美國總統的聲望

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(2) II..·... \ I". ~ ~t~. ,. 1:::1#1 ,. 111.~foi~~. !!ILL 1'Il!'u1 .'lrl, -6i1~ ,t":> ~b.lld ~ ~<; ~ '\I~ ,~"'1-"'" '*; ~ ~ .". -6i1~ ,t":>. it!~~~.~~:t,;x-N. 11~~~~:t,;x}L- ~ ~~~.-R~mI!IJ\i!:l~~.-R ~ fEmP-:!~~~¥-R. 0. 0. 0. ~.j:t~~~.-RIlIP-:!-EE!~~. ,. ~~,.. ~.1nf!#1~:!:K1nIt~. 0. it!. 11~:6:I~mP-:!~gi!:\~~.-R~\lIl!ll~ ·'i~1!nie:.lti~.-RmP-:!\lIl!ll~~ ~ ~. M~~.~~~~o.~it!~~~~(~g~~••• ~~~.)~~Mt~~t.*.#1gi!:\~~~.~~~~o~~~~ ~i~H~:gI1~ ~ .~~t-~o(~~~~~ 1W..1t-t;:iii ~ -k~~Il~~-mrrJ~~~ o§.~~~~ilR~ ~ aiE~ff£$!~~" ~~ ~ ~~~ it!••• ~~~.~( ~-EE! •• ~~,. •• ~.,.~~~.~~~~~)~~.~ •• o.~~~.M~~~~~.~~ ~M~ilR~-k.~~~••• ~*.~.o@~~-.~~~it!~~~~.~*.oMmP-:!~~ ••• ~~~*~~~.~. ( ~ ••Il!lI(lll,~-EE!~~~7.l~ _••{llIl.~~!l2!{P.t~~i'$~~ ,. ~~~l!!l.aiE-EE!nuK~:l:Kli[~~~~D±{.~.fE~) - ~1!1I~1ID±{.~iJ1 ~.~.~~~~~ ••• ~~~~~~.~o@~~~~~.~~~it!~~~ •• -~~~li[~~.*~ •••• ~~~ _ -k.~~~.t;:~~~~.-R. it!~ 0. - ~*«mp-:!.~. 0. ~K:iO.t!Ht::WzI$Bjl~=S~m~ ·'Wl~O*~~~$.lI~fm~. *~~=-Mff£$!~~~.@*~= •• ~\lIl!ll~o~it!~O*~~~~~~.~=S.*.~.~l$!~.oM 1 :g1];ije~~~llIt(. ,. -mr:j:I:I§!!~~*~~~.~~.~~~~.. ~lll,~~~. i1* 1. -N~+~~~~~.~oM~~~~~~~~~~~"~~~~*~~l$!~~o~l~~~~.~~~~~~~~mP-:!.~. *~~*~llIt(.~~~.~~.~~.~~.oM~llIt(.~~.Il!lI(~~~~~~~~ •• ~,.8. ~iii~iii~~~.~~~m~~~~~ilR~.~o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~@fE~~~~a~it!D±{~~ *~o i1*11,.~~~.-mr~ ~. ,-i.e•... I~. :itl§ Richard E. Neustadt, Presidential Power, (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1960), pp. 33~57. :!t;j@ Ibid" pp. 58 -85, Ibid., pp. 86-107. :!l;!@ Bruce Miroff, "Monopolizing the Public Space: The President as a Problem for Democratic Politics," in Thomas E. Cronin, cd., Rethinking the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1982), pp, 218-232. :!l;!8 Morris P. Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment (New Haven: Yale University, 1977). $(~.~:@'Uiili. .• ,~_-..._.,,,,, ... -,~=~ .• ~_'''-'''''~·'L..

