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ġ䌳㋗廅ġ
朄⭄⣏⬠㔁做䞼䨞㔁㌰ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ 㓞䧧㖍㛇烉2015⸜2㚰5㖍炻㍍⍿↲䘣㖍㛇烉2015 ⸜6㚰30㖍ˤ * デ嫅ℑỵ⋧⎵⮑㞍Ṣ㍸ὃ⮞屜䘬ᾖ㓡シ夳ˤύ
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ġ 䎮゛冯䎦⮎䴻ⷠ㗗㔁做侭䘬暋柴炻䈡⇍㗗⛐⎘䀋ẍ⋯⬠䁢ᷣ䘬㔁做橼⇞ᷳ ᶳ炻婯㔁做䎮゛䷥㗗䴎Ṣᶵ↯⮎晃䘬奨デ炻䃞侴炻㔁做ᶨ⎹塓夾䁢㗗ᶨ枭⣏ 䘬⽿㤕炻⬫ᷳẍ㗗⣏䘬炻⛐㕤⬫傥⮯ᶵ⎗傥廱⊾䁢⎗傥炻⮯ᶵ⤥䘬廱嬲䁢 ⤥䘬炻⮯ら䘬廱⊾䁢┬䘬烊㕤㗗⛐㔁做⽿㤕䘬㛔岒ᷕὧ㼃啷叿ᶨ枭䈡岒炻恋ὧ 㗗䁷㈀恎炻䓐䘥娙Ἦ婒炻⯙㗗⽆ḳ㔁做侭䘬䎮゛ᷣ佑炻㰺㚱㔁做䁷㈀恎炻㔁做 ὧ╒⣙⬫䘬㛔Ἦシ佑ˤ㛔㔯㶙ℍ㍊妶䁷㈀恎ẍ⍲℞ἄ䁢㔁做⽿㤕䘬㛔岒ˤġġ
斄挝娆烉㔁做ˣ䁷㈀恎ˣ㔁做䎮゛ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġEducation and Utopia
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Chen-Hui Wang
Professor of Graduate Institute of Education, Providence University
Abstract
Dilemma still exists between the ideal and the reality for educationists, especially under the exam-oriented education system in Taiwan. It’s unrealistic to talk about the ideal of education; however, education is always considered to be a great career, which can turn the impossible into the possible and transform from evil to good. Utopia exists in educational career. That is, it is the idealism for educationists. It’s meaningless for education without the educational utopia. Utopia and the essence of the educational career will be discussed in the paper.
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Keywords: education, Utopia, the ideals of education
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൘ǵق!
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䎮゛冯䎦⮎䴻ⷠ㗗㔁做侭䘬暋柴炻䈡⇍㗗⛐⎘䀋ẍ⋯⬠䁢ᷣ䘬㔁做橼⇞ᷳ ᶳ炻婯㔁做䎮゛䷥㗗䴎Ṣᶵ↯⮎晃䘬奨デ炻ἳ⤪㚱ᶨ⭞叿⎵䘬⟙䳁䘬䣦婾⯙⮵ 㔁做䘬䎮゛ἄ↢⤪ᶳ䘬屈朊姽婾炻⬫䘬㧁柴㗗ˬ忻⽟䎮゛ᷣ佑侭䘬䩖⚘炼ˮ䃉 䵙⣂㛔˯冯ˮⷠン↮䎕˯炻⬫婒烉ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ਥᏵΐԃೣ௲ׯ௲ڮᚒޑ୯ύ୷ෳǴܴԃ൩ाฦǴՠՉ௲ǴӚ ৎހҁόՠϣৡ౦ࣗεǴᡏسΨόӕǴࣁԜǴόፕৎߏǵ௲ৣǵᏢғඌඌ όӼǶ܌аԋԜᅿຝޑচӢǴЬाࢂӢࣁȨคᆜӭҁȩޑᒱᇤࡹǶ! !!!!௲ׯࢴΓγᇡࣁǺၸѐаޕࣁᏤӛޑፐำǴкᅈᏢࣽҁՏޑୃѨǴΞ҂ ݙख़ғࢲޑჴҔ܄ǴЪܰமϯȨϲᏢЬကȩǹӢԶЬፐำϣەаᏢғޑ ғࢲᡍࣁύЈǴঋ៝Ӧ܄Ǵ܌аӚᏢǵӚਠǵࣗԿӚ௲֡ەԖ܌ό ӕǴ٠ᔈஒӚࣽޕǴаᎦᏢғޑᔈҔૈΚǶӢԜा௲ػܫకၸѐ җύѧፐำीޑբݤǴԶЬҗ௲ৣЬวᏢਠҁՏፐำǵԾጓ௲ Ǵஒ௲ࣽਜҗ௲Ꮲࢲύޑ௲Ǵᡂԋӭ௲ύޑҽୖԵၗ Ǵ٬ፐำ׳಄ӝӦБᆶᏢғޑჴሞሡाǶ௲ػӢԜჹཥ௲ѝႧԖȨፐำ ҞȩᆶȨૈΚࡰȩǴԶεҗӚৎጓᒠϷ௲ৣѐวፐำᆜाǶ! !!!!೭ᅿȨคᆜӭҁȩϐࡹǴଓ൨གྷύȨനӳޑёૈȩǴҞڰฅΜϩȨऍ ӳȩǴՠ҂ԵቾךॺჴሞޑޗచҹǶӕኬޑ௲ׯࢴϐЬȨதᄊϩȩΨ ኬǴځङࡕкᅈΑ҇ЬޗϦѳ҅ကޑགྷǶՠჴᆶӢࡼ௲ޑচ߾ၴ ङǴΨᆶךॺ໘ࢤޑޗ܄፦όӝǴΟΜԃٰคݤပჴԾԖځচӢ!ǶIJ ġ ⛐㬌ᶨ婾徘ᷕ炻㔁做䎮゛Ụ᷶塓夾䁢ˬ側暊⮎晃䣦㚫㡅ẞ˭炻忈ㆸ⭞攟ˣ 㔁ⷓˣ⬠䓇悥ゞゞᶵ⬱䘬ˬ㳒㯜䋃䌠˭ˤㆹᾹᶵ䤩䲵ぞ烉暋忻㔁做ᷕᶵ娚㚱ˬ䎮 1 䣦婾炻˨忻⽟䎮゛ᷣ佑侭䘬䩖⚘炼ˮ䃉䵙⣂㛔˯冯ˮⷠン↮䎕˯˩炻˪⎘䀋㗪⟙˫2004 ⸜12㚰18㖍ˤ゛˭䘬⬀⛐╶烎`⤪ᶨ㗏⻟婧⋯⬠䘬䎦⮎䣦㚫㚱⓷柴炻暋忻㚱䁢㚱嬀䘬㔁做侭 ᶵㅱ娚檀冱℞ˬ㚨⤥䘬⎗傥˭ᷳ䎮゛▿娎⍣⺽⮶⬫崘⚆㬋忻╶烎䦣桐㖻ᶵ㬋 㗗㔁做侭䘬ἧ␥╶烎ġ 䈡⇍㗗㔁做ᶨ⎹塓夾䁢㗗ᶨ枭⣏䘬⽿㤕炻侴ᶵ⎒㗗岢拊䆇䓇䘬借㤕炻⬫ ᷳẍ㗗⣏䘬炻⛐㕤⬫暨天ℐ幓⽫䘬㈽ℍ炻⛐㕤⬫ᶵ妰⼿⣙炻⬫傥⮯ᶵ⎗傥 廱⊾䁢⎗傥炻⮯ᶵ⤥䘬廱嬲䁢⤥䘬炻⮯ら䘬廱⊾䁢┬䘬烊㕤㗗⛐㔁做⽿㤕䘬㛔 岒ᷕὧ㼃啷叿ᶨ枭䈡岒炻恋ὧ㗗䁷㈀恎炻䓐䘥娙Ἦ婒炻⯙㗗⽆ḳ㔁做侭䘬䎮゛ ᷣ佑炻㰺㚱㔁做䁷㈀恎炻㔁做ὧ╒⣙⬫䘬㛔Ἦシ佑ˤἳ⤪⬠侭昛徢冋ḇ娵䁢烉 ˬ㔁做⛐㛔岒ᶲṵㅱ䁢ᶨ㮹㕷ㆾṢ佌䘬䎮゛䓂军⣊゛⭬ˤ⬫㖊ẋ堐䎦⛐䘬⬀ 㚱炻ḇㅱ尉⽝Ṣ栆⮵㛒Ἦᷳ⎗傥⿏䘬ⶴ㛃姕゛˭ˤij 㬌⌛㔁做䁷㈀恎ˤġ 㖊䃞⛐㔁做忶䦳ᷕ炻䁷㈀恎㗗⽭天⬀⛐䘬炻恋湤幓䁢㔁做侭ㆾ恋ṃ㚱⽿㕤 㔁做䘬Ṣ⯙⼿⤥⤥⛘娵嬀ᶨᶳṨ湤㗗䁷㈀恎炻䁢ỽ㚫㚱䁷㈀恎炻ẍ⍲㔁做䘬䁷 ㈀恎䘬䈡岒䁢ỽˤġ ġ
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ມǵਜ਼ԎٖޑጔଆϷځݾ!
ġ Ṣ栆冯℞⬫≽䈑ᶵ⎴䘬⛘㕡⛐⒒墉ŀ⎌ⶴ冀䘬㘢侭䴎ㆹᾹ䘬䫼㟰㗗䎮⿏ˤ ᶵ拗炻Ṣ㗗䎮⿏䘬≽䈑炻Ṣ栆㈲㚱䲣䴙䘬⿅侫䧙䁢䎮⿏炻Ṣ栆㔯㖶⚈䎮⿏䘬䘤 ⯽侴㚜≈⾓忇烊Ữ㗗䎮⿏䓇㳣ᶵℐ䃞㗗䓇␥䘬ℐ悐炻昌Ḯ䎮⿏ᷳ⢾炻Ṣ栆䘬䓇 ␥ᶾ䓴ᷕḇ⃭㺧デ≽ˣ䓷ㆤˣ䃎ㄖ䫱䫱デ⿏㳣≽炻㚜暨天䴻ⷠ啱≑㕤⬿㔁ˣ喅 埻ˣ枛㦪䫱≃慷Ἦ㍸⋯⿏曰䓇㳣䘬Ⰼ㫉烊䔞䃞炻ᶨ凔Ṣḇⷠⷠ㻓䃉怲晃䘬傉⿅ Ḫ゛炻ㆹᾹ䧙ᷳ䁢⸣゛炻㭼⤪ㆹᾹ䷥⸣゛叿㛒Ἦ⤪㝄傥䁢ㆸ䁢⣏䥹⬠⭞䘬娙㚫 ⤪ỽ⤪ỽ炻⍰⤪⸣゛叿嶇⿅ヽ䘬Ṣ䳸⨂䘬娚㗗⣂湤⸠䤷䫱䫱ᷳ栆烊ẍ⸣゛䷥ 㗗伶⤥䘬炻⸣゛⃭ᷕ㺧䃉旸䘬⎗傥䘬炻⸣゛䷥㗗䴎ḰㆹᾹ䃉旸䘬ⶴ㛃ˤġ 2 昛徢冋炻˪㔁做⒚⬠˫炻⎘⊿炻⽫䎮↢䇰䣦炻2001⸜炻枩21ˤ⸣゛㗗Ṣ栆㚨⍇⥳䘬䁷㈀恎⿅゛炻Ĵ Ữ怬ᶵ㗗䁷㈀恎⿅゛ˤ⚈䁢炻䁷㈀恎 ⿅゛㊯㴱䘬ᷫ㗗普橼䘬ˣㆾ䣦㚫䘬㤪⾝炻侴ᶵ㗗斄㕤ᾳṢ⇵徼␥忳䘬゛⁷ˤġ ᶵ忶炻䔞㚱㘢ㄏ䘬⬠侭⮯ṾᾹ⮵㔜ᾳ䣦㚫ˣṢ栆⇵㘗䘬⸣゛⊾ㆸ㔯⫿炻⯙ ㆸḮ䁷㈀恎⿅゛Ḯˤ⽆⎌ẋ军Ṳ⬀⛐叿姙⣂忁栆䘬䁷㈀恎⿅゛炻⤪Ḵ⋫⸜⇵ᷕ ⚳侩⫸˪忻⽟䴻˫墉㍷⮓䘬烉ˬ⮷⚳⮉㮹ˤἧ㚱Ṩỗᷳ☐侴ᶵ䓐烊ἧ㮹慵㬣 侴ᶵ怈⽁ˤ晾㚱凇廧炻䃉Ḁᷳ烊晾㚱䓚ℝ炻䃉昛ᷳˤἧ㮹⽑䳸丑侴䓐ᷳˤ 䓀℞梇炻伶℞㚵炻⬱℞⯭炻㦪℞ˤ惘⚳䚠㛃炻暆䉔ᷳ倚䚠倆炻㮹军侩㬣炻ᶵ 䚠⼨Ἦ˭ˤ⛐忁ᾳẍ⎌ẋ彚㤕㛹句䁢➢䢶㥳゛↢Ἦ䘬ˬ䁷㈀恎˭墉炻ĵ 䣦㚫 䦑⸷ᶵ暨⎠㱽⍲㙜≃Ἦ䵕嬟炻ṢṢ䘮傥ㄹ℞┬列䘬㛔⿏冯Ṣ䜎䚠嗽ˤ⛐忁ᾳ 䁷㈀恎墉炻ḇ㰺㚱㇘Ḫ炻㚜ᶵ㚫㚱慵岎⽕⼡⡻⼿Ṣ╀ᶵ忶㯋Ἦ炻ṢṢ悥忶⼿ ⬱⯭㦪㤕䘬⾓㦪䓇㳣烊忁墉㮹桐㶛㧠炻ℐ䃞㰺㚱ảỽ㔯㖶䘬㰉㝻炻ẍ㛇姙ˬἧ 㮹⽑䳸丑侴䓐ᷳ˭炻⚆㬠⇘㚨⍇⥳ˣ㚨冒䃞炻ḇ㗗㚨䁢䲼䛇䘬䓇㳣㕡⺷ˤ忁㗗 侩⫸徥㯪冒䃞䘬䁷㈀恎ˤ⛐侩⫸ᷳ⼴炻⼙枧⼴ᶾᷕ⚳㤝䁢㶙怈䘬₺⭞ḇ㍸↢ẍ ˬ⣏℔䃉䥩˭䘬⿏┬婾䁢➢䢶䘬ˬ⣏⎴ᶾ䓴˭䘬䁷㈀恎ˤ䔞䃞炻⼨⼴䘬ᷕ⚳㚜 㚱ᶵ妰℞㔠䘬⿅゛⭞⇵㑚⼴两⛘徥㯪䁷㈀恎䘬䎮゛ᶾ䓴ˤġ ⛐大㕡ᶾ䓴炻䁷㈀恎⿅゛㚜㗗㶝㸸㳩攟炻⽆㚨⎌侩ⶴỗἮ䘬⃰䞍㛇㛃㬋佑 ⁷ˬ㳒㯜㺦㺦㸏㳩˭ẍ㯪⺢㥳ᶨᾳ䣦㚫㬋佑䘬㕘㗪ẋ攳⥳ˣĶ 俞喯㍸↢ᶨᾳ⍿ ⇘䤅䤷䘬ˣ䲼㻼䘬ˬ⣑⚳˭⬿㔁䁷㈀恎ˣķ ⇘⎌ⶴ冀䘬ˬ湫慹㗪ẋ˭⁛婒ˣĸ ⶴ 冀⊾㗪ẋ䘬⣏⒚⬠⭞ˣ㔁做⭞㝷㉱⚾▿娎姕妰ᶨᾳ怑⎰㭷ᾳṢ⣑⿏䘬ˬ䎮゛ ⚳˭ẍἮ炻Ĺ 䃉㔠䘬大㕡⿅゛⭞ˣ⬿㔁⭞ˣ㔯⬠⭞ˣ㔁做⭞ˣ㓧㱣⬠侭冯䣦㚫 3
Krishan Kumar,Utopianism,University of Minnesota,1991,p.1.
