我國勞工薪資所得與決定因素之分析

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(1)~~*I~~m~W~~~$z~~. 1992ifJf;F.!. ~ f@. An. fa .:L i.n- 1f: fit 1!tJ- ~ ik: ~ f?5l -t Z JJ'"tJf. Analysis of the Relationship among. Lobor Earnings , Education and. Relating Variables. I. 2E... a -:J:.'. "JlC...i=1t7. Chun-Chig. tri. j. Chang. \. ~. • • • h~~• • ~#,*~#ft • • 4A_~~ • • ~~.~ • • M*~M*o il!!Jifdl-#6l.l!t* • M-iFft1f>f.l.4.g-~;;it , ~M*.g-~ , "P.!f: *~.mffa~~#. ... TAh.~~~:ft1f~~~.~~±~hAm*;~~~*~. .AM*~~~~~~.·.~~. ~.~~~.~A~.M. a.;ffa~.~,~.~.~a~~~;;it~M*. • • '~t,. .~t·.~a~~~;;itM~.~:.t~a+,~*aA~'. ffaA~A*~A~M*.~:~.~.+'~*~·~.~~ ~~;;itm*.~,~.·**·._~~~;;itm~. • • ;~~*. .~~·~.;;it'Z.L~~'~~.&~M~o. ABSTRACT This researth used the data comes from yearly Labor Force Surveys of Taiwan from 1978-1989. These yearly surveys are run by the Direc torate-General of Budget Accounting and Statistics(DG BAS), Executive Yuan. To analyze the relationship among labor earnings, educational level and other relating variables. The results show that more educated people receving higher earning. The hunHIIl capital theory indicates that: education will raise productivity and earnings. People with more work experience earn more money but. •. ~\!i!!Jm!l!=*~iI&mlot~t§'*ftIj:±· JJtffil&tEl**~:IJvf~PJTII6~~. -111. ".

(2) ~. ~IVJ~f~. W3. the marginal benefit of experience increa<;e at a decreasing rate. Indus trial Variables show that farmer and relating workers earn less than other people. The earnings in mining, construction and finance are generally among the highest. Of the occupatinal Variables, professional workers, administrative workers and managerial workers have the highest earning. For the re· gional Variables, the municipalities of Taipei and Kaoshsiung have the highest earnings and the eastern part of Taiwan,and Penghu island have the lowest earnings. Hour worked and marital status variables are posi. tive to earnings. The earnings of female workers are lower ,than the male workers in generally.. ~ffij{IE~~~P.:1G~o.~~fflf.fJ& ~-= i5'. ~::t:ff&fJf.*iJJ:tJ ~ffllf.jJ~¥liH!f;R*4. " Fl'l. , *5t:tFf~J.fN~':&;fElrm~Itf:t~ ~*Iwr:RJ5JTtf;!.Ef9~.. ~~Il9+~*Ef9~tI!f'DRt;ff. ~~J:iU~ Y -11G1~tI!f~.. 0. ~ifJ. Ef9l!'!Jpg~~E§D. ( Gross Domestic. Product, GDP). • 1:£-tL1i=~?i§.. " *ro nM 29 J.f. ~ a Jt~ 1L~**. -"tLt-~fb'm~507.8%. • ;ff.-tL 1i=~¥-tLj\t;~rdjm~ 1907.7 % (tt 1) 0 ~Azp:~m1f;!. ( Per Capita Income, PCI) • :(£-tL1i ~¥-tLt-=-~rdlm~295.3% t 1:£. A:tJ:R*Ef9ta~~"A1rJ;ff.fttl;. 1f"l~J:~~~Ef9~~*1E.~a, M~~mY!Jtm~Ef9:!¥=S!t,ffij~m. -tL1i=~¥-:hj\t~rdjm~. m ®~~'DI:P!Ef9 qN:~A~ ZMt:SJQS-IEimEf9'D". 846.2 % (tt 2) P.:1G~.. 0. J.jj!m~fD$HfJ-B~JiJ!tm. 0. ffij~J.fEf93B. ~.16fD'DJ.jj!ift~l1tI!fJ~~~1:P!1f;!.. J;J..P.:1G:roEf9- ~ru!i!t:SJ~. 0. 0. mYM~!5Cj!if!:t~~~tl!f'D~z. Y **1:£~J:~~p~aEf9¥&iiHI" ( Itt 3) .f1lJf!fZ ' A1f"lPJigJ§ 0. .Ef9~1"tJ@.~Ef9~J.f"M:R.I.f'FM. 1ErEf91ililiA" ;fiJffl.tE*~l&~tEI f'Ftlt!tEf91!(~ , ~~m EI IWwrJ;i ~f~ t i§.**'ftJ.jj!m:tJ~tifEf9.I.f'F o J5JTJ;J.. ' ~1f " ~>J<.I. f'Ftl1Er " :I?#!. iftmE!J~A:tJ:R*$.~(. ~;fElru!1ililiA" .tE':&;ff.~Wfl_mm. J5JT.±51l!Ef9 : ~wPJmJib~.:r.Ef9~~jJ !Ji!mff;!. •. if~mA:tJji*J:Ef9~Jiffij~~71Ut. ~W·. Human Capital Theory). A;~J;J..~1fmjaHI[~Ef91§tJ;i. -112. 0.

