5&-~
**
~A=+-m~'M~~g~~Am~mWIw~~m*~~. ,~~.
T~~~~m~go~~~m~~8~*moM~~~~m.rnrr~mm~
~
,
~*a/;J10~~f~W*S"J~~~~~~IJ~M~a/;J£~
O
010~*~¥11f~~'N '
rr$10~~flfrnI 0 rr~IJ~~:;t'S~*~mm~~
,
10~~-*ijf1m(,
~-ar
J;)
1{~0
fil5f11JoflfrnI
~~~IJg,
JJ!ffl
WtJJHf)(: ,
10~~flfrnI1~t)±f&1J
0 '
~~t±wr~IJ~T
]!!~~:;t~ 0 rr~f~~fllm-~
,
*:fia/;J10~If'F:%f~~~£8/;J±'1J 0 I~t±Wla/;J ~~:%f*~ mm~ffl t§[PJa/;J~1J1Lj,
1;t$~£¥m.fll~~}:(8/;J:g~51'
Mlft~±,pJTmf~ a/;Jjl~" H~~~:;t'Sa/;J±f&1JO;
10~If'F:%f~IJ/f[PJ,
Lts:Jt
tlDtnW;!tpJTfm8/;Jj{~\10
~)
,
rmJ;)~.lttjt~~~IJ:gtEJJ!ffl'
f'F~~IJ~flf[illa/;J±'~-=ff~ 0 10~~If'F~a/;J~i¥$iJJ/f~-~1'~~
,
;!t~£1Jrr$fIBlA8/;J~IJ~'t't~1J 0 f~~a/;J10~I'r'F:%f&\~.w~frmft51a/;JWF~10~
,
~~~~IJ~1J'
J;)J5z.iEPi~fitfrnIU~ 0[Zgff!~{~~2!x:~
,
J;)~FFJi:~Vltj,
t
gW
Ai"" '
mJt)(1~,
mH~t±fr~*'S~*~~m-~~~,E~Hm16JWpJT~~
,
J;)~t$JjJ~gWpJT¥lll* 0. * ;f-.:t.1f~,* 2005lf-7 jJ 21 El./f.,*&*-.lf:*~Z r2005lf-~~~#il1~<tt1i"ft~t1t J
** -+ffj*#tt*-"f::&~ , il1~<t1:.1f.lf:1tJ.'l'..~
flj-f5rq!i:i1IJ;fD~-=-i&:R1~EJ\l¥.$
,
±.¥5:nA;fm±Wr{f.m~il~~]I!*81~1t a±.£ '
~~
f#
;fD
~f'
1-T
~7t
I
1W:
1m
ff.rn
*
'
1~di8
1
W
~ti1.
H!
~ffii ±.
ar
W
~J
(profession)
,
;fD-filj£~~(occupation)/f ~,
tl@81~¥!-EI
::ttf*miJfd:i'1~81I
W oMmEl::ttt, .m~*~/f~m$~@A,m~~~W~~;M~~~
tt,.m~~¥!-~m~.m~~~.~IW o K ~~'W~A~~~~~7t
81m?*~D~tjUD~Fff:
'
~~~;f§rMtjJ!(81~1~nDWF~§)II~,*;
ftf!.fr'1111~*cEI.*~ttf!.*5~1±-~
,
~ff81~~'il%3&\~J[1I1~ff,§*j~!£~jf!X:Jff~?2,m 0 W*A~,(professionals)'EIt3T~fmrgffiJ '~DU9ffi' ~If.,gffi' If~gffi' ~~gffi'
Wgffi'
Wr~l·gffiW'ftt
1r'*il~t~lH~f;f§~S1~±~tt81l2: a1±~D~IlU~{ffB~fi:
'
~!l:~ J~-=P !lr~~A/81 rgffi J '
il~~~D~~IfF%3
a ~D~~81~~~ft , 7tH~m ,~~~~7tI~~'~W~~~~~~.;~ffii-~A
~f!fTm/~£~I1/'J!1,'Jm
'
DD
B
l£tm~,
1N37ill)~~~Jij:g181'1'i~,
1J1j~DUgffi*1mOO~i s1±.tfrJ1ffijPtWu~Mi'
Itjgffi*~OO¥M817k*Ji~MF",~@ a W~AH&\~J[~~1JD~~EU*r.f,i81'~~~
N:
'
~Fff:~1i]~9Hf~If/F
a $~Im~*~~nTr~~Im~1~~JWmImW*A.~~m~ ~IJ:
( - )
I~£gjlHH~1~8'iJJt1:E ~~*~:*~~~~.,~~~~~~,~~~z~~ ~ ~ §JfA
:
Mi
~1t1..
g
f4m- '
Jt-
,t~ ;k f.~ )f iJ,1i, '1*-4:st
1~ )fIi.
( = ) I~£gi1i~1w~8'iJjt1:E a¥~~:*~*¥~~,~~.¥~~,~#~gr~ iii] -11fTif*
~:
'~6UtA+it
-IffT J;\1 ,it
fJ
*-
if*
*-
~,
;JJt!f-Ii.
"ap
~'}f(
)
I~£gi1ift~~:±8'iJ:Ji1:E ~a~~:~.~~~M'~*.~~~'~A~~~~ 11"3.E..3ftJ :
~iL ;fgJ11"31± ,
~i!
1f #Jt
~~,
iilji!
~3f1.1.t
#.t
catio ~~~~:.~*k~~'~~~~~~'~~~¥~$ *k~~:*~~~I~'~*~~~.'~.~~A* :ftfrFf*l~t±:l'
-flBlf~~81IUmffi~g~~~±fr'
W~,
*{i::t*D[Pl1~W~J
JI
ij{~ ~5t~*a
lIs) {iQ ~al ~Aail
-&;~{lIDlIDlnJalJi{±:
'
~PJTm:
~~
f;;al
~
~
~Dijtl7
'
*@~
Ff
~
r;i
fftj]~Nhl
W
F~~
~
±~alI
f
~f4
txjD~~Dtxfijl:JffiJE
0[§::t:ZP:¥$±ili
GlliU
~
~5C~t~
~
(Assoc
iati
o
n
o
f
Medi
cal E
d
u
cation
inWestern Pacific Region
,
AME
W
PR)§T
5E
J
U~$';)C~al § f~f)
,
Hhl
±:gft~{;;(-)
¥*~~o/]~mjD~~' (=) ~t±f{FQ~1mS1~~~f:l'
( -)
A::x:~ft'
( 12:9) ¥-EJm
tx
J1] ,(15J
ffiR
)E
S1
*lWi
17 '
(.,\)
1~~ijtl7'
( -t: ) g*fjffir~IDl~al~~A::t -EJ
0tNl
~!OlI[
~
€r
~*
*
~
lr!!*§Lp~iipJT§T tball
§
~rlI[?;&
1f
ft<
/
L
\
*
itJ¥~M7w:*txijg
,
W:
*
AX*M~O
El
:ft~~
=
{IIