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䌳㋗廅ġ
朄⭄⣏⬠㔁做䞼䨞㔁㌰ 㓞䧧㖍㛇烉2014⸜6㚰11㖍炻㍍⍿↲䘣㖍㛇烉2014 ⸜12㚰15㖍ˤ * デ嫅ℑỵ⋧⎵⮑㞍Ṣ㍸ὃ⮞屜䘬ᾖ㓡シ夳ˤύ
ύЎᄔा!
⎘䀋⛐1990⸜ẋ㮹ᷣ⊾ᷳ⼴炻㭷忯怠冱炻ᶵ⎴シ嬀䘬シ嬀⼊ンὧ㽨䁰Ṍ 扺炻䁢㬌Ḵ⋩⸦⸜Ἦ䣦㚫⮵䩳堅䨩ᶵ㕟炻℞ᷕ炻㔁做傥⏎㕤シ嬀⼊ン䘬䲦丷炻 ㆸ䁢ῤ⼿ᶨ㍊䘬嬘柴ˤ㛔㔯⽆䔞ẋ大㕡㔯⊾䞼䨞䘬懭奨㬟⎚ᷕ沍䝘シ嬀⼊ン䘬 㺼嬲炻⽆楔⿅ᷣ佑䘬嘃`シ嬀⇘吃嗕大䘬㔯⊾曠㪲炻ℵ⇘旧悥䐇䘬シ嬀⼊ン ⚳⭞㨇☐炻シ嬀⼊ン惵⎰叿屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬䘤⯽炻ᾳṢ⛐㔁做橼䲣ᷕ塓⺢㥳䁢ᶨᾳ ᷣ橼炻ᶨᾳầἃ㗗⎗ẍ 冒䘬ᷣṢ䘬ᾳ橼炻忁䧖㕘⼊⺷⎔╂ᷣ橼䘬シ嬀⼊ ンⶍ䦳炻⛐屯㛔ᷣ佑䱦⭮䘬⢾悐䘬䈑岒⿏㑵ἄᶳ炻嬻䔞ẋシ嬀⼊ン栗⼿㚜䁢晙 㘎冯䤆䦀炻ḇ嬻ṢᾹ㚜≈暋ẍ㈿㉺ˤ 斄挝⫿烉シ嬀⼊ンˣ㔁做ˣ㔯⊾曠㪲ˣシ嬀⼊ン⚳⭞㨇☐The Interpellation of Subject: Ideology and Education
Chen-Hui Wang
Professor of Graduate Institute of Education, Providence University
Abstract
There are fierce ideological battles in every election which makes society in conflicts after 1990’s in Taiwan. How the education could be free from the ideology?It’s worthy of further consideration. We will overview the evolution of ideology from contemporary western culture history in this paper. We review the doctrine of false consciousness of Marxism and the hegemony of Antonio Gramsci , and the ideology State apparatus of Louis Althusser. The development of ideology is accompanied with capitalism, in which a man was constructed to be a subject in education system, and the individual seemed to be the master of himself. This is a new form of subject created by the ideological engineering, with the external of material operation of capitalist society. It makes contemporary ideology more obscure and mysterious, and also irresistible.
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൘ǵق!
2008⸜4㚰⛐㜙⏛⣏⬠㟉攟∱⃮䌬ℏ⭂↢ả敋㍮ᷳ⼴炻㍍⍿姀侭䘬姒⓷ 㗪炻ℑ⹎㍸⇘⮵㔁做悐攟䘬㛇㛃炻㊯㔁做㓧䫾ㅱ⽖婧炻ᶵ傥㏆朑␥炻性㈲⬑ ⫸䔞䘥侩滈炻ˬ㔁做悐攟天⮵⓷柴㶙ℍˣᶵ天㚱シ嬀✳ン炻ㅱ冯怠冱ᾅ㊩嶅暊ˤ˭1 䈡⇍㗗⎘䀋䣦㚫炻⛐1990⸜ẋ㮹ᷣ⊾ᷳ⼴炻⎘䀋シ嬀㉔柕炻冯⁛䴙㔁做ᷕ⁛ 忼䘬ᷕ⚳シ嬀⣏䚠徽⹕炻㭷忯怠冱炻忁ℑ䧖シ嬀ὧ㽨䁰Ṍ扺炻⎗㗗ῷῷ⎘䀋⎬ ⺷⎬㧋䘬怠冱䷩⣂炻㕤㗗ᶨ忯⇘怠冱ὧ㚱シ嬀✳ン䘬堅䨩炻姙⣂⭞⹕䓂军⚈㬌 侴䓊䓇䲦䳃炻ᶨṃ㚳⍳ḇ⎗傥⚈侴⍵䚖ˤ䁢㬌炻∱⃮䌬⛐⯙ả埴㓧昊昊攟ᷳ⇵ 㚱デ侴䘤炻℞婆シ␛㶙怈炻㔁做傥⏎㕤シ嬀✳ン䘬䲦丷炻ῤ⼿ᶨ㍊ˤ 㬌⢾炻ᶨ凔䘬䎮妋䘬㗗炻㍏⇞グ㗗♜⍚䘬䣦㚫炻℞シ嬀✳ング㗗歖㖶侴⻟ 䁰炻䚠⮵䘬炻グ㗗攳㓦㮹ᷣ䘬䣦㚫炻ㆹᾹグ㗗デ⍿ᶵ⇘シ嬀✳ン䘬ἄ䓐ˤ⎘䀋 㗗ᶨᾳ㮹ᷣ攳㓦䘬䣦㚫炻⬫㖑怈暊ㆺ♜㗪ẋ炻䎮婾ᶲ嫃炻ᶵˬㅱ娚˭怬㚱シ 嬀✳ン䘬⊭塙烊䃞侴炻℞⮎ᶵ䃞炻⛐㮹ᷣ攳㓦䘬䣦㚫ᷕ炻姙⣂Ṣ晾䃞デ⍿ᶵ⇘ シ嬀✳ン炻Ữ᷎ᶵẋ堐⬫ᶵ⬀⛐炻ḇᶵẋ堐⬫䘬⻙⊾炻䈡⇍㗗⛐䔞ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑 䣦㚫ᷕ炻シ嬀✳ン㤝䁢晙㘎侴⽖⥁⛘㼃啷⛐ᶨ凔㔯⊾ᷕ炻劍ὅ䔞ẋ忂㔯⊾䞼 䨞䘬ⶐ㒀屣㕗(John Fiske)婒䘬炻㔯⊾㗗ㆹᾹ⽆䣦㚫䴻槿ᷕ䓊墥シ佑䘬忶 䦳炻2 侴天䝕妋シ佑⤪ỽ䓊䓇ˣ忚埴廱⊾ˣ㚨⼴塓ᾳṢ冯䣦㚫⛀橼⏠㓞㗗㔯 ⊾䞼䨞㚨慵天䘬斄挝炻℞ᷕシ嬀✳ン⇯㗗㤝慵天䘬ᶨᾳ↯ℍ溆ˤ3 恋湤䔞ẋ䣦㚫ᷕ䘬シ嬀✳ン㗗⤪ỽ䓊䓇䘬烎ㆹᾹἄ䁢㔁做侭炻⇘⸽傥⏎⁷ ᶲ徘埴㓧昊∱⃮䌬昊攟㛇≱㔁做悐攟恋㧋ˬᶵ天㚱シ嬀⼊ン˭炻㔁做傥⏎⍣ 1 㜿▱䏒ˣ⻝拎⻀ˣ拊暯⬯炻˨∱⃮䌬烉㔁攟ᶵㅱ㚱シ嬀⼊ン˩炻⎘⊿˪倗⎰⟙˫2008 ⸜4㚰10㖍ˤ 2Fiske, John. Understanding popular culture. Boston ; Unwin Hyman.1989.
3㜘㉱䇦⽟•⎌䈡(Gerald L. Gutek)叿炻昛㙱䪗嬗炻˪⒚⬠冯シ嬀⼊ン夾慶ᷕ䘬㔁做˫
(Philosophical and Ideological Perspectives 0n Education)炻2008⸜炻⊿Ṕ炻⊿Ṕⷓ⣏↢䇰 䣦ˤ
昌シ嬀✳ン烎忁ṃ悥㗗ῤ⼿ㆹᾹ忚ᶨ㬍⍣㍊⓷䘬嬘柴ˤ
ມ
ມǵѱ҇ޗᆶЎϯ៙ޑගр!
㚱嵋䘬㗗炻䔞ẋ姙⣂䞼䨞侭悥ᶵ䲬侴⎴⛘㊯↢炻⛐攳㓦䣦㚫ᷕ炻シ嬀✳ン ᶵ⬀⛐炻侴ᶼ㬋㗗德忶䎦ẋ䘬㔁做⇞⹎炻⚳⭞㨇☐ᶵ㕟墯墥⚳㮹䘬シ嬀✳ ン炻ˬ婒㚵˭⚳㮹㚵⽆⬫䘬䴙㱣ˣ忚侴䡢䩳℞䴙㱣䘬⎰㱽⿏烊ἳ⤪㚱⬠侭娵䁢炻 ⬠㟉婚䦳ℏ⭡⮵㔁ⷓ⍲⬠䓇㿴廠Ḯᶨ䧖㕘䘬㍏⇞㕡⺷炻℞ᷕᷳᶨ⌛㗗⍣㈨埻 ⊾炷deskilling炸ẍ⍲㚜䎮⿏⊾烊侴㚱ṃ⬠侭⇯⻟婧炻德忶娖慳⿏䘬怠㑯⿏䘬 夷⇯炻㔁做䘬シ佑⮎嶸塓㔁ⷓ⬠䓇ˬ教嬨˭炻侴恋ṃ夷⇯⍿⃰⇵⬀⛐䘬 ⼊⊊䳬ㆸ䘬シ嬀✳ン⼙枧ˤ4 侴⛐䛦⣂⬠㳦ᷕ㕿⸇㚨䁢歖㖶䘬婾侭㗗㕘楔 ⿅ᷣ佑侭炻ṾᾹ娵䁢炻⚳⭞㨇☐䘬㌴㎉侭㚱シ嬀⛘ℵ墥ṢᾹ䘬䣦㚫㳣≽䣦 㚫䳸㥳ˤ ⛐䔞ẋ㔯⊾䞼䨞ᷳᷕ炻シ嬀✳ン塓䓴⭂ṢᾹ䓐ẍ娵嬀ᶾ䓴䘬普橼⿅゛ˣᾉ ⾝炻ᶨᾳ⿅゛ᾉ⾝䘬䵚䴉(the network of ideas and beliefs)烊⛐⁛䴙䘬楔⿅ᷣ 佑䎮婾ᷕ炻昌Ḯ娵䁢シ嬀✳ン㗗ᶨᾳ䴻㾇➢䢶䘬⍵㗈炻⍿䣦㚫䴻㾇≃慷䈥⺽ ᷳ ⢾ 炻 シ 嬀 ⼊ ン 㚜 㚱 ⮯ 䎦 䉨 ⎰ 䎮 ⊾ ˣ ℵ 墥 䎦 䉨 䘬 ≇ 傥 (naturalization and reproduction of the status quo)ˤ5媪䘬ˬ䎦䉨˭㊯䘬㗗䴙㱣侭㌴㎉㪲⊊䘬䎦䉨炻 德忶⮵忁䧖䎦䉨䘬⎰䎮⊾冯ℵ墥炻㔁做ṢᾹ䎮䔞䃞⛘㍍⍿䴙㱣侭䘬㱣䎮炻ḇ ⚈㬌炻⛐大㕡⁛䴙⿅゛ᷕ炻シ嬀✳ン⎹Ἦ塓夾䁢℟属㈹ˣ㴰㤝ˣ㍏⇞怖哥䛇 ⮎䘬シ佑ˤシ嬀✳ン墯墥䎦䉨䘬≇傥晾䃞⛐⁛䴙楔⿅ᷣ佑恋墉㖑塓㍸↢炻Ữ楔
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⍫ 夳 Genry Giroux,Theory and Resistance in Educaiton: A Pedagogy for the Opposition .South Hadley, Mass.: Bergin & Garvey, 1983.