4 昛溻ㅱ姣嬗炻˪侩⫸Ṳ姣Ṳ嬗⍲姽ṳ˫炻⎘⊿炻⎘䀋檀⊁⌘㚠棐炻1990⸜ᾖ妪⋩ᶱ䇰炻 枩235ˤ
5 㛶忻䶐炻˪⏲⇍䁷㈀恎˫(ᶲ)炻嗕ⶆ炻䓀倭Ṣ㮹↢䇰䣦炻1998⸜炻枩2ˤ 6 㛶忻䶐炻˪⏲⇍䁷㈀恎˫(ᶲ)炻枩8-9ˤ
7
Doyne Dawson,Cities of the Gods:Communist Utopias in Greek Thought,New York,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992,pp.13-14.
⬠侭⯙ᶵ㚦䇯⇣㓦㡬忶⮵䁷㈀恎䘬䅙䁰㷜㛃ˤġ 䁢Ṩ湤Ṣ栆㚫㚱忁湤⣂䁷㈀恎䘬゛⁷␊ŀㆾ侭婒㗗Ṩ湤⍇⚈䓊䓇ḮṢ栆䘬 䁷㈀恎゛⁷␊ŀ斄㕤忁ᶨ溆炻姙⣂⬠侭悥娵䁢炻䁷㈀恎㗗ᶨᾳ䣦㚫ㆾ㗪ẋ䖃劎 䘬䓊䈑ˤἳ⤪ŇųŢůŬġņįġŎŢůŶŦŭ婒䘬烉ˬ䁷㈀恎㗗䣦㚫䖃劎䘬㊯憅˭炻ĺ グ㗗䖃 劎䘬䣦㚫グ㗗⭡㖻㹳䓇䁷㈀恎䘬゛⁷烊Karl Mannheimḇ娵䁢烉ˬ䁷㈀恎⽫ン 倯⚈㕤⮵䔞⇵䣦㚫䘬ᶵ㺧˭炻10⍰⤪Ὤ⚳朑␥䘬⇵⢽炻䣦㚫ᶲ⇘嗽悥⃭⠆叿⎬ ⺷⎬㧋䘬䁷㈀恎⿅㼖ᶨ凔炻IJIJ 䔞㗪Ὤ⚳䘬䞍嬀↮⫸ˬṾᾹ悥゛⛐Ṳ䓇Ṳᶾ䆇忈 ↢䎮゛䘬㓧㱣䣦㚫䦑⸷˭ˤIJij ℵ⁷ᷕ⚳㶭㛓㮹⇅䘬㶙⍿䧵⻙冯↿⻟䒄↮䖃劎 喲做↢Ἦ䘬⣏慷䁷㈀恎炻⬠侭檀䐆㱱⯙婒忻烉ġ ԾҁШइ߃໒ۈǴӚᅿࡹݯکࡘዊǴᝡ࣬аȨεӕȩࣁᚩޑǶόࢂநԖ ࣁޑηǴఉ௴ຬׯؼࢴǴᐟޑॠڮࢴ׳уаεӕࣁҞǶፏᅿᐟޑࡹ ݯࢴձύǴคፕࢂШइ߃ޑคࡹ۬ЬကǵύξޑΟ҇ЬကǴᗋࢂӚᅿӚኬޑ ޗЬကǴᖐȨεӕȩགྷǶ24 ! Ữ⮵㕤Ṩ湤㗗䁷㈀恎炻⬠侭䘬䚳㱽⯙↢䎦⼰⣏䘬㬏䔘⿏Ḯˤᶵ忶㛔㔯䘬䚖 䘬᷎ᶵ⛐妶婾ㆾ㈡⇌㚦䴻⬀⛐忶䘬⎬䧖䁷㈀恎⿅゛炻侴㗗ⶴ㛃⽆⎬䧖䁷㈀恎忳 ≽冯⿅゛ᷕ㍸⏰↢ㆹ⮵ˬ䁷㈀恎˭䘬䓴⭂炻᷎ẍ㬌ἄ䁢⮵䔞⇵⎘䀋㔁做⍵⿅䘬 ➢䢶ˤ ˬ䁷㈀恎˭(Utopia)㗗䓙ⶴ冀㔯䘬ℑᾳ⫿㟡䳬ㆸ䘬炻ou㊯䘬㗗ˬ卓枰㚱˭炻
WRSR
S⇯㊯ˬ⛘㕡˭ᷳシ炻ẍ⎰ℑ侭炻䁷㈀恎⍇シᷫˬ䁷㚱ᷳ悱˭炻⌛⛐䎦 9Frank E. Manuel.”Toward a Psychological History of Utopians”.in Frank E. Manuel.Utopias and Utopian Thought.Boston.1966.p.70.
10
Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia:An Introdution to the Sociology of Knowledge.New York:Harvest Books.1936.p.192.
11
Richard Stites.Revolutionary Dreams:Utopia Vision and Experimental Life in the
Russian Revolution.Oxford University Press.1989.
12 㭝㖴⚳炻˪ᾅ⬰冯忚⍾烉⋩ḅᶾ䲨Ὤ⚳⿅゛冯㓧㱣嬲≽ᷳ斄Ὢ˫炻⎘⊿炻⣏⬱↢䇰䣦炻 枩101ˤ
⮎ᶾ䓴ᷕ㈦ᶵ⇘忁㧋䘬⛘㕡ᷳシ炻14 ḇ㚱⬠侭⽆ⶴ冀⍇㔯ou(䃉)
WRSR
S(⟜ )炻⮯䁷㈀恎夾䁢ˬ㰺㚱䨢攻㗪攻䘬ḳ䈑炻ḇ⯙㗗䎦⛐ᶵ⛐䘬ḳ䈑炻⬫䘬 ⬀⛐⼊ン㗗䲼奨⾝⿏侴ᶵ㗗䎦⮎䘬炻ḇ⯙㗗栀㛃⎹㛒Ἦ䘬⎗傥⿏䘬㈽⮬˭ˤ15 䃞侴⛐ⶴ冀㔯ᷕou⍰㚱⬴伶ᷳ佑炻ẍou≈ᶲWRSR
Sᷳ⼴䘬䁷㈀恎⎎㚱⬴伶䘬 ⛘㕡ˣ䎮゛⚳䘬シ佑ˤ 䃞侴炻冒⽆ᶨḼᶨℕ⸜ẍἮ劙⚳ṢT. More攳⥳ἧ䓐ˬ䁷㈀恎˭(Utopia)ᶨ 娆Ἦ㍷丒ᶨᾳ⺊昌䥩㚱屉䓊ˣ⮎埴℔㚱⇞ˣ妰∫䓇䓊冯㴰屣ˣṢṢ⽆ḳ⊆≽䘬 䎮゛䣦㚫ẍἮ炻16 ⬫⯙㗗ᶨᾳ檀⹎㬏䔘⿏䘬婆娆炻ᷕ⚳⭀㕡㚜⮯⬫属㈹䁢ᶨ䧖 ˬ䨢゛˭ˤ17㚱Ṣ婒炻⛐ᶨ凔シ佑ᶲ炻⬫㊯䘬㗗ᶨ䧖ˬ䃉㱽⮎嶸䘬⸣゛˭(unpractical fancies)炻18ㆾ侭㗗ᶨ䧖⣊゛ˣ゛⁷≃烊19 㚱Ṣ夾ᷳ䁢䈡⭂䘬㸾Ṣ栆䣦⋨(a quasi-human community)烊20㚱Ṣ⇯㈲䚳⬫䚳ἄṢ栆ˬ⮵㕤庫伶⤥䓇㳣䘬ㄦ 㛃˭烊21㚱Ṣ䯉╖䓴⭂䁢烉ˬṢ栆⮵ᶨᾳ㚜⤥ᶾ䓴䘬⣊゛˭烊22㚱Ṣ⯙夾⬫䁢ˬ㬟⎚䘬䫾䔍˭(the ruse of history)烊23
㚱Ṣ⮯⬫夾䁢ˬᶨ䧖⣯⿒䘬䕭䕯˭烊24 侴 㚱Ṣ㚜⣯⿒⛘䓴⭂烉ˬ䁷㈀恎㗗ᶨᾳᷕ䩳⛘ⷞ炻㗗⣦嗽Ḵᾳᶾ䓴ᷕ䘬ᶨⲞⵤ˭烊25 14 㛶⤕⬠炻˨徥⮳䁷㈀恎䘬⯸䕽˩炻庱˪䔞ẋ˫䫔61㛇(1991⸜5㚰1㖍)炻枩33烊㛶㯠䅦炻 ˨役䎦ẋ䘬䁷㈀恎ᶾ䓴˩炻庱˪䔞ẋ˫䫔61㛇(1991⸜5㚰1㖍)炻枩27烊栏㖽炻˨䁷㈀恎 冯㤝㪲ᷣ佑˩˪䔞ẋ˫䫔61㛇(1991⸜5㚰1㖍)炻枩57ˤ 15 昛∃炻˪⣏䛦㔯⊾冯䔞ẋ䁷㈀恎˫炻⊿Ṕ炻ἄ⭞↢䇰䣦炻1996⸜炻枩49ˤ 16
Thomas More, translation by Ralph Robynson, The Utopia of Sir Thomas More, London:Macmillan,1952.
17 㘗堓ᷣ䶐炻˪ᷕ⚳ℙ䓊源⣏录℠˫炻⊿Ṕ炻ᷕ⚳⚳晃⺋㑕↢䇰䣦炻1991⸜炻枩76ˤ 18
R. W. Chambers.”The Rational Heathens”,in W. Nelson ed., Twentieth Century
Interpretations of Utopia.N.J.:Prentice-Hall,Inc.1968.p.17.
19
John Crowdy.”Utopian Socialism;Technology:Political Science,”in Innovation:The
European Journal of Social Sciences.Jun 2000,Vol.13 Issue2.p.147.
20
Suvin,1979,p.49. 21
Ruth Levitas,The Concept of Utopia.New York & London:Philip Allan.1990,p.7. 22
J. C. Davis,Utopia and the Ideal Society,London,New York :Cambridge University Press,1981,p.13.
23
Frederic Jameson,”Progress Vs. Utopia; Or,Can We Imagine the Future?”Science-Fiction
Studies 9.1982.p.154.