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(10) m-. *IJJ~¥I *1~~. , PJUl1"ti<RPJUI!A1MJf!:.ml ;E , ~1JB9$;If'F ' ~jl.ti<R. f::f 0 eliw • ~.:ltBZ.J!!tAr::t~m :ti't1ll ' ~WJ.J!!t Ar::t~::lz:*mi*~. •. ~7fi~jjtt,*rc\i&7I-. •. ti~rJ!fz. ~J.Pt1B.,*~jf~o. pg~PfT:j~.~z~*~1fJ.f61CpfT. ; rttliW" =WB9I f'F:::ff ' ;jt.pfTf":tEmm_*tfi • st7JU J:t;~tfi~~~r'iiQ ill S ~ Z 23.84litS ~Z21.12 ; **~~B9If'F4f ' :tE mm_*tfi • ~7JUJ:t;liW " =W~ ~z.If'F4f' ~ills~Z 23.84 lit S~Z37.53o. rnJIt-Jj!. ~1rlPJPJ.%1:m~J(~~~~PJm. ~llilcmJBl&~Jt'giiiltl. ~~§t'~t1llPJ.fi. .~zf*llfi!il~-j-fiF1~~'. •. litS~Z13.24. • .~If'F4fB9PJT f~fj!~;tt1iHfi~If'F:::ffB9-* •. 1~.~z~*~fJ;,{' .R~pg~PJT1~. ~. WI. ;tt1iH~l!!:tfi. ~PfT:j~7I- ' tJC~·Jf!PJPJ.UI!If'F~m. ~B9r~&. ~tiIf'Fzfi~. " If'F:ltBZ Z~~tE ' ~W~~~~:::ff • ;ttm. liiiltl'. :J¥tt~~'~~$BltIl~*·~il§Jf!. Mt::lz:litm~.~~~1JB9::1:f~·*. ~~~~~'*. ~,rJ'~fi~rmIf'F4fpfT:j~Z~lf§. ". ~~. · ·ifi6~W~~B9.If'F. 0. llilcmJ-uliBf.il~ti.~Z. {ElfiiJ PJ..IUiltIf'F:::ffB9 pfTf~W. ~mfJI;f4f. • JamJJ1Im!~ltiMtU~z 0. .. *I5t,rJ'. • 3l:ttB9PfT1~WtE~ -l.ft:l;JtIf'FB9~tt~7S~Z 32.13 • JJlili1JIlPJ.~~ , 7fi~:a~~I. *~W~J:t;::;y"~*lit13M54f·tr:~. ::;y"~MlzjSN~oJamJW11::~~~ti. :a5tj-L1f.l!i!f1~Jdl~·.zmm~*tfi. JIt. 4fPJm~;ttpfTf~. 0. 1fJ.1fi1CPJT:j~.~s~J:t;~giHiF1PJ.. 19891f.Ji~~;fJfB9*6*'. •. ~7JU:tEpfTf"J:~ills~ZlO.33litS. ~Z15.68 ; ~~-=::.1f.B9mtfi~W. •. *.IB9pfT:j"tr:mm_*tfi ' ~7JUm ifi6S~Z9.76litS?j-Zl0.40 : ~~ ~. tt7JUB9~~tfi. ~~J:~'~mJ*IB9lFTJiPJT 1~~~W~~litfi~ .... ~~ " :ltBl&. .. I. ~7JUmlfijs~Z. f'F~~. ... I f'F~Jg(. . . tt7JU " ~. tz~7JU~'!Hjj~llfl*§~~WJB9fi1l1*. 1f.~tfi~W' *IB9pfT1~:tEm. ;tJl_*tfi'. 0. 14. 85. -120. 0.