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Brett Farmer, “The Ideologies of Everyday Life”, in F. Martin ed., Interpreting Everyday
⿅ᷣ佑侭悥⮯⬫ 䁢屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬伒埴≈ẍ㈡⇌炻⛐恋墉炻シ嬀✳ン䃉䔹㗗拗婌 䘬ẋ⎵娆炻⬫㗗塓㈡⇌䘬⮵尉炻䷙奨楔⿅】㟤㕗ℐ普⸦⋩⌟䘬叿ἄ⸦᷶䪇℞ ℐ≃⯙⛐㎕曚屯㛔ᷣ佑恋䧖拗婌䘬ˣ嘃`䘬ˣ℟㫢䝆⿏䘬シ嬀✳ン炻ṾᾹⶴ㛃 德忶℞⻟㚱≃䘬㈡⇌ẍ⍲䣦㚫ᷣ佑朑␥忳≽Ἦ╂愺ⶍṢ䘬冒奢シ嬀ˤ䃞侴炻⽆ 1848⸜䫔ᶨ⚳晃䘬ㆸ䩳㬋⺷⭋⏲ℙ源朑␥䘬娽䓇Ẳ⥳炻㬟䴻⸦役ᶨᾳᶾ䲨炻⇘ ḮḴ⋩ᶾ䲨ᶲ⋲叱炻䓙㕤㫸㳚䣦㚫ᷣ佑朑␥ⰊⰊ䘬⣙㓿炻Ὣἧ⬠侭⿅侫℞㟡㛔 ⍇⚈炻⼴Ἦ佑⣏⇑㕘楔⿅ᷣ佑吃嗕大(Antonio Gramsci)娵䁢炻ẍ⼨䣦㚫ᷣ佑 朑␥忶㕤慵夾䴻㾇ˣ㓧㱣櫍䇕炻侴庫⮹栏⍲㔯⊾柀➇䘬櫍䇕炻忁㗗ᶨᾳṾ䧙ᷳ 䁢ˬ㔯⊾曠㪲˭炷Hegemony炸ㆾˬ㔯⊾柀⮶㪲˭䘬䇕⤒㇘炻⮵吃嗕大Ἦ婒炻 䴙㱣昶䳂柀⮶㔯⊾曠㪲➢㛔ᶲ⯙㗗⽭枰∝忈↢ᶨ䧖䣦㚫ᶲ℞⬫ᶵ⎴昶䳂冯⛀ 橼悥傥㍍⍿䘬ᶾ䓴奨ˣ⒚⬠忻⽟奨溆ˤὅ㬌炻ᶨᾳ昶䳂ㆾ⛀橼䘬㓗惵㪲 炷ascendancy炸ᷣ天㗗斄挝㗗⛐㕤⮯℞ᾳ⇍䘬ᶾ䓴奨廱⊾ㆸ㘖念⿏冯㓗惵⿏䘬 ⿅㼖炻᷎ẍ㬌㊯⮶㖍ⷠ䓇㳣ᷳ傥≃ˤ6 吃嗕大娵䁢⛐大㕡屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫炻屯䓊 昶䳂忚埴䘬㗗⊭㊔㓧㱣ˣ䴻㾇ˣ㔯⊾⛐ℏ䘬䷥橼䴙㱣炻䃉䓊昶䳂䘬朑␥⚈侴ᶵ 傥⎒㗗ᶨ䧖“慵㍐侣屯䓊昶䳂䴙㱣䘬㓧㱣朑␥ˤ7 吃嗕大叿慵⽆㔯⊾シ嬀Ⰼ朊㎕䣢Ḯⶪ㮹䣦㚫ᷕ晙⿏⬀⛐䘬屯䓊昶䳂㔯 ⊾ˣシ嬀䘬ℏ喲炻斉㖶Ḯ䘤䓇⛐ⶪ㮹䣦㚫ᷕ䘬媠⣂嬲⊾炻⽆侴ẍ℞䌐䈡䘬⮵䣦 㚫䓇㳣䘬柀ぇ≃䡢䩳Ḯ℞䌐℟䈡刚䘬ˬⶪ㮹䣦㚫˭(civil society)䎮婾烊8 ⛐ᶨ凔 䘬ⶪ㮹䣦㚫䎮婾ᷕ炻ⶪ㮹䣦㚫忂ⷠ塓⭂ỵ䁢䥩Ṣ冒㱣柀➇炻⬫㗗冯㓧㱣䣦㚫䚠 ⮵伖䘬㤪⾝ˤ⁛䴙䘬ⶪ㮹䣦㚫㗗㊯ᾳṢ䘬㖍ⷠ䴻㾇㳣≽炻㓧㱣䣦㚫㗗㊯ṢᾹ䘬 㓧㱣ˣ㔯⊾シ嬀㳣≽ˤỮ吃嗕大䘬䌐⇘ᷳ嗽⛐㕤烉Ṿ㓷扛⛘奨⮇⇘Ḯ㺚德㕤 䥩Ṣ䓇㳣柀➇᷎ᶼ廱⊾䁢䥩Ṣ䓇㳣慵天䳬ㆸ悐↮䘬㔯⊾シ嬀炻ⶪ㮹䣦㚫ᶵ 㗗ṢᾹ䘬䴻㾇斄Ὢ侴烊Ṏ⌛吃嗕大㒜⣏Ḯⶪ㮹䣦㚫䘬䭬⚵冯シ佑炻⊭㊔㔁 6 ⺽冒∱䅽曺炻˨婯䵚嶗㍏⇞˩炻夳 http://ceiba.cc.ntu.edu.tw/demo_theo_prac/database/Gramsci_Antonio.html 7 堋ὲ⌧䫱叿炻˪20ᶾ䲨䘬㕘楔⿅ᷣ佑˫炻⊿Ṕ炻ᷕ⣖䶐嬗↢䇰䣦炻2001⸜ˤ 8 㲊⭯叿炻䓘⽫╣嬗炻˪㔯⊾曠㪲˫炻⎘⊿炛1991炻怈㳩↢䇰炻p.43ˤ
做ˣ㔁㚫ˣⶍ㚫ˣ⁛㑕⨺橼䫱⎬䧖㮹攻⛀橼炻⬫Ᾱ悥⛐惵⎰叿䴙㱣侭忚埴⮵㕤 ⣏䛦䘬㼃䦣満⊾ˤ9 ⛐ⶪ㮹䣦㚫ᶵ䘤忼䘬⚳⭞炻⤪Ὤ⚳炻㓧㱣⚳⭞⯙㗗ᶨ↯炻⍾⼿㓧㱣朑␥䘬 ⊅⇑⯙⎗ẍ㍏⇞㔜ᾳ⚳⭞炻ẍ朑␥⎗ẍ㍉⍾ˬ忳≽㇘˭(War of movement)ˤ Ữ⛐大㫸檀⹎䘤忼䘬ⶪ㮹䣦㚫ᷕ炻䣦㚫斄Ὢ䵚䴉䔘ⷠ墯暄炻䴙㱣侭䘬㍏⇞≃慷 ⽭枰䴻䓙㔯⊾冯シ嬀䘬㺚德Ἦ⮎䎦炻䔞塓䴙㱣侭㍍⍿Ḯ忁ṃ㔯⊾シ嬀炻⛐㝸ṃ シ佑ᶲ炻Ṿ㗗塓婒㚵Ḯ炻ḇ⎴シḮ䴙㱣侭䘬䴙㱣ˤ忁⯙㗗䁢Ṩ湤⛐㫸㳚䘬䣦㚫 ᷣ佑朑␥炻朑␥侭ᶵ朊⮵叿屯䓊昶䳂㔝Ṣ炻⬫怬⽭枰朊⮵梥⏓㔝シ䘬⊆≽昶 䳂䘬⍇⚈炻㬌㗗大㫸朑␥ⰊⰊ⣙㓿䘬㟡㛔⍇⚈烊⚈㬌朑␥䘬䫾䔍ㅱ㓡⻎㖻廵炻 ㍉埴⮯㓡嬲䣦㚫䘬䧖⫸屗⬀ˣ␝嬟䘤剥ẍ农攳剙䳸㝄䘬ˬ昋⛘㇘˭炷war of position炸炻⚈䁢朑␥ᶵ⎗傥䴻䓙ᶨ㫉㰢㇘⬴ㆸ炻侴㗗暨慆慨᷎啱≑㕘䘬ˬ㬟⎚ ⿏普⛀˭(Historic bloc)ˤ10⛐忁㧋䘬昋⛘㇘ᷕ炻吃嗕大娵䁢炻媪䘬シ嬀✳ン ᶵ⎒㗗ᶨ䧖㓧㱣䎮⾝炻⬫㚜℟㚱䈑岒≃慷炻傥⣈ˬ䳬䷼˭佌䛦炻嬻Ṣ㮹忚埴 㳣≽᷎シ嬀⇘冒幓䘬䩳⟜炻忁㧋䘬シ嬀✳ン䧙䁢ˬ㚱㨇䘬˭炷organic炸シ嬀✳ ンˤ11 䃞侴炻㔯⊾曠㪲㗗ᶨ䧖䚠䔞晙哥䘬㔯⊾⭘⇞炻㔯⊾曠㪲ᶵ⎒㗗ᶨ䧖忻⽟ ⒚⬠䘬柀⮶炻⬫ḳ⮎ᶲ㚫⯽䎦䁢ᶨ䧖⻟⇞⿏䘬≃慷炻⛐䎦⮎䘬䣦㚫ˣ㓧㱣ˣ䴻 㾇ẍ⍲㔯⊾䓇㳣ᷕ炻ㆹᾹ悥⎗ẍ㶭㤂⛘デ⍿⇘ㆹᾹ㗗塓旸⇞䘬炻塓㍏⇞䘬炻㚱 ᶨᾳ㖶䡢䘬⻟⇞≃慷朆ⷠ⻟⊊⛘⏲姜ㆹᾹ娚⤪ỽ⍣ 炻ᶵ⎗忽⍵炻⛐㬌炻ㆹᾹ ⎗ẍ㖶栗⛘デ⍿⇘ㆹᾹ㗗塓⡻従䘬ˤᶵ忶炻忁䧖⻟⇞⿏ˣ塓⡻従⿏᷎朆䴻ⷠ⿏ 9
Antonio Gramsci, "Notes On Politics". Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. 1st ed. 1971. New York: International Publisher, 1999. pp. 123-205.
