѪᑡ ஻ӭ໨ᄌ ܄੯ੰᏤ ठՉ୏ό ߡǶ ਢ৊ζஇৎ ԖҙፎǴਢ ηζว᝺ۚ ৎ ܺ ୍ ό ᒱǶ ਢηζ׆ ఈҙፎ஑ ཰Γ঩ᔅ ਢ Ь ൺ ଼Ƕ ਢηζӛֺ ѪѪӝ౛ϯ ှញ஑཰Γ ঩р౜ޑѸ ा܄Ƕ җֺѪѪ നಖ଺р ୍ܺ٬Ҕ ޑ،ۓǶ კ6ֺѪѪȜ೏ྣ៝ޣȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ

ᨬFঢ়৴-ڨ೥޲਱ԪυߚϊەȞF2ȟ ߋ ྭ ྭ5 ԃ߻ຳॹ တ೽ڙ໾ ᏤठՉ୏ όߡǶ ਢৎමҙፎ Ѡ᡼ᝤ࣮ៈ ྣ ៝ ߋ ྭ ྭǴ޸Ӏৎ ύᑈᆽǶ ߋѪѪԾ Չྣ៝ߋ ྭྭǴோ ྣ៝ॄ಻ εǶ ߋλۆҗൔ રύளޕۚ ৎ ܺ ୍ ૻ ৲Ƕ ߋλۆᆶ ߋѪѪ΋ ଆ،ۓҙ ፎۚৎܺ ୍Ƕ კ7 ߋѪѪȜ೏ྣ៝ޣȝᆶߋλۆȜྣ៝ޣ-ζٽȝ΋ଆ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎܺ ୍ၸำ ᨭGঢ়৴-ڨ೥޲਱ཁஐԾЋЋȞG2ȟ ԯ Ѫ Ѫ1 ԃ߻ຳॹ ᏤठՉ୏ όߡǶ ԯ۫࠼Γ ֋ޕਢ༲ ۚৎ୍ܺ ૻ৲Ƕ ਢ༲ྣ៝ॄ ಻εЪ׆ఈ ҙፎ஑཰Γ ঩ᔅਢЬൺ ࡌǶ ԯϼϼᆶԯӃ ғӛԯѪѪӝ ౛ϯှញ஑཰ Γ঩р౜ޑѸ ा܄Ƕ җԯѪѪ നಖ଺р ୍ܺ٬Ҕ ޑ،ۓǶ კ8ԯѪѪȜ೏ྣ៝ޣȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ ᨮHঢ়৴-ڨ೥޲ভѹѹȞH1ȟȃভྼྼȞH2ȟ ঞѪѪᑡ஻ ӭ໨ᄌ܄੯ ੰᏤठՉ୏ όߡǶ ঞྭྭԖЈ᠌ ੰيᡏރݩຫ ٰຫৡǴྣ៝ ॄ಻εǶ ׸༸٣֋ޕ ਢৎۚৎܺ ୍ૻ৲Ƕ ঞྭྭ،ۓ ٬Ҕۚৎܺ ୍Ƕ კ9ঞྭྭȜྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ

ᨯIঢ়৴-ڨ೥޲஼ྼྼȞI1ȟȃ஼ѹѹȞI2ȟ ஭ ྭ ྭ4 ԃ ߻ ύ॥Ъᑡ஻ӭ ໨ᄌ܄੯ੰᏤ ठՉ୏όߡǶ ஭ѪѪӢߏය ࢱ๝يᡏރݩ ຫٰຫৡǴྣ ៝ॄ಻εǶ ࢱ๝ᙴଣޑ ᙴৣ֋ޕ஭ ѪѪۚৎܺ ୍ૻ৲Ƕ ஭ѪѪ،ۓ ٬Ҕۚৎܺ ୍Ƕ კ10஭ѪѪȜྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȝ،ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺၸำ ᨰJঢ়৴-ڨ೥޲ഀྼྼȞJ1ȟȃഀѹѹȞJ2ȟ ೱ ྭ ྭ4ԃ߻ ᚈጣ୏Γπᜢ ࿯ЋೌᏤठՉ ୏όߡǶ ೱѪѪԃइ εЪྣ៝ॄ ಻εǶ ೱѪѪୖԵᎃۚ ჴሞ٬Ҕۚৎܺ ୍࿶ᡍᇡࣁ୍ܺ ࢂ҅ӛԖਏҔǶ ೱྭྭǵೱ ѪѪ΋ଆ، ۓ٬Ҕۚৎ ୍ܺǶ კ11 ೱྭྭȜ೏ྣ៝ޣȝᆶೱѪѪȜྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȝ΋ଆ،ۓ٬Ҕۚ ৎ୍ܺၸำ

Ӄȃःف๗ݏϟϸݚІึ౫

௄ःف๗ݏึ౫ȂߩϜմԞΤѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴ߒԪٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ؛ ๋ᐤโȂԥֆܼΠ၍ȶ੒ຳ޲୒ԂІᒶᐆȷཏӪȂණٽᄃଡ଼Ϗձ޲ȃѷ ૗Ճ΢ϟঢ়΢І࢈๋ᔤۢ޲ձ࣐୥ՄȄпί࣐Ґःف๗ݏޠϸݚІึ ౫Ȉ

Κȃ݉ଡ଼ٻң޲ூޤ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ၦଊޠᆔၿ

Ґःفึ౫ѷ૗Ճ΢ӼഇႇᒒЅقಜڦூ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠၦଊȂ҇໹ᙥ Ҧಒή΢ޠ൭Ϯᇅഀ๗ȂҔԓྲ៬݉ଡ଼Ϙԥᐡཽ໸ւᒰଛ๞዗Ӷ݉ଡ଼ሰ ؒ޲ȄӶڨ೥ޠ10ঐҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ঢ়৴ϜȂࣲߩѷ૗Ճ΢Սϐ൷ᕖԥᜱ ݉ଡ଼ޠଊਁȂଷ1ঐঢ়৴Ҧ؇٩ཇٲژ਱ঢ়֚ޤѵȂҨ፝ٻң݉ଡ଼ޠڨ೥ ঢ়৴τӼҦପୌȃυڌȃཁஐȃ৙φȃᒒ௞ȃ᎒۩ȃ݊Ѕޤၿࡤӕ֚ޤ Ճ΢ȞԄߓ1ȟȄᡘұ࢈ۻܛණٽޠ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ၦଊ໡ܺܓᇅഇ࡚݃ϛ٘Ȃ ڐᇅΚૢҖಁޠ௦ដᆔၿϬԥࡠໍΚؐ໡ึȄ ߄1 ۚৎ୍ܺૻ৲ٰྍ ѨૈԴΓۚৎܺ ୍ૻ৲ٰྍᆅၰ ڙೖ ৎ৥ жዸ ૻ৲໺Ꮴ೼৩ ࡹ۬ᐒᜢΓ঩ H ׸༸٣ Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ dzdzdzdzdz೏ྣ៝ޣ ᒃ௏ᎃܻۚ϶ϟ ಏ A ε༲஁ޑܻ϶Ȑྣ୍៝ܺ঩ȑ ε༲஁ Ьाྣ ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ ೏ྣ៝ޣ B ᏼҺۚܺ঩ޑᒃ௏ Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ ೏ྣ ៝ޣ C Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ࣮ډᎃۚௗڙۚৎ୍ܺ௃׎ ೏ྣ៝ޣ D Ьाྣ៝ޣȐ༲஁ȑᏼҺཁᔮדπԿਢৎᜢᚶਔ ว᝺ۚৎ୍ܺόᒱ ٽη ೏ྣ៝ޣ E ৊ζ(ӢৎύԖҙፎ) ྣ៝ޣϐ΋Ȑٽηȑ ೏ྣ៝ޣ F ζٽҗൔરύளޕԜ୍ܺ Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ ೏ྣ៝ޣ G ۚৎ୍ܺ঩ Ьाྣ៝ޣȐ༲஁ȑ ೏ྣ៝ޣ I ᙴғ Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ ೏ྣ៝ޣ J Ьाྣ៝ޣȐଛଽȑ࣮ډᎃۚௗڙۚৎ୍ܺ௃׎ ೏ྣ៝ޣ