(11) ". t~. ),c.. ~m*I~j;tPfif~Wfk:5EIlSI~Z.:5ttT. 19921f.7tf3. : ff®tJ5JT1~mm!ft!lft1iEi _*fit.. IlIT EDUI EDU2 EDU3 EDU4 EDU5 1IEDUO IIEDU! NEDU2 IIEDU3 IIEDU4 NEVUS E ESQ MINE MAKU UTIL CONS COlJllJl TRAK FII'IA SERV PROF AD!! I CLER SALES SERVICE PROO REGI REG2 REG3. iRK. SEX liAR R2 R2 1I(OBS) lin InY. 1984 foll"f61tia.. 9.8519 0.0919 0.1896 0.3041 0.4221 0.5116 0.0441 0.1438 0.1965 0.2747 0.4254 0.6324 0.0324 -0.0005 0.2748 0.0938 0.1833 0.1104 0.0890 0.1825 0.1453 -0.0131 0.6857 0.9933 0.5606 0.4158 0.4257 0.3651 -0.0776 -0,0345 0.0359 0,0099 -0.3335 0,1212. 1985 t ia.. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ~3.832 *** - 6.187 *** 3.177 *** 2.016 ** 3.125 *** 3.583 *** 1.865 * 3.811 *** 2.923 *** -0.281 14.048 *** 18.232 *** 11.840 *** 9.769 *** 8.881 *** 7.771 *** -4.150 *** -1.670 * 1.861 *** 30.278 *** -46.470 *** 13.074 ***. 290.501 1.610 11.424 17.194 19.034 25.481 0.399 7.126*** 9.611 12.898 15.533 19.782. 9.1210 0.1110 0.1985 0.3211 0.4426 0.6215 -0.1248 0.1894 0.2289 0.3314 0.4569 0.6508 0.0338 -0.0005 0.3133 0.1246 0.1927 0.1925 0.1075 0.2318 0.1937 0.0483 0.6761 0.8259 0.5463 0.4359 0.3837 0.3497 -0.0017 0.0322 0.0849 0.0111 -0,3399 0,1101. 0.3973 0,3965 26910 ll.2692. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***. 315.116 9.693 13.233 21.391 22.511 30.365 -1.451 10.596 12.589 11.810 19.273 23.080 27.590 -30.115 5.151 2.540 3.311 3.856 2.157 * 4.632 3.712 0.984 13.360 14.590 11.018 8.625 7.674 7,068 -0.101 l. 772 * 5.047 36.502 -53.301 13.243. 0.4496 0.4490 26808 11.3136. *** •• ** *,a=I% *,,,,=5%• • *,,,,=10%• •. *. -121. ". 1986 tia.. *"f61tu:.. *** *** *** ***. *"-ti<1tia.. 9.8350 0.2311 0.3968 0.5526 0.6910 0.8983 0.0132 0.2919 0.4581 0.5478 0.1215 0.8930 0.0442 -0.0006 0.6506 0.4164 0.5531 0.5517 0.4441 0.6548 0.4665 0.3642 0.2933 0.5681 0.1520 0.1107 0.0655 0.0411 -0.0314 -0.0036 0.0322 0.0019 -0.3657 0.1220 0.4148 0.4142 28990 11.5099. t ia.. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 1.906 * -2.676 *** -0.247 2,621 *** 11.567 *** -54.290 *** 13.286 *** 342.062 18.145 23.181 32.561 31.325 39.443 0.140 14.143 22.805 25.610 21.121 28.757 31.999 -32;025 13.904 18.540 12.548 21.722 16.848 24.188 15.744 14.717 11.018 14.580 6.459 6.618 2.6G4.