(3) ~.~~~. ~~~. ~~~. o@l\lE~11l!!J:glili\~~~{[. ~~~~~~. §o. 1 ~~{[ .. ~ ••~~-<++1.~~ , ~.~i!~*~.;)!;li1~ffi![i\l:l~~l!!1~~~. o~11l!!J1l/D:~~~~. ~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~m~~~,@*~~~~,~~~W'~~~.~~~.~~~~~.~~~~~. .m:r++1ti o. ~~~~.~~~~~~~~.~~~~*~~~~~~.~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~. !le:1l\"m1 ~11]. ,.m:r 1 ~,1«q~* ~ ~~iJl!Qmlt~~~\lE~~ ~ ~l!!J~.~~~~iJl!Q~ ( r ~~$t~~~~-&:-< J ~~ r ~~~~!le: •••••• ~~. Il\"m1J)~~ • • ·~l~~<q~~~~~~~.iJl!Q-<~.~++1~~~~.~.~a(~rty~g)~. ~4Ii~~~.~~~~~.w~.~~~~~~~. 0. ©~++1.~~.iJl!Q-<iJl!Qmlt~~~~~~~~~*K~.. o~~~I~~<q~.-~++1 •• -&:~~~~~.~.iJl!Q-<.~~~~M~~*~li\~o.~~~.++1~~~.~.iJl!Q-< .-&:~iJl!Q~:f.lm~,. 0. 0. 0. 0. ~l!!J~~\lE~.~im~~1~~~-wll*~~~-e. $t.~l!l!§-*~~~~~~lg++1.~~li\~~.-<~~~lg++1. o@~l!!J~f!11R. 0. ~~~~~.o.~~~.~~ •• ~ •• ~~.~~.~ ••~~~.~~~iJl!QiJl!Q~~~~o.~~~~~~~_.iJl!Q-< ~~{[~iJl!QiJl!Q~~~~*-~~~~.~~-~l!!J~~.~~~~~-<~~~ •• ~~~.~~~~o~~~~.~~~li\~ O(~$It.iJl!Q-<iiIi~~ - lit~~~-w~{~~.iJl!Q-<~~ 1 ~~~.~ {~~.iJl!Q-< I ml-<++1-rn{lm - lit~~~~l!!JIi.~1n'~~~~ W~~o~.-<~.~~-~.Ii~~iJl!Q~~.~-*~~iJl!Q~~~~~~-~~~~$t•• ~~-&:-<~ ••• o@ - ~~1n'~~~.~~$t~.~-&:-< 4#~~~~~~~~~~~~f!1IR-~.~<1[I~~~~~~m~ql11~. ~~~~~~. 1\llU!t~ 0. l!!i! I liiilE.m:rf><~~~~~*~.~1~-w~~~~+r:>{~~~~ l!!i! 1iillE~jL-~~f!11R. ~ ~ ~~~~.$!fr:r1.l\E~~~ii~~:l!~~ 1n'~~l!!i! ~.~~~}tII~~. ~. Roger H. Davidson, HSubcommittee Government: New Channels for Policy Making," in Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, eds., The New Congress, (Washington, D. C.: The American Enterprise Institute, 1981), pp. 99-133. ti@l Randall B. Ripley, Congress: Process and Policy, 3rd Edition. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1983). pp. 247-282. ~ Barbara. Sinclair, "Coping with Uncertainty: Building Coalitions in the House and the Senate," in Mann and Ornstein, eds., Op. cit., pp. 178 222.. ~~ James W. Caesar, Reforming the Reforms: A Critical Analysis of the Presidential Selection Process (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger. Publishing Company, 1982), pp. 31 -76.. :I:l;j@ J;:l;:~ Nelson W. Polsby, Consequences of Party Reform, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 89-156. Samuel Kernel!, Going Public (. Washington, D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1986), pp. 38-44.. t\l@ Samuel Kernell, op. cit., pp. 23-35.. ......iIIIII.

(4) 100%,.--------------------------------, ~. SO. ~. ~. r4t (J<.J 'if ffJ. 80. 70. 60. 50. <0 1955. 1960. ft:f'f*~b.. Itt. r ~l!!!1 fi~ '955. 1975. j1MtJ.. I. 1980. ~~¥. I. ' Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1990. (Washington, D.c': Congressiona1 Quarterly, Inc.,). p. 23.. 1<. 70. .. 1972. fliI.. 1f. 1984.. 60. f:l!!. fiJi.. :k. ~. • 1964. 1956. 1948. 50. IhI. I'I{;. f/j ~. Iff. 40. 1980. 30. 3Q.. 40. 50·. 60. f! if: t!*1UE 7\: ~ 1¥)", jj Ilif l'f.J il!f; ~ 1l'ft'4'¥:imi : Samuel Kernell, Going Public, p. 188.. 70. 80.