Ρȃѷ૗Ճ΢Іڐঢ়৴ᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠඣख़

Ґःفึ౫ःفᄈຬ඾ႈᇰ࣐۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࣻᄈܼᐡᄻԓྲ៬І჎ңѵ ᝳঢ়৴ᆀៗϏܛሰряޠԚҐၷ࣐մȂຳңαޠѠ॓ᐋܓၷ࣐ାȄӤਣ Ґःفϟѷ૗Ճ΢Іڐঢ়৴ᇰ࣐࢈ۻණٽ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼࢑ԥڐ्҇ޠȄ۩ঢ় ݉ଡ଼ԥڐ੬ੇܓȂ឵ؾስ஀ȃঐրϾȃᒒஞܓޠྲ៬ϲৡȂђαڐ฼ኸ ޠ݉ଡ଼ਣ໣ᇅዂጚޠϏձࣩጤ๊ӱષȂ݉ଡ଼ණٽ޲ӶණٽҔԓ݉ଡ଼ϟࠊ ᔗ߇ຳၷӼޠਣ໣ᇅл्ྲ៬޲ྜྷ೾Ȃӱ࣐уউ܂܂ഷఽྀѷ૗Ճ΢ޠ ٙЗޒݸᇅҢࣁಭܓȂԄԫϘ૗ᇅೞྲ៬޲ӔӤᒘӬяഷٺޠ݉ଡ଼Р ԓȂණାѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴݉ଡ଼ޠ௦ڨ࡚І૗ᄈ݉ଡ଼ࡼၷ࣐Ҕ८ޠᄙ࡚Ȅ ך᝺ள੿ޑࢂሡाǶฅࡕǴךགྷёа෧Ͽޗ཮ԋҁǴࡹ۬όҔ ќѦᇂᐒᄬǴԶЪৎ္ޑΓёаიᆫӧ΋ଆǶգࢂᇥךፎ΋ঁ Ѧമ1ঁДा3࿤༧ǴٗፎόଆѦമ࡛ሶᒤǻٗ೭ঁ൩ࢂᔅշ೭ ٤΋૓ৎ৥ޑ΋ঁߚதӳޑ୍ܺǶȐD2-ྣ៝ޣ-༲஁ȑ ೭ঁ୍ܺԖሡा୚ǼόฅፎѦമٗሶ຦ǵقᇟΞό೯Ǵᆉᇥࡹ ۬ᔅךॺॄᏼ΋٤ǶȐJ1-೏ྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȑ

ήȃ

ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠ౪ҦȈ൷ؒঢ়৴ྲ៬ѓ૗ᇅѷ૗Ճ΢ྲ៬

ሰؒޠ҂ᒌᘉ

Ґःفึ౫ԚԒφυөՍԚঢ়Ҵཿณݳচ៬Ճ΢Ңࣁྲ៬ޠೱӉȂ φυقಜޠྲ៬༊४ܼ੬ۢਣࢳȃ੬ۢ໷ҭȂпІϛۢ෉ޠྲ៬ڟֆȂ ӲᔗΠަཽᡑ᎑ίޠঢ়৴๗ᄻȂӤਣԒᗛЯҕϑစᄈ༉ಜޠׄၿНϾ౱ Ңϛп࣐ดޠདྷݳȄ࿌ՃԒЊۏӶྲ៬ᜱ߾ޠᎍᔗαુнφυޠڟֆၦ ྜਣȂྲ៬ႇโϲѠ૗ཽ᎐ႅژၷӼޠୱᚡȄྲ៬ϏձᄈՃԒପୌྲ៬ ޲ޠᡞΩڸୋஷ࢑࡟τޠࡅૐȂ࿌ྲ៬޲དޤژӪѵ൷ؒӬᎍྲ៬ၦྜ п၅щঢ়৴ྲ៬ѓ૗ϛ٘ޠ्҇ܓਣȂ߰໡ఃΠঢ়৴ྲ៬ڸҔԓྲ៬݉ ଡ଼ᡞقഀ๗ޠτߟȄ

ٽη΋ঁᘶࡨӣٰᔅдࢱ΋ԛᐙǴ൩ᔅдర΋రǵؑ΋ؑǴೱ ᓐ΋ଆᔅдࢱǴӵ݀ࢂךѝૈᔅдᔔᐙǴؒᒤݤᔅдࢱᓐǶ ȐA2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ࠸ηॺྣ፺ޑǴ೭ᘶࡨдӣٰǴΠᘶࡨඤΓ೭ኬǴՠࢂԖਔং ೿ؒԖΓӣٰǴζٽКၨֵ໩୚ǼӴԖਔ΢੤཮ୂາӣٰᔅд ࢱᐙǶȐI2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ःفኻҐϜ൸ԥ6ঐѷ૗Ճ΢༊ᇅପୌӤ՟Ȃ۩՟ԋ௷ኈ៫ঢ়Йϲ ޠྲៗ΢ΩၦྜȂ༊ᇅପୌӤ՟ޠՃ΢ȂପୌளԚ࣐Ճ΢л्ྲ៬ණٽ ޲ȂםԚȶՃ΢ྲ៬Ճ΢ȷ౫ຬȇࣻၷܼφυ࣐ྲ៬޲ȂڐަစІୋஷ ޒݸࣻᄈၷ࣐ৰȂйՃԒྲ៬޲ளգᓎ຀ԥٙᡞѓ૗ሬᛥІᑰொᄛܓ੿ ޠ௒םȄ ךΨ75ྃΑǴךޑဌǴଆ׉ԖਔΨࡐለภǴԖਔংለډ೿όૈ وǴ൩ाଆٰ௢΋௢ǶךيᡏΨόӳǴך೿ߏයӞफ़Ոᓸǵफ़ ՈᑗޑᛰǴؒᒤݤ୚ǼךॺΓډ70ྃǴКၨӭЛੰǴ܌аਥҁ ܤό୏дǴࢱᐙѝૈҔᔔޑǶдΞόाऀֿѲǴ೿ाҔֿ൙Ǵ ྣ៝΢ࡐٌधǶȐA2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ךԾρيᡏҁٰ൩຀১Ǵྣ៝ךޑӃғྣ៝ډғੰǶٗਔং൩ ሡाᔅдᙌيǴдόૈوǴ፴๱Ǵाᅵ᝺ਔ൩ሡाᡣдيᡏ፴ ΠǴाଆ׉ਔǴ൩ሡाᡣдيᡏଆٰ֤๱Ǵ፺ශाעд௢р ѐǴ௢ډߐαଣηᡣдן๱ǴᡣдوٰوѐǴ፺ශΞעд௢ၸ ٰ೭ᜐǴΞћдן๱Ǵ൩೭ኬ΋Ћ౐๱дǴ΋Ћᡣдן๱Ǵ൩ ೭ኬݮ๱ၡ΋ޔوǴႽࢂᏢوၡٗኬǴᏢوၡ೭ኬǴ፺ශ൩௢ ٰ௢ѐǶа߻д཮ൺ଼ਔό໩൩཮΋ޔጜךǴጜډךᓸΚε൩ ғੰΑǶȐI2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ঢ়৴ྲ៬࢑Κঐߞ෉੒૊ᡞΩІЗΩޠϏձȂԄݏঢ়΢ԥѷ૗ޠୱ ᚡȂؑЉሰ्ᙛٙȃᗾॶȃᗾ᛿ȃٙᡞޠఽዔȂ೼܂܂࢑Κ՜ณЦณӅ ޠСளྲ៬ȄӶϭСঢ়৴๗ᄻޠᡑ᎑ίȂ࿌Ճ΢ሰ्ߞ෉ྲៗਣȂঢ়΢