10
Antonio Gramsci, "Notes On Politics". Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. 1st ed. 1971. New York: International Publisher, 1999. pp. 123-205. 媪ˬ㬟⎚⿏普⛀˭炻㗗䓐ẍ㊯㴱⛐ⶪ㮹䣦㚫ᷕ傥㈲⎬䧖≃慷䘬柀⮶冯⮵䓇 䓊䘬柀⮶ℑ侭䘬䳸⎰᷎㊩临ᶨ㔜ᾳˬ㬟⎚㗪㛇˭䘬㕘曠㪲昶䳂ˤ
11 㠩㾌ˣ楖㙱刟炻˨ⶪ㮹䣦㚫ˣ”昋⛘㇘””㚱㨇䞍嬀↮⫸”˩炻˪䓀倭䣦㚫䥹⬠˫炻2006
䘬炻⛐屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫ᷕ炻⬫㗗⎗ẍ䌚⼿㷃䶑䘬炻忁㗗⚈䁢炻⬠侭娵䁢炻䓙㕤䴙 㱣昶䳂㎉㚱䘬㓧㱣冯䴻㾇䘬⃒⊊怈崭忶℞Ṿ⛀橼炻ẍ⬫傥忳䓐ᶨṃ䫾䔍⤪⋼ ⓮ˣ⥍⋼ˣ⡻従䫱㕡⺷炻⮯℞₡ῤ奨ˣᾉ⾝ˣン⹎ˣ埴䁢㧉⺷䫱㿴㲐㕤⚳⭞㨇 ☐ᷕˤ䃞侴䴙㱣昶䳂⛐忁䧖㔯⊾⟹忈忶䦳䘬ᷣ㍏⿏⌣塓㮹ᷣ䣦㚫ᷕ媠⤪ᾳṢᷣ 佑ˣ冒䓙ᷣ佑⭋㎂䘬ˬ冒ᷣ⿏˭怖哥炻ẍ䣦㚫⣏䛦᷎䃉㱽⮇奢⬀⛐㕤㔯 ⊾ᷕ晙啷䘬シ嬀✳ンˤ䯉侴妨ᷳ炻㮹ᷣ䣦㚫忁䧖䚠⮵冒ᷣ⿏⮯㽨䁰䘬䣦㚫昶 䳂㪲≃櫍䇕廱㎃䁢晙㘎侴䤆䦀䘬㔯⊾⭘⇞ˤ12 ℵ侭炻忁䧖㔯⊾⭘⇞㗗德忶䞍嬀↮⫸炻䈡⇍㗗䞍嬀↮⫸䘬㔁做冯柀⮶≇ 傥烊⛐吃嗕大炻屯㛔ᷣ佑シ嬀✳ンᷳẍ㚱⻟⣏㓗惵≃慷䘬⍇⚈炻℞ᷕ㚨㟡㛔 䘬⍇⚈⛐㕤䞍嬀ấ⫸烊⬫ᶵ㴱⍲䞍嬀ấ⫸䘬䣦㚫冯㓧㱣≇傥炻ẍ⍲䞍嬀↮⫸ 冯䴙㱣昶䳂䘬⭮↯斄Ὢ炻᷎ᶼṎ䈥㴱⇘䞍嬀ấ⫸冯塓䴙㱣昶䳂䘬斄ὪˤㆹᾹ天 䞍忻炻⣏⣂㔠䘬䞍嬀↮⫸㗗ὅ旬䴙㱣昶䳂䘬炻侴䴙㱣昶䳂䘬㔯⊾柀⮶㪲⣏悐↮ ⌣㗗德忶䞍嬀↮⫸⛐㑵㍏䘬炻⃀䭉㚱⮹㔠䞍嬀ấ⫸➭㊩冒ㆹ䘬䎮゛炻㈿㉺䴙㱣 昶䳂䘬㓞䶐炻Ữ㗗忁ṃ⮹㔠䘬㈿㉺侭⌣ḇ冯塓䴙㱣昶䳂㚱叿檀⹎䘬䔷暊⿏烊⚈ 侴䃉婾㗗⁛䴙ㆾ㗗㚱㨇䞍嬀ấ⫸炻悥䃉㱽嬻塓䴙㱣昶䳂㶭㤂⛘シ嬀⇘℞塓⭘⇞ 䘬⛘ỵ冯ね⼊᷎⚈侴冒奢⛘崟侴朑␥ˤ⬀⛐㕤䞍嬀ấ⫸冯塓䴙㱣⛀橼ᷳ攻䘬䔷 怈嶅暊ἧ䴙㱣侭䘬曠㪲㓧㪲⼿ẍ朷⚢炻借㗗ᷳ㓭炻⚈䁢仢᷷䞍嬀ấ⫸柀⮶ἄ 䓐炻恋䧖楔⿅㛇⼭䘬塓䴙㱣⛀橼䘬昶䳂シ嬀ḇ䃉㱽塓╂愺炻⚈侴䃉㱽䘤⯽ ↢普橼シ嬀冯埴≽Ἦ⮵㈿䴙㱣昶䳂䘬曠㪲炻㚨䳪䘬䳸㝄䔞䃞ḇ⯙䃉㱽㓡嬲塓䴙 㱣⛀橼嗽㕤塓⭘⇞䘬⛘ỵˤIJĴ ġ 吃嗕大䘬㔯⊾曠㪲䎮婾㖊㗗䞼䨞䣦㚫㪲≃斄Ὢ橼䲣䘬ᶨᾳ↯ℍ溆炻⎴㗪ḇ 㗗㍊䨞㔯⊾冯㓧㱣ˣ䴻㾇ᷳ攻墯暄≽ン斄Ὢ䘬㚱≃ⶍ℟ˤ吃嗕大⮵シ嬀✳ン䘬 䞼䨞攳┇Ḯ妋慳嬲≽䘬⎗傥⿏炻シ嬀✳ン䘬㪲≃㗗⻟⣏侴嬲≽䘬炻ᶵ㗗⚢⭂旬 叿㕤䣦㚫⟜➇䘬炻侴ᶼ㗗⽭枰䇕⍾ˣ⥍⋼䘬ˤ㎃妨ᷳ炻㔯⊾柀⮶㪲㗗㯠怈嗽⛐ 12
N. Poulantzas, Classes in Contemporary Capitalism. London: NLB.1979,p.238-239.
堅䨩䘬≽ン⸛堉ᷕ炻㌴㎉⬫⌛㗗㑩㚱Ḯ忻⽟冯䞍嬀䘬柀⮶㪲ˤ⛐㔯⊾曠㪲忁 墉炻䴙㱣昶䳂ᶵ傥╖月㬎≃䵕㊩℞㪲≃炻䴙㱣侭䴙㱣䘬㬋䔞⿏ᷫ➢㕤塓䴙㱣侭 䘬⎴シ炻ᶨ㕡朊䴙㱣普⛀⽭枰䓇䓊婆妨ㆾ婾徘炻ἧ䴙㱣侭䘬シ嬀✳ン℟橼橼䎦 ⛐Ṣ㮹䘬㖍ⷠ䓇㳣ᷕ炻ˬ➡梲˭Ṣ㮹娵⎗⎴シ炻⽫䓀ね栀⛘㍍⍿䴙㱣昶䳂䘬 䴙㱣烊⎎ᶨ㕡朊炻䴙㱣侭⽭枰侫ㄖ塓䴙㱣侭䘬⇑䙲炻㲐シṾᾹ䘬㔯⊾ˣ₡ῤ奨炻 䃞⼴⮵Ṣ㮹ἄ↢ˬ嬻㬍˭ĩconcession)ˤḇ㬋⚈⤪㬌炻吃嗕大䘬㔯⊾曠㪲䎮婾 嬻⼴Ṣシ嬀⇘ⶪ㮹䣦㚫䘬慵天⿏ˤIJĵ ġ ġ
ୖ
ୖǵཀࠠᄊ୯ৎᐒᏔ!
ġ Ữ吃嗕大䘬䎮婾⌣㰺㚱彎㱽㊯↢ᾳṢ⤪ỽ塓婒㚵炻ᾳṢ⤪ỽ㍍⍿㔯⊾曠㪲 䫱⓷柴炻忁ᾳ⓷柴⯙䓙旧悥䐇(Louis Althusser)Ἦ㍍ㇳ两临⬴ㆸˤ 旧悥䐇两㈧楔⿅ᷣ佑堅䨩婾䘬奨溆炻娵䁢䔞ẋ䣦㚫ṵ⍿⇘䴙㱣昶Ⰼ䘬ᷣ ⭘ 炻 Ṿ Ᾱ ㌴ ㍏ ἄ 䁢 妻 䶜 ⶍ Ṣ 䘬 ᶲ Ⰼ 䳸 㥳 ㆾ 㨇 ☐ (the superstructure or apparatuses)炻旧悥䐇䓐ˬシ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐˭(ideological state apparatuses)Ἦ 䴙䧙恋ṃ⽆ˬⶪ㮹䣦㚫˭䘤⯽↢Ἦ䘬⎬䧖䣦㚫橼⇞炻⊭㊔㔁㚫ˣ㔁做ˣ⭞⹕ˣ 㱽昊ˣ㓧源ˣ⨺橼ᷫ军㕤⽆㔯⬠喅埻䫱柀➇䘤⯽↢Ἦ䘬⎬䧖䳬䷼ˤ15 旧悥䐇⛐侫⮇䔞ẋ䣦㚫䘬シ嬀✳ン㗪炻椾⃰⮯シ嬀✳ン㓦⛐䣦㚫䳸㥳䔞ᷕ ⍣䎮妋炻⛐⇅㬍㎕䣢シ嬀✳ン䘬⢾⛐䈡⽝䣦㚫借傥ᷳ⼴炻ℵ忚ᶨ㬍⿅侫ἄ䁢 14ℵ婾Althusserシ嬀✳ン䎮婾冯Gramsci㔯⊾曠㪲䎮婾˩炻⺽冒 www.wretch.cc/blog/sweetselina/21821662湫⹕叿炻˨吃嗕大ˣ曠㪲ˣ冯㔁做䣦㚫⬠˩炻 ˪㔁做䣦㚫⬠忂妲˫2001⸜䫔27㛇炻枩11-12ˤ15 旧悥䐇⽆借傥ᶲ㈲⚳⭞㨇☐↮ㆸ䁢ˬ捖⡻⿏⚳⭞㨇☐˭炷repressive state apparatuses炸
ˬシ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐˭ℑ䧖ˤ捖⡻⿏⚳⭞㨇☐⊭㊔㓧⹄ˣ埴㓧㨇斄ˣ幵昲ˣ嬎⮇ˣ 㱽⹕ˣ䚋䋬䫱炻㗗䓙⚳⭞䚜㍍㍏⇞炻᷎ᶼ傥⣈㚱㓰⛘ἧ䓐⻟⊊⿏≃慷烊侴シ嬀✳ン⚳ ⭞㨇☐⇯㗗⽆ⶪ㮹䣦㚫炷civil society炻忁㗗䚠⮵㕤⚳⭞䘬䥩柀➇炸ᷕ䘤⯽↢Ἦ䘬⎬䧖 䣦㚫⇞⹎ˤ娛Louis Althusser. "Ideology and Ideological Apparatuses".in Lenin
and Philosophy and Other writings, trans. Ben Brewster, New York: Monthly
堐尉䲣䴙䘬シ嬀✳ン冯ᾳ橼ˬシ嬀˭䘬䚠Ḻ斄Ὢ炻Ṿ⎹㕤⮯シ嬀✳ン䎮妋䁢 ᶨ䧖⃰㕤ᾳ橼⬀⛐䘬㔯⊾⭊橼ˣ䣦㚫䳸㥳ˣ⿅゛忂忻ㆾ㓧㱣䃉シ嬀烊ᷳẍ㚫 ⤪㬌炻Ṿ娵䁢烉ġ ġ Ӣࣁཀࠠᄊ܌ϸࢀޑόࢂΓᜪӕԾρғӸచҹޑᜢ߯ǴԶࢂдॺᡏᡍ ೭ᅿᜢ߯ޑБԄǹ೭൩ܭᇥǴࡽӸӧჴޑᜢ߯ǴΞӸӧȨᡏᡍޑȩ کȨགྷႽޑȩᜢ߯Ƕӧ೭ᅿݩΠǴཀࠠᄊࢂΓᜪ٩ߕܭΓᜪШࣚޑ ߄ǾࢂΓᜪჹΓᜪჴғӸచҹޑჴᜢ߯کགྷႽᜢ߯ޑӭϡ،ۓޑ Ƕ27 ! ! 䯉妨ᷳ炻旧悥䐇婒䘬シ嬀✳ン烉ˬ㗗ᶨᾳ媠䧖奨⾝堐尉炷representation炸 䘬䲣䴙炻⬫㓗惵叿ᶨᾳṢㆾᶨᾳ䣦㚫佌橼䘬䱦䤆˭ˤ17忁墉䘬堐尉䲣䴙℞⮎⯙ 㗗Ṣ栆䣦㚫㔯⊾埴䁢䘬ℵ䎦䲣䴙炻Ṏ⌛Ṣ栆ἧ䓐婆妨ˣ㔯⫿䫱䫎䡤⮯⬀⛐㕤⽫ ᷕ䘬ねシ℟橼⛘堐䎦↢Ἦ䘬䲣䴙⿏䫎嘇ˤ 栗䃞旧悥䐇⛐㬌ṵ䃞思⽒楔⿅ᷣ佑䘬シ嬀✳ン䣦㚫㰢⭂婾䘬⿅嶗烊侴⯙ 㬟Ἦ䞼䨞シ嬀✳ン䘬䣦㚫㰢⭂⚈䳈侴妨炻ὅ⬠侭↮㜸炻忁墉⮎晃ᶲ⬀⛐叿ℑ䧖 ᷣ天䘬嶗⼹炻⬫Ᾱ↮⇍㗗⇑䙲婾⻝≃婾烊⛐⇵侭䚳Ἦ炻シ嬀✳ンᷫ㗗ᶨ䧖朊 ℟ㆾ㬎☐烊侴⮵⼴侭Ἦ婒炻シ嬀✳ン⇯㗗䕭䕯嗽㕡ˤẍ⇑䙲婾Ἦ䚳炻シ嬀✳ ン䘬ᷣ⻝天⛐䇕⍾⃒崲䘬⺋㲃櫍䇕䘬側㘗ᷕ≈ẍ侫⮇烊ὅ㒂⻝≃婾炻⇯㗗⛐ᾖ 㬋䣦㚫⽫䎮⣙堉䘬㻓攟≒≃側㘗ᷕἮ侫⮇ˤ⛐⇵ᶨ䧖側㘗ᷕ炻ṢᾹ㗗徥徸㪲 ≃炻⛐⼴ᶨ䧖側㘗ᶳ炻ṢᾹ⇯㗗徫暊䃎ㄖˤ18䓐忁ᾳ㧁㸾Ἦ䚳炻旧悥䐇㗗⇑䙲 婾䘬シ嬀✳ン奨溆ˤ 旧悥䐇⛐˪シ嬀✳ンシ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐˫㚠ᷕ炻ᶨ攳⥳⯙㈲シ嬀✳ン㓦 16 旧⚾岥叿ˣ昛⠯㳍嬗炻˪ᾅ堃楔⿅˫炻⎘⊿炻怈㳩炻1995⸜炻枩202-203ˤ 17
Louis Althusser. "Ideology and Ideological Apparatuses".op.cit., p.120.