(5) ~~~~~. ,.".~.£.. It.¥.. 0. .&~. ~~-. ~~. ~;::;;;;a:w_. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m~~~~~~~~~~.o. l1!R 1. 0. g!. ~ ~~~.-R~~~~1n1[. 0. ~~\!!1$:m~~~lcr'~~. ( • •:m~-K~ • • (~O~~~O~).. ~. ~ c::~~~..-;..-;..-;C'!C'!. ;!€. ~. -""' 4·,'1::1'. g:. ;rr;:. 'II. J. o~~~~~LOLOLOLO ~ ~ ~ 00 0 ~ ~ ~I ~ ':. ~ g :g ~ ~ g :g g ~. !...,.. ~. ~[i[.~:!!~lcr'~~I1!~~. ~ ~g~m~~~4#. and Extension," Public Opinion Quarterly. Vol.. :. = = :1----+. ~. moo-:. g~ ~. fm::RN~+~~~.*~~ • • fm::RN~. '~~4#-K~l!t-'I(o:r::i!r~~~l$'~~+$fm::R~ ~ :lnK4#-K~g~~l!l1~*~-K~~~§l~§l~fm::R~ '~l1!R. 1 L\i11E~~4#~~~~i!r~~l!l1~*llll(:lnK4#~.l!t-,](. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*~~~~o~~g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-R~~~. ~ ".~~~~~ I ::!:illt~~:m~rr. 0. ~-<~]B!.(~~JtRa~~ ~~$~~. 0. '~~4#-K~l!t-~o:r::~~~ 1 ~). g11L\i11E~m\!Ig~~~l!*~~~~ ~ ~~~~~:InK~~lcr'~;ttl~~.. ~~~~~~~ ~ .~~~~m1~~.~.~~IT£:.~~~~-<~{ttB1~~. "'~!l. 0. 0. "Presidential Popularity and Presidential Elections: An. m1B!!!BmJ,~~~.~tl:l*~:t,g~I§*~o. )~:!!~~IL-~l~lm::R~. 0. iV¥~m\!I~I!I:{W~ .\!!;2fJ~~~~~~~~~~~~iV¥~4# 1 WzI:t,giWZ-B 1$gg 1 ~. ~ ml~ .~\w1i:( ~ ~~\w1i:(L\il1E4#-K~~iiE~~~~~ 1 -£;$~~m~~~-f!- ~ g~~~~~~ ~ ~~+$fm~~ ~ .~~~~~IT£:.~~-<~~l!l1~*~~~§l~ 1 ~fm::R~ .1§~~~~~\w1i:(*~~~~-K~~a.o • ~~~~~~~~~llll(~4#[i[.~~~.-R ~ 1 :!111.~${~~~lcr'~g I ~~ "l1!R 1 '~~~~ll$tlL-~+$H:rr::R~ ~ ~~1::17;t;1~t:i.\*~~~IL-~111$fm::R ~ ..@ll1!Rll '~~~~lEl:l'lL-~ 1 ::R~ ~ ~~MiV¥~~ • • [i[.4+1\W.1$I1 ( 4+1att! ~. ~;;g~7;t;1iV¥0. Richard Brody and Lee. ~. Ostrom and Simon, Op. cit., pp. 349~350. Douglas Rivers and Nancy L. Rose, "Passing the President's Program: Public OJlinion and Presidential Influence in Congress," American Journal. 47, No.3, Fall 1983, pp. 326-327. m~. J:;I;l@l. 397~427.. of Political Science, Vol. 29, No.2, May 1985, pp. 183-196. David W. Rohde and Dennis M. Simon, "Presidential Vetoes and Congressional Response: A Study of Institutional Conflict," American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 29, No.3, August 1985, pp.. m©. -"~. ~.