(12) *!I!Il.~. ~. ~-=. : W*1tm14H!Jt~fi!jm-flti Nf.ffclUI:. INT EOUI EOU2 EOU3 EOU4 EOU5 NEDUO NEDUI NEDU2 NEDU3 NEDU4 IIEDU5 E ESQ IUIIE MANU UTIL CONS COMM TRAil FIllA SERV PROF ADMI CLER SALES SERVICE PROO REGI I1EG2 REG3. WRit. SEX liAR R2. 112. N(ODSl. lin In'i. 1987 1f.jI\;Ak1t-li.. 9.83<16 0.0952 0.1949 0.3152 0.4911 0.6836 0.08:n 0.1574 0.2170 0.3255 0.4908 0.7217 0.0341 -0.0005 0.7906 0.5450 0.6871 0.6468 0.5488 0.6790 0.6251 0.5246 0.1704 0.4637 0.0915 0.0281 -0.0436 -0.0841 0.0179 0.0419 0.0845 0.0104 -0.3<197 0.1080 0.4847 0.4841 28574 11.6681. 1988 t iii.. 274.897 6.853 10.776 17.217 21.181 28.680 1.024 7.537 10.370 14.787 18.748 23.813 24.616 -27.514 13.954 29.418 17.150 30.222 24.456 30.338 24.451 26.583 7.663 12.703 5.466 1.369 -2.273 -5.212 1.066 2.205 4.855 30.562 -48.455 11.605. -tt.iUk1t-li.. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ***. 9.9409 0.1222 0.2251 0.3334 0.4671 0.6146 0.0491 0.1722 0.2376 0.3230 0.4427 0.6429 0.0323 -0.0005 0.2529 0.1842 0.3499 0.2901 0.1738 0.2688 0.2593 0.1467 0.6886 0.8929 0.5508 0.4841 0.4035 0.3516 -0.0720 -0.0544 0.0071 0.0108 -0.3789 0.0980. 1989 t-li.. 294.978 8.776 12.778 18.703 20.930 26.136 0.450 8.589 11.803 15.386 17.834 22.666 24.905 -28.663 3.168 3.156 5.137 4.910 2.946 4.53<1 4.309 2.521 11.618 13.542 9.382 8.116 6.833 5.989 -4.541 i -3.054 0.431 32.955 -55.910 11.061. :. I. 0.3739 0.3731 24684 11.3675. *** ..'" =196jljlFf *** .... a'" ==596""* 1096""*. - 122. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***. -tt.jI\;:fkit-li.. 10.0036 0.0983 0.1832 0.2998 0.4627 0.6197 -0.0117 0.1327 0.2198 0.3208 0.4635 0.6756 0.0346 -0.0006 0.8699 0.7023 0.8599 0.8698 0.7447 0.8278 0.8094 0.7027 0.0690 0.3794 -0.0063 -0.0662 -0.1237 -0.1584 0.0532 0.0364 0.1221 0.0097 -0.3876 0.0904 0.3655 0.3647 28975 11.4183. tiil. 336.791 7.967 11.600 19.153 23.494 30.857 -0.143 7.467 12.520 17.471 21.870 28.589 30.974 -35.654 19.049 46.191 25.407 50.097 41.051 45.070 40.118 43.391 3.912 13.737 0.472 -4.091 -8.046 -12.264 3.900 2.361 8.567 32.738 -66.711 11.874. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***. W.l.

(13) ~m~I~~ffi~W~k~*Z~~. 1992fF:7l;.fj ~rm. : pg~m1~m~fi!i~tfjj 1984. M.ffllt.... 9.9082 0.1706 0.3661 0.5801 0.7802 0.9925 0.1198 0.2723 0.3541 0.5311 0.7893 1.0408 0.0388. INT EDUI EDU2 EOU3 EDU4 [DU5 NEDUO NEOUI NEDU2 NEDU3 NEOU4 NEDUS [. WRK. 0.0131 -0.2911 0.0926. SEX liAR. f. 1985. lolL 324.460 12.355 20.865 33.643 35.764 46.469 0.989 12.625 16.268 23.934 28.242 32.041 26.562 -29.815 39.380 -39.439 9.296. ~0.0006. ESQ. R2 R2 N(OnS lin [n. -!I< ...fB1NL. ."....-Is1tolL. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***. 0.2915 0.2971 26910 11. 2692. 1986 t ~. .". ...-Is1NL . -. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ~34.180 *** 43.144 *** -43.147 *** 9.221 ***. 9.8906 0.1792 0.3674 0.5861 0.7888 1.0362 -0.0587 0.3031 0.3179 0.5191 0.7958 1.0579 0.0402 -0.0007 0.0137 -0.2862 0.0835. 347.292 14.388 22.873 37.243 40.244 52.243 . -0.627 15.651 19.226 28.900 32.315 36.566 30.147. 