18
⇘䣦㚫䓇䓊斄Ὢ䔞ᷕ⍣℟橼↮㜸⬫䘬≇傥⬀⛐㡅ẞˤ⛐旧悥䐇炻楔⿅婒 䘬ℵ䓇䓊᷎ᶵ╖㗗䓇䓊屯㕁䘬ℵ䓇䓊恋湤䯉╖炻ḳ⮎ᶲ⬫怬⊭㊔䓇䓊㡅ẞ䘬ℵ 䓇䓊烊侴䓇䓊㡅ẞ䘬ℵ䓇䓊军⮹⍰⊭㊔ℑᾳ⽭天㡅ẞ烉ᶨᾳ㗗⊆≽≃䘬ℵ䓇 䓊烊⎎ᶨᾳ㗗䎦⬀䓇䓊斄Ὢ䘬ℵ䓇䓊ˤIJĺ 旧悥䐇䈡⇍慵夾䘬㗗⊆≽≃䘬ℵ䓇䓊 ⓷柴炻⚈䁢⼴侭㴱⍲⇘シ嬀✳ンᷣ橼㥳忈忁ᾳ㚜墯暄䘬⓷柴ˤ旧悥䐇婒忻烉ġ ġ മΚޑӆғౢόाᅿമΚמૈޑӆғౢǴӕਔǴᗋाᅿ മޣவӸજׇೕጄޑӆғౢǴջπΓॺჹݯཀࠠᄊޑႯܺЈ ޑӆғౢǴаϷᅿগߺکᓸॐޑжΓॺ࡞ӵځϩӦᏹᕵݯཀ ࠠᄊޑૈΚޑӆғౢǴ೭ϪࣗԿӧȨ၉ᇟȩࣁݯ໘ભගٮΑЍ ଛǶ31 ! ! ⽆⊆≽≃ℵ䓇䓊奺⹎侫⮇シ嬀✳ン崟䘬䈡㬲≇䓐炻⽭䃞㴱⍲ᷣ橼䘬冒ㆹ ⺢㥳炻㴱⍲⚳⭞㨇☐䣦㚫㔁做㨇㥳䘬㔁⊾≇傥⓷柴炻忁ṃ㬋㗗旧悥䐇シ嬀✳ ン䎮婾䘬㟠⽫ˤġ 旧悥䐇娵䁢炻シ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐⁛怆䘬楜㚵⿏炻㬋㗗ℵ墥䣦㚫↮ⶍ橼䲣 ᷕ⽭暨䘬⊆≽≃炻ẍ⼨忁䧖ˬℵ墥˭ᷫ㗗䓙䓇䓊橼䲣㛔幓忚埴炻Ữ㗗炻⛐䔞 ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫墉炻㬌䧖ℵ墥᷎朆䘤䓇⛐䓇䓊㛔幓炻侴㗗䓙⬠㟉㈖㺼ᷣ天䘬⁔ ⊾奺刚ˤ晾䃞⛐䔞ẋ䣦㚫炻ṢᾹ᷎ᶵ㈲ⶍ屯夾䁢ἄ䁢ℵ墥⊆≽≃慷䘬䈑岒㡅 ẞ炻Ữ㗗⬫⌣㗗ᶨ䧖ἄ䁢㑓做⍲慵⺢忁ṃ⊆≽≃䘬ⶍ℟炻䁢Ḯ⛐墯暄䓇䓊橼䲣 忶䦳ᷕ岢⍾ⶍ屯炻忁ṃⶍṢ⽭枰䓐ᶵ⎴ⶍἄ冯借ỵ暨䘬⎬䧖㈨埻⍣Ḻ䚠䪞 䇕烊侴忁ṃᶵ⎴䘬㈨埻㗗⛐⬠㟉佺⼿䘬炻昌Ḯ⬠佺⇘⤪ỽ⛐䓇䓊悐攨䓇⬀䘬 ⊆≽㈨埻炻⬠䓇Ṏ佺⼿⛐屯㛔橼䲣䓇⬀暨䘬ᶨ㔜⣿ン⹎ˣ₡ῤ冯㱽⇯ˤ 19
L. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and other essays , trans.by Ben Brewster, New York:Monthly Review Press 1971,p.128.
20
L. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and other essays , trans.by Ben Brewster, New York:Monthly Review Press 1971,p.131-32.
⯙⬠㟉䘬ἄ䓐Ἦ婒炻旧悥䐇娵䁢炻㔁做⇞⹎ἄ䁢ᶨ䧖シ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐䘬 䚖䘬⛐㕤屯㛔ᷣ佑䓇䓊㡅ẞ䘬ℵ墥炻℞ᷕ⊭㊔䓇䓊≃䘬ℵ墥冯䓇䓊斄Ὢ䘬ℵ 墥ˤ⛐⬠㟉㔁做ᷕ斄㕤䓇䓊≃䘬ℵ墥炻℞ᷣ天䘬㕡㱽⯙㗗䓐⬠㟉㔁做Ἦ➡做⬠ 䓇䘬⮰㤕傥≃冯㈨傥炻嬻ṾᾹㆸ䁢傥⣈䁢ẩ㤕䓐䘬⎬䧖Ṣㇵˤ军㕤䓇䓊斄Ὢ 䘬ℵ墥炻⬫䘬ᷣ天㕡㱽⇯㗗䱦䤆⿅゛㕡朊䘬妻做炻忁㗗ᶨ䧖シ嬀✳ン䘬昞⅞炻 ⬫㔁⮶⬠䓇梲ㆸ列⤥䘬埴䁢䲨⼳冯忻⽟夷䭬炻ẍὧㆸ䁢⣱℔⬰㱽䘬℔㮹ẍ⍲㹓 列〕₱嬻䘬ẩ㤕Ṣㇵˤ⛐㬌ᶨシ佑ᶳ炻㔁做⇞⹎ἄ䁢ᶨ䧖シ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐炻 ㊯䘬㗗㊯㓧㱣䘬䴙㱣昶䳂啱叿㔁做Ἦ⁛怆㚱⇑㕤⚳⭞䘬シ嬀✳ン炻ẍ⇑㕤朷⚢ ℞䴙㱣⛘ỵ炻᷎ㇻ⡻ᶵ⇑㕤ㆾ⮵℞䴙㱣⛘ỵ⎗傥忈ㆸ⦩傭䘬⿅゛烊㬌⢾炻䴙㱣 侭ḇ德忶㔁做ᷕ䈡⭂䞍嬀ˣ忻⽟ˣ₡ῤ冯⒚⬠炻Ἦ⎰㱽⊾℞䴙㱣冯⭘⇞䘬㬋䔞 ⿏ˤ21 旧悥䐇娵䁢炻⬠㟉⯙⤪⎴䣦㚫ᷣ天䘬ẚṳ侭炻䓐ẍ妻䶜⬠䓇⍲⟹忈⛐䣦㚫 ↮ⶍ橼䲣暨ᾳṢ䘬㹓楜㚵⽆⿏炻⯙㔜橼侴妨炻䴙㱣昶Ⰼ㎉㚱⚳⭞䘬≃慷炻᷎ ᶼ㌴㎉Ḯ⬠㟉忁ᾳシ嬀✳ン㨇☐炻德忶⬠㟉炻䴙㱣昶Ⰼ䘬⭘⇞≃慷⼿ẍ晙啷炻 ᷎⺢㥳ṾᾹ䘬㓗惵⿏シ嬀✳ン炻忚侴ℵ墥䓇䓊暨䘬⊆≽≃ˤ侴⣏⣂㔠䘬㔁ⷓ ᷎㛒傥䞍奢⇘㬌䧖㼃晙⛐䎦⬀䞍嬀⍲㔁⮶ḳ⊁䘬㪲≃斄Ὢ烊昌Ḯ⮹㔠䘬㚱嬀ᷳ ⢓⢾炻℞Ṿ䘬㔁ⷓᶵ㚫㆟䔹塓䴙㱣昶Ⰼ⇑䙲㍏⇞䘬ᷣ㳩䞍嬀炻ẍ农㕤䃉シ嬀 䘬➟埴䣦㚫昶䳂ℵ墥䘬ⶍἄ炻㬌䧖朆シ嬀⿏嬻㔁ⷓ⼿ẍㆸ≇⛘⮎䎦䴙㱣昶Ⰼ䘬 㛇㛃ˤ22
စ
စǵЬᡏޑєെˇཀࠠᄊޑӆᇙ!
21 ⺽冒匲㵹䏜炻˨婚䦳シ嬀✳ンᷳ↮㜸˩炻˪⚳㮹㔁做䞼䨞⬠⟙˫炻2002⸜䫔9㛇炻枩 253-272ˤ 22L. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Appendix. First Published: by François Maspero, 1968; Translated: by Ben Brewster; New York: Monthly Review. 1971.