24
慹奨㾌炻˨ᷕ⚳㔯⊾䘬䁷㈀恎䱦䤆˩炻庱˪Ḵ⋩ᶨᶾ䲨˫(1991⸜2㚰嘇)䷥䫔Ḵ㛇炻楁 㷗炻枩17ˤ
25
㚱Ṣ娵䁢䁷㈀恎䘬ᶾ䓴㗗ᾳ㰺㚱埨⿏ˣṢ⿏ˣ㲈感ˣ⊾冯䨢㳆䘬ᶾ䓴烊26 䔞 䃞ḇ㚱⬠侭㭼庫㦪奨⛘Ἦ䚳⼭炻⁷E. Bloch炻㈲䁷㈀恎夾䁢⺽⮶Ṣ栆䘤⯽䘬ⶴ 㛃ˤ27㚱Ṣẍ䁢⽆㝷㉱⚾䘬˪䎮゛⚳˫(The Republic)ẍἮ炻䁷㈀恎悥㚱℞㓧㱣 ⍾⎹烊28 㚱Ṣ⇯娵䁢炻ảỽ䁷㈀恎悥㗗⬿㔁䘬烊29 㚱Ṣ⇯ᷣ⻝䁷㈀恎䘬㟠⽫₡ ῤᷫ⛐℞忻⽟䎮゛ˤ30 ㆹ娵䁢炻姙⣂⬠侭ᷳẍ㚫⮵䁷㈀恎㚱⤪㬌⣂䘬ᶵ⎴䚳㱽炻℞ᷣ天⍇⚈㚱烉 椾⃰炻ˬ䁷㈀恎˭㗗ᶨ䚠䔞暋妋䘬婆娆炻⬫㖊㗗斄㕤ㆾ㊯⎹㝸䧖ḳン炻Ữ ⬫⌣㗗ˬ㰺㚱䨢攻˭炻ḇˬ㰺㚱㗪攻˭䘬ᶨ䧖ḳン炻暋⿒㚱Ṣ⮯⬫夾䁢䃉婾㗗 ⛐忶⍣ㆾ㛒Ἦ悥ᶵ⎗傥⬀⛐䘬㜙大ˤ31⯙Ṣ栆䘬怷廗Ἦ婒炻㗪攻冯䨢攻ᷫ㗗㚨 ➢㛔䘬⎹⹎炻㰺㚱Ḯ忁㧋䘬⎹⹎炻⮵Ṣ栆侴妨㗗⼰暋゛⁷䘬ˤ㬋⚈䁢䁷㈀恎Ẍ Ṣ暋ẍ゛⁷炻ẍ⤪櫤䤆ᶨ凔ᶵ⎗㷔炻ḇ䓊䓇Ḯ⬫䘬㬏䔘ˤ ℞㫉炻䁷㈀恎ḇ㗗ᶨᾳ䚠䔞㉥尉䘬婆娆ˤㆹ媪䘬㉥尉炻㊯䘬㗗䁷㈀恎䘬 ⍇㔯炻⁷昛∃婒⬫㗗ẍˬ䲼奨⾝˭⬀⛐叿炻忁ᾳ婒㱽㛔幓⯙朆ⷠ㉥尉ˤ⚈䁢㖊 㗗䲼奨⾝炻⯙⸦᷶ᶵ⎗傥㚱℟橼䘬㜙大冯ᷳ䚠⮵ㅱ炻ẍảỽ⮵⬫䘬゛⁷悥㗗 ⎗傥䘬炻ḇ悥㗗ᶵ⎗傥䘬ˤ ℵ㫉炻䁷㈀恎ᶵ╖㗗⒚⬠⭞䘬⮰⇑炻⬫㗗㚱䞍嬀↮⫸䘬ℙ⎴屉䓊ˤ忁ṃ 䞍嬀↮⫸炻㚱ṃ㗗娑Ṣˣ㚱ṃ㗗⮷婒⭞ˣ㚱ṃ㗗㓡朑侭ˣ㚱ṃ㗗朑␥⭞ˣ㚱ṃ 㗗㓧㱣⭞ˣ㚱ṃ㗗䥹⬠⭞ˣ䓂军㚱ṃ㗗喅埻⭞ˤ䓙㕤忁ṃ䞍嬀↮⫸䘬⮰㤕柀➇ˣ 斄⽫䘬嬘柴冯゛⁷㕡⺷悥ᶵᶨ㧋炻ẍḇἧ䁷㈀恎⏰䎦⣂⃫侴墯暄䘬⚾⁷ˤ Spring).p.411. 26
H. G.Wells,A Modern Utopia.Linchon.University of Nebrass.1967.p.6. 27
Ernest Bloch, The Future Philosophy,New York,1970
28 ⻝よ⧇炻˨㦪⚺䤆娙冯䁷㈀恎˩炻庱˪ᷕ⢾㔯⬠˫1986⸜15⌟䫔3㛇炻⎘⊿ˤ 29 檀⎵㼆炻˨㮃⺷䁷㈀恎䘬⸣㹭˩炻˪晬䋭伶埻˫1995⸜䫔297㛇炻⎘⊿ˤ
30 姙姀暾炻˨㠩㻙㹇烉㔯⊾㮹㕷ᷣ佑侭䘬⍵䎦ẋ䁷㈀恎˩炻庱˪Ḵ⋩ᶨᶾ䲨˫(1993⸜2 㚰嘇)䷥䫔15㛇炻楁㷗ˤ
31
Judich Shklar,’The Political Theory of Utopia:From Melancholy to Nostalgia’,in Frank E. Manuel ed.,Utopias and Utopian Thought, Boston,1966,p.104. Judich Shklar⛐⎎ᶨ䭯 㔯䪈᷎ᷕ⮯䚏㡕夾䁢㚨⼴ᶨᾳ⎌℠䘬䁷㈀恎ᷣ佑侭ˤSee Judich Shklar,’Rousseau’s Two Models:Sparta and the Age of Gold’,Political Science Quarterly,13:50(1966),pp.165-76.
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ୖǵύЎШࣚύჹਜ਼Ԏٖޑᇡ!
⛐ᷕ㔯ᶾ䓴墉㚨㖑⮯Utopia嬗ㆸˬ䁷㈀恎˭䘬Ṣ㗗♜⽑炻Ṿ㖑⛐ᶨℓḅℕ ⸜侣嬗崓傍湶(Thomas Harry Huxley)䘬˪⣑㺼婾˫(Evolution and Ethics)㗪炻⯙ ⮯℞ᷕ⮶妨ℓ䘬Utopia⍾℞枛ˣシ嬗䁢ˬ䁷妿恎˭炻℞ᷕ⮯ˬ䁷妿恎˭㍷徘⤪ ᶳ烉 ▇⣓炻㱣⚳军㕤⤪㗗炻㗗Ṏ嵛䞋ˤ䃞奨℞ẍ䁢埻炻⇯冯⏦⚺⣓ẍ攟梲 勱㛐侭炻℞䁢忻寰䔘ḇ⑱ˤ`ἧ⒉廧ᷳᷕ炻侴㚱⤪㗗ᷳᶨ⚳炻⇯℞㮹䅁䅁䙆䙆炻 ↉℞⚳ᷳ㚱炻䘮嵛ẍ梲℞㫚侴䴎℞㯪ˤ媪⣑埴䈑䪞ᷳ嗸炻㕤℞⚳䘮ᶵ夳炻 侴ょṢ㱣䁢䌐⮲ˤ⛐⛐㚱ẍ冒侴䃉䓷炻旵侴军ᶨ勱㛐ᶨ䥥䌠ᷳ⽖炻䘮ẍ⧃ ね怑䓐ᷳ屯ˤ㚱℞⇑侴䃉℞⭛炻⍰ẍ⬠㟉ᷳ冰↹优ᷳᷕ炻冱拗ᷳ℔ḇˤ㓭℞㮹 午侭㖍ẍ⮹炻列侭㖍ẍ⣂炻楜军㕤⎬䞍借↮ᷳ䔞䁢炻⿏↮ᷳ⚢㚱炻忂≇⎰ ἄ炻Ḻ䚠ᾅ㊩ẍ忚㕤㱣⊾䃉䔮ᷳẹˤ⣓⤪㗗ᷳ佌炻⎌Ṳᷳᶾ㛒㚱ḇˤ㓭䧙ᷳ 㚘䁷妿恎ˤ䁷䁷妿恎侭炻䋞妨䃉㗗⚳ḇ炻䁢㴱゛⬀侴ˤ䃞ἧ⼴ᶾ㝄℞㚱 ᷳ炻℞农ᷳḇ炻⮯朆䓙ả⣑埴ᷳ冒䃞炻侴䓙䚉≃㕤Ṣ㱣炻⇯㕟䃞⎗嬀侭ḇˤ32 忁墉⮯ˬ䁷㈀恎˭㍷丒ㆸ⃭㺧℔⸛ˣ冒䓙⍲Ḻ≑䘬䣦㚫炻ᶵ忶忁㧋䘬䣦㚫 䘬慵天⇵㍸⇯㗗ˬ↉℞⚳ᷳ㚱炻䘮嵛ẍ梲℞㫚侴䴎℞㯪˭炻㖻妨ᷳ炻㗗䈑岒 䓇㳣䘬ᶵ嘆⋙᷷炻ẍㇵ傥㴰昌ˬ⣑埴䈑䪞ᷳ嗸˭炻䃞侴ἄ侭娵䁢炻忁㧋䘬⇵ ㍸㗗ᶵ⬀⛐䘬炻军⮹⯙Ṣ栆䔞⇵㑩㚱䘬䎮⿏傥≃⍲䓇䓊≃㗗䃉㱽忼⇘䘬炻 ẍㇵ䧙ᷳ䁢ˬ䁷妿恎˭炻ḇ⯙㗗♜⽑婒䘬ˬ䃉㗗⚳ḇ炻䁢㴱゛⬀侴˭ˤ ♜⽑嬗䘬˪⣑㺼婾˫炻⽆˪⚳倆⟙˫∝↲崟⯙忋庱㕤˪⚳ḳ⋗䶐˫炻℞ ṳ䳡䘬⿅゛炻⮵䔞ẋᷕ⚳⿅゛⼙枧䓂䁢㶙怈炻33⯙⤪傉㻊㮹䔞㗪婒䘬烉ˬ冒 32 ♜⽑嬗炻崓傍湶⍇叿炻˪⣑㺼婾˫炻⎘⊿炻⓮⊁⌘㚠棐炻1969˨1895˩⸜炻枩21ˣ22ˤ ⎎ᷕℙ㕤1996⸜慵㕘↲埴䘬ᷕ⚳䎦ẋ⬠埻䴻℠䲣↿ᷕ䘬˪♜⽑⌟˫炻⇯↲䁢ˬ䁷㈀恎˭炻 夳∱⣊㹒ᷣ䶐炻˪♜⽑⌟˫炻䞛⭞匲炻㱛⊿㔁做↢䇰䣦炻1996⸜炻枩29~31ˤ 33 ⏛晩⋿䫱ᷣ䶐炻˪ᷕ⚳役ẋ䣦㚫⿅㼖˫䫔ᶨ⌟炻攟㱁炻㷾⋿㔁做↢䇰䣦炻1998炻枩