ྲ៬ਣޠؖ२॓ᐋȂ৽ܑߩΚૢ΢ܛ૗஋དྷ჌ޠȄܛп۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠණ ٽȂೞຝ࣐൷׳ঢ়৴ྲ៬ѓ૗ᇅѷ૗Ճ΢ྲ៬ሰؒޠ҂ᒌᘉȄ

ѳȃ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ⴒ෉ਞңኈ៫݉ଡ଼ϟٻң

Ґःف೥ፚҨ፝ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴10ঐঢ়৴Ϝ൸ԥ6ঐঢ় ৴Ȃϛᆔ࢑ѷ૗Ճ΢Ґٙܗ࢑ڐঢ়΢࡟Ӽഎ࢑୥ՄٙᜟᒒЅޠᄃርٻң စᡜࡤᇰ࣐݉ଡ଼࢑ҔӪйԥਞңޠȂԫኈ៫ΠڐՍٙҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠཏ ᜺Ȅ ഽǴӢࣁ౜ӧω࿘᝻ډǶٗࢂ࣮Ǿךǵך᝺ளࢂᇥǴӢࣁךම ࿶ѐ࣮ךޑཁᔮᜢᚶЊǶฅࡕǴдԖޑٗঁۚܺΨߚதӳǶٗ ࣗԿܭԖ΋ঁǴࠄ׫Ԗ΋ঁঁਢ൩ࢂ༕Ǿд୾ΑϼϼǶഽǼࢂ ೭ǾඵૈԖᗺୢᚒǶฅࡕ൩ғঁλ࠸Ǵ൩ࢂတ܄࿂࿄ޑǶǾٗ ٤మዅޑ೽ҽǴٗঁۚܺΨᔅԆǾᗋᔅԆฆ໭Ƕ੿ޑࡐӳǶୟ ೿ᔅд᏾౛္य़ȐѠᇟȑǶᗋᔅд᏾౛္य़Ǵ೭ኬηǶԖޑ੿ ޑࢂǾࡐǾ଺ޑࡐӳ୚ǼȐD2-ྣ៝ޣ-༲஁ȑ ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࢌϑԚ࣐ྲ៬౱ཿޠΚᕘȂ൸ԥ੒ຳ՘࣐Ȅ੒ຳ՘࣐єࢃ ୧ࠣᇅ݉ଡ଼Ȃ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠᄈຬ࢑΢Ȃڐ୧ࠣ൸࢑ණٽྲ៬݉ଡ଼Ȅ੒ຳ޲ ޠ՘ཽ࣐ڨژ៬ࡋᅗཏ࡚ޠኈ៫ȂՅ؛ۢ៬ࡋᅗཏ࡚ޠ२्ӱષ൸࢑݉ ଡ଼ࠣ፵ȄпΚૢ੒ຳ޲ՅّȂଢؒାࠣ፵ޠ݉ଡ଼ϑ࢑ഷஆҐޠ੒ຳሰ ؒȂՅ݉ଡ଼ࠣ፵ޠԂᚾڦ؛ܼ៬ࡋޠདڨȄ݉ଡ଼ࠣ፵ᅗཏ࡚ᄈ੒ຳࡤ՘ ࣐ӕ੒ຳȃπ࿭ࣻ༉࢑ԥҔӪӱݏᜱ߾ᇅᡘ຀ኈ៫ޠȄયӶпࡋ࣐൶ޠ ҴൠȂ਱л௦ڨྲ៬݉ଡ଼ࡤޠདڨܗᡞᡜ஡؛ۢ਱л࢑֐᝸៊ٻң۩ঢ় ݉ଡ଼Ȃηཽ໣௦ኈ៫ަཽτಁᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠࣽݳȄ

ϥȃަཽΩԄեኈ៫ঢ়৴؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠႇโ

ᨧᒒ឵ِՔޠ෉ࡠ

ପୌྲ៬޲ཽ஡ྲ៬ຝ࣐ՍดޠೱӉܜᐋȃφυྲ៬޲ࠍӼ஡ྲ៬ Яҕຝ࣐Љစӵဏޠဏଡ଼ȂՅྲ៬޲೾ள࢑ӶףณѠףޠ௒ݸίȂྲ៬ ॓ೊ໕ႁژΚᖞࣩᘉਣȂϘཽ໡ۗՄኍٻңѠ՘ޠҔԓ݉ଡ଼ȄՅ۩ঢ়݉ ଡ଼ϑดԚ࣐ڐϜΚᆎϛᓀޠྲ៬ᒶᐆȂೞ෉ࡠึදൈਁ݉ଡ଼ȃ௒དМࡼ ᇅ΢ܓᜱᛅ๊ѓ૗Ȅ௚۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼౫໧ࢳޠѓ૗ۢ՞࣐฼ኸܓȃ໣ྑܓޠ ݉ଡ଼ණٽȂঢ়৴ྲ៬޲Ϭ໹ᐋ॓କτӼ኶ਣ໣ޠྲ៬ϏձȄ ؒᒤݤୟǼٗঁǾ೭ঁࢂԾρޑ༰༰ǴԾρޑ༰༰౜ӧ൩೭ኬ ηΑǴӆٌधΨा੮ӧৎ္Ծρྣ៝Ǵךॺ཮ҙፎ೭ঁȐۚৎ ୍ܺȑޑཀࡘࢂᇥǾεৎ΋ଆٰᔅԆޑཀࡘǴ΋ࢃය΋ǵΒԛ ᔅঁԆǴᆉࢂ෧ᇸךॺޑॄᏼ୚ǼȐE2-ྣ៝ޣ-ߏηȑ ךς࿶78ӭྃΑǴ฻ܭࢂԴΓӧྣ៝ԴΓǴဈکဌԖਔለډό ՉǴϺ਻ᡂϯਔֹӄؒᒤݤ୏Ǵךֹӄคݤཚ୏дǴԖਔংᗋ ཮ଢډဈǴ੿ޑؒᒤݤΑǼҙፎ೭ঁȐۚৎ୍ܺȑǴᔅךϩ៽ ΋ΠǴ࣮ךёόёаᇸ᚞΋ᗺǶȐJ2ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ᨨܓրِՔ ΰЊޠѷ૗Ȃཏک຀ۏφ्ܜᐋ؂ӼڔݗӠຬޠঢ়ٲȄࣻЇȂसۏ φѷ૗ȂΰЊ൸໹ܜᐋ؂Ӽঢ়ଡ଼ೱӉȂعܓҦܼԟ෉Ңࣁಭᄜٸᒧପୌ ණٽ݉ଡ଼Ȃܛп೾ளᄈܼ೏౪ঢ়ଡ଼ޠစᡜϛӼȄҐःفϜᡘұعܓྲ៬ ޲Іυܓྲ៬޲ӶҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ሰؒԥৰ౵ܓȂᡘұعܓᄈܼঢ়ٲޠ݉ ଡ଼ሰؒᇅԟ෉ٸᒧପୌྲ៬ԥᜱȂᏳयՃԒعܓ८ᄈྲ៬ՃԒۏφਣள ુн٘஋ޠ׭Ѿᇅ߭ЗȄ ᏙǼа߻ך೿ؒԖӧฆ໭ޑǴ౜ӧབள໶ΎΖᕪޑǶᏙǼབள ੿ࢂǾǶനЬाࢂाᔅԆฆ໭୚ǼᗋԖࢱᐙǵࢱՊܺΨࢂा ୚ǼȐB2-ྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȑ ฆ๼ךᗋό཮Ǵך൩ᒿߡӞǴך൩لᆭ٢ǵ෯୚ϙሶޑ܏΋܏ Ӟ೭ኬηǶӵ݀ζٽᗋࢂᇥ༲஁ԖӣٰъϺǵ΋ϺǴӴ൩ᔅך

ฆ΋ΠǴӵ݀ؒӣٰǴך൩Ծρ໶ǾᒿߡӞ൩ჹΑǴᎊᅄޑҐ ᜪວ΋ᗺ൩೭ኬǾࢱՊܺךΨࢂ೿όϼ཮ǾȐH2-ྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ ଛଽȑ ᨩ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϲৡȃਣ໣ Ґःفᄈຬѷ૗Ճ΢࣐ВЫ໕ߓ80ϸȞ֥ȟпίϟߞ޲ȂӶٙᡞྲ ៬݉ଡ଼ȃঢ়ଡ଼ڟֆࣲԥ྄ାޠሰؒȂᄈྲ៬޲ᡞΩα࢑ԥᝓ२॓ೊޠȄ Ӷ೥ፚႇโϜூޤѷ૗Ճ΢Ңࣁѓ૗૿ଞᝓ२Ȃڟֆ؜੝࢑л्ྲ៬޲ ഷད֩ᘚޠȂܛп෉ࡠҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٿᅗ٘ሰؒȄҐःف10ঐߒԪҨ፝ ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠڨ೥ঢ়৴Ϝ൸ԥ8ঐሰ्ණٽࣀᐨޠ݉ଡ଼ȇՅφυөՍԚ ঢ়Ҵཿӱ࣐Ϗձᇅ۩ܛޠᜱ߾Ȃ೾ள༊४ܼණٽЯҕ੬ۢਣࢳȃ੬ۢ໷ ҭȂпІϛۢ෉ޠྲ៬ڟֆȇڐϜ੬ۢ໷ҭޠചख़ητӼпࣀᐨ໷ҭ࣐ лȞၐԄߓ2ȟȄःفᡘұ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼স໡ึሰ्݉ଡ଼ޠঐ਱ਣȂளளл௱ ࣀᐨ݉ଡ଼Ȃٿᇷึѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴ւң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼Ȅ ҭࠊሰ्ߞਣ኶ޠ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ٻң޲ϛ࢑ᒶᐆҭࠊښ࡚ਣ኶ޠ೤ۢȂ ൸࢑ᒶᐆڐуޠྲ៬ၦྜȞԄȈ჎ңѵᝳࣽៗϏȟȂᏳय۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ᜳп ᅗ٘ԫ᜹݉ଡ଼ٻң޲ȂםԚ࢈๋೪ॏᇅሰؒᅗ٘ޠဤৰȄ࣐Πٻூө᜹ ݉ଡ଼ޠዀޠ΢πထ઎Ҕூژܛ्ޠ݉ଡ଼ȂΠ၍ٯڟֆ௷ଷ݉ଡ଼ٻңޠ዗ ӶሬᛥȂ஽Ͼᆌւၦྜޠԥਞၽңη࢑्҇ޠȄ ߄2 ڙೖ߃ԛҙፎ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺޑѨૈԴΓৎ৥܌ሡ୍ܺ໨Ҟ༼᏾߄ ڙೖৎ ৥жဦ ܌ሡۚৎ୍ܺ໨Ҟ A ۚৎᕉნ᏾౛ǵڐշ؍੎ B ۚৎᕉნ᏾౛ǵڐշ؍੎ǵฆ໭ǵࢱՊǵࡪነǵໆՈᓸ C ۚৎᕉნ᏾౛ǵڐշ؍੎ǵฆ໭ǵࢱՊǵഉӕණ؁ D ۚৎᕉნ᏾౛ǵڐշ؍੎ǵഉӕණ؁ E ڐշਢЬ૽ግԼΚᆶᜢ࿯ࢲ୏ǵڐշ؍੎

F ަᡏᜢ࿯ࢲ୏ǵഉӕණ؁ǵڐշ຾१ G يᡏྣ୍៝ܺ H ۚৎᕉნ᏾౛ǵڐշ؍੎ǵࢱՊǵ I ۚৎᕉნ᏾౛ǵڐշ؍੎ǵيᡏྣ୍៝ܺǵฆ໭ǵࢱՊ J ۚৎᕉნ᏾౛ǵڐշ؍੎ǵيᡏྣ୍៝ܺ ᨪ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠԞຳዀྦ ӶҐःفޠ೥ፚႇโϜึ౫Ȃѷ૗Ճ΢л्စᔽٿྜ࣐Ճ΢ࢼຯȂ ڐτഎߓұȈѵяϏձޠφυτӼ࣐ᖞਣϏȂᖡЬЎέϛᛨۢȂ्઩ၪ ܗܙࡑູ෢ᗚ्ᎵϊࡇȂᓁഎϛ஋߇ΠȂ٦ᗚԥӼᎸޠᓁ૗๞Яҕںȉ ᗷดՃ΢ঢ়඾ႈߓұ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ᄈڐጃᄃԥᔔֆȂկӶуউԥ४ޠߝᓁ᚟ ࡚ϲኈ៫ΠՃ΢ঢ়৴ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠཏ᜺Ȅ Ґःفึ౫စᔽၷ৶༗ޠѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴Ȃӱ࣐Սຳ૗Ωޠԥ४Ȃঐ ਱ளளณݳᕖூ٘஋ᓝ౦ޠ݉ଡ଼Ȃೞय़Ѭ૗ٻңঢ়৴॓ᐋூକޠ݉ଡ଼ਣ ኶ȂࢉᜱܼԞຳዀྦޠ೪ॏ໹࢈ۻ൑՞ӕϡпຠզᇅՄ໕Ȅ ךၟдॺᇥ΋ঁᘶࡨٰٿϺ൩ӳΑǴٿঁԴޑѝ᎞Դၭ6ίϡ ԶςǴךᗋࢂܦ๱ԴڮԾρ଺୚Ǽॄᏼωό཮ٗሶख़ǶȐC2-ྣ៝ޣ-ت܄ଛଽȑ