(6) r. !. ',:~lSJ.,.~;, ,'W I!!LL ~uJ ...t;"Io mr .J,~. \ \ ... 1iI\* -~"'~" ~ '\I~ ~~ 0.(0: ~ ~. 0. .. .... .. ... ••••. s~~. ... ~~.~.~~. ~. ~. ~. 1 ~~.1Ji;~,QS - Ill:I~.~.~~~~1Ij14~~ • • • ~.fl:>(:\ll::~~~~. •••~~a~~~~~~~~. " ~ • • 1Ji;~,QS~~. -~~.~~o. •••ae.~~~.~m.~~••~~~.~.~~~.~~•• -~~~~ ••••••• ~.. • • • (k~E.M~ll~)~I~~OJ:tl-~=• • • • ~~N~~~~®~.~~~ • • ~~.~~ • • • • =.~. ... 1 ~< 1 J:tI-~ 1 ~< lI1J:t1-~lIn • .J;ti\$!S.~..y~~~ ~ ~-$I!iil~.~.$l!l!lll(:jl(.J;tilln.-tt-~~.-R'fi!IP-:11::I. ~o D~.S@.~~ ~WJ:gIl • • -l<.~~~.gr~. ••. *$111~~±:1~~. {alH~~~~~~~~~ - ~l&1.N~ • • • • 5l]l1.~~. ~~i€~llIJ~~~N~~~. ~~~~.~.~~. •. •. .~ • • • • • • ,~ • • ·@~~.fl:>(~~e~~~.~o~.~~~~ • • • • • ~~ • • • • ~~~~~~-.1Ji;~,QS. ~. 0. • llIIri*,Ham ( Mayaguez ). ••. ~~ • • • ~.~~~ • • ~1:::j~..y~$;J)Q~~e. 0. 1 \%~.}§~~{~t\i1l~ ~ $ffi.1~~lll!!!$trm • • • ~iiI~,~rmtr~~~l!I!1r~~~~lli:: .~~~}§~. • • ~ • • • ~'~~ • • ~~.~.o. ~~*llCl!I!1r:!): '{.~11i~lIll§'~~$ffi.1~l!I!1r:!):). 0. ~.~.~.N~~~o~~. ~~.~N~_~. ~11~ • • iIiI• • • • ~ • • • 5ilt~~m)jg~~~l!I!1r:!): 0. =.~.~~±:1~N~.*.. ~ Q;Q~~~~~~{jJ;I~~ ~ ~ • • *5l]l1~.f.'-ft. 0. ••. ~<$lm.:lllU!l:t.~~}§~~.. ~§~.~~N~~~.~~. •• -. (. ~111~ • • • ~~ • • 5l]l1~~.~.~5ilt • • imJj~!¢~~m)jgl!l!1r:!): ~~~ '~~~.~l!I!1r:!):.iH. 0. ~g~~.~~5ilt • • @~~~~l!I!1r:!):o~~E.*.' .~ 1 ~~.~~~.~~ ~. '1. SIIII. ,. . 1 " , pm. r"~;~-. '~~;.. Samuel Kernel!, Op, cit., pp. 111-144. John E. Mueller, "Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson," American Political Science Review, Vol. 64, No.1, March 1970, pp. 18~34. :It!® Samuel Kernell, "Explaining Presidential Popularity," American Political Science Review, Vol. 72, No.2, June 1978, pp. 506~522. :It!@J ~.g Bruno S. Frey and Friedrich Schneider, "An Empirical Study of Politico - Economic Interaction in the United States," Review of ";conomics and Statistics, Vol. 62, No.2, May 1978, pp. 174-183. j:!;j@ i':!!I:ll:'.:!tii\:I~~ilIt5'=g;->!iil:~'J€I!r·::J:! Michael R. MacKuen, "Political Drama, Economic Conditions, and the Dynamics of Presidential Popularity," American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 27, No.2, May 1983, pp. 174-176. iIlK~~~g~!&. .,..

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(8) ~. ~~. 1(~Ill!!l§~ ~ ~!m4\-NK. ~~~~o~. 0. .. .. .. .. J®. 0. ~m~~~11~.. 0. ~.~g. ~. .. •.. •.. ~.~§I~.~~ • • • • • • • ~.~o.~~.~. H=l:&io±i~~~B!~~~:&i~~m:~.:\ll::~m:{p"!:&i\llll!I7;J:g. 1 {P..!.nt>@tl1HII ~. lE~~.$I1lgt~. 0. 1 ml~-fj • • -R1W ~. ~:&i.$I1l.~gt+ H=l. 1 .€ffii(8l<..;j~.€~~ ~ ~.~.~m~~~.inK.$I1l:&i.*~~ "~.*~.:&i. ~~~#~• • • • ~.a:&i.~~~~~#~.. ~li!$~. ~~~.~~~• • ~.~o±i.