♜㮷㚠↢炻侴䈑䪞⣑㑯ᷳ䎮炻⍀䃞䔞㕤Ṣ⽫炻侴ᷕ⚳㮹㯋䁢ᷳᶨ嬲˭ˤ34 昌Ḯ ˪⣑㺼婾˫⢾炻♜⽑嬗⎎ᶨ⎵叿⌛劙⚳⬠侭⎚屻⠆(H. Spencer)叿䘬˪佌 ⬠倬妨˫炻35⛐˨㘢䴗䫔ℕ˩ᷕ㈡⇌恋ṃẩ⚾⛐ᶨ⢽ᷳ攻⮯䣦㚫㓡柕㎃朊ᷳ㥳 ゛冯ἄ㱽烉 㓭䁷䁷㈀恎ᷳ㓧⇞炻㗪⼊㕤ᶵ㚜ḳ侭ᷳシ炻℞⥳卓ᶵḹ埴㬌㓧炻⮯⎗ẍ⼿㬌 䤷ḇˤ㲶℞㓧埴䞋炻侴⏦₽⮷Ṣ炻ᶵ呁℞⇑炻㬌寰ỮẍᶨḴ䪗䚉ᷳḇ俞?㱽嗕 大冒朑␥ẍ怬炻㕤Ṳ味ᶱᶾ䞋炻ㇵ㘢ᷳ⢓炻ṩヰᷳ⏃炻①㫚ẍᶨ㖎⢽ᷳ䁢炻 廱℞⚳㕤䚃㱣炻⋺ᷳ⼺嬲㕤㓧炻㛒嬲㕤佌炻⭛⠆㕤㬌炻⺲⼊㕤⼤炻㑯䤵⇯⎗炻 昌⬥ᶵ傥炻㬌㳞㳞妨㱣侭炻⭄⍾䁢㭟揹侭ḇˤ36 ⛐♜⽑ᷳ⼴炻䔞㗪䞍嬀↮⫸⯙㗪ⷠ⮯Utopia嬗ㆸˬ䁷㈀恎˭炻⤪㕤ᶨḅż ᶱ⸜惏⮎⯙⮓Ḯᶨ䭯˨婾䣦㚫ᷣ佑˩ᷳ㔯炻↲庱㕤˪㓧喅忂⟙˫ᷕ炻℞ᷕ婾⍲ ⚳⭞ᷣ佑冯䣦㚫ᷣ佑㗪婒⇘烉 晾䃞炻Ṳᷳᶾ䓴炻⚳⭞ᷣ佑ᷳᶾ䓴ḇˤ冱ℐ䎫ᶲᶳᷳ夾䶂ᷳ儎暣ᷳ⽫剿炻 䃉ᶵ㲐㕤㬌ᷣ佑炻⤪梚徟喍炻⤪䘤䅙䉪炻䘮ẍ䘤㎂⚳⦩炻廅⚳㕿炻䁢ⓗᶨ ᷳ㥖嬥ˤ侴ᶾᷳ㓧㱣⭞ˣ⒚⬠侭炻Ṏẍ⚳⭞䁢Ṣ佌⛀橼ᷳ㚨⣏⚰炻⬯⭁㔯㖶ᷳ 㚨檀㼖炻媪⣑ᶳ⎒㚱⚳䓴炻㚜䃉ᶾ䓴炻⎒㚱⚳㮹炻㚜䃉ᶾ䓴ᷳ㮹炻侴ẍ⣒⸛䁢 䃉㗗䈑炻㬠ᷳ㕤䁷㈀恎ˤ䃞⇯䣦㚫ᷣ佑侭炻Ṏ䁷㈀恎ᷳᷣ佑䂱俛ˤḴ⋩ᶾ䲨ẍ ⎶ᷳ䉨ン炻䣦㚫ᷣ佑傥⍾⚳⭞ᷣ佑㐏Ὰ侴ẋᷳ᷶?㈹⚳⭞ᷣ佑⮯㯠㯠⸜ẋ᷶烎 㬌⇯Ṳ㖍军墯暄ᶨ⓷柴ḇˤ37 ⍰⤪㛙➟ᾉ㕤ᶨḅ˕Ḽ⸜婒烉ˬ⇵᷶楔䇦炻妨䣦㚫ᷣ佑侴㓣㑲屯㛔侭Ṏ 234ˤ 34 傉㻊㮹炻˨徘ὗ⭀♜㮷㚨役㓧夳˩炻庱˪㮹⟙˫1906⸜1㚰䫔2嘇ˤ 35 ˪佌⬠倬妨˫⍇䁢劙⚳⬠侭⎚屻⠆(H. Spencer)叿䘬˪䣦㚫⬠䞼䨞˫(Study of Sociology)炻⍇㚠↢䇰㕤1873⸜ˤ♜⽑㚨㖑㕤1897⸜⮯℞⇵Ḵ䪈嬗↢炻⌛˨䟕ヂ䭯˩ ˨Έ⬠䭯˩䘤堐㕤˪⚳倆⟙˫炻䷥Ḵ䭯侴⎵˪⊠⬠䭯˫ˤ⼴Ἦ⛐1901焍1902⸜攻映临 ⬴ㆸℐ㚠炻⛐1903⸜4㚰䓙ᶲ㴟㔯㖶䶐嬗㚠⯨↮⚃Ⅎ↢䇰ˤ 36 ♜⽑炻˪佌⬠倬妨˫炻庱∱⣊㹒ᷣ䶐炻˪♜⽑⌟˫炻䞛⭞匲炻㱛⊿㔁做↢䇰䣦炻1996 ⸜炻枩207ˤ 37 惏⮎炻˨婾䣦㚫ᷣ佑˩炻庱˪㓧喅忂⟙˫1903⸜2㚰䫔Ḵ嘇ˤ
⣏㚱Ṣˤ䃞傥妨℞⭛ᷳ䓙Ἦ炻冯媨ẍ⍣ᷳᷳ忻ỽ冒⯭侭炻味㛒㚱倆ḇˤ㓭 䨢妨䃉墐ˤ℞㖊ḇ炻屯㛔⭞⚈妽䪹ᷳ炻ẍ䁢䁷䁷㈀恎⚢䨢゛炻㛒⎗⼿哒军ḇ˭炻 㛙㮷⍰㕤ᶨḅ˕ℕ⸜⛐˪㮹⟙˫ᶲ䘤堐˨婾䣦㚫朑␥䔞冯㓧㱣朑␥᷎埴˩ᶨ㔯炻 ℞ᷕ⭋䧙烉ˬ⇯䣦㚫ᷣ佑侭ẍ婧⎬ᾳṢᷳ⇑䙲冯䣦㚫ℐ凔ᷳ⇑䙲䁢䚖䘬ˤ味 㫚䣦㚫冯ᾳṢᷳ婧炻侴℞忪㬌ᷳ㕡㱽炻⇯ᶨ䧖ᷳ⋼≃㱽炻⋼≃㱽⛐㈞≑䣦㚫 ᷳṢ㮹ˤ…奨℞˪ℙ䓊源ᷳ⭋妨˫炻ᷫ彚ⶍ䋶⊝戨埴ᷳ姕伖炻⎗姤℞ᷳ朆䁷㈀ 恎侭˭ˤ38 䔞䃞炻⛐㶭㛓炻⥳∝冒♜⽑䘬ˬ䁷㈀恎˭ᷳ嬗⎵᷎ᶵ㗗䔞㗪䘬㭷ᾳ䞍嬀↮ ⫸悥㘖念㍍⍿䘬炻⤪ᶨḅżᶱ⸜嵁⽭㋗侣嬗㖍Ṣ䤷ḽⅮ忈䘬˪役ᶾ䣦㚫ᷣ佑˫ ᶨ㚠㗪炻ὧ⮯Utopia䚜㍍ẍ枛嬗䁢ˬ䓙㈀⋹俞˭ˤ39⍰⤪ᶨḅżᶱ⸜㜄⢓䍵嬗 㖍Ṣᷭ㜦佑℠䘬˨役ᶾ䣦㚫ᷣ佑姽婾˩⇯⮯T. More䘬Utopiaシ嬗䁢ˬ咔厲Ⲟ˭ˤ40 侴楔⏃㬎ˣ㠩┇崭冯ẚミ䫱Ṣ⇯ẍἃ㔁䘬⠫䓴ˬ厗♜䓴˭Ἦ䧙Utopiaˤ41 䃞侴炻⇘Ḯ㮹⚳⇅⸜ᷳ⼴炻⮯Utopia嬗䁢ˬ䁷㈀恎˭炻ㆾ⮯伶⤥䘬䎮゛⠫ 䓴䧙ᷳ䁢ˬ䁷㈀恎˭Ụ㚱グἮグ䁢㘖念䘬嵐⊊ˤἳ⤪ᶨḅᶨḅ⸜␐ἄṢ⛐˪㕘 曺⸜˫ᶲ䘤堐˨㖍㛔䘬㕘㛹˩ᶨ㚠炻ᶨ攳柕⯙婒烉ˬ⽆Ἦ⣊゛Utopia(䁷㈀恎) 䘬Ṣ晾䃞ᶵ⮹炻Ữ㛒▿叿ㇳ⮎埴˭ˤ42⎴㧋㗗⛐ᶨḅᶨḅ⸜炻␐ἄṢ⛐˨Ὤ⚳ 朑␥䘬⒚⬠➢䢶˩ᷕ⮓忻烉ˬ怬㚱姙⣂Ṣ⣊゛㬋佑䘬ℙ⚳炻ẍPlato䘬䎮゛ ⚳ 炻 St. Augustine 䘬 䤆 ⚳ 炻 More 䘬 䁷䁷 ㈀ 恎 (Utopia) 炻 Harrington 䘬 ⣏ 㲳 ⚳
38 㛙➟ᾉ炻˪㛙➟ᾉ普˫炻⊿Ṕ炻ᷕ厗㚠⯨炻1979⸜炻枩11烊˨婾䣦㚫朑␥䔞冯㓧㱣朑 ␥᷎埴˩炻˪㮹⟙˫䫔7嘇(1906⸜9㚰5㖍)ˤ 39 嵁⽭㋗嬗炻䤷ḽⅮ忈⍇叿炻˪役ᶾ䣦㚫ᷣ佑˫炻廱⺽冒⦄佑厗䶐炻˪䣦㚫ᷣ佑⬠婒⛐ ᷕ⚳䘬⇅㛇⁛㑕˫炻ᶲ㴟炻⽑㖎⣏⬠↢䇰炻1984⸜炻枩104ˤ 40 㜄⢓䍵嬗炻ᷭ㜦佑℠⍇叿炻˨役ᶾ䣦㚫ᷣ佑姽婾˩炻廱⺽冒⦄佑厗䶐炻⇵㎕㚠炻枩249ˤ 41 楔⏃㬎炻˨ἃ䥖⬠婒˩炻˪㕘㮹⎊⟙˫䫔⋭ᶨ嘇炻1903⸜5㚰10㖍ˤ㠩┇崭炻˨䓇妰 ⬠⬠婒㱧朑⮷⎚˩(1902)炻庱㇜忠䫱ᷣ䶐炻˪㠩┇崭ℐ普˫䫔ḴℲ炻⊿Ṕ炻⊿Ṕ↢䇰䣦炻 1999⸜炻枩990ˤẚミ炻˨䣦㚫ᷣ佑⎚⣏䵙˩(1906)炻庱˪暁㶭㔯普˫ᶲ⌟炻⊿Ṕ炻 Ṣ㮹↢䇰䣦炻1985⸜炻枩9ˤ 42 ␐ἄṢ炻˨㖍㛔䘬㕘㛹˩炻˪㕘曺⸜˫6⌟3嘇炻1919⸜3㚰ˤ⍰夳挦⍼㱛䶐炻˪ᷕ⚳㯋 ␛˫(␐ἄṢ㔯栆䶐䫔ᶨℲ)炻攟㱁炻㷾⋿㔯喅↢䇰䣦炻1998⸜炻枩101ˤ
(Oceania)炻Campanula䘬⣒春⚳炻Fenelon䘬Salente冯Rousseau゛⁷䘬䣦㚫ㆾ ⎌⃰䞍婒䘬⣑⚳䁢㧉䭬˭ˤ43 ⛐Ḽ⚃忳≽㛇攻炻⺽柀㗪ẋ桐㼖䘬慵天曺⸜柀堾傉怑㕤ᶨḅᶨḅ⸜䫮㇘佌 劙炻冯䔞㗪䞍嬀↮⫸㌨崟ˬ⓷柴冯ᷣ佑˭䘬婾㇘炻⛐℞婾㇘ᷕ婒⇘烉ˬ㭷ᶨ䧖 ᷣ佑⇅崟㗪炻䃉婾䎮゛⤪ỽ檀崭炻䃉婾ỽ䧖檀怈䘬䁷䁷㈀恎(ἳ⤪㝷㉱⚾䘬ℙ ⚳)炻悥⎒㗗ᶨ䧖⮵䕯ᶳ吗䘬吗㕡ˤ忁ṃ吗㕡炻㚱ṃ㗗⼴Ἦ娎槿忶䘬炻㚱ṃ㗗 ⽆Ἦᶵ㚦娎槿忶䘬˭烊44傉怑⍰⛐ᶨḅḴż⸜䫼ẚミˣ傉㻊㮹䫱Ṣ䘬ᾉᷕℵ ⹎㍸⇘烉ˬ㻊ẋ㗗ᶨᾳ忈`㚠䘬㗪ẋ炻㗗ᶨᾳ㈀⎌㓡⇞䘬㗪ẋˤ大㻊㛓⸜⾥䃞 嵹↢ᶨ悐˪␐䥖˫Ἦˤ˪␐䥖˫ᶨ㚠炻ㆹ崟⇅⎒㈧娵Ṿ㗗㇘⚳㛓⸜ᶨ悐⣏䁷䁷㈀ 恎˭炻傉怑冒⓷冒䫼烉 䔞㗪䁢Ṩ湤㚱忁䧖⣏䁷䁷㈀恎䘬妰∫↢䎦␊ ?