ϳȃ

؛๋ٻң۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ႇโϜঢ়৴Ԛসȃѷ૗Ճ΢ȃ஠ཿ΢স

ޠᜱ߾૖๝

ᨧ؛๋ႇโϜঢ়৴ԚসޠِՔ ٸᐄႇџޠःفစᡜȂ๽΢ަཽޠঢ়৴؛๋޲೾ளϛѬΚঐ΢ȄѬ ࢑؛๋םԓཽٸϛӤޠٲӈܗঢ়৴ޒݸ֖౫л्ܗϸයޠ؛๋ႇโዂ ԓȄл्؛๋ዂԓ࢑ҦΚ՞ഷڏ᠍ࡅޠ؛๋޲୉؛ۢȂڐл्ޠྲ៬޲ ೾ள࣐л्؛๋޲ȂःفᄈຬϜ֕ѹѹȞA2ȟȃ؄ྼྼȞB2ȟȃቔྼ

ྼȞC2ȟȃভྼྼȞH2ȟȃ஼ѹѹȞI2ȟࢌ࣐л्ྲ៬޲η࣐л्؛๋ ޲Ȅϸය؛๋ዂԓࠍ࢑Ҧڏԥ؛ۢ᠍ޠ΢ӔӤٿ؛ۢȂளඣख़࣐ፓ኶ޠ ȶשউȷȂःفᄈຬϜޠጿЋЋȞD2-л्ྲ៬޲ȟІጿӒҢӔӤ؛๋ȃ ߚѹѹ(л्ྲ៬޲)ІԪυߚϊەȞF2ȟӔӤ؛๋ȃഀѹѹȞJ2-ྲ៬ ޲ȟІഀྼྼȞJ1-ೞྲ៬޲ȟӔӤ؛๋ȃ਱φυ(E2)ᢛӤІ׉ѹѹ(ೞྲ ៬޲ഷಥ؛ۢ)ȃ਱φІ਱ཁ(G2)ᢛӤІԾѹѹ(ೞྲ៬޲ഷಥ؛ۢ)Ȅл् ؛๋ᇅϸය؛๋ޠ؛๋ႇโၐಡϲৡԄߓ3Ȅ ߄3 Ьा،฼܈ϩණ،฼ၸำ Ьा،฼ ϩණ،฼ ךԾρ،ۓޑ୚Ǽдॺ΢ᘶࡨԖӣ ٰǴךԖၟдॺᇥךाҙፎۚৎܺ ୍ǴдॺؒϙሶཀـǴдॺΞؒԖ ा ᔅ ך ॄ ᏼ Ƕ ٽ η ॺ ೿ Ԗ ۀ η ा ᎦǶȐB2ȑ ،ۓഽࢂך،ۓޑǴךᇥךԃइε ΑؒᒤݤΑǴाາܿາՋࡐಕޑǴ ҁٰךٽηԖᇥाፎѦമǴךᇥѦ മόՉǴ΋ঁДाΒ࿤ӭǴ࡛ሶӊ ᆉ Ǵ ा ග ٮ д Ӟ Ǵ ᗋ ा ග ٮ Ր Ƕ ȐC2ȑ ךٽηॺ೿όΑှ೭ঁ୍ܺ୚Ǽᛦ Нႝ຤Ψ೿ࢂךԾρाᛦǴ܌аך рᒲךԾρ،ۓҙፎޑǶȐH2ȑ ךၟךӃғ΋ଆ୘ໆǵ΋ଆ،ۓा ҙ ፎ ٰ ᔅ ך இ இ ܺ ୍ ޑ Ǵ ന ࡕ ᗋ ࢂ д ᔅ Ԇ ଌ ҹ ǵ Ѻ ႝ ၉ ଓ ᙫ ޑ Ƕ ȐD2ȑ ך࣮ډൔરϟಏǴၟ༰༰ᖱǴךॺ ΋ଆ،ۓҙፎޑǶȐF2ȑ ᨨ؛๋ႇโϜѷ૗Ճ΢ޠِՔ Ґःفึ౫ࠓ׺ᑫ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠҨ፝τӼпঢ়឵ሰؒ(ԄȈ෶մྲ៬޲ ޠᔇΩȃቩђڐަһޠਣ໣)࣐Մ໕ȂՅߩ਱лሰؒȄл्঩ӱѠ૗࢑

਱лӱҢ౪੾੿४ښΠڐሰؒߓႁޠ૗Ωȇܗ޲࢑۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ᄈܼঢ়឵ޠ ѓ૗ۢ՞Ȃ࢑ᡲঢ়឵ԥൈਁޠᐡཽȂࢉпঢ়឵ሰ࣐ؒлȂܗ޲࢑਱лߞ εпٿҦঢ়឵ྲ៬ȂڐϤ୞ᜱ߾စள೏ᇅᆨ஼ޠ໧ࢳȂ਱лηདྷຼԫᐡ ཽ๞ՍϐൈਁΚίȂܛп਱лᄈܼՍϐޠሰؒ࢑ೞ୞ࣦՎ࢑ϛߓұཏُ ޠȄঢ়৴ԚসӶѷ૗Ճ΢ೞ୞ߓႁ෉ࡠᇅሰؒпІঐ΢лᢏ॓ೊ៯ٻϟ ίȂঢ়৴ԚসӶ՘࣐αѠ૗лᏳΠᐍঐঢ়৴؛๋ޠႇโȄ Ґःفึ౫࿌ѷ૗Ճ΢ᇰ࣐Սϐழ๞ঢ়΢྄ାޠ॓ೊᇅᔇΩਣȂ࣐ Π෶ሇঢ়΢ޠ॓ᐋȂՃ΢ཽ་Ӫ໸௄ঢ়΢ޠ؛ۢܗ࢑ೞ୞௦ڨ؛ۢޠ๗ ݏȄೞྲ៬޲ޠٸᒧโ࡚܂܂࢑݉ଡ଼ٻңᇅ֐ޠᏳЭጤȂկྲ៬޲ᄈྲ ៬ೱӉޠࣽݳІө໷ྲ៬॓ೊлᢏޠញᄇโ࡚Ϙ࢑݉ଡ଼ٻңః୞ޠᘉᐾ ᏣȄึ౫ኈ៫݉ଡ଼ٻңཏ᜺ޠᜱᗥߩ༊࢑ೞྲ៬޲ޠٙЗޒݸȂՅᔗ஡ ྲ៬޲੬፵ાΤΚڂՄ໕Ȅ ᨩ؛๋ႇโϜ஠ཿ΢সޠِՔ Ґःفึ౫τӼ኶ޠѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴ᄈܼຠզ΢সޠӠຬ࢑ዂጚޠȂ йᄈѷ૗ຠզхߓޠཏဏȃѠ၅ֆਣ኶пІ݉ଡ଼Ҩ፝ࢻโ๊ഌϸȂ౪၍ โ࡚ࣻ࿌ޠԥ४Ȅٸᐄ೥ፚ޲ޠຨᇴึ౫ຠզ΢সӶॏฬᔤۢႇโϜȂ ᡘดڏԥࣻ࿌โ࡚ޠлᏳ᠍Ȃளளґ૗មܺщϸଇ፤ڟ୧ޠޫ໣ϡྲ៬ ޲Іೞྲ៬޲Ȅ գᇥٗࢂᑜࡹ۬ࢴٰޑຑ՗Γ঩ഽǼךΨόᇡ᛽ӷǵΨόޕ ၰǶٗϺԖ΋ঁλۆࢂԖٰ୚ǼӴᇥ࣮ךԴՔޑ௃׎ǴӴᇥा ๏ךॺቪ32λਔ୚Ǽځჴд೭ኬቪǴךࢂ܂ᒲКၨό୼Ǿคݤ ॄᏼǾǶȐA2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζ܄ଛଽȑ ߻൳ϺԖ΋ঁԃᇸΓᇥࢂٰᛝऊޑǶεऊᖱ΋Π္य़ޑϣ৒Ǵ ךΨόࢂࡐమཱǴᒿߡ୚ǼԖࡪਔࢴΓ୍ٰܺ൩ӳΑǾȐE2-ྣ៝ޣ-༲஁ȑ ѫηึ౫Ȃࠓ׺ᑫܼ2002Ԓȃ2003Ԓ௵ȶΚୣӼᘉȷȂژΠ2004