**~~~.~~~ • • ~~~~~~-r~~~~.E*o±i.~.~~ti~:&i¥.~. ~:&i§~. 0. !m4\-N'1( +J...1 ~. a iE(~~~~ ~ ~~..yil* 1 ~~~~l!iiI1E. ~~~~~~~.~~~o±i • • ~.~~~~~~*.€o. ... -. 0. ~{[[{!lU~-R:~ill[[!${llil.~~~.~~ • • •. l oW! ~. lf~~.~ • • :&iffii~ ~. 0. m1~~~~..y:pt]~:t!iitrm. 0. 0. ~.~~*~.~ $I1l~~~~ • • • ~.~o±i~ffii(.~~~.~ao~~~~ • • ~.~.E~.€~~~~ • •:&i. :S;: <..:l:tK~~mK.~mfl1!l {[[{!lU:&i r ~~~<..;j,~ J (Office of Communications ) ml!l~.<..;j~(~.:&i~~~l$ ~11~$~<..;j ~~~:&i+H* • • ~~.~~ ( Press Office) ~ ~~~.I$~~ ( The Speechwriting and Research Office) / mW{..j:1\~ ~<..;j'~ ( The Scheduling Office) ,~~<..;j~~~~ (The Office of Public Liaison,+H*~.~~~~~Il.~) ~.~.~:&i.~-~{[[W • • • ~~ • • • ~.o ~~~.~~~~.~.~~~• • • • • ~~:&i.¢ • • • ~ • • :&i.$I1lo~~~~I$~l!iiI1E- • • • • • l~.~ ~~ ~ ~:&i • • ¥~~~~~111~!m4\a o@~~~~iIi~.~~Il- cginK~.~ ~ ~ti~~~~<..;j~:&i.*H:S;: inK• • ... ~~~~. -I-~~.¥!t -~~~~ • • m~W.-. • • • • • ffii~~~m1.m~~I$ffii~-~~.~lf • • ~~~~~:&i • • ~~~~~~~ . ~~.~.~~.:&i.{p"!~.:&i • •. EJ'-R. Government Printing Office, 1978) , p.l914. !i:rn Samuel Kernel!, Going Public, p.185. Lyn Ragsdale, "The Politics of Presidential Speechmaking, 1949-1980," American Political Science Review, VoI.78, No.4, December 1984, p.980. Bradley H. Patterson, Jr., The Ring 0 f Power ( New York: Basic Books, 1988 ) , pp.l77 ~190.. James Bennet, "The Flack Pack," The Washington Monthly, November 1991, p.23. Jimmy Carter, "The President's News Conference of October 27, 1977," Public Pap!rs () f the Presidents, Jimm y Carter, 1977 ( Washington, D. C.:. ~. m...~. f,;l®!. $(~~~:l5:if!U!.1li. f ir .. ! i ; ; ! ! i : : : ! ! ! n : t p j ' 1 i ! '. --------------------------..;~_~_••••••••IiiiIlI.;IIiIlll. .........1;I!iI ·r=:se:rIl lIili'I l'; ;';"iI :t7i 1' '-;I I !Ii!i';~Ii· ;!!1I.. ~!!'·!1!*~m~·I!i?·~!!;J!i~·'!!!'~'~~f~_~:~~~:.:.~~~::~J.;' ~~~=Cw:, ;-:~~~.

(9) ~~~~~. ~~~. ~~~. gi;:;.. ~~~~~~. LL .:::S.=. ( Media Relations Office). It___. ::;;-.. £. :.. .;:;:;.:;::;:. .; , _ _ n __. sH(. 1 ~-\Jl1~~ • •~~$lt(.~. 0. 0. ~-\Jl1. ~ ~~.1 ~~!i¥~~ ~ ~. -.~~.~~1lm1.~.~-33~lI!~~i;t:i~$l~~.1t:;~;fm1.~. .$.~+<.. ~~.~~~~.~ • • ~!i¥~~ ~ ~~~~HE~~ • • ~~. .1. 1~~~mlQ.~~it~~~mlQ$HJ;i¢~~. ~. 0. n;:'._. ~ ~~~~-33~ "'. - ~~1lI1= - ~~I=$'~~:ll1t:;. h ,2: t,. a:t:~*.~~~~IlI$:~. -i;t:im$1if:P\~.<--1{m1{~~\llIlll~~Mt~~~.!ai!lr ~ i§"~~.~W:~iiH~:114~~ ~ $l1f~.\;1E~~~ -~\!:.<--1~NfL- ~ ~~.~l:'!1§H~~. ~~*~~.~~~~~~~If• •i;t:i• • • ~~ • •~~.~.~-. tr~~t:t.~. ~ffiZ~~a~~lI!~§I~a) ~ ~llE-33.\;1E~~. ~ ~~~. ( Office of Management and Budget). (. -~~{~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~fJ:{1!;I~~~~~!;j;;:~~~~~-33+14 ~ ~g$H!