…䌳卥⼿㓧ᷳ⼴炻⌛ᶳ姼”㚜 ⎵⣑ᶳ䓘㚘䌳䓘炻ᶵ⼿屟岋炻℞䓟⎋ᶵ忶ℓ侴䓘ᶨḽ侭炻↮检䓘冯ḅ㕷悱源炻 䉗Ẍ㱽ẍ㱽”ˤ忁ὧ㗗䁷䁷㈀恎⺷䘬娎埴ˤỮ㗗␐℔ˣ⫼⫸䳪⡻ᶵỷ恋ᶨ䎕㚱䓘 䓊䘬屜㕷尒⻟炻䌳卥䘬䁷㈀恎ᶵᷭὧⳑ⢆Ḯˤ45 Ḽ⚃忳≽㔯⬠⣏ⷓ欗彭⛐ᶨḅḴḴ㕤⊿Ṕ˪㘐⟙∗↲˫䘤堐ᶨ䭯媟⇢˪⬠ 堉˫ᶲ↲䘣䘬㔯䪈㗪炻Ṿᶵ⣙⸥満⛘婒烉 ˪ᷕ⚳㍸Έ䣦㚫ᷣ佑ᷳ⓮㥟˫ᷕ婒烉”↉䎮゛⬠婒ᷳ䘤䓇ˤ䘮㚱℞㬟⎚ᶲ ᷳ側㘗ˤ㰢朆ㆠ䨢嘃㥳ˤ忈䁷㈀ᷳ恎ˤἄ䃉䕭ᷳ␣侭ḇˤ”㞍”劙⎱ᷳ⇑”䘬㐑 俛炻᷎㛒 Pia of Uto炻晾㚘ᷳ᷶侭ḇ炻⌣伟ᶵ傥炻Ữ⇍⮳⎌℠炻ḇ朆暋ḳ炻 ⍰ỽ⽭䔞ᷕ≈㤎␊ˤ46 43 ␐ἄṢ炻˨Ὤ⚳朑␥䘬⒚⬠➢䢶˩(1919)炻庱挦⍼㱛䶐炻˪␐ἄṢ㔯栆䶐ņᷕ⚳㯋␛˫炻 攟㱁炻㷾⋿㔯喅↢䇰䣦炻1998⸜炻枩82ˤ 44 傉怑炻˨⚃婾⓷柴冯ᷣ佑ņ廠ℍ⬠䎮䘬㕡㱽˩(1919)炻庱俧暚⽿䶐炻˪傉怑婾䇕普˫ ᷕ⌟炻⊿Ṕ炻ᷕ⚳䣦㚫䥹⬠↢䇰䣦炻1998⸜炻枩972ˤ 45 傉怑炻˨䫼ẚミˣ傉㻊㮹⃰䓇䘬ᾉ˩(1920)炻庱俧暚⽿䶐炻˪傉怑婾䇕普˫ᶲ⌟炻 ⊿Ṕ炻ᷕ⚳䣦㚫⬠↢䇰䣦炻1998⸜炻枩462ˤ 46 欗彭炻˨Ộ˪⬠堉˫˩(1922⸜2㚰9㖍)炻˪㘐⟙∗↲˫炻⊿Ṕˤ⺽冒ᶩ⬰䶐炻˪ᷕ⚳役 ẋ┇呁⿅㼖˫ᷕ⌟炻⊿Ṕ炻䣦㚫䥹⬠㔯䌣↢䇰䣦炻1999⸜炻枩448ˤ
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ġ 䵄ᶲ徘炻ᷕ㔯ᶾ䓴⣏农娵⭂炻䁷㈀恎晾䎮゛Ữ⌣㗗䨢゛烊䃞侴炻⽆Ṣ栆 ⿅゛㔯⊾㔁做Ἦ婒炻⽆㝷㉱⚾侩⫸ẍἮ炻䁷㈀恎⌣㗗ᶨ䚜⛐㽨䘤叿ṢᾹ䘬 ゛⁷≃䅙ね炻⚈䁢䁷㈀恎䘬䣦㚫㯠怈悥㗗ᶨ䧖䎮゛ㆾẌṢㅏㅔ䘬䣦㚫ˤ47 䎮 ゛椾⃰シ㊯叿䎮⿏ㆾ䦑⸷炻姙⣂䘬䁷㈀恎叿ἄᷕ悥⮯䁷㈀恎䣦㚫㍷丒ㆸᶨᾳ㚱 妰∫䘬䣦㚫炻48⛐忁㧋䘬䣦㚫ᷕ⎬柀➇䘮⮎㕥␐⭮侴㚱㓰䘬妰∫炻℞䚖䘬⛐㍏ ⇞䣦㚫䘬䘤⯽烊℞㫉炻䎮゛シ␛叿⬴伶炻49 ⛐䁷㈀恎䘬䎮゛姕゛ᷕ炻䁷㈀恎㗗 ᶨᾳ⬴伶䘬ᶾ䓴炻℞ᷕ䃉昶䳂ˣ䃉㬏䔘ˣ㰺㚱䄑゙ˣ㚜㰺㚱䖃劎炻⎒⬀⛐䦑⸷ˣ ⸠䤷ˣ冒䓙ˣ⸛䫱冯㬋佑烊忁㗗Ṣ栆⮵ˬ⬴伶˭䘬㛇⼭炻䔞䃞㗗Ṣ栆䎮⿏䘬㤝 农烊50 ἃ㔁㎕䣢䘬大㕡㤝㦪ᶾ䓴㬋㗗忁㧋䘬䁷㈀恎炻⬫㗪㗪悥⛐⺽柀叿㭷ᾳ ἃ㔁⼺䘬䓇␥ˤ 军㕤䁷㈀恎⿅゛炻㊯䘬㗗⺢㥳ᶨᾳ䎮゛䣦㚫䘬⿅゛ㆾ奨溆ˤ⮵㕤㬌ᶨ⭂ 佑炻ㆹ䘬娖慳⤪ᶳ烉 䁷㈀恎⿅゛㗗Ṣ栆䴻䓙⍵⿅侴䓊䓇䘬ᶨ䧖⮵䣦㚫䘤⯽㕡⎹䘬檀⹎斄㲐冯 ⶴ㛃炻⬫㚜㗗ᶨ䧖⺢㥳⛐䎮゛₡ῤᶲ᷎ẍ㬌崭崲Ṣ栆冒幓㚱旸⿏䘬嬀夳冯≯ 㯋ˤ⇵侭㗗➢㕤䎮⿏娵䞍侴ἄ↢䘬䷥橼⿏夷∫炻⼴侭㗗㥳䭱⛐忻⽟₡ῤᶲ䘬㈱ 㑯ˤ 椾⃰炻䁷㈀恎⿅゛㛔幓⯙㗗ᶨ䧖⍵⿅烊椾⃰炻ˬ⍵⿅˭(reflection)㗗Ṣ⮵ 㛔岒䘬娵嬀炻ḇ⯙㗗⮵⬀⛐䘬ᶨ䧖㎂㡬炻忁䧖⍵⿅㖊㗗⮵㛔岒娵嬀䘬忶䦳炻侴 ᶼḇ㗗㛔岒娵嬀䘬㕡㱽ˤ⬫㖊㗗℟㚱⏎⭂⿏䘬㗈⁷忳≽炻侴ᶼ德忶ᶵ㕟⛘㎂㡬 47Alan Ritter,Anarchism:A Theoretical Analysis,London,New York:Cambridge University Press,1980.151.
48
Irving D. Blum,”English Utopias from 1551 to 1699:A Bibliography”,Bulletin of
Bibliography,21:6(1955),pp.143-44.
49
Fred L. Polak,The Image of the Future,vol.I.,Leyden,1961,pp.171,437.
侴ㆸ䁢䃉旸䘬忳≽ˤ51 䁷㈀恎䘬≃慷㬋㗗㸸冒忁䧖ᶵ㕟㎂㡬䘬䃉旸忳≽炻忁䧖 ㎂㡬炻⛐ᶨ凔シ佑ᶲ䧙䁢ˬ㈡⇌˭ˤẍ⍵⿅⯙㗗㈡⇌炻ảỽ䁷㈀恎悥ⷞ㚱ㆾ 栗ㆾ晙䘬㈡⇌⿏ˤ52℞㫉炻ㆹ媪䘬⍵⿅炻㗗㊯⎹⬀⛐ˣ朊⎹⬀⛐䘬ᶨ䧖䱦䤆 冯⬀⛐彗嫱忳≽炻⚈䁢㎂㡬ㆾ㈡⇌ᶵ╖╖㗗䁢Ḯ䱦䤆冒幓䘬㺧嵛炻侴ᶼ㚜㗗䁢 Ḯ嬻⬀⛐㚜䁢⬴㺧炻ẍ⍵⿅䘬䫔Ḵᾳシ佑ᷫ㗗㊯⎹䎦⮎䘬ˣˬ䧵㤝ℍᶾ˭䘬 シ嬀炻㚱ṃṢ⎗傥㚫娵䁢炻䁷㈀恎㗗ᶨ䧖忩ᶾ䘬⿅゛炻ㆾ侭㗗僓暊䎦⮎䘬⸣゛烊 ㆹ䘬奨溆⇯䚠⍵炻⚈䁢⸦᷶㚱䁷㈀恎䘬㍸Έ侭炻悥㗗䔞ᶾ䘬㈡⇌侭炻53 忁ᾳ 䈡岒㰢⭂Ḯ䁷㈀恎㗗ᶨᾳ䧵㤝ℍᶾ䘬ˣ侴朆㴰㤝↢ᶾ䘬シ嬀ˤ54 䁷㈀恎䘬ℍᶾ 䈡岒℞⮎冯⬫䘬㛒Ἦ⿏䚠倗专炻⚈䁢䁷㈀恎䘬㛒Ἦ⿏⽭枰㟡㢵㕤䔞ᶳ炻55侴䔞 ᶳ⌛㑩㉙ˣ㌴㎉ˣṳℍ䎦ᶾˤ ㆹᷳẍ婒⬫㗗ℍᶾ䘬炻℞シ佑㚱Ḵ烊ᶨ㗗㊯炻䁷㈀恎ᷫ㗗䎦⮎䘬⍵㗈炻 侴ᶼ⎒傥㗗䎦⮎䘬⍵㗈炻㚱Ṩ湤䘬䎦⮎⯙㚱Ṩ湤✳ン䘬䁷㈀恎⿅゛炻ảỽ⿅゛ 䘮㸸冒Ṣ栆䘬䓇㳣⍲℞⼊⺷炻䁷㈀恎⿅゛ḇ㗗ᶨ㧋烊ἳ⤪⛐ẍ⮷彚䴻㾇䘬䣦㚫 ᷕ炻⬫䓊䓇䘬䁷㈀恎栀㘗㲘⋲䁢ˬ⛯⸛˭炻⌛㭷ᾳ䘮㚱䚠⎴䘬⛇⛘⼿ẍ侽ἄ炻 ⛐₺⭞䘬⿅゛墉炻⯙㗗ˬᶵか⮉炻かᶵ⛯˭䘬⿅゛ˤグ㗗ᶵ⛯ˣᶵ℔⸛䘬䣦㚫炻 グ゛天㯪⸛⛯ˣ℔⸛炻グ㗗䖃劎䘬䣦㚫炻℞䁷㈀恎ᷳℨ㯪グ㗗⻟䁰ˤ⎎ᶨシ佑 㗗㊯䁷㈀恎ᷫ㗗㊯⎹䎦⮎(ᶾ)䘬ˣ侴ᶼ䷥㗗▿娎ṳℍㆾ⼙枧䎦⮎(ᶾ)炻ḇ⯙㗗 婒炻ṢᾹ㍸↢䁷㈀恎炻䁢䘬㗗㓡忈䣦㚫⍲ᶾ䓴炻56ἧ㛒⮎䎦䘬ḳ䈑⮎䎦炻57侴 51 䌳㧡Ṣ炻˪⿅彐⒚⬠㕘㍊ņņ斄㕤湹㟤䇦橼䲣䘬䞼䨞˫炻⎘⊿炻察桐↢䇰䣦炻1987⸜炻 枩74-75ˤ 52 㛶㯠䅦炻⇵㎕㔯炻枩23ˤ 53
Joyce O.Hertzler. A History of Utopian Thought.New York:Macmillan Co.1926.p.260. 54
Kumar, Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Modern Times op.cit.,p.10.烊␐㦹㤟炻˨㽨忚⢗伶䘬 䁷㈀恎˩炻庱˪䔞ẋ˫䫔ℕ⋩ᶨ㛇(1991⸜5㚰1㖍)炻⎘⊿炻枩46ˤ
55
Vincent Geoghegan,.Utopianism and Marxism. New York & London:Methuen. 1987.p.28.