Ԓȃ2005Ԓӱؑ໑ᚋҀஆҐঐ਱໕ϛ٘пМᔗ݉ଡ଼൑՞စᕋϟԚҐȂࢉ ᑫۻέ׾௵ȶΚୣΚᘉȷښȂژΠ2006Ԓȃ2007Ԓ࣐ପӬ࢈ۻ౱ཿϾ࢈ ๋ࢉέ׾ӲȶΚୣӼᘉȷښȂ஡݉ଡ଼൑՞ᒶᐆ᠍๞ҖಁȄᗷด۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ Ӷࠓ׺ᑫ౫՘ձݳӤΚ݉ଡ଼ୣ஀ԥ2ঢ়пα݉ଡ଼ණٽ൑՞ٽҖಁᒶᐆණٽ ݉ଡ଼Ȃկ൸೥ፚႇโϜึ౫ӱ࣐Җಁޠᇰޤᇅၦଊϛ٘Ȃࣃ਱Рԓංо ӓ኶എҦߞྲϜЗ஠ཿ΢সಜΚࣃ਱ȂՅߩҦ݉ଡ଼ٻң޲ٸڐޒݸȃሰ ؒՍлᒶᐆȄӱԫӶםԓαծоϑᅗ٘ΠҖಁᒶᐆ᠍ޠሰؒȂկ൸ᄃ፵ ޠᐈձቺ८ࠍۧґႁԚՍл᠍ޠ՘ٻȂϬԥ׾๢ޠޫ໣Ȅ ভǾךؒԖڅཀϙሶѐࡷൂՏǴӢࣁךॺޔௗѺႝ၉๏ፁғֽ ჊ǼୟǼٗϺٰٗঁࢂፁғֽǶٗ٤Ǿ฻ܭࢂдाӃٰຑ՗а ࡕǴω،ۓᇥाόाᙯϟ๏ൂՏǶȐD2-ྣ៝ޣ-༲஁ȑ ӳႽፁғֽΓ঩ٰຑ՗ࡕǴ୍ܺൂՏԏډךޑҙፎд൩ၟךᖄ ๎ΑǶךࡐϿ࣮ႝຎǴӢࣁѳதך೿΢੤ǴךεཷϤᗺъ൩р ߐǴӣٰεཷ೿ఁ΢ΐᗺӭΜᗺǴ܌аځჴךॺ೿Ǿόޕၰ೭ ٤ૻ৲ǶȐF2-ྣ៝ޣ-ζٽȑ

ഛȃ࡛ឋᇅ๗፤

ᇄᢋ௱୞۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼࢑ߞ෉ྲៗึ৥ޠ२्ΚᕘȂѻ࢑౱ཿစᔽޠΚ ഌϸȂ؂࢑؀ᜱႁԚȶӶӵՃϾȷ࢈๋ޠ२्РݳȄ਴ᐄҐःف๗ݏϟ ϸݚᇅึ౫Ȃණяϟ࡛ឋԄίȈ

ΚȃӼϰϾ՘᎜۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ଊਁȂпණЁၦଊϟࢻ೾ܓᇅѠߗܓ

ҐःفϜ༊1ঐኻҐঢ়৴Ҧ؇٩ཇٲ֚ޤ਱ঢ়۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ࣻᜱଊਁȂᎸ ޲ഇႇᒒ݊ЅІᚃଲقಜூޤ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ଊਁȂѠُ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ଊਁޠ՘᎜ Ϭ༽ϛ٘Ȅ࢈ۻᔗଭᄈ݉ଡ଼ٻңఋထ೤დԥਞ՘᎜๋౲Ȃᡲٻң޲૗ᕖ ூ݉ଡ଼ၦଊІޤၿᕖூ၏݉ଡ଼ޠഋ৸ȂϛѬ૗ೞ୞௦ڨໍՅ૗л୞ᇅ݉

ଡ଼௦क़ȄՅ࢈ۻ൑՞ᇅ݉ଡ଼ණٽ޲ηᔗਣਣᔯଇ౫՘݉ଡ଼՘᎜ਞݏІҨ ፝ٻң౦Ȃ።ᐍࣻᜱ݉ଡ଼п֜Ӭሰؒ޲ٻңϟѠߗܓȄ ՘᎜ᆔ౪ޠ՘᎜лᡞܓึ৥Ȃ௄ᆺฑܼ౱ࠣژ੒ຳ޲Ȃ௦຀࢑΢ ܓȂڐ՘᎜ޠ२ᘉϸր࢑ࠣ፵ȃпࡋ࣐൶І΢ܓᜱᛅȂӱՅҭࠊ೩Ӽ୧ ཿϵѨ՘᎜л҉΢ܓᜱᛅޠྤឡםຬȂӤਣႁژڐစᔽҢԇІަཽϵઊ ޠҭዀȄඳّϟȂ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼࢑८ᄈ΢ޠ݉ଡ଼ܗྲ៬Ȃ՘᎜ޠРݳ؂ሰҦ ΢ܓᜱᛅяึȄྲ៬݉ଡ଼সޠစᡜϸٵІ݉ଡ଼ٻң޲౫ٙᇴݳޠᡞᡜ՘ ᎜Ȃഎ࢑࡟ϛᓀйຯߗܼҖޠࡈᏳРԓȂഇႇစᡜϸٵѠם༮۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ ޠߞ೏ȂቩໍҖಁᄈ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ਞңϟᇰޤȄ