0.3412 0.3409 26808 11.3136. 10.4514 0.2078 0.4084 0.6051 0.8240 1.0543 0.1171 0.2919 0.4103 0.5977 0.8167 1.0616 0.0424 -0.0007 0.0028 -0.3171 0.1009. t ~. 388.086 15.667 23.691 35.591 38.564 49.205 1.808 13.664 19.580 27.532 30.825 35.042 29.585 -34.258 17.081 -45.231 10.672. *** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***. 0.3283 0.3279 24684 11.3674. *** *-a *-a =I%-.Uf =5%IIUf ** *-a=lO%M;lf. *. ~1i. :. M.ffllt... INT EOUI fOU2 EOU3 EOU4 EOU5 NEDUO NEOUI NEOU2 NEOU3 NEOU4 NEDU5 E ESQ. WRK. SEX liAR R2 R2 N(OnS) lin InY. pg~m1~mmHt!iMfj 1987 .".... -IHt~. 10.0386 0.1581 0.3398 0.5384 0.1867 1.0282 0.1320 0.2636 0.3494 0.5355 0.1684 1.0494 0.0409 -0.0001 0.0129 -0.3084 0.0819 0.2882 0.2818 28975 11.4183. 1988 .". ...-liF1~~. t olL. 307.880 10.807 18.055 29.246 34.652 44.915 1.537 11.998 15.937 23.696 29.132 34.599 28.081 -32.621 31.671 -42.547 8.357. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***. 10.0308 0.2171 0.4235 0.6216 0.8689 1.0783 0.1639 0.3053 0.4112 0.5866 0.8153 1.0827 0.0378 -0.0006 0.0131 -0.3169 0.0158. t~. 325.271 14.469 22.601 33.854 38.901 46.882 1.385 14.133 19.033 26.545 31.990 37.634 26.911 -31.899 40.640 -45.505 7.911. 0.3108 0.3104 28990 11.5098. *** *-a =1%M;I' ** =5%M;I' * *-a *.'" =10%M;lf. -123 \. -!I< ...-IUt-t.i:. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***. 10.3006 0.1859 0.3491 0.5350 0.7750 0.9861 0.0495 0.2586 0.3621 0.5314 0.1432 1.0107 0.0405 -0.0007 0.0131 -0.3558 0.0618 0.3695 0.3692 28514 11.6680. t. ~. 356.575 13.703 20.333 32.334 38.060 48.503 0.543 13.246 18.833 26.874 33.063 40.886 32.912 -39.951 41.448 -58.293 1.370. *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***.

(14) ~. ~jft}J~fi. M. :ft*1CJ5JTf!}m~B9t.1t~~fmi ::f:~""*-I!.it. iVf ~r# {.\\ .itiidt"*- (b). EDUI EDU2 EDU3 EDU4 EDU5 NEDUO NEDU1 NEDU2 NEDU3 NEDU4 NEDU5 MINE MANU UTIL CONS COMM TRAN FINA SERV PROF ADM I SUPER SALES SERVICE PROO REGI REG2 REG3 SEX MAR. 0.0984 0.1832 0.2999 0.4627 0.6197 -0.0118 0.1327 0.2199 0.3209 0.4635 0.6756 0.8700 0.7023 0.8500 0.8699 0.7447 0.8299 0.8095 0.7028 0.0690 0.3795 -0.0063 -0.0063 -0.1238 -0.1585 0.0532 0.0364 0.1221 -0.3876 0.0905. ~",,*-Ii!.it. b. WRK E ESQ E(Total). 0.0097958 0.034657 -0.0006025. Ii!. -a ~ l:t.£ J1- "* .it($2) (;;fd.J-:1+"'''' III fit ) (g=100[ eh-. 5$2-1]). J1. 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0004 0.0004 0.0068 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0006 0.0021 0.0002 0.0011 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 0.0008 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0006. 10.33% 20.09% 34.96% 58.80% 85.80% -1.51% 14.17% 24.57% 37.81% 58.93% 96.46% 138.45% 101.82% 136.17% 138.62% 110.54% 129.26% 124.63% 101.90% 7.12% 46.10% -0.64% -6.44% -11.65% -14.67% 5.47% 3.72% 12.99% -32.13% 9.47% eh-l. eh. 1.0098 1.0353 0.9994. -124 \. 0.0098 0.0353 -0.0006. 1l;~1f~l:t.l!J1-,,*-. 10.33% 9.76% 14.85% 23.84% 27.00% 15.68% 10.40% 13.24% 21.12% 37.53%. (eh-l) 100%=g. 0.98% 3.53% -0.06% 3.47%.