56
Alan Ritter,op.cit. 57
Paul Ricoeur,”Ideology and Ideology Critigue” .in B. Waldenfels,J. N. Brodeman and A. Dazanin ed. Phenomenology and Marxism.London:Routledge & Kegan Paul.1984烊怬⬠
ᶵ㗗╖䲼⛘⛐娖慳忁ᾳᶾ䓴ㆾ徫⇘ᶨᾳ冯䎦ᶾ㮓䃉斄倗䘬伶⤥⸣⠫ˤℵ℞㫉炻 ⍵⿅⛐㝸䧖シ佑ᶲ⯙シ␛叿ˬ堅㰢䵚伭˭炻Ṏ⌛䁷㈀恎忂ⷠ℟䨩䟜㖊㚱橼⇞䘬 朑␥ℏ⛐堅≽炻ẍ炻䔞Ṿ䘤奢Ṿ䘬㈡⇌ᶵ嵛ẍ㓡嬲䣦㚫ˣ≽㎾橼⇞㗪炻ᶨᾳ 䁷㈀恎ᷣ佑侭廱⎹朑␥䘬⎗傥⿏⯙⣏⡆ˤ䓂军⎗ẍ婒炻朑␥⯙㗗䁷㈀恎䘬ℏ⛐ 天㯪炻⯙⤪F. Furet⛐˪ᶨᾳ⸣尉䘬㬟䦳ņņ婾Ḵ⋩ᶾ䲨ℙ䓊ᷣ佑⿅㼖˫ᶨ㚠ᷕ 夳烉 ॠڮӕਔࢂВதજׇޑᘐکᡏ۩ᅽᐕўำޑᒍǶॠڮࢂΜΖШइ ҃ݤ୯ΓޑวܴǴջࡕջԋࣁኻࢪکШࣚࡹݯᆸѠޑύЈفՅǴѬ२Ӄமፓ ӧࡹݯࢲύΓޑཀדޑբҔǴΓёаܙ໒Ծρޑၸѐวܴ٠ࡌঁཥޗ ǴॠڮόёаܴΓޑཀדޑ،ۓբҔǴࣗԿΨࢂځߥǶ58 䁷㈀恎䘬⍵⿅⿏炻⛐㬟⎚㚱姙⣂ἳ嫱炻ἳ⤪炻ᶵ婾㗗T. More䘬姕゛炻59 ㆾ 㗗楔⿅(K. Marx)䘬㬟⎚⒚⬠䎮婾炻ḳ⮎ᶲ炻悥㗗ᶨ䧖⍵⿅炻⌛⮵䎦⮎䘬ᶵ 㺧炻᷎䄍䘤䁢㔯炻憅䟕㗪⺲炻䁢Ṣ栆䘬⇵㘗㍸ὃ⎎栆䘬⿅侫炻Ṣ栆䔞䃞ḇ⽆忁 䧖⿅侫ᷕ䌚⼿䃉旸䘬゛⁷䨢攻ˤ⍰⤪䔞ẋẍ㈡⇌䎮婾叿⎵㕤ᶾ䘬㱽嗕䤷⬠ 㳦炻ḳ⮎ᶲ℞䎮婾䘬側⼴枸姕⯙㗗ᶨᾳ䁷㈀恎䘬姙媦炻Ṏ⌛㈡⇌䷥㗗晙⏓叿㝸 䧖䎮゛ˤ〘⤪ᷕ⚳曺⸜⬠侭⻝ᷳ䴎⬫䘬姽婾ᶨ㧋烉 ݤើլᅽᏢࢴᘂ۳ᅿคമϩπǵคࠔǵคগߺǵค౦ϯکΓޑঁᡏ ளډӄय़วޑԾҗޗǶӧ೭ঁޗύǴΓᘍಥΑᔮ،ۓፕޑ᱗ᙹǴΓޑ ᆒઓளډֹӄޑှܫǴΓ܄ֹӄࡠൺǴΓόکԾฅࣚೀܭکᒋޑᜢ߯ ύǴԶЪΓᆶΓϐ໔ၲډаངࣁ୷ᘵޑک࿌࣬ೀǶ60 㔯炻˨ⶫ㳃崓冯䁷㈀恎⒚⬠˩炻庱˪䔞ẋ˫(1992⸜8㚰1㖍)䫔ᶫ⋩ℕ㛇炻枩107烊枭徨䳸炻 ˪怩⎹㛒Ἦ䘬⒚⬠⿅侫˫炻⎘⊿炻䎦ẋ⬠剹↢䇰䣦炻1972⸜炻枩55焍56ˤ 58 斄㕤F. Furet䘬奨溆炻廱⺽冒昛⼍炻˨ℙ䓊ᷣ佑⽆䁷㈀恎⇘㤝㪲ᷣ佑ņņ嬨˪ᶨᾳ⸣尉 䘬㬟䦳˫˩炻庱˪Ḵ⋩ᶨᶾ䲨˫1997⸜10㚰嘇(䷥䫔43㛇)炻楁㷗炻枩129ˤ 59 ⻝昮㹒炻˨䁷㈀恎烉ᶾ䎮⾝冯ᷕ⚳⁛䴙˩炻庱˪Ḵ⋩ᶨᶾ䲨˫1999⸜(䷥䫔51㛇)炻 楁㷗炻枩100ˤ 60 ⻝ᷳ炻˪䷥橼⿏冯䁷㈀恎ņṢ㛔ᷣ佑楔⿅ᷣ佑䘬䷥橼䭬䔯˫炻⊿Ṕ炻ᷕ⚳Ṣ㮹⣏ ⬠↢䇰䣦炻1998⸜炻枩21ˤ
忁䧖⍵⿅䘬䁷㈀恎ḇ⯙㗗T. Moylan婒䘬ˬ㈡⇌⺷䘬䁷㈀恎˭(the critical utopia)炻Ṏ⌛⻟婧⮵㈿(opposition)ˣ櫍䇕(struggle)冯忽微(defiance)炻᷎ẍ㬌Ἦ ㉝㈿㖊㚱橼⇞䘬ら岒⎹炻䁢㛒Ἦ⺢㥳↢⎎ᶨ䧖⎗傥⿏䘬䁷㈀恎ˤ61 䫔Ḵ炻䁷㈀恎⿅゛㗗ᶨ䧖⮵㕤Ṣ栆䣦㚫䘤⯽㕡⎹(direction)䘬斄㲐冯ⶴ 㛃ˤ62 媪䘬ˬ㕡⎹˭炻㚨慵天㊯䘬㗗䁷㈀恎䘬㛒Ἦ⿏炻63 䁷㈀恎⤈➢㕤㬟⎚ˣ 䩳嵛㕤䔞ᶳ炻Ữ㗗㊯⎹㛒Ἦ烊64⛐忁ᶨ溆ᶲ炻⎗ẍ婒↉㗗℟㚱䁷㈀恎䎮⾝侭ᷫ 㗗ᶵ天␥䘬㦪奨ᷣ佑侭炻65 ⚈䁢⬫⥳䳪䚠ᾉṢ栆䘬䣦㚫㗗䶂⿏䘤⯽䘬炻忁䧖忚 㬍⎚奨䚠ᾉ䎦⛐㭼忶⍣⤥炻㛒Ἦ⮯㭼䎦⛐㚜⤥ˤ㬌䧖ˬ㛒Ἦ⚾㘗˭(images of the future)⮵䁷㈀恎ᷣ佑侭朆ⷠ慵天炻⬫ᶵ⛐㍸ὃ㈡⇌䎦⮎䣦㚫䘬ᶨᾳ䭬⺷炻Ὣ ἧṢᾹシ嬀⇘䎦䉨䘬ᶵ㺧炻⬫㚜忚ᶨ㬍㍸ὃḮẋ㚧㖊⬀䣦㚫䦑⸷䘬伶⤥䎮゛炻 ṾᾹ∝忈Ḯ㭼䎦⮎㚜⤥䘬㛒Ἦ䣦㚫䘬䧵㤝怈㘗炻ˬ℞ᷕ㝸ṃ怈㘗∃⤥冯㘢嬀䘬 㳆⮇⮑伶ᶲ䘬天㯪䚠䳸⎰炻䓊䓇Ḯ冯䔞㗪䣦㚫䘬䱦䤆䘬䧖䧖暨㯪䘬ℙ沜炻 ⛐㮹䛦ᷕ╂崟Ḯ㤝⣏䘬䅙ね˭ˤ66 ℞㫉炻Ṣ栆䘬䘤⯽暨天ᶨᾳ⤖櫍䘬䚖㧁炻䓙 㕤忁ᾳ䚖㧁䘬姕⭂炻Ṣ栆䓇␥⯙㚱Ḯシ佑炻⚈䁢䚖㧁岎Ḱ䓇␥ℏ㵝ņņ晾䃞Ṣ 栆⎗傥㯠怈忼ᶵ⇘Ṿ姕⭂䘬䚖㧁ˤ67ᶨ㖎䓇␥㚱Ḯ䚖㧁炻ˬ㳣叿˭⽆㬌ᶵℵ ⎒㗗䓇⊾ἄ䓐炻⬫㚜シ␛叿”㬋⛐ ḳ”炻ˬḳ˭シ␛叿ℏ㵝ˣ䚖㧁炻ˬ䃉ḳ ḳ˭⇯㗗㊯⎹䨢嘃ˣ䨢㳆炻⛐Ṣ栆䓇␥ᷕ炻䨢嘃ˣ䨢㳆シ㊯埴⯵崘倱ˣ䓇␥䘬 朆シ佑⊾ˤ㖻妨ᷳ炻䚖㧁ㆾˬḳ˭䘬⬀⛐炻⯙㚫ὫἧṢ栆ᶵ㕟⛘゛⍣⬴ㆸ⬫炻 ᷎ᶼ⽆⬴ㆸᷕデ⍿䓇␥ņ䓇␥㗗ᶨ䧖ˬ㳣≽˭ˤ⯙⁷㭷ᾳṢ㭷⣑㖑ᶲ崟⸲炻ᶵ 61
Tom Moylan, Demand the Impossible:Science Fiction and the Utopia Imagination.New York & London:Methuen.1986.pp.36.42.48.49.
62
Leszek Kolakowski,”The Concept of the Left”in A Marxist Humanism,by
Kolakowski,trans. By J. Z. Peel. New York:Grove Press.1968.p.69. 63
Krishan Kumar,Utopianism,University of Minnesota,1991,p.3. 64
J Shklar,The Political Theory of Utopia and After Utopia:The Decline of Political
Faith,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1957.
65
Peter Zarrow,Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture,New York:Columbia University Press,1990,p.83.
66
Frederik L. Polak,”Utopia and Cultural Renewal,”in Mauel,ed.,Utopias and Utopian
Thought,op.cit.,p.288.
67
㗗㸾⁁ᶲ䎕ˣᶲ⬠ˣ攳⸿ˣ忳≽ˣ㔋㬍炻⯙㗗䚳䚳暣夾㕘倆ˣḮ妋偉䤐埴ね炻 㭷ᾳṢ⽫ᷕᶨ⭂㚱ˬ♖⼨˭ᷳḳ炻忁ᾳˬ♖⼨˭ᷳḳᷫ℞䓇␥ᷳㄹ啱炻ㆾ侭 婒炻⮯℞䓇␥シ佑⊾ˤṢ栆䘬ˬ䚖㧁˭㝞㥳崟䓇␥䘬ℏ㵝ˣ岎Ḱ䓇␥シ佑炻ἧ ṢᾹᶵℵ⽔⽐䃉㍒℞ㇳ嵛ˤ忁ᾳ䚖㧁⯙㗗ˬ䁷㈀恎˭ˤℵ℞㫉炻㕡⎹シ␛叿
ˬⶴ㛃˭炻⌛E. Bloch婒䘬ˬ⯂ņ㛒˭(noch-nicht sein)㼃傥炻68
ḇ⯙㗗Ṣ栆 䘬䣦㚫㬟⎚㗗ᶨᾳ忋临ᶵ㕟䘬忶䦳炻ảỽḳ䈑悥㚱㛅⎹㛒Ἦ䘤⯽䘬⎗傥⿏炻⚈ 侴⛐Ṣ栆⿅゛ᷕ⼊ㆸḮᶨ䧖㛇⼭炻⛐ḳ䈑怬㛒⮎晃ㆸ䁢䎦⮎⬀⛐㗪炻Ṣὧ㚱ᶨ 䧖ˬ⃰夳˭烊⯙⁷⬠侭婒䘬烉 Ȩ׆ఈȩޑཀ܈Ȩۘ҂ȩޑཀ٬Γόע٣ނ࣮ԋ࠾ഈޑǵᓉЗޑکֹ ԋޑܿՋǴдགྷ٣ނวޑӭᅿёૈ܄Ǵ٠ӧ٣ނ҅ޑёૈ܄ύࡰрਜ਼ ԎٖޑགྷႽǴոΚ٬ШࣚරӛёૈޑനӳБӛᡂϯǶ69 䫔ᶱ炻䁷㈀恎⿅゛㗗ᶨ䧖崭崲䘬⿅゛炻⬫㗗Ṣ栆⮵䎦⮎䖃劎ˣ劎ぞˣ䄑゙ˣ 䀥⌬ˣ屒⨒ˣ⩱⤺䫱䫱㚱旸⿏䘬崭崲炻忁䧖崭崲ᶵ㗗⼊侴ᶲ䘬崭崲炻侴㗗⮵㖊 ⭂䘬䎦⮎⿏䘬崭崲ˤ70 崭崲ᶨ㕡朊㗗⇵䝣炻ᶨ㕡朊㗗斄㲐䎦⮎炻ḇ⯙㗗ˬ崭崲 侴ᶵ崭僓˭(transcendent without transcendence)炻忁㗗⚈䁢崭崲䘬シ佑Ἦ冒ˬ㚱 旸˭炻僓暊Ḯ㚱旸炻⯙䃉媪䘬崭崲炻侴㗗ˬ崭僓˭Ḯˤ㬌⚈Ṣ栆䘬䖃劎冯䄑 ゙Ἦ冒冒幓䘬㚱旸⿏炻⌛℞䓇侩䕭㬣ˣᶫねℕㄦ䫱炻忁㗗Ṣ栆䘬䎦⮎⿏炻ἄ䁢 Ṣ炻㭷ᾳṢ㭷⣑悥冯⛐Ṿ䘬㚱旸⿏櫍䇕炻䳽⣏⣂㔠䘬Ṣ㚫悥⯰㚵忁㧋䘬㚱旸 ⿏炻傥崭月㛔幓䘬㭭≃⍣崭崲忁䧖㚱旸⿏䘬Ṣ䳽䃉㚱ˤ昌Ḯ㤝⮹㔠㶙℟䎮゛ ⿏㟤䘬Ṣ炻⌛⯤慯媪䘬ˬ崭Ṣ˭炻ẍ℞⻟⣏シ⽿≃冯⮎嶸炻崭崲Ḯ冒幓䘬㚱 旸⿏ˤㆾ侭媪䘬℟㚱ˬ⃰䞍ᾳ⿏˭(visionary messenger)䘬Ṣ嬔⤪㌐幓㓹Ṣ炻 䁢Ḯ㓹≑ᶨᾳˬṾ侭˭炻天ᶨᾳˬ㌐˭℞㚱䘬ᶨˬ幓˭(倱橼ņ䓇␥䘬ㄹ啱ˣ ᶨ↯䘬㸸柕)炻朆㚱㶙⇣㘢ㄏ冯≯㯋㗗䃉㱽ㆸ⯙℞ḳ䘬炻℞≃慷Ἦ冒⮵㝸ᶨ䎮 68