Ρȃ

ึ৥؜੝݉ଡ଼ዀྦձཿࢻโܗ՘୞؜੝ٚȂпಓӬѷ૗ঢ়

৴ϟϹᄃሰؒ

ҐःفϜึ౫ԥ8ঐঢ়৴Ҩ፝݉ଡ଼ϲৡְԥȶڟֆ؜੝ȷϟሰؒȂ၏ ݉ଡ଼໷ҭ࢑ѷ૗Ճ΢ঢ়৴඾ႈܛ෉ࡠޠȂկҭࠊྲ៬݉ଡ଼সଌጜᄃࢋॏ ฬϲԥᜱȶఽዔᇅ๳ᎍȷޠ፟โϲৡ࢑пᏱಭڟֆ੿΢טαࣀᏂȃטα ࣀᓟȃטα؜੝࣐лȂпి੝࣐Ճ΢ໍ՘ٙᡞఽዔޠ፟โఁᏳࠔณҔԓ ાΤਰЗ፟โϲৡϲȂԄեӱӵښۤښۢΚ৉ᎍӬܼҐ୾؜੝݉ଡ଼ޠዀ ྦձཿࢻโпණٽ๞݉ଡ଼স૗஋࣐ѷ૗Ճ΢ໍ՘๳ᎍйӬᎍޠ؜੝݉ଡ଼ ࢑ሰ्ޠȇܗ࢑ึ৥Ӭᎍޠȶ՘୞؜੝ٚȷණٽ݉ଡ଼Ȅ

ήȃණٽᎍϹޠঢ়৴ྲ៬޲ൈਁ݉ଡ଼Ȃпቩђঢ়৴ྲ៬ޠ૗໕

ᆤӬҐःفึ౫ྲ៬॓ೊϛ፤࢑ӶЗ౪αȃਣ໣αȃҢ౪αпІަ һαഎཽᄈл्ྲ៬޲ആԚኈ៫Ȃ८ᄈؖ२ޠྲ៬॓ೊȂ࢈ۻ൑՞ଷΠ ्ණٽ्҇ޠМࡼȞԄȈᒳ౪Мࡼყᡞȃྲ៬׭Ѿఁيଌጜȃစᔽ၅ֆ ๊ȟቩђঢ়৴ϲл्ྲ៬޲ޠྲ៬૗ΩѵȂ؂्഻ആٯණٽӼϰޠ෈х ܓྲ៬Р਱Ȃпණٽྲ៬޲ൈਁޠ݉ଡ଼ᇅޫ໣Ȃߵٻл्ྲ៬޲ଷΠঢ়

৴ྲ៬ѵȂ؂૗୥ᇅަཽࣁ୞Ȃ෶ሇӱྲ៬౱ҢޠᔇΩȃ॓ೊȂණЁл ्ྲ៬޲ޠҢࣁࠣ፵Ȅ

ѳȃ

Սл᠍ᒶᐆ؛ۢІ஠ཿ᠍лᏳϟ҂ᒌ೏ႅȂණЁ஠ཿ݉ଡ଼

ࠣ፵Ȉ

Ґःفึ౫஠ཿϏձ΢সӶຠզІණٽ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ϟႇโȂڏԥ஠ཿ ᠍ϟлᏳܓȂࣻᄈՅّȂ৶ϾΠҨ፝۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ঢ়৴ϟՍл᠍ᒶᐆІ؛ ۢȄߞ෉ྲៗ؛๋ঢ়৴Ԛসਗ਼Τޠโ࡚ၷ࣐ஞϹȂߞ෉ྲៗ؛๋Ӽљ࢑ ҦՃ΢ڸঢ়৴ԚসӔӤ׈ԚȂ஠ཿ΢স܂܂्๊ژՃ΢ڸঢ়৴Ԛসܼ؛ ๋ႇโϜၷໍΤޒݸࡤȂϘཽ௦຀୥ᇅȄ࿌஠ཿ΢সਗ਼ΤȂᇅՃ΢ᇅঢ় ৴Ԛসޠᜱ߾߰ᘘ৥Ԛή՞Κᡞޠ׌८ȄڏᡞՅّȂӶ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ޠقಜ ᡞقϲ߾֥ԥߞ෉ྲ៬ᆔ౪ϜЗຠզ΢সȃ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼൑՞࿝Ᏻসȃڨႇ ஠ཿଌጜޠྲ៬݉ଡ଼স๊஠ཿ΢সܛಣԚȄӱՅ۩ঢ়݉ଡ଼ॏฬޠᔤۢȂ ࢑ྲ៬޲ȃೞྲ៬޲ᇅ஠ཿ΢সӔ୧ޠ๗ݏȂӤਣη࢑Սл᠍ᒶᐆІ஠ ཿ᠍лᏳ҂ᒌึ৥ϟ๗ݏȄ

୥ՄНᝧ

ɺȮʑᄽⵒӠ ϣࡹ೽Ȑ2007aȑǶȠύ๮҇୯95ԃޗࡹԃൔȡǶᆵчǺϣࡹ೽Ƕ ϣࡹ೽Ȑ2007bȑǶȠ96ԃۚৎ୍ܺံշ٬Ҕޣރݩፓࢗൔ֋ȡǶѠчǺ ϣࡹ೽Ƕ Չࡹଣ࿶ᔮࡌ೛ہ঩཮(2010)ǶȠ2010ԃԿ2060ԃᆵ᡼Γα௢ीȡǶᆵ чǺՉࡹଣ࿶ᔮࡌ೛ہ঩Ƕ ׵܃੿Ȑ2000ȑǶȠቹៜԴΓௗڙۚৎྣៈ୍ܺϐޔௗک໔ௗӢનȡǶ ᆵчᙴᏢଣϦӅፁғᏢࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ׵ች࣓Ȑ2003ȑǶȠଯ໢ѱѨૈԴΓԾ຤٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺࠔ፦ϐ௖૸ȡǶ ܿੇεᏢޗ཮πբࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ׵Шжǵቅऍ֗ǵଯ⃎੧ǵමలฐǵᖴ៩ҏǵጰలীǷǷǷֺٵ࣑฻ (2009)ǶȠВҁǵᗬ୯ߏයྣៈߥᓀϣ৒ᆶ࣬ᜢݤзϐࣴزȡǶՉࡹ ଣ࿶ᔮࡌ೛ہ঩཮ہૼࣴزीฝǶ ֈᝊᓉȐ2007ȑǶȠԴΓྣ៝ǺԴΓǵৎ৥ǵ҅Ԅ୍ܺȡȐ3ހȑǶᆵ чǺϖࠄǶ ؅٩ϘȐ1998ȑǶȤΒΜ΋ШइޑԴΓᅽճ-ԴΓᅽճঅ҅ϐ฼ౣȥǶ Ƞޗ୔ว৖ۑтȡǴ83Ǵ11-19Ƕ ֆలᛏǵഋ҅޹Ȑ2000ȑǶȤߏයྣៈၗྍޑၸѐǵ౜ӧᆶ҂ٰȥǶ Ƞޗ୔ว৖ۑтȡǴ92Ǵ19-31Ƕ ֆలᛏǵಷڷࢩȐ2001ȑǶȤӧӦԴϯ-ᆵ᡼ΒΜ΋Шइߏයྣៈϐࡹ฼ БӛȥǶȠᆵ᡼ϦӅፁғᚇᇞȡǴ20Ȑ3ȑǴ192-201Ƕ ֆలᛏȐ2003aȑǶȤۚৎ୍ܺᔼၮЋнȥǶȠࡌᄬߏයྣៈᡏسӃᏤी ฝ୍ܺኳԄว৖࿶ᡍسӈᘀਜȡǶᆵчǺՉࡹଣޗ཮ᅽճ௢୏ہ঩ ཮ߏයྣៈ஑ਢλಔǶ ֆలᛏȐ2003bȑǶȠࡌᄬߏයྣៈᡏسӃᏤीჄ୺Չ౜ݩᆶᔠ૸ൔ

