Watermarking and Rights Protection

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Watermarking and Rights Protection

博士班 林秀慧

Outline



Watermarking Background

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Digital Watermark



A digital watermark

 a digital signal or pattern imposed on a digital docu

ment ( text, audio,image, video)

 visible watermark

 the more obvious means of discouraging unauthorized use

by reducing the commercial value of a document

 invisible watermark

 the watermark is imperceptible to the human eye

 when the ownership of data is in question, the watermark

Importance of Digital Watermarking

 The sudden increase in watermarking interest is most likely due to the increase in concern over copyright protection of content

 copyright-protected digital contents are easily recorded and distributed due to:

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Technologies to protect digital

contents

 Cryptography is the most common method of

protecting digital content and is one of the best developed science.

 However, encryption cannot help the seller

monitor how a legitimate customer handles the content after decryption.

 Digital watermarking can protect content even

after it is decrypted.

Encryption ? _Decryption

Applications of Digital Watermarking



Copyright protection (Proof of Ownership)



Fingerprinting (Transaction tracking)



Copy protection (Copy Control)



Data authentication



etc

 Broadcast monitoring

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Copyright Protection (Proof of

Ownership)

 Using watermarks to provide evidence in

ownership disputes.

 1996, Craver et. al. “Can invisible watermarks

solve rightful ownerships?” points out the

counterfeit attacks and a cryptographic solution.

 With properly designs, it is technically possible to

prove ownerships with watermarks.

Transaction Tracking

(Fingerprinting)

 Using watermarks to identify people who obtain content legall y but illegally redistribute it.

 Large scale use for transaction tracking is vulnerable for collu sion attacks, but it is still worthwhile to catch adversaries who lacked the diligence or knowledge to perform these attacks.

 Example: the defunct DiVX player

 The DIVX Corporation sold a enhanced DVD player that implements a

pay-per-view model.

 Each player will place a unique watermark in the video disk it played.  Once the video disk is recorded and sold, the adversary can be tracked!

 Small-scale transaction tracking where collusion attacks is im possible can be implemented with high security

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Copy Control

 Using watermarks to tell recording equipment what

content may not be recorded.

 One substantial non-technical problem

 It is hard to persuading manufacturers to include watermark

decoders in decoding devices  Adding cost

 Reduce the value

 Solution

Keep honest people honest

Compliant player

Non-Compliant player Legal, encrypted copy

Illegal, decrypted copy

Compliant recorder Compliant recorder Playback control by encryption Copy control by watermarking

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Data Authentication

 Embedding signature information in content that c

an be later checked to verify it has not been tamp ered with.

 Fragile watermarks

 A mark likely to become undetectable after a Work is m

odified in any way. eq. LSB

 Embedded signatures

 the authentication signature of an image is produced by

a “trustworthy cameras”

 the authentication signature is embedded as either a ro

etc



Broadcast Monitoring

 Identifying when and where Works are

broadcast by recognizing watermarks embedded in them.



Device Control

 Using watermarks to make devices, such as

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Requirements of Digital

Watermarking

 Robustness

 The ability of the watermark to survive normal processing of content  Perceptual Transparency

 The perceptual quality of watermarked content  Payload

 The amount of information that can be carried in a watermark

 Oblivious (public, bind) vs. non-oblivous (private, informed)  Whether the watermark detector can detect a watermark without the

original content

 Security

 The ability of the watermark to resists hostile attacks  etc

 False positive rate

Mutual Dependencies between

the Basic Requirements

Tradeoff

Lossy Compression Watermarking

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Spread Spectrum Watermarking

Original Image

1.Full-frame FFT/DCT

For the largest 1000 A C coef, set 2. Watermark Watermarked Image 3.Inverse FFT/DCT W = w₁,...,w_n w_i: N(0,1) Noise-like X= {x₁,...,X_n} 1.FFT/DCT Original Image Received Image Original Watermark Extracted Watermark － Y= {y₁,...,y_n} T     * * * * w w w w ) w 3.sim(w,

Watermark Insertion Watermark Extraction

 ) 1 ( * _{ } i i i x y w  ) 1 ( _i i i x w x  

Construction Example

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Watermarking and Rights Protection



Copyright protection

 Embed owner’ watermark



Fingerprinting

Decoding Tests for Ownership

Determination

 If Bob obtained Alice’s watermarked image

and introduced his own watermark into it, th en both it leads to case 3

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Rightful Ownership Problem

A B A X W W W X X      B W X X   

=> Both Alice’s original and watermarked image contains Bob’s watermark

Non-invertible Watermarking

Schemes

 Non-invertibility

 It is computationally impossible for an attacker to find a

pair of a faked image and a watermark such that the pair can result in the same watermarked image.