(15) ~~*I~.m~~~~~*z~m. 19921¥ftFJ. ~{:;. : P3~m~t~H~lrEi5}lt~~li. ;r-~I!ftit.w.jt. EDUI EDU2 EDU3 EDU4 EDU5 NEDUO NEDUI NEDU2 NEDU3 NEDU4 NEDU5 SEX. MAR. ttl!ftit.w.jt WRK E ESQ E(Total). il!!l.At~'*~jt1-6it~(b). 0.1859 0.3492 0.5351 0.7750 0.9862 0.0495 0.2587 0.3621 0.5315 0.7433 l. 0108 -0.3559 0.0618. W.. ~. jt(52). 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0083 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0004 0.0007. b. e'. 0.013117 0.040592 -0.0007406. 1.0132 1.0414 0.9993. ll~*,£~{i/f. (:+a.,~-t-~lIltt). (g=100( e"-. 552-1]) 20.42% 41.76% 70.73% 117.02% 168.05% 4.63% 29.50% 43.61% 70.11% 110.22% 171.70% -29.95% 6.37% e'-1 0.0132 0.0414 -0.0007. If:.rtf.-"1f~*,£~1JL. 20.42% 21. 34% 28.97% 46.29% 51.03% 24.87% 14.11% 26.50% 40.11% 64.48%. (e'-I)lOO%=g 1.32% 4.14% -0.007% 4.07%. tt. : Council of Economic Planning and Development, R. D. C.(1989) Taiwan Statistical Data Book, p.23. tt.2 : I bid., p. 35 . iff3:Blaug, Mark. 1976. "Human Capital Theory: A Slightly Jaundic ed Survey," Journal of Economic Literature. September, p.829. : Denison, Edward F. 1964. "Measuring the Contribution of Educ ation to Economic Growth," The Residual Factor and Economic Growth (Paris; DECD) p.37. tt.5 : Woodhall, Maureen. 1988. "Earning and education," in George Psacharopoulos ed. Economic of Education: Research and Studies. (New York: Pergamon Press). pp209-23. tt.6 : I bid., p . 209 . tt.7 ~ "Blaug, Mark. 1972. "The Corre lat ion Between Educat ion and Earning: What does it signify?" Higher Education. 1(1): p.54. -125.

(16) ~IIJ~m . m -'. M. H8: Lockheed, Marlaine E., Dean T. Jamison and Lawrence J. Lau. 1980. "Farmer Education and Farm Efficiency: A Survey" in Timothy King ed. Education and Income. Washington D. C.: The World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 402. p.136. H9: Mincer, Jacob. 1974. Schooling Experience and Earnings, New York: Columbia University Press for National Bureau of Econo mic Research. p.88. tt10: Jiang, Feng-Fuh, 1989, "Education Achievement and Economic Development in Taiwan." Discus sing Paper. The Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica. Hll : Kifer, Nicholas M. and Smith, Sharon P. 1977. "Union Impact and Wage Discrimination by Region" The Journal of Human i R!sources, Vol. 12 No.4 Fall pp 522-526. King, Allen. 1977" rk Occupational Segregation the Cause of the Flatter Experi ence-Earnings Profiles of Women?" The Journal of Human Reso urces, Vol. 12 No.4 Fall pp542-545. Rumberger, Russel W. The Impact of Surplus Schooling on Productivity and 1987. Earnings" The Journal of Human Resources, Vol.22 No.1 Winter pp29-34. Hartog,JooP 1986. "Allocation and the Earnings Fun ction" Empirical Economics, Vol 11, pp 106-107. ltt.12: Taubman, Paul J. and Wales, Terence J. 1973. "Higher Educa tion, Mental Ability, and Screening" Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 81 No.1 p.34. H13: Doti, James L., and Esmael Adibi. 1988.Econometric Analysis: An Applications Approach. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p.319. 4 : Kennedy, Peter E. 1981. "Estimation with Correctly Interpre ted Dummy Variables in Semi-logarithmic Equations, "American Economic Review. Volume 71 No.4, September p.801.. -126 .

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