Ernest Bloch. The Principle of Hope.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.1986.pp.144.146. 69
映ὲ炻˪䎮゛䘬䓴旸烉”大㕡楔⿅ᷣ佑”䎦ẋ䁷㈀恎䣦㚫ᷣ佑䎮婾䞼䨞˫炻⊿Ṕ炻䣦 㚫䥹⬠㔯䌣↢䇰䣦炻1998⸜炻枩53ˤ
70
⾝䘬娵⎴炻⬫㺧嵛Ḯ塓⡻従侭䘬䣦㚫䴻㾇冯⽫䎮暨㯪炻71 忁䧖忶䦳⯙㗗ᶨ䧖崭 崲炻ḇ⯙㗗ᶨ䧖ˬ䁷㈀恎˭ˤ㬌䧖䁷㈀恎ⷠἧˬ⮹㔠Ṣ䘬溻≽嬲ㆸ⣂㔠Ṣ䘬ᾉ ⾝˭炻ĸij 㚱䘬⬠侭娵䁢炻忁䧖崭崲䘬≃慷炻㚫䟜⢆䎦㚱䘬䦑⸷炻ĸĴ ㆹ娵䁢炻忁 㗗⽆㓧㱣㕡朊⍣⿅侫䁷㈀恎⼿↢䘬䇯朊䳸婾炻ㆾ侭婒炻忁㗗⮯䁷㈀恎㪲≃⊾ ᷳ⼴䘬䳸㝄ˤḳ⮎ᶲ炻䁷㈀恎䘬借傥Ὰᶵᶨ⭂⯙㗗㊯⎹㓧㱣䘬炻⬫ḇ⎗傥㗗㊯ 㴱䓇␥ĩ⬀⛐Ī䘬炻⯙⤪ἃ㔁䘬㤝㦪ᶾ䓴ㆾ㗗➢䜋⬿㔁䘬⣑➪ᶨ㧋炻䁷㈀恎䘬⬀ ⛐炻ἧṢ㙓㗪⾀姀ˣ⽆侴崭崲䎦⮎䘬劎暋冯㚱旸⿏炻⼿⇘䱦䤆ᶲ䘬㯠ˤ㎃妨 ᷳ炻䁷㈀恎⿅゛ἄ䁢崭崲䘬≃慷炻⬫⮵䎦⮎䘬ἄ䓐炻⎗傥㗗⣂㕡朊ˣ⣂Ⰼ㫉䘬炻 ẍ℞䳸㝄炻㚱䘬⎗傥⮵䎦㚱䦑⸷忈ㆸ㊹㇘炻㚱䘬⌣崭崲䎦㚱䦑⸷ᷳ⢾炻ㆸ䁢 ╖䲼䘬⍫䄏㤪⾝⺽⮶叿䎦⮎炻㚜㚱ṃ⇯㟡㛔嶛忶䎦㚱䦑⸷炻⺢㥳⎎ᶨ⣿䶔㆟忶 ⍣ㆾ㊯⎹㛒Ἦ䘬夷䭬冯₡ῤˤᶨ凔婒Ἦ炻嗽⛐グ㗗䖃劎⠫➇䘬Ṣ炻グ㗗暨天忁 䧖崭崲炻⚈㬌⮵䁷㈀恎⿅゛䘬㷜㯪グ㗗⻟䁰ˤġ ䷥ᷳ炻䁷㈀恎ᷣ佑侭䘬⍵⿅ᶵ叿䛤㕤䔞ᶳ䘬㈲㎉冯㈡⇌炻᷎ᶼ⮯忁ṃ䎮 ⿏娵䞍廱⊾䁢⮵Ṣ栆㛒Ἦ䘤⯽䘬ⶴ㛃炻忁䧖ⶴ㛃シ嬀⯙㗗嬻⯂㛒⬴ㆸ侭ㆸ䁢䎦 ⮎䘬䁷㈀恎ˤ侴䁷㈀恎䘬忻⽟䎮゛⇯ὃ廠Ḯ㸸㸸ᶵ䳽䘬≽≃炻ἧ䁷㈀恎䎮⾝侭 ᶵ㕟⛘䨩䟜冒幓䘬⯨旸ˣ堅㰢䵚伭炻崭崲䎦⮎ᷳ⢾侴ㆸ䁢䎦⮎䘬⇞堉侭ˤ䔞⇵ ⮎䓐ᷣ佑㨓㳩䘬⎘䀋㔁做㬋㗗ṇ暨忁㧋䘬℟㈡⇌傥≃冯忻⽟䎮゛䘬䁷㈀恎䱦 䤆Ḱẍ⇞堉ˤġ
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Ҵǵ௲ػբࣁדޑਜ਼Ԏٖ፦!
⛐㛔㔯ᷕ㚨⼴婾⍲䁷㈀恎㚱⸦ᾳ䈡岒炻ṾᾹ↮⇍㗗烉⍵⿅⿏ˣ㛒Ἦ⿏ 71 Peter Worsley,op.cit.,p.xiii. 72Reinhard Bendix,Max Weber:An Intellectual Portrait,Garden City,New York:Doubleday,1962,p.259.
73
ẍ⍲崭崲⿏ᶱ枭䈡岒炻忁ᶱ枭䈡岒℞⮎⯙㗗㔁做゛天忼ㆸ䘬䚖㧁炻⬫Ᾱ℟橼 侴⽖⛘斉徘Ḯ㔁做䘬㛔岒炻ảỽẍ㔁做䁢⽿㤕䘬Ṣ悥暨℟⁁㬌ᶱ䧖䈡岒ˤ 椾⃰炻ㆹᾹἮ䚳㔁做䁢ỽ㗗⍵⿅䘬ˤ 㔁做⽆Ἦ㗗㔯⊾⁛㈧䘬㚨ᷣ天ㇳ㭝炻Ữ㗗⛐㔯⊾⁛㈧䘬忶䦳ᷕᶵ╖╖㗗ᶨ 㗏䘬ˬ两⼨˭炻᷎ᶼḇ⽭枰㗗ᶨ䧖ˬ攳Ἦ˭炻゛天攳∝㛒Ἦ炻⍵⿅傥≃ᷫ㗗➢ 㛔䘬⇵㍸炻⍵⿅㗗ᶨ䧖⮵⿅゛ˣ䱦䤆ˣ娵嬀䘬ᶨ䧖⿅侫ˣ↮㜸炻恋湤ἄ䁢Ṣ栆 㔯⊾⁛㈧䘬㚨ᷣ天ㇳ㭝䘬㔁做⯙⽭枰℟⍵⿅⿏烊㔁做䘬⍵⿅⿏椾⃰堐䎦⛐ˬ㔁 冯⬠˭忶䦳ᷳᷕ炻ㆹᾹ⃰䚳ˬ㔁˭䘬⍵⿅炻忁⯙㗗ᶨ凔媪䘬ˬ㔁⬠⍵⿅˭(teaching reflection)炻⬫㗗㔁ⷓ㈲冒䘬婚➪㔁⬠炻ἄ䇚娵嬀⮵尉侴忚埴ℐ朊侴㶙↯䘬 ⿅侫㩊妶炻䧵㤝㍊䳊冯妋㰢㔁做⮎嶸ᷕ䘬⓷柴炻⽆侴忚ᶨ㬍⃭⮎冒炻㍸檀 㔁⬠㯜⸛ˤ㟡㒂D. A. Schon䘬奨溆炻㔁ⷓ⛐㔁⬠忶䦳ᷕ䘬⍵⿅㚱ᶱ炻⬫Ᾱ↮⇍
㗗ˬ埴≽⇵䘬⍵⿅˭(reflection for action) ˣˬ埴≽ᷕ䘬⍵⿅˭( reflection in action)
⍲ˬ埴≽⼴䘬⍵⿅˭(reflection on action)ᶱ䧖⍵⿅栆✳炻⛐⮎晃䘬㔁⬠ᷕ炻忁
ᶱ䧖⍵⿅悥㗗Ṍ拗ˣ㚱㗪⎴㗪忚埴䘬ˤ74
䯉妨ᷳ炻㔁⬠䚖㧁䘬㚱㓰忼ㆸ炻㚱岜 㔁ⷓ㔁⬠⇵䘬㸾⁁ˣ㔁⬠ᷕ䘬ᾖ㬋⍲㔁⬠⼴䘬姽Ộ炻㬌⌛㗗㔁⬠忶䦳䘬⍵⿅ˤ
ℵ⯙㔁⬠ℏ⭡䘬⍵⿅Ἦ婒炻ḇ⎗↮䁢ᶱ䧖栆✳䘬⍵⿅炻⬫Ᾱ↮⇍䁢ˬ㈨埻 ⿏䘬⍵⿅˭( technica1 reflection )ˣˬ⮎嶸䘬⍵⿅˭(practica1 reflection)ˣˬ㈡ ⇌䘬⍵⿅˭( critica1 reflection)炻ˬ㈨埻⿏䘬⍵⿅˭憅⮵娵䞍䘬䈡⭂⓷柴炻⿅ 侫ㅱẀ冯妋㰢䘬㕡㱽炻ẍ忼⇘㔁⬠䫾䔍ᷳ㓰傥䁢䚖㧁炻ˬ⮎嶸䘬⍵⿅˭憅⮵ ㍉⍾䘬㔁⬠㰢⭂冯埴≽炻㩊夾ˬ側㘗傰䴉˭(context)⮵㔁⬠䘬シ佑冯⼙枧炻᷎ ⿅侫⍲⮳㯪㚜℟シ佑䘬㔁⬠䚖㧁ˤˬ㈡⇌䘬⍵⿅˭炻㔁ⷓ傥廱⊾䞍嬀侭䘬奺刚 ( transformative intellectua1s )炻⿅侫⬠㟉㔁做⍲冒ㆹ㔁⬠⮵㔜橼䣦㚫䘬⼙枧冯 届䌣炻᷎ẍ忼⇘䧵㤝䘬㔁⬠㓡嬲䁢䚖㧁(昛伶䌱炻 1997 ; Zeichner, 1981; 74
Zeichner & Liston, 1987, 1990)ˤ75J. Ca1derhead㊯↢炻⍵⿅㗗⸓≑㔁ⷓ忼⇘ᾳ Ṣ妋㓦⍲⮰㤕冒ᷣ䘬℟橼ἄ㱽( Ca1derhead, 1989 )炻76 ㆹᾹ䓂军⎗ẍ婒炻ᶨᾳ ᶵㅪ⼿⮵㔁⬠ℏ⭡忚埴⍵⿅䘬㔁ⷓ炻℞㔁⬠㗗㚱⓷柴䘬炻㔁⬠⍵⿅㗗㔁做ㆸ≇ 䘬⽭天㡅ẞˤ 军㕤⬠䓇䪗䘬⬠佺炻⬫⛐㛔岒ᶲ㚜㗗ᶨ䧖⍵⿅炻⁛䴙ᷕ⚳₺⭞⫼⫸㖑⯙ ⻟婧ˬ⬠侴ᶵ⿅⇯仼˭炻忁墉䘬ˬ⿅˭堐朊ᶲ㊯䘬㗗⿅侫炻Ữ㗗⿅侫⎒㗗 ⯙⬠佺ℏ⭡䘬⿅侫炻ㆹ娵䁢炻℞㚜㶙ᶨⰌ䘬シ佑ᷫ㗗ˬ⍵⿅˭炻⚈䁢ˬ⍵⿅˭ ᷫẍㆹᾹ䘬⿅侫䁢⮵尉䘬⿅侫炻⬫㗗忚ᶨ㬍⯙ㆹᾹ⬠佺䘬㕡㱽ˣ⬠佺䘬ン⹎ˣ ⬠佺䘬忶䦳ˣ䞍嬀䘬㛔岒忁栆㚜䁢㟡㛔䘬奨䄏炻⤪㬌炻忁㧋ᶨ䧖⬠佺ㇵ⎗傥㗗 ℐ朊⿏䘬ˣ㚱㓰⿏䘬⬠佺炻䈡⇍㗗䔞ẋ䘬䞍嬀䆮䁠炻⬠䓇朊⮵䘬㗗⤪ỽ㚱㓰 䘬⬠佺冯⇌㕟炻⍵⿅⿏䘬⬠佺㚜⼊慵天炻ἳ⤪䔞ẋ溻⏡埴≽⬠佺㱽䘬McGill and Beaty⯙婒烉ˬ埴≽⬠佺㗗ᶨ䧖⬠佺⍵⿅䘬忶䦳˭炻77⬫⻟婧炻⬠佺侭⍲ ℞⎴₽德忶⍵䚩℞䴻槿Ἦℙ⎴⼤㬌⬠佺炻忁㗗ᶨ䧖㚨㚱㓰⍲㚨䧵㤝䘬⬠佺㕡 ⺷ˤ ℞㫉炻㔁做䘬㛒Ἦ⿏ˤ 㚱㔁做ḳ⮎ᶲ悥朊⮵暨天塓㔁做侭炻媪䘬暨天塓㔁做侭炻㊯䘬㗗⯂㛒 ㆸ䁢ㆹᾹ㛇⼭䘬Ṣ炻⚈㬌炻㔁做㗗㊯⎹Ṣ䘬㛒Ἦ䘬炻Ṩ湤㗗Ṣ䘬㛒Ἦ␊烎⯙ 㗗ㆸ䁢ᶨᾳ䛇㬋䘬Ṣ炻⤪⬠侭ḹ烉 ௲ػόࢂᏧޜрǴѬΨόࢂӃܭΓޑڋࡋǴ࣬ϸޑǴѬࢂΓࣁޑڋࡋ ीǶӢԜǴ”Γ”ޑୢᚒԋࣁךॺჹ௲ػޑ܌Ԗ֚ൽᆶޑ୷ᘵǴό೯ၸჹΓ 75 ዀ⨾⋢炻˪ᩍᖌᑙᴗ୍୍ᩍᏥ⌮ᛕ⯅ᐿ㋄˫炻㧗㞝ᕷ:㯇㔯炻1997⸜ˤZeichner. K. M& Liston. D. P. (1987). Teaching student teachers to flect. Harvard EIcationa/ Review. 5᭶ 1).23 -48.Zeichner, K. M& Liston. D. P. (1990). Traditions of reform in US teacher education. Journa/ ofTeacher cation.4/(2).3-20.March
76
Calderhe. J. (1989). Ret1ective teaching and teacher education. Teacng and Teacher
education. 5.435 1.