~~~~-Y1nn1[¢~i!lr ~ 1lm1m¢~~nJ">~H!ijr~~. (). ~g~!!l!~l!!S.~. If~ ~ i;t:i~i!~:t:~.\;1E~D(~+<a$lt(-33~lI! ~ $H!~~~D(mlQ~\Jt.~~~. $H!~~~~~~-:I:tl~~~ 0. ~~JJ]~~. o®~~~ • •~~~~~~~ • • • ~o~~~*~i;t:i=.\;1E~.i!lr~~~. ~ JJ]{t!a~~H$'~~~~~~<--13S~.l:P. -t:t• • • •~~.~~ • • ~~~ • • ~ • •. ~~~~3SH~~.~I.o@~~~~H~~ • • ~~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~ • • ,.!a-~.~~~it~;fm1~$lt(m¢o. ~a:t:~3SH~$lt(m¢~~it~~~~mlQ~3SH~~~~-Y~@~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i!lr~.~~~~it~~~. mlQ~~~~.elf~~~lfmlQ~~-33~~lI!°g.g~~~~~~~~.~.~~.e.*$lt(.~it.o@. 0. ~# • • • ~W.~o.~~~~a:t:~~~~*~.~it.o~g~~ • • ~i;t:il~~~~-Yl:Pi!lr~ • • nJ">~~ ~P-:11t:;I!K*t-<. • • • • ~~~~. ~a:t:~~~~$lt(.it~~.~~.~ffiZHE~~~o.1. (). Ifl!£:~~ll*~lfli£:~~. () ~g~~g.~~~~it~fL-~+H~mlQ-ffi~ • •W~~ ~ ~~-~~a:t:~~***te • • ~ ~~t~~~ ~~~~~.~1t:;~I.-33*~.~.~ffiZl~~~.*~~ • • ~~111~o~~~~.~If~~~ll*tr~.~~it~. 1 ii!~~\ 1 ~ .~~a:t:<--1:R(~~*$lt(.~it~ ~ ~.~;%{1!;1 ~~$'~~)).. ~. llI'1~l:!ic. Edward R. Tufte, Political Control of the Economy ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978 ) , pJ36.. ~:W:!l'I~\:'.\'~ James Bennet, Op. cit., pp.18~28. William W. Lammers, "Presidential Press-Conference Schedules: Who Hides, and When?" Political. &ience Quarterly, Vo1.96, No.2, Summer 1981, p.262.. m@ David Gergen, "How to Deal with Problems in Panic Central," U. S:. News & World RefDrt, December 2, 1991, p.24. mf!iItiH!~~~:~af!li1lli'<-1. Tufte, Op. cit. p. 22.. William J. Baumol and Alan S. Blinder, Economics: Principles and Policy, 2nd Edition, (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1982) , pp.316~317.. .... ~. J.

(10) •• ••. ~. :iw. ..... .. .. .. ... ... ~.~~~e·. ~M.~~~~**.~~~~o. ••• ~ •• ~~.·~~•• ~~.~~•• ~~~o~~~~W*~. ••. .~*~~~*.o.~N~.~.~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~.~ ~o M~~~ • • • • ~M~.~ .~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~.~W~~~.l~~~(~.~~~l~~~~~~~~ ~~~.~~~ .~. gr,.~. ~~*.~.~.~. •••••• ~~~ •• ~.~ •• ~~.~.~•• ~ •• ~~ •. ~ •• ~~ ••. ~.~~~. ~.~~~~~. oM~~~~~~~~~~. *. *. ~~.~~*.*~.~~~~_~.) o@~~~.~~~ • • • • • I~~~. ••••. ••. •• N.'.~~~.~~*§.~~*.~~~~~~~.N~(5~~*W.~~~~~~•• ~.~~. ~~.~~R~~~¥. 11~~~~. •.. ~ •• ~.~*~~. ~.~~.~~~. .W~~~~~. ••. *. ~. York:Basic Books, 1980 ) .. ___. ~.. '~.. --§'~"'". ~,. .-.-._...J.~,",,_:,',"""'l'V""""""-. 1ilK~~~:&iItm1. ...... . - ..... §4J. :It.l@ Kernel!, Going Public, pp.189~201.. :W@ Robert Samuelson, "Beware of Election·Year Economics,"Newsweek, November 4, 1991, p.31; Lester C. Thurow, The Zero·Sum Society( New. --. '",'.~_.,...,.

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