 Invertible watermarking schemes cannot resolve the

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Customer’s Rights Problems

- Example 1

 How can Alice prove that Bob is responsible

Customer’s Rights Problems

- Example 2

 How can Eve protect his right and prove his

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Customer’s Rights Problems

TTP Watermarking Protocol

 TTP can make sure that each distributed copy has a unique watermark in it  TTP keeps purchasing records for every user

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Buyer-Seller Watermarking Protocol

 To irrevocably bind the customer to the specific

copy sold to him (for problem in Example 1)

 The seller does not know the buyer’s watermark.

 The seller does not get to know the exact watermarked

copy that the buyer receives.

 The buyer does not know the exact watermark

embedded in the content.

 Four subprotocols

 Watermark generation, watermark insertion, copyright

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RSA

Public Key Cryptosystem

)) ( ( ) ( mod )) ( ( )) ( (X W X W n E X E W E B B B B K K K K       

The Watermark Generation

Protocol

 C generates a random but valid watermark W for Bob

after verifying Bob’s certificates of identity

 C encrypts W with Bob’s public key, and a digital

signature is also generated

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The Copyright Violator

Identification Protocol

Xˆ

) ( ˆ _{X W} X   ) ( ) (X V  W  U

Y

Is U in Table_X ? protocol fails ! no yes Bob’s ID, , D(X,Y) Unauthorized copy Transaction watermark Bob’s double-watermarked content ), (W E B K SignC(Ek_B(W))

D(X,Y) : extraction algorithm for transaction watermark V For robust watermarking:

Correlating U with every watermar k V in Table_X,

Selecting the highest correlation b eyond a confidence threshold.

The Dispute Resolution Protocol

In case Bob denies

 Alice can reveal σand and to the judge.  The judge first verifies

 Judge asks Bob for his “Private Key” to compute W and c

heck for the presence of σ(w) in Y.

 The judge can then run the watermark extraction algorit

hm on Y and check if σ(w) is indeed present in Y.

 If σ(w) is found in Y, Bob is found guilty otherwise Bob is

innocent.  w E_KB Sign



E  w



B K C  



E w



Sign B K C

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Example 4



How to support hierarchical selling channel ?

Buyer Distributor Seller

3. E _Kd (X′ σ⊕ _s(W_d)) 4. E _Kb (X’’ σ⊕ _d(W_b)) 1. E _Kb (W_b), Sign_c(E _Kb (W_b)) 2. E _Kd (W_d), Sign_c(E _Kd (W_d)) X’ = X V⊕ _d X’’ = {X ⊕V_d σ⊕ _s(W_d)} ⊕ V_b ={X ⊕Vd σ⊕ s(Wd)} ⊕ Vb ⊕σd(Wb)

- 2 more watermarks embeded !

Buyer-Reseller Watermarking

Protocol

 Provide rights protection over a second-hand

market (resell)

 Support the change of ownership

 Relax the requirement of the confidentiality of

encrypted watermarks

 Four subprotocols

 Watermark generation, watermark insertion, copyright

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Example 5

 Nobody can be blamed for distributing the unauthorized copies !  Watermark certificate:

 The content may be severely corrupted !

 

,



,

 



} , {K E w Sign K E w B B C B K K B

Buyer-Reseller Watermarking

Protocol



Content distributor is always involved



Alice may still keep her copy after transfer

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Conclusion

 Trusted Third Property plays an important role

 Cryptography can be used to compliment watermarking

 There is not any protocol that can solve all the problems at

the same time

 The buyer-seller protocol is the most suitable for online

e-business

 There is a large room and a strong need for developing

effective and fair watermarking protocols for copyright protection

 More contents to be protected by watermarks

 Software

 IP in IC design

 Watermarking is a core technology for Digital Rights