忁墉⽭枰㲐シ⇘⬠㟉䘬ˬ⭘⇞⿏˭≇傥炻⮵シ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐侴妨炻シ嬀 ✳ン℟㚱⭘⇞⿏≇傥炻ḇ㚫ˬℵ墥˭⮵⚳⭞㚱⇑䘬シ嬀✳ンˤ ⛐忁墉炻旧悥䐇ἧ䓐䘬シ嬀✳ンシ佑䃞㚱⇍㕤⁛䴙楔⿅ᷣ佑炻⛐楔 ⿅恋墉炻シ嬀✳ン䘬⬀⛐Ụ᷶㗗䎮䔞䃞䘬炻⚈䁢⬫㛔幓㗗䴻㾇➢䢶䘬⍵ 㗈炻⯙≇傥Ἦ婒炻シ嬀✳ン㟡㛔㗗䴙㱣昶䳂䁢呁哥塓䴙㱣墥忈↢䘬ˬ嘃`シ 嬀˭(false consciousness炸炻㗗ᶨ䧖䴙㱣侭䰱梦⣒⸛䘬伶渿媲妨炻㛔幓ᶵ℟ảỽ 冒ᷣ⿏烊䚠⍵⛘炻⛐旧悥䐇忁墉炻シ嬀✳ンᶵ㗗嘃`シ嬀炻⬫㗗ᾳ橼⮵冒䓇 㳣䘬ˬ゛⁷⿏斄Ὢ˭炻㗗ṢᾹ䓇㳣㕡⺷䘬㰢⭂⿏⍇⚈烊旧悥䐇䓙㬌忚ᶨ㬍斄⽫ ᾳ橼䘬ˬᷣ橼⿏˭⤪ỽ塓シ嬀✳ン⺢㥳ˤ⽆旧悥䐇䘬奺⹎Ἦ䚳炻ṢᾹ㚫䘤䎦炻 ⛐䔞ẋ䣦㚫墉炻シ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐ᷣ天䘬≇䓐⛐㕤⎔╂炷interpellate炸ᾳ橼ㆸ 䁢ᷣ橼炻忁䧖⎔╂ḳ⮎ᶲ㗗ᶨᾳ㻓攟忶䦳炻ᶨ凔㗗德忶⚳⭞䘬佑⊁㔁做橼䲣炻 㚱ṃ⚳⭞䓂军屓䨧⇘⣏⬠㔁做⍲℞䣦㚫⨺橼㔁做炻⬫䘬䃎溆⛐㕤德忶⢾悐䘬䈑 岒⿏㑵ἄ炻嬻Ṣ㮹冒埴ˬ゛⁷˭⼟⼧䡘妠⇘Ṣ㮹シ⽿普⎰橼䘬普橼⯽䎦炻䃞侴 ℞⮎忁悥㗗ᶨ䧖ˬ䓇䓊斄Ὢ䘬ℵ䓇䓊˭(reproduction the relation of production)炻 ḇ⯙㗗㚱䘬シ嬀✳ン悥㗗⽆㖊㚱䘬䓇䓊斄Ὢℵ䓇䓊↢Ἦ䘬炻㎃妨ᷳ炻シ嬀✳ ン⚳⭞㨇☐㍸ὃㆹᾹᶨ㔜⣿㔯⊾ㆸ夷炻忁⣿㔯⊾ㆸ夷㚱㰺㚱シ佑᷎ᶵ慵天炻⬠ 䓇悥⽭枰剙屣⼰攟䘬㗪攻⛐⬠㟉⬠佺䴙㱣侭娵䁢焏㬋䡢焐䘬埴䁢⍲䣦㚫夷 䭬ˣ焏㬋䡢焐䘬⿅゛⍲₡ῤ奨炻啱䓙忁㧋䘬忶䦳⼊⟹ㆹᾹ⮵㬋䡢冯ῷⶖ䘬㤪⾝炻 ẍ⍲⛐忁ᾳ昶䳂䣦㚫ᷕㅱ娚㈖㺼Ⰽ埴䘬奺刚ˤ㬌⢾炻⬫䘬慵溆怬⛐㕤シ嬀✳ン ⽭枰忂忶媠⤪⬠㟉ˣ婆妨ˣ慹拊䫱䫱忁ṃ⻟侴㚱≃䘬ˬ⢾悐䘬䈑岒⿏㑵ἄ˭Ἦ ⮎䎦⬫䘬≇傥炻德忶忁ṃ⢾悐䘬䈑岒⿏㑵ἄ炻䴙㱣侭⮯ᾳ橼䷓⎰忚Ṿ娵⭂䘬 䣦㚫䦑⸷墉炻23ẍ䔞ẋ䘬奨溆Ἦ婒炻忁㧋䘬⢾悐㑵ἄ㗗ᶨ䧖ˬ崭ᾳṢ䘬㨇⇞˭炻24 23 ˨ ℵ 婾 Althusser シ 嬀 ⼊ ン 䎮 婾 冯 Gramsci 㔯 ⊾ 曠 㪲 䎮 婾 ˩ 炻 ⺽ 冒 www.wretch.cc/blog/sweetselina/21821662 ⽆婆妨⒚⬠Ἦ䚳炻婆妨䫎嘇㗗ᶨ䧖ᶵ德㖶䘬 䈑岒⿏䘬⬀⛐炻䔞ẋ䘬⒚⬠⃭↮シ嬀⇘婆妨㔯⫿㛔幓䘬䈑岒⿏烉㔯⫿᷎ᶵ堐尉ḳ 䈑炻婆妨᷎ᶵ㊯㴱ᶾ䓴炻婆妨㔯⫿㗗㍊⎹恋ḳ䈑ᶾ䓴ᷳᶲˣᷳ⢾ˣᷳᶳ䘬朆⟜ 䘬⟜ˤ㴟⽟㟤(M. Heidegger)䓂军㊯↢炻婆妨ᷫ⬀㚱ᷳ⯳炻侴ᶵ婾㗗⬠㟉㔁做ㆾ⨺橼
℟㚱檀⹎㘖念⿏䘬デ㝻≃冯㵝㓅≃炻⛐㬋ⷠ䘬㡅ẞᶳ炻ảỽṢ悥暋ẍ⸠ˤ 旧悥䐇䈡⇍㈲忁䧖Ṣ㮹⮵ᷣ㳩シ嬀✳ン䘬ℏ⊾ᶵ`⿅䳊䘬㚵⽆䧙䁢ˬ⎔ ╂˭(interpellation)ˤ忁㗗旧悥䐇⺽䓐㱽⚳⽫䎮⬠⭞㉱炷Jacques Lacan炸䘬⽫ 䎮↮㜸䎮婾Ἦ妋慳シ嬀✳ン⤪ỽ⛐ᾳṢ⺢㥳䁢ᷣ橼䘬忶䦳ᷕ䘤䓇⼙枧≃ˣ᷎ᶼ 䓊䓇冯ᶾ䓴ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢˤ䔞ㆹᾹ㭷ᾳ⽆⭞⹕崘↢Ἦ天ㆸ䁢ᶨᾳ䣦㚫Ṣ炻圵ℍ䣦 㚫⮎嶸ᷕ炻㭷ᾳᾳ橼悥塓ᶵ⎴䘬⎵娆㊯䧙炷addressed炸ㆾ⎔╂炷interpellated炸炻 侴忁ṃ⎵娆塓岎ḰḮ䣦㚫娵⎴炻ἳ⤪ᶨᾳṢ⽆⮷䩳⽿天䔞侩ⷓㆾ㗗䥹⬠⭞忁㧋 ᶨᾳ塓䣦㚫娵⎴䘬奺刚炻恋湤侩ⷓˣ䥹⬠⭞忁㧋䘬⎵娆⮵Ṿ⯙℟㚱䈡⇍䘬⏠ ⺽≃炻忁ᾳ⎵娆䃉㗪䃉⇣⛘⎔╂叿Ṿ烉ˬ㚱䘬シ嬀⼊ン⎔╂℟橼䘬ᾳṢㆸ䁢 ᷣ橼˭ˤᾳṢ塓㖊⬀䘬䳸㥳⮎嶸㊯䧙炻᷎㥳ㆸᷣ橼炻晾䃞㊯䧙䘬录⼁ᷣ 橼⿏㚫㟡㒂䈡⭂㗪䨢䘬䣦㚫奺刚侴㓡嬲ˤijĶ ῤ⼿㲐シ䘬㗗炻㬌ᶨ⎔╂怬德忶ᶨ 䧖㨇⇞䓊䓇ἄ䓐炻㬌䁢ˬ婌娵˭炷misrecognize炸炻ḇ⯙㗗婒⛐⎔╂忶䦳ᷕṢᾹ 㚫䓊䓇婌娵炻ᶨ㕡朊忂忶忁䧖婌娵炻䴙㱣侭嬻ṢᾹ䚠ᾉ冒㗗䴻槿ᶾ䓴䘬ᷣ⭘ 侭炻侴ḳ⮎ᶲ忁ᾳ䴻槿ᶾ䓴⌣㗗䴻䓙シ嬀⼊ン䫎䡤⺢㥳↢Ἦ䘬炻⚈㬌炻⛐忁 䧖⎔╂ᶳ炻ᾳṢὧ婌娵ḮṾㆾ⤡冒烊⎎ᶨ㕡朊炻婌娵ḇ㗗德忶䣦㚫䘬娵⎴⌛ ṢᾹ⮵普橼䘬ᾉả侴䓊䓇炻ἧṢᾹ䚠ᾉ冯冒栀㍍⍿㌴㪲侭䓴⭂䘬ḳ䈑᷎娵⭂ ℞䁢䣦㚫普橼シ⽿炻⽆侴ᶵ≈ẍ㆟䔹⛘⮯ᷳℏ⊾䁢䎮䔞䃞䘬娵䞍ˤシ嬀✳ン ⤪㬌忁凔䴻䓙婌娵䌚⼿ᾳ橼䘬娵⎴炻侴忁ṃᾳ橼ḇ㚵兢シ嬀⼊ン㊯⭂䘬ỵ伖 ㆾ幓↮ˤ㬋⚈⤪㬌炻ᾳ橼夾シ嬀✳ン䘬奨溆䁢冒ㆹ嫱⮎䘬ḳ⮎炻᷎ᶼ嗽㕤ᶨᾳ ᶾ䓴炻㬌ᶾ䓴ᷕシ嬀✳ンᶵ㕟塓㈧娵⍲䡢娵ˤ⎔╂䘬ἄ䓐⯙㗗⮯㭷ᾳṢ⬱伖⛐ シ嬀✳ン䶐䷼䘬ᶾ䓴䘬䚠斄ỵ伖炻侴嬻ᾳ橼⾀姀冒⍇㛔Ⱄ䘬䣦㚫ỵ伖ˤ 悥㗗德忶婆妨䫎嘇Ἦ㑵ἄ䘬ˤ⽆忁ᾳ奺⹎Ἦ婒炻シ嬀⼊ン᷎朆䎮⾝ㆾ䱦䤆⿏䘬⬀⛐炻 侴㗗䈑岒⿏䘬⬀⛐炻⬫⬀⛐㕤⎬䧖橼䲣ˣ⇞⹎ˣ㨇⇞ㆾ⮎嶸㳣≽䘬ℵ䎦䲣䴙炻⽆侴䘤 ㎖㓗惵ᷣ橼䘬㪲≃ˤ 24
Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Culture, New York: Basic Books, 1973, pp.216-18.
25
Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and other essays , trans.by Ben Brewster, New York:Monthly Review Press 1971,p.170,p.171.