77
I. McGill and L. Beaty,’Action Learning—A Guide for professional, management and educational development, 1992.p.21.
ޑԵჸǴคݤӣเ௲ػୢᚒǶӢԜǴऩाୢȨ௲ػډۭࢂϙሶǻȩ߾ѸӃჹ ȨΓࢂϙሶǻȩрᙁൂޑӣเǶΓբࣁঁගୢޑނǴҁيջࢂ”ԋࣁ ୢᚒ”ޑӸԖޣǶΓբࣁୢᚒޑӸԖޣǴཀښΓڀԖᆒઓ܄ᆶЬᡏཀǴՠ ΨсᡉΑΓޑόዴۓ܄ᆶ҂ֹԋ܄ǶӢԜǴΓޑӸԖ҅ࢂঁරӛֹഢǵዴۓ ᆶ܄ϯޑၸำǶёа೭ሶᇥǴΓޑӸԖࢂ”ԋࣁঁΓ”(becoming a human being)ޑၸำǶ78 ⮯ᶨᾳ䃉䞍䃉嬀侭㔁⮶ˬㆸ䁢ᶨᾳṢ˭炻㬋㗗㔁做䘬䳪㤝䚖㧁ˤ 昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻䔞ẋ䘬䣦㚫䘤⯽㚜暨天㔁做㑼䔞慵屔⣏ả炻䈡⇍㗗䔞ṢᾹ㶙 ⇣娵嬀⇘ˬ㔁做㗗⼊ㆸ㛒Ἦ䣦㚫䘬ᷣ天⚈䳈炻⛐䚖⇵⯌℞⤪㬌˭ˤ79䔞ẋ䘬㔁 做䞼䨞ḇ悥堐㖶烉ˬ䣦㚫㬋⛐⿍∯䘬嬲怟炻㔁做⽭枰℟㚱怑ㅱ⿏冯⇵䝣⿏ˤṲ ⼴㔁做昌䁢䔞⇵䘬䓇㳣侴㸾⁁⢾炻ḇㅱ➡梲⬠䓇℟㚱‘㛒Ἦシ嬀’炻䘤⯽ṾᾹ‘㍊ 䳊㛒Ἦ’䘬冰嵋冯傥≃ˤ⚈㬌炻䎦ẋ⬠㟉㔁做䘬 䚖㧁ˣ婚䦳冯㔁⬠㕡㱽炻⛯ㅱ 晐㗪≈ẍ婧㔜㓡嬲炻ㇵ傥怑ㅱ㛒Ἦ䣦㚫嬲怟䘬暨天炻……惵⎰䎦⛐炻怑ㅱ㛒 Ἦ˭ˤ80 䫔ᶱ炻㔁做䘬崭崲⿏ˤ 㔁做䘬崭崲⿏椾⃰⛐㕤⬫㗗㓡嬲ᾳṢ␥忳⛘ỵ䘬ⶴ㛃烊ᾳṢ天㓡嬲␥忳炻 㓡嬲䣦㚫幓↮⛘ỵ炻⯙天月㔁做炻ㆹ姀⼿⮷㗪῁䇞㭵悥㚫≱⊝ㆹᾹ忁ṃ⮷⬑炻 天≒≃嬨㚠炻ᶵ天⁷ṾᾹ彃劎⊆ἄ炻忁⯙㗗姙⣂Ṣ㛇⼭㕤㔁做䘬䣦㚫≇傥烉 㓡嬲䣦㚫幓↮⛘ỵ烊㬌⢾炻⮵Ṣ冒幓䘬䓇␥⠫䓴䘬㍸㖯Ἦ婒炻㔁做㚜㗗ᶵ⎗ㆾ 仢䘬ㇳ㭝炻ḳ⮎ᶲ炻ảỽ㔁做䘬䚖䘬悥⛐Ὣ忚Ṣ⮵䓇␥冒幓䘬崭崲炻㍸⋯Ṣ䘬 䓇␥䘬䱦䤆⠫䓴炻⮎䎦Ṣ䘬䓇␥₡ῤ炻⛐㬌炻崭崲シ␛叿⮵㚱䓴旸䘬䨩䟜ㆾ ⛐䎦㚱㯜㸾ᶲ䘬㖯厗炻㗗⮵㕘䘬⠫䓴䘬攳㉻ㆾ㕘䘬ḳ䈑ˣ奨⾝䘬∝忈ˤℵ㫉炻 78 㛶㔯炻˨㔁做⬠㕡㱽婾䘬シ㵝˩炻˪剙咖ⷓ昊⬠⟙˫2003⸜䫔16㛇炻枩92ˤ 79 倗⎰⚳㔁䥹㔯䳬䷼⚳晃㔁做⥼⒉㚫䶐炻厗㜙ⷓ⣏㭼庫㔁做䞼䨞嬗炻˪⬠㚫䓇⬀ņ 㔁做ᶾ䓴䘬Ṳ⣑㖶⣑˫炻㔁做䥹⬠↢䇰䣦炻1996⸜䇰炻枩137ˤ 80 旰⣶䅡叿烉˪㔁做䣦Ể⬎˫炻ᶱ㮹Ḏ⯨1986⸜䇰炻䫔152-154栝ˤ
㔁做䘬崭崲⿏怬⛐㕤忻⽟䘬㖯厗炻㔁做ᷫ⎹㛒Ἦ攳㓦炻⎹ᾳ橼䓇␥攳㓦炻忻⽟ 㔁做䘬䚖㧁⯙⛐㕤ἧṢ⛐ᶵ㕟䘬∝忈冯䓇␥橼槿ᷕㆸ䁢Ṿ冒ˤ㚨⼴炻忁䧖崭 崲⿏婒⇘⸽⯙㗗ᶨ䧖∝忈≃炻⚈䁢ἧṢㆸ䁢Ṿ冒䘬炻⎒傥㗗Ṣ䘬䌐䈡䘬∝忈 ⿏䓇㳣⍲℞橼槿ˤ⽆㝸䧖シ佑ᶲ婒炻㚱∝忈⿏䘬䓇㳣ㇵ㗗㚱Ṣ⿏䘬䓇㳣炻⯙㬌炻 屣⯤㕗(P. Phenix)婒⇘烉ˬ㚱Ṣ⿏䘬䓇㳣⯙㗗㈲㭷ᶨ㗪⇣悥橼槿䁢ᶨ䧖㕘 䘬∝忈炻᷎ᶼ娵嬀⇘炻忁ᶨ㗪⇣⃀䭉冯忶⍣㗗忋临䘬炻䃞侴⌣㗗ᶨ䧖㚱⋨⇍䘬 㕘䓇ˤ忁䧖㕘䓇⮯㚫忚ᶨ㬍忼⇘∝㕘⿏䘬⮎䎦˭ˤ81 㬌⌛㔁做䘬崭崲⿏炻㔁做ἄ䁢ᶨ䧖㚱叿䌐䈡ℏ㵝夷⼳䘬㳣≽炻℞䛇㬋䘬 ₡ῤ⛐㕤崭崲炻崭崲⿏㗗℞⚢㚱䘬Ⱄ⿏ᷳᶨˤ ⁛䴙ᶲ炻㔁做塓娵䁢㔯⊾两㈧䘬慵天ㇳ㭝炻䃞侴炻㔯⊾两㈧⎒㗗㔁做䘬ᶨ 悐↮≇傥侴ᶵ㗗ℐ悐炻䈡⇍㗗忁䧖㔁做ᾅ⬰婾婧⛐䔞ẋ⾓忇嬲怟䘬䣦㚫ᷕ徸 㻠塓岒䔹烊⛐䔞ẋ㕘楔⿅ᷣ佑⮵㕤⬠㟉㔁做ἄ䁢⚳⭞シ嬀⼊ン㨇☐䘬㈡⇌ᷳ ⼴炻嬻ṢᾹ㶭㤂⛘Ḯ妋⇘⁛䴙㔁做䘬ᾅ⬰⿏≇傥䘬旸⇞ḮṢ栆㔯⊾䘬䘤⯽炻 ẍ䔞ẋ㔁做䘬ἧ␥ᷫ㗗ˬ㚧㛒䞍䘬䣦㚫➡梲㛒䞍䘬䪍˭炻82 1971屣⯤㕗 ⛐˪崭崲冯婚䦳˫(Transendence and Curriculum)ᶨ㚠ᷕḇ⻟婧崭崲シ嬀⮵㔁做
䘬慵天⿏ˤṾ娵䁢烉ˬṢ栆䘬シ嬀㗗㢵㟡Ḷ崭崲䘬˭炻᷎婾徘Ḯ⎴崭崲シ嬀䚠 ㅱ䘬⸦䧖⽫ン炻⤪ⶴ㛃ˣ∝忈⿏ˣ奢ぇ⿏䫱䫱ˤ83 ⽆Ṣ栆䘬ΐ䎮忻⽟侴妨炻㔁做䘬崭崲⿏㚜℟㚱䃉⎗㚧ẋ䘬₡ῤ炻㬌㬋⤪⬠ 侭婒䘬烉ˬ㔁做㛇⼭䘬崭崲⿏䘬Ṣ炻㗗傥⣈⮵䎦⬀䘬䓇㳣ἄ↢⍵⿅㈡⇌ 䘬ṢˤṢ⎒㚱忂忶Ṿ䘬冒奢⍵⿅冯㈡⇌ㇵ㚱⎗傥䘤䎦䓇㳣ᷕ䘬⚘⠫⓷柴炻忼 ⇘⮵䎦⮎䓇㳣庫䁢ℐ朊䘬䎮妋炻㒂㬌⮎䎦⮵䎦⬀䘬崭崲˭ˤĹĵ ġ 81
[2 ] Philip H. Phenix. Transcendence and the Curriculum[J ]. in Teachers College Record ,1971(2) .
82 ˪⬠㚫䓇⬀˫炻枩40ˤ 83
[2 ] Philip H. Phenix. Transcendence and the Curriculum[J ]. in Teachers College Record ,1971(2) .
84 欗㻼炻˨崭崲⿏䘬⬀⛐ņℤ婾䕭ン怑ㅱ䘬㔁做˩炻˪厗㜙ⷓ䭬⣏⬠⬠⟙˫(㔁做䥹⬠䇰)炻 䫔25⌟䫔4㛇炻2007⸜12㚰炻枩8ˤ(6-29)
䃞侴炻ㆹᾹḇ⽭枰䞍忻炻㔁做䘬崭崲⿏᷎朆㮓䃉旸⇞䘬炻䯉╖⛘婒炻㔁做 䘬㚨➢㛔䘬ả⊁⛐㕤㔁做ᶳᶨẋ⍣怑ㅱ䣦㚫炻ẍ怑ㅱ㗗崭崲䘬➢䢶⇵㍸炻 Ữ㔁做ẍ怑ㅱ䣦㚫䁢䚖䘬炻忁䧖㔁做㗗塓≽侴ᾅ⬰䘬炻䃉㱽⚈ㅱ㗪ẋ∯䁰 䘬嬲怟炻ẍ㔁做⍰⽭枰㗗崭崲䘬炻侴䣦㚫昶㭝⿏ㆸ⯙⍰暨天怑ㅱἮ≈ẍ䵕 ㊩ˣ朷⚢䘤⯽ˤ
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