֋ȡǶᆵчǺՉࡹଣǶ ֆలᛏȐ2004ȑǶȤவȬࡌᄬߏයྣៈᡏسӃᏤीฝȭϐ୺Չ࣮ך୯ޗ ୔Ԅߏයྣ៝ᡏسϐࡌᄬȥǶȠޗ୔ว৖ۑтȡǴ106Ǵ88-98Ƕ ߋԟিǵഋનࡾǵ໳໡ႍȐ2004ȑǶȤྣ୍៝ܺޗ୔ϯ-྽߻ԴΓϷي Јምᛖྣ୍៝ܺϐ௢୏ᆶ᏾ӝೕჄȥǶȠޗ୔ว৖ۑтȡǴ106Ǵ 5-17Ƕ ݅ལำȐ2000ȑǶȠѨඵԴΓৎ৥ྣ៝ޣϐॄ಻ᆶЍ࡭܄୍ܺሡ؃ϐ௖ ૸ȡǶଯ໢ᙴᏢεᏢՉࣁࣽᏢࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ݅ኻ຦मǵ೾ដໜ(ӝ᝿)(2003)ǶȠޗ཮ԴΓᏢȡǴHooyman, N.R. & Kiyak, H.A. (চ๱)ǶᆵчǺϖࠄǶ इދӵǵಷڷࢩǵֆਁᓪǵֆలᛏȐ2006ȑǶȤۚৎ୍ܺ٬Ҕϐ࣬ᜢӢ નࣴزȥǶȠѠ᡼ϦӅፁғᚇᇞȡǴ25Ȑ1ȑǴ37-48Ƕ ଭە։Ȑ2007ȑǶȠѠύѱ΋૓ѨૈԴΓԾ຤٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺϐ࣬ᜢӢન ௖૸ȡǶ٥ࢪεᏢߏයྣៈࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ৪ࡘⓟȐ2005ȑǶȠቹៜۚৎ୍ܺ٬Ҕ௃׎Ϸځ࣬ᜢӢન௖૸-аᆵчᑜ ࣁٯȡǶᆵчεᏢޗ཮πբࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ഋߝԟȐ2002ȑǶȠޗ୔ۚৎيЈфૈምᛖޣۚৎЍ࡭୍ܺ٬Ҕϩ ݋ȡǶѠ᡼εᏢፁғࡹ฼ᆶᆅ౛ࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ഋ܃ӵȐ2003ȑǶȠ჏ကᑜۚৎ୍ܺϐຑ՗ࣴزȡǶࠄ๮εᏢߚᔼճ٣ ཰ᆅ౛ࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ഋᐪᅼȐ2006ȑǶȠࠄ׫ᑜԴΓғࢲރݩϷᅽճሡ؃ፓࢗȡǶࠄ׫ᑜࡹ ۬ޗ཮ֽہૼࣴزǶ ഋ҅޹ǵֆలᛏȐ2006ȑǶȤৎ৥ྣ៝ޣჹߏයྣៈ୍ܺ٬Ҕཀᜫϐ௖ ૸ȥǶȠΓαᏢтȡǴ32 Ǵ83-121Ƕ ഋ޲֗Ȑ2009ȑǶȠ჏ကӦ୔୯λ໘ࢤيЈምᛖٽูൺ଼୍ܺճҔϐ፦ ܄ຑ՗ȡǴύ҅εᏢޗ཮ᅽճࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ఉҏޱȐ2011ԃ7Д18ВȑǶȤߏВஒᅰӧྷڂ߿ඪԴѐȥǶȠᖄӝ

ൔȡǶ΢ᆛВයǺ2011ԃ7Д18ВǴڗԾᖄӝཥᆪᆛ।http://mag.udn. com/mag/news/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=331190 ஭ֻণȐ2002ȑǶȤޗ୔ԴΓ٬Ҕᅽճ୍ܺޑ௃׎Ϸځ࣬ᜢӢનϐ௖ ૸ǺаᆵчᑜࣁٯȥǶȠܿֆޗ཮πբᏢൔȡǴ8Ǵ183-232Ƕ මਦถȐ2002ȑǶȠၮҔፁғ୍ܺճҔՉࣁኳԄ௖૸ቹៜЬाྣ៝ޣჹ ߏයྣៈ୍ܺճҔϷᅈཀࡋϐ࣬ᜢӢનȡǶᆵчᙴᏢεᏢៈ౛Ꮲࣴ ز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ මల޹ǵಷڷࢩǵഋ҅޹ǵယΏᅼǵֆలᛏȐ2004ȑǶȤ๏б኱ྗޑ೛ ۓ཮ЇᏤ҇౲ჹޗ୔Ԅ୍ܺޑճҔ༏ǻаۚৎ୍ܺࣁٯȥǶȠᆵ᡼ ፁғᚇᇞȡǴ23Ȑ3ȑǴ221-234Ƕ ቅЎ௵Ȑ2003ȑǶȠଯ໢ѱ௢୏ྣ୍៝ܺౢ཰ว৖Бਢ-΋૓ѨૈԴΓ٬ Ҕۚৎ୍ܺ࣬ᜢӢનϐ௖૸ȡǶଯ໢ᙴᏢεᏢϦӅፁғᏢࣴز܌ᅺ γፕЎǶ ዐ࣓ಹȐ2000ȑǶȠ୷ໜѱԴΓۚৎ୍ܺϐຑ՗ࣴزȡǶܿੇεᏢޗ཮ πբࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ጰऍ๮Ȑ1994ȑǶȠᆵ᡼Ӧ୔ԴԃΓޗ཮ᅽճሡ؃ϐᆕӝࣴزȡǶܿੇ εᏢޗ཮πբࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ᚑ྆੿Ȑ1997ȑǶȠфૈምᛖԴΓޑৎ৥ྣៈޣჹЍ࡭܄Бਢޑሡ ؃ȡǶѠ᡼εᏢϦӅፁғࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ᛥٵࡘȐ2004ȑǶȠቹៜԴΓ٬Ҕۚৎ୍ܺ࣬ᜢӢનϐࣴز-аଯ໢ᑜࣁ ჹຝȡǶܿੇεᏢޗ཮πբࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ʷȮ␿ᄽⵒӠ

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