⎔╂䘬䘤䓇ᷣ天䘬⯙㗗德忶シ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐炻旧悥䐇忁墉㊯䘬⚳⭞㨇☐⊭ ㊔㈖㺼䵕嬟䣦㚫斄Ὢℵ墥䘬ᷣ天奺刚炻⤪烉㔁➪ˣ⭞⹕ˣ㔁做橼⇞ˣⶍ㚫ˣ⨺ 橼䫱炻侴ᶵ㗗德忶⡻従⿏䘬⒉嬎ˣ㱽⹕䫱⚳⭞㨇☐ˤġ ⚈㬌炻⎔╂ḳ⮎ᶲ⯙㗗シ嬀✳ン䘬⺢㥳炻㟡㒂旧悥䐇炻忁䧖シ嬀✳ン⺢㥳 㗗ᶨ䧖朆ⷠ䱦⭮䘬㑵ἄ炻⬫⇑䓐⛐ᾳṢ䔞ᷕˬ㊃⊇˭(recruits)ᷣ橼炷㊃⊇㚱 䘬ᾳṢ炸ㆾ侭㈲ᾳṢˬ㓡忈˭炷transforms炸ㆸᷣ橼炷㓡忈㚱䘬Ṣ炸䘬忁ᶨ䧖 㕡⺷Ἦˬ埴≽˭(acts)ㆾ䓊䓇ἄ䓐(function)䘬ˤ26 旧悥䐇⛐㬌⮎晃ᶲ㗗栃央⁛䴙 ⒚⬠⿅゛ᶲᶨᾳ朆ⷠ慵天䘬➢䢶ʇˬᷣ橼˭(subject)烊ˬᷣ橼⿏˭(subjectivity) ㊯㴱䘬ᷫ㗗ᾳṢ䘬シ嬀冯㼃シ嬀䘬⿅゛冯ねデ炻⮵冒幓䘬娵䞍ẍ⍲䝕妋ᾳṢ冯 ᶾ䓴䘬斄Ὢ䘬㕡⺷ˤ⍇Ἦ大㕡⁛䴙䘬Ṣ忻ᷣ佑炷humanismㆾ嬗烉Ṣ㛔ᷣ佑ˣ Ṣ㔯ᷣ佑炸⒚⬠⁛䴙炻枸姕Ḯ⬀⛐㕤Ṣ栆ℏ⽫㶙嗽䘬ᶨ䧖㛔岒炻⬫㗗䌐䈡䘬ˣ ⚢⭂᷎倗屓䘬炻᷎ᶼ忁ᾳ㛔岒ἧᾳṢㆸ䁢Ṿ/⤡㗗炷is炸䘬恋ᾳṢ炻忁⯙㗗ᷣ 橼ˤ27 旧悥䐇⛐㬌⇯㕟⭂炻ᶨ⎹㈲冒䔞ἄᷣ橼䘬ᾳṢ℞⮎㗗德忶シ嬀⼊ン䘬 ἄ䓐侴⺢㥳↢Ἦ䘬炻ḇ⯙㗗婒炻ᷣ橼㗗㌴㎉⚳⭞㨇☐侭德忶Ṿ㌴㍏䘬≃慷冯 㨇⇞媠⤪㔁㚫ˣ⨺橼ˣ㔁做橼⇞∝忈↢Ἦ䘬炻⬫ᶵ㗗大㕡⁛䴙恋䧖㛔岒⿏䘬 ᷣ橼ˤ䚠⮵䘬炻ᶨ↯シ嬀⼊ンḇ悥㗗忂忶ᷣ橼䭬䔯䘬ἄ䓐炻㈲℟橼䘬ᾳṢ⎔╂ ㆾ⺢㥳ㆸ℟橼䘬ᷣ橼䘬ˤ 䃞侴炻⽭枰㼬㶭䘬㗗炻シ嬀✳ン⛐⎔╂ᷣ橼䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻ḇ⯙㗗⛐ᷣ橼䘬⺢ 㥳忶䦳ᷕ炻ᷣ橼㗗⏎㗗冒奢䘬␊烎⽆㝸䧖シ佑ᶲ嫃炻ᷣ橼㗗䃉㱽冒奢䘬炻忁㗗 䓙㕤シ嬀⼊ン㛔幓⯙㗗ᶨ䧖゛⁷⿏斄Ὢ炻忂忶シ嬀⼊ン忁䧖朆德㖶⿏䘬⨺ṳ炻 Ṣᶵ⎗傥⬴ℐ忼⇘⮵冒ㆹ䘬㶭愺娵嬀炻ℵ≈ᶲ炻⛐⮎嶸忶䦳ᷕ炻㭷ᾳᷣ橼㛔幓 悥ᶵ㗗ᶨᾳ⮩攱䘬ˣ䴻⽡⸽⬴ㆸ䘬朄ン䈑炻侴㗗ᶨᾳᶵ㕟塪嬲慵䳬䘬忶 䦳炻侴Ὣㆸᷣ橼嬲⊾䘬ᷣ天䱦䤆≽≃㬋㗗℟㚱农␥櫭べ≃慷䘬䘬シ嬀✳ンˤᷣ 26
L. Althusser, Philosophy and the spontaneous philosophy of the Scientists & Other
Essays. Edited by Gregory Elliot. V E R S O. London - New York 1990, p.191.
27 䵕䘣炷Chris Weedon 炸炻䘥㙱䲭嬗炻˪⤛⿏ᷣ佑⮎嶸冯⼴䳸㥳ᷣ佑䎮婾˫炻⎘⊿ⶪ烉
橼星ℍシ嬀✳ン䘬⽒䑘炻冾⣑味⛘䘬シ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐冯⚳⭞㨇☐ᷕ䃉嗽ᶵ⛐ 䘬シ嬀⼊ン炻⁷䨢㯋ᶨ㧋䰈休叿㭷ᶨᾳẩ⚾Ἦ⇘忁ᾳᶾ攻ㆾ冒ẍ䁢⛐忁ᾳᶾ攻 ˬ冒䓙冒⛐˭䓇㳣䘬㭷ᶨỵᾳ橼ˤijĹ ġ ẍ㬌侴婾炻䔞⬠㟉㔁做⛐ἄ䁢⚳⭞㨇☐䘬⎴㗪炻ḇ㈖㺼瀈シ灊✳ン⚳⭞㨇 ☐䘬奺刚ˤ䔞䃞炻塓㔁做侭ㆾ楜㚵侭䘬ᷣ橼䘬ㆸ灅炻ḇ㗗⛐忁ᾳシ灊✳ン⚳⭞ 㨇☐⎔╂↢潻䘬ˬᷣ橼˭ᷳᷣ橼⊾炷subjectification炸䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻⺢㥳忁ᾳᷣ 橼䘬ˬℏ悐˭ 䁢夷妻⊾冯䞍灊䓇䓊䘬⮵尉䘬⮵尉⊾炷objectification炸䘬忶䦳 ᷳ⼴ㇵㆸ灅䘬ˤ29 ䷥ᷳ炻⯙⤪⬠侭ἄ䘬姽婾炻旧悥䐇㬠㟡䨞⸽怬㗗ᶨ⎵ⓗ䈑ᷣ佑侭昶䳂 婾侭炻Ṿẍ℞ず∯⿏䘬≯㯋⛐㔁做㨇☐ℏ悐枹⻟⛘㉝⇞叿忁ᾳ⚳⭞㨇☐䘬⻟⣏ ㄋ⿏炻᷎⮯㬌䚳ㆸḮ冒匲♜䘬㓧㱣埴≽ˤ旧悥䐇⛐℟橼⬀⛐䘬⚳⭞㨇☐ᷕ䚳 ⇘Ḯ⊆≽侭幓橼䘬ᶵ㕟⛘ℵ䓇䓊炻᷎ᶼ倥⇘Ḯ䴙㱣昶䳂】⦩᷎㾇䘬夷妻倚ẍ⍲ 恋ṃ塓夷妻侭䘬劎暋㫶〗冯㈿䇕ˤ30 䃞侴炻⬠䓴⮵旧悥䐇䘬ℵ墥䎮婾ḇᶵℐ䃞㗗孂伶倚炻崓㕗䈡(Paul Hirst) ὧ㊯↢炻旧悥䐇晾䃞ᶵ娵⎴シ嬀✳ン㗗拗婌シ嬀䘬婒㱽炻Ữὅ䃞㛒傥冯ᷳ∫㶭 䓴䶂炻シ嬀✳ン䘬ℵ墥㟡㛔ᶲὅ䃞㧉䱲Ḯ屯㛔⭞∅⇲䘬䛇⮎ˤ㚜♜⍚䘬㗗崓㕗 䈡⮵旧悥䐇䘬⎔╂䎮婾䘬㈡姽炻Ṿ娵䁢炻⤪㝄シ嬀✳ン啱䓙⎔╂Ἦ⺢㥳ᾳṢㆸ 䁢ᷣ橼炻侴忁䧖⎔╂䈥㴱⇘婌娵炻恋湤⬫⎒傥䴻䓙㖊⬀ᷣ橼䘬婌娵冒Ἦ忼 ㆸˤ䯉妨ᷳ炻⎔╂枸姕Ḯ゛天娖慳䘬⮵尉ˤĴIJ ġ 㚨⼴炻ㆹᾹ⽭枰婒炻旧悥䐇䁢ㆹᾹ㊯↢䛇㬋䘬⓷柴㟠⽫㗗炻ἄ䁢䴙㱣昶䳂 28 ⬇ 䘣 彶 炻˨ 旧 䇦 悥 ⠆ シ 嬀 ⼊ ン 䎮 婾 冯 㔯 喅 ⓷ 柴 ˩炻˪ ᷕ 曺 Ṣ 㔯 䵚 ˫炻 renwen.cyu.edu.cn/Article/ShowInfo.asp?InfoID=138 29
L. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Appendix. First Published: by François Maspero, 1968; Translated: by Ben Brewster; New York: Monthly Review. 1971.
30
傉 两 厗 ˣ ⬇ 䘣 彶 ˣ 悕 幵 炻˨ 㱽 嗕 大 䘬 ⎎ ᶨ 䧖 㓧 㱣 ⒚ ⬠˩炻˪ ᷕ 厗 嬨 㚠 ⟙ ˫炻 夳 www.booktide.com/news/20040304/200403040013.html
31 ⺽冒唕⮷剛炻˨シ嬀⼊ン䎮婾烉⽆旧䇦悥⠆⇘崓㕗䈡˩炻˪㬎㻊䥹㈨⣏⬠⬠⟙(䣦㚫䥹
夷妻䘬シ嬀✳ン䘬櫭べᷳẍ䁢櫭べ⛐㕤⬫䘬㟡㶙吪⚢ˣ䈊ᶵ⎗䟜ˣẍ⍲ṢᾹ ⮵⬫䘬䃉シ嬀炻㬋⤪㛶䵕䲵㕗炷Emmanuel Levinas炸姽婾䘬炻楔⿅⍲℞徥 晐侭⎹⼴ᶾ㍸↢シ嬀✳ン⓷柴烉ˬ⬫䘬㕘䧶ᷳ嗽⯙⛐㕤烉䎮⿏䎦尉⎗傥㭼崟朆 䎮⿏䎦尉㘎㘿炻㚜暋ẍ㈲㎉ˤ⬫䘬䤆䦀⊾≃慷⎗ẍ⤪㬌晙哥炻ẍ军㕤怷廗䘬喅 埻ᶵ嵛ẍㇻ䠶忁䧖䤆䦀ˤ䤆䦀⊾㸸㕤ᶨ䧖䃉シ嬀䘬シ⚾炻⮯䤆䦀ᷳ䈑䴎䤆䦀⊾ Ḯ˭ˤ32忁㧋䘬婾㕟㝄䃞ᶨ憅夳埨ˤ
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⎘䀋冒Ḵ⋩⸜⇵攳⥳Ḯᶨ⟜㔁做㓡朑炻⛐恋⟜㔁㓡ᷕ炻㘖姕檀ᷕˣ⣏⬠炻 ẍ农⽆㖑㛇䘬Ḵ⋩⸦⣏⬠炻䞕㛇ℏ児僡⇘⮯役ᶨ䘦ᶫ⋩⣏⬠炻忁⟜㔁做檮 䴩℞Ἦ㚱冒炻⌛㸸冒ᶨḅℓ˕⸜ẋẍἮ炻姙⣂㫸伶⚳⭞忚埴Ḯᶨ⟜⎵䁢㕘冒 䓙ᷣ佑炷Neo-liberalism炸䘬㔁做㓡朑烊ἳ⤪⛐檀䫱㔁做㕡朊忚埴䥩㚱⊾ 炷privatization炸冯冒䓙怠㑯炷free choice炸炻ˬ檮䴩˭冯ˬ䪞䇕˭炷deregulation and competition炸䘬攳㓦㔁做䲣䴙炻ḇ⯙㗗㎜䓐ẩ㤕䘬䭉䎮⒚⬠ˣ⻟⊾ᷕ⣖䘬ᷣ⮶ 㪲 ≃ 炻 ⻟ 婧 ⬠ 㟉 㔁 做 天 ⤪ ẩ 㤕 ᶨ 凔 㚱 ˬ 㓰 䌯 冯 㓰 傥 ˭炷 efficiency and effectiveness炸ˤ33忁偉㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⿅㼖℞⮎㶙⍿䤷㞗炷Michael Foucault炸䘬⼙枧炻34䈡⇍ 㗗䤷㞗⮵ˬᷣ橼˭奨⾝䘬娖慳冯⁛䴙䘬冒䓙ᷣ佑㚱ᶵ⎴炻⛐℞˪䓇␥㓧㱣䘬 娽䓇˫(The Birth of Biopolitics炸ᶨ㚠ᷕ炻䤷㞗娖慳㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬ᷣ橼㚜⣂䘬⻟
32
Emmanuel Levinas, "Ideology and Idealism," in Seán Hand, ed.,The Levinas
Reader,Cambridge: Blackwell, 1989, p.237. 33
H.Giroux, Neo-liberalism, corporate culture, and the promise of higher education: The University as a Democratic Public Sphere. Harvard Education Review; Winter 2002;72,4.
34␐䤅䐃炷2005炸ˤ㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⮵檀䫱㔁做ᷳ⼙枧-ẍ䲸大嗕䇚ἳˤ㔁做䞼䨞㚰↲ˤ136
婧䘬㗗ᷣ橼ˬ冒ㆹ䭉⇞˭炷self-governmentality炸冒ㆹ夷妻ˤ35⛐㬌ᶨ䎮⾝⸽ ᶳ炻⛐䔞ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫ᷕ炻㓧⹄ᶵℵ⁷⁛䴙冒䓙ᷣ佑恋㧋㈖㺼⬰⣄侭䘬㴰㤝 奺刚炻侴㗗天䧵㤝⛘⍣ᾅ嬟冒䓙ⶪ⟜䪞䇕䘬⎬䧖㡅ẞ炻⚈㬌炻ᾳ橼塓⺢㥳ㆸ屯 㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫ᷕˬṢ≃屯㛔˭炻㕤㗗炻ᷣ橼䘬⺢㥳嬲ㆸ➡梲ᾳ橼䘬㹅忂傥≃䣦 㚫斄Ὢˤḇ⯙㗗婒炻屯㛔ᶵℵ旸㕤∅⇲⊆≽≃炻侴㗗忂忶∝忈㹅忂䘬傥≃ Ἦ䨧德䣦㚫斄Ὢ炻ᷣ橼䘬⺢㥳㗗冒ㆹ㈨埻䘬䓋䈑ˤ36䯉╖⛘婒炻忁䧖㕘䘬䭉⇞ 㕡⺷⽆⁛䴙䘬ⶍ⍘⺷普ᷕ⊾夷妻嬲ㆸ↮㔋䘬ˣ⻰⿏䘬ˣ攳㓦䘬㍏⇞炻⬫⻟婧ᾳ Ṣ⽭枰㔜⎰冒䓙ˣ桐晒ˣ㪲≃ˣ屔ả冯奺刚炻ᾳṢ塓⺢㥳䁢天ᷣ≽㈧㑼⯙⬠ˣ ⯙㤕ˣ怠㑯屔ả䘬⎬䧖桐晒炻᷎≒≃攳䘤冒䘬㼃≃炻㖻妨ᷳ炻⛐忁㧋䘬ᶨ ᾳ䔞ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫炻㭷ᶨᾳ橼悥⽭枰㗗惵⎰叿屯㛔ᷣ佑ẩ㤕怷廗䘬冒ㆹ䭉䎮 冯冒埴䓇䓊䘬⮷㨇☐ˤ 忁䧖㕘䘬䭉⇞㈨埻堐⽝叿㕘⼊ン䘬㪲≃ᷣ橼䳸⎰䘬娽䓇炻㒜⯽Ḯ䴻㾇䎮 ⿏䘬䭬䔯炻⮯⍇㛔⛐ⶪ⟜ᷕ䘬䪞䇕シ嬀㺚德⇘䓇㳣䘬㭷ᾳ柀➇ᷳᷕ炻ᾳ橼ḇ塓 ⼊⟹䁢⽭枰冒䘬埴䁢怠㑯屈屔炻᷎⮯㚱⎗傥䘬桐晒⼴㝄⎰䎮⊾䁢⮎䎦 ᾳṢ冒䓙⽭枰天Ẁ↢䘬ẋ₡ˤ⽆忁ᾳ奺⹎Ἦ䚳炻⍇㛔Ⱄ㕤㓧⹄⚳⭞䭉⇞䘬 䴻㾇柀➇塓ˬᾳ橼⊾˭Ḯ炻Ṍ䓙ᾳṢ冒ㆹ屈屔炻⌛⓷柴䘬妋㰢㕡⺷句⛐䘤⯽ᾳ Ṣ䘬ΐ䎮㕡朊ˤᾳ橼暨天堐䎦⼿䎮⿏ˣ䧵㤝ˣ傥⣈冒䓙怠㑯ˣ冒ㆹ䭉䎮ˣ冒ㆹ ∝忈ˣ冒ㆹ䲬㜇炻冯㬌⎴㗪炻冒䓙怠㑯䘬㪲≃冒ᷣ⿏ḇ⯙ㆸ䁢⺢㥳ᷣ橼䘬㟠 ⽫ˤᾳ橼㚱佑⊁忂忶冒䘬怠㑯㍸檀冒䘬䓇㳣⑩岒炻ˬ⛐忁䧖㕘䘬ˮ冒ㆹ奨 䄏˯ᷕ炻㭷ᾳṢ悥ㅱ娚⮵冒䝕劍㊯㌴炻⮯冒䘬Ṣ≃屯㛔䘤㎖⇘㚨⣏䘬旸 ⹎˭ˤ忁ḇシ␛叿屯㛔ᷣ佑䘤⯽⇘Ḯ⮯ᷣ橼䘬㼃傥ˣ⁛㑕㹅忂傥≃ˣ⿅侫∝忈 傥≃ˣデ⍿傥≃廱⊾䁢䓇䓋≃䘬㕘䘬昶㭝炻ᷣ橼䘬⺢㥳ᶵ㗗䓙⚳⭞䴻㾇 㰢⭂䘬炻侴㗗ᾳ橼䘬冒ㆹ䭉⇞炻㗗ᾳ橼⮯夷妻冯ⷠ夷⊾ℏ⊾䁢冒ㆹ䘬ᶨ䧖堐 35
Michel Foucault, trans. Graham Burchell, Palgrave Macmillan The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France 1978–1979, ,Basingstoke and New York, 2008.
36
Michel Foucault , Governmentality (trans. R. Braidotti). Ideology and Consciousness, 6(autumn), 5-28.1979.
䎦ˤ37 ὅ⬠侭䘬娖慳烉⛐忁䧖㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑ᶳ⚳⭞䴙㱣⯙⯽䎦䁢ᶨ䧖ˬ㘢⿏㱣䎮˭ 炷Governmentality炸炻⌛㓧⹄娎⚾⟹忈㚨怑⎰⚳⭞㓧⹄㓧䫾䘬℔㮹炻䲣䴙⊾⛘ 德忶⬫㌴㎉䘬⚳⭞㨇☐⽆⽫ンˣ㈨埻䫱⎬㕡朊妻做Ṣ㮹ㆸ䁢℔㮹炻㚨䳪嬻忁 ṃ⎰㟤䘬℔㮹㍍⍿㓧⹄䭉䎮ˤ38 ⬠侭娵䁢炻⛐䊡佑ᶲ炻㘢⿏㱣䎮⎗ẍ䓐Ἦ㍷徘 㓧⹄⬀⛐㗗䁢䚳⇘➟㓧㪲≃⃒⊾ˣἧ䓐炻➡做ἄ䁢䣦㚫佌橼ㆸ⒉䘬ᾳ橼⍲㓧⹄ 䘬䎮⿏奨⾝炻ˬ㘢⿏㱣䎮烉⛐ᶨ⺋㲃䘬⎬⺷側㘗ᶳ炻天㯪ㆹᾹ⬠㚫⤪ỽ䭉䎮⇍ Ṣ冒……˭ˤ劍天↮㜸㓧⹄⯙天↮㜸恋ṃ娎⚾⟹忈ˣ≽⒉㑵䷙——忂忶 ᾳṢ佌橼䘬怠㑯炻㫚㛃炻栀㛃炻暨㯪䓇㳣㕡⺷——䘬㨇⇞ˤ㬌㗪㘢⿏㱣䎮 ㍸ὃ⮵㪲≃㕘䘬娖慳䎮妋炻㪲≃⊭㊔⛐䲨⼳橼䲣ᷕ䘬䣦㚫㍏⇞⼊⺷炷⤪⬠ 㟉炻慓昊炻䱦䤆䕭昊䫱炸ẍ⍲䞍嬀䘬⼊⺷炷シ㊯シ嬀⼊ン䫱炸ˤ39 䯉╖⛘婒炻忁䧖㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑娵䁢㓧⹄⯙㗗天⍣⟹忈ᾳṢ䘬奨⾝Ἦ惵⎰䔞ẋ 屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬ⶪ⟜暨㯪炻ẍ㓧⹄⽭枰㑵㍏㔁做炻⮯⬫゛天䘬奨⾝㢵ℍ㭷ᾳṢ 䘬儎㴟ᷳᷕ炻⮯㭷ᶨᾳṢ悥➡做ㆸẩ㤕⭞䛤ᷕ㚱䓐䘬ˬṢ≃屯㛔˭ˤ忁䧖㕘冒 䓙ᷣ佑嵐⊊堐䎦⛐檀䫱㔁做墉炻⯙㗗⇵㔁做悐攟㣲㛅䤍婒䘬ˬ㔁做䓊㤕⊾˭ 嵐⊊炻⌛⇑䓐ⶪ⟜ㇳ㭝㒜⣏㔁做屯㸸ˣ⇑䓐ⶪ⟜㨇⇞䴻䆇㔁做⎬枭㍒㕥炻᷎ᶼ ⮯⬠㟉㔁做䘬䞍嬀㈨埻⃒⊊䚜㍍廱⊾䁢䣦㚫䓇䓊≃䘬㔁做㼖㳩ˤ40 役⸦⸜ Ἦ炻⎘䀋⎬⣏⬠悥⛐㍍⍿㔁做悐䘬⎬䧖姽揹炻檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫忻↢姽揹䘬㛔岒ℏ 㵝⌛烉ˬ䳸⎰ˮℐ朊⑩岒䭉䎮˯䘬㤪⾝炻⮶ℍ䲣姽揹⮎㕥䘬娵⎗㨇⇞炻Ƀㆹ ⚳䘬⣏⬠姽揹⇞⹎傥ẍˮ⑩岒ᾅ嫱˯䁢ὅ㬠˭ˤ41 忁⯙㗗㈲㔁做䔞ẩ㤕⛐䴻䆇炻 37⎚ⓗˣ∱ᶾ溶炻˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬ᷣ橼烉㽛攨岕⟜匟⭀䘬䞃䚦橼槿˩炻䘤堐㕤ㆸ≇⣏⬠ 冱彎䘬Ḵ炿ᶨ炿⸜⎘䀋㔯⊾䞼䨞⸜㚫炷㔯⊾䓇シ烉慵㍊䫎嘇炾屯㛔炾㪲≃䘬㕘斄Ὢ炸ˤ ⺽冒www.csat.org.tw/paper/C2-2 38
MAYHEW S.A Dictionary of Geography[M].NC:Oxford University Press,2010.
39
DEAN M.Governmentality:Power and Rule in Modern Society[M].London: Sage,1999
40㣲㛅䤍炻˨⎘䀋檀䫱㔁做䘬㊹㇘ˣ崭崲冯⋻崲˩炻˪㔁做屯㕁普↲˫炻2009⸜炻䫔44㛇炻
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41䶐廗悐炻˨䡢ᾅ⃒岒⬠佺䑘⠫⺢䩳⽆䲣⮰㤕⇘㔜橼㟉⊁䘤⯽䘬⣏⬠姽揹⇞⹎˩炻˪姽
忁⯙㗗㔁做䓊㤕⊾炻⬠䓇⛐㔁做ᷕ⎒㗗ᶨ䧖⓮⑩ˤ ⛐⁛䴙楔⿅ᷣ佑恋墉炻シ嬀✳ンシ␛叿ῷ夳ˣ徟ᾉ冯䃉䞍炻㗗䰱梦屯㛔 ᷣ佑恒ら䘬伶渿媲妨炻㗗ᶨ䧖嘃`⸣尉烊䃞侴炻䔞ẋ⿅゛⭞⮵シ嬀✳ン䘬娵嬀 ᷎ᶵ㬊㕤㬌炻⛐䎦ẋⶪ㮹䣦㚫䓇㳣ᷕ炻䴙㱣侭ẍ℞漸⣏㪲≃冯屯㸸⍾⼿㔯⊾曠 㪲炻塓䴙㱣⛐㬌㔯⊾曠㪲⸽ᶳ㗗ᶵ㕟塓楜⊾䘬忶䦳炻ṾᾹ䩖℞ᶨ䓇悥ẍ䴙㱣侭 䘬ᶾ䓴奨䁢ᶾ䓴奨炻ẍ䴙㱣侭䘬₡ῤ䁢₡ῤ炻ẍ䴙㱣侭䘬奨⾝䁢奨⾝炻忁⯙㗗 吃嗕大婒㫸㳚䣦㚫ᷣ佑ᶵ傥婒㚵ⶍṢ昶䳂᷎╂愺ⶍṢ昶䳂シ嬀䘬㟡㛔⍇ ⚈烊ᶵ⤪㬌炻⛐旧悥䐇䚳Ἦ炻䔞ẋ䘬忁䧖シ嬀✳ン㚜㤝℟晙哥⿏炻䈡⇍㗗䎦 ẋ⊾䘬⚳⭞ᷕ炻⬠㟉ἄ䁢シ嬀✳ン⚳⭞㨇☐炻㔁做䘬㘖⍲冯㶙ℍ㚜嬻忁䧖晙哥 ⿏㚜℟䨧德≃烊昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻䔞ẋシ嬀⼊ン䘬≇傥朆㖼㖍⏛ᶳ旧呁炻⬫⽆ᶨ 䘦⣂⸜⇵䘬嘃`⸣尉廱嬲ㆸ䛇⮎炻⬫⎗ẍˬ⎔╂˭ˣˬ⺢㥳˭ṢᾹ䘬ᷣ橼炻ḇ⯙ 㗗婒炻⬫嬻ṢᾹẍ䁢冒⎗ẍ 冒䘬ᷣṢḮ炻䔞䃞炻⛐䔞ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫墉炻 ⺢㥳ˣ⎔╂ᷣ橼䘬忶䦳炻⬠㟉ḇ㈖㺼ᷣ天䘬⁔⊾奺刚ˤ⯙㬌侴婾炻ἄ䁢䴙㱣昶 䳂夷妻䘬シ嬀✳ン䘬櫭べᷳẍ䁢櫭べ⛐㕤⬫䘬㟡㶙㞊⚢ˣ䈊ᶵ⎗䟜ˣẍ⍲Ṣ Ᾱ⮵⬫⬴ℐ㮓䃉㈿㉺≃炻⬫嬲ㆸㆹᾹ䃉シ嬀䘬埴䁢㧉⺷ˣ廱⊾ㆸ塓⣏⭞夾䁢 䎮䔞䃞䘬䓇㳣㕡⺷ˤ ㆹ䚠ᾉ⇘䎦⛐姙⣂Ṣ悥怬㗗娵䁢⬠㟉㔁做㗗ᶵㅱ娚㚱シ嬀✳ン炻⚈䁢⬫㗗 Ṣ栆㔯㖶ᷳ⭬炻㔁做ᶵㅱ㚱ῷ夳炻ẍ㚱⇵埴㓧昊昊攟∱⃮䌬㚱2008⸜恋㧋 ⮵㔁做䘬㛇≱ᷳ婆烊㛔㔯䘬㛔シ䔞䃞ᶵ㗗冯ảỽṢⓙ⍵婧炻侴㗗㛇㛃忂忶㬌ᶨ 㶙ℍ㍊妶Ἦ慸㶭⎗傥䘬ḳ⮎䛇䚠炻㚜忚ᶨ㬍嬻㚱嬀ᷳ⢓Ἦℙ⎴㶙⿅炻`⤪ㆹᾹ ⺽ẍ䁢⁚䘬ᷣ橼炻忁ᾳ屈屔ả䘬ᷣ橼ˣ⎗ẍ冒ㆹ屈屔䘬ᷣ橼炻ṵ㗗塓⟹忈ˣ塓 ⎔╂↢Ἦ䘬炻恋湤炻ἄ䁢㔁做侭炻ㆹᾹ⤪ỽ⎗傥⛐㬌ᶨ㡅ẞᶳ嬻⬠䓇㑩㚱䛇㬋 䘬ᷣ橼烎㒜⣏Ἦ婒炻⛐忁㧋䘬ᶨᾳ嘇䧙攳㓦䘬ˣ㮹ᷣ䘬橼䲣ᷳᷕ炻ㆹᾹ⤪ỽ⎗ 傥ㇵ傥䔞忁ᾳ橼䲣䘬䛇㬋ᷣṢ烎
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⎚ⓗˣ∱ᶾ溶炷2010炸ˤ˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬ᷣ橼烉㽛攨岕⟜匟⭀䘬䞃䚦橼槿˩ˤ˪Ḵ 炿ᶨ炿⸜⎘䀋㔯⊾䞼䨞⸜㚫炷㔯⊾䓇シ烉慵㍊䫎嘇炾屯㛔炾㪲≃䘬㕘斄 Ὢ˫ˤ⎘⋿烉ㆸ≇⣏⬠ˤ⺽冒www.csat.org.tw/paper/C2-2 堋ὲ⌧䫱炷2001炸ˤ˪20ᶾ䲨䘬㕘楔⿅ᷣ佑˫ˤ⊿Ṕ烉ᷕ⣖䶐嬗ˤ 倾⮷剛炷2008炸ˤ˨シ嬀⼊ン䎮婾烉⽆旧䇦悥⠆⇘崓㕗䈡˩ˤ˪㬎㻊䥹㈨⣏⬠⬠⟙ (䣦㚫䥹⬠䇰)˫炻1炻23-27ˤ ␐䤅䐃炷2005炸ˤ˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⮵檀䫱㔁做ᷳ⼙枧-ẍ䲸大嗕䇚ἳ˩ˤ˪㔁做䞼䨞 㚰↲˫炻136炻148-158ˤ ⬇䘣彶炷2002炸ˤ˨旧䇦悥⠆シ嬀⼊ン䎮婾冯㔯喅⓷柴˩炻˪⢾⚳㔯⬠˫炻2炻55-62ˤ 㜿▱䏒ˣ⻝拎⻀ˣ拊暯⬯炷2008炸炻˨∱⃮䌬烉㔁攟ᶵㅱ㚱シ嬀⼊ン˩ˤ˪倗⎰⟙˫炻 4㚰10㖍ˤ 㲊⭯叿炻䓘⽫╣嬗炷1991炸ˤ˪㔯⊾曠㪲˫ˤ⎘⊿炛怈㳩ˤ 旧⚾岥叿炻昛⠯㳍嬗炷1995炸ˤ˪ᾅ堃楔⿅˫ˤ冢⊿烉怈㳩ˤ 傉两厗ˣ⬇䘣彶ˣ悕幵炷2004炸ˤ˨㱽嗕大䘬⎎ᶨ䧖㓧㱣⒚⬠˩ˤ˪㖶㚠姽˫炻 夳http://www.gmw.cn/03pindao/shuping/2004-03/03/content_6012.htm 㠩㾌ˣ楖㙱刟炷2006炸ˤ˨ⶪ㮹䣦㚫ˣ”昋⛘㇘””㚱㨇䞍嬀↮⫸”˩ˤ˪䓀倭䣦㚫 䥹⬠˫炻6炻185-187ˤ 匲㵹䏜炷2002炸ˤ˨婚䦳シ嬀✳ンᷳ↮㜸˩ˤ˪⚳㮹㔁做䞼䨞⬠⟙˫炻9炻253-272ˤ 昛㙱䪗嬗炻㜘㉱䇦⽟•⎌䈡(Gerald L. Gutek)叿炷2008炸ˤ˪⒚⬠冯シ嬀⼊ン夾 慶ᷕ䘬㔁做˫(Philosophical and Ideological Perspectives 0n Education)ˤ⊿ Ṕ烉⊿Ṕⷓ䭬⣏⬠↢䇰䣦ˤ湫⹕炷2001炸ˤ˨吃嗕大ˣ曠㪲ˣ冯㔁做䣦㚫⬠˩ˤ˪㔁做䣦㚫⬠忂妲˫炻27炻
㣲㛅䤍炷2009炸ˤ˨⎘䀋檀䫱㔁做䘬㊹㇘ˣ崭崲冯⋻崲˩ˤ˪㔁做屯㕁普↲˫炻2009炻 44炻1-28ˤ 䵕䘣炷Chris Weedon炸叿炻䘥㙱䲭嬗炷1994炸ˤ˪⤛⿏ᷣ佑⮎嶸冯⼴䳸㥳ᷣ佑䎮 婾˫ˤ冢⊿烉㟪ⅈˤ 㼀⭄⋼炷2007炸ˤ˨娎㜸吃嗕大䘬䞍嬀ấ⫸䎮婾˩ˤ˪䈉ᷡ㰇㔁做⬠昊⬠⟙˫炻2炻 45-46ˤ 䶐廗悐炷2010炸ˤ˨䡢ᾅ⃒岒⬠佺䑘⠫⺢䩳⽆䲣⮰㤕⇘㔜橼㟉⊁䘤⯽䘬⣏⬠姽 揹⇞⹎˩ˤ˪姽揹暁㚰↲˫炻23炻8-8ˤ冢⊿烉屉⛀㱽Ṣ檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫↢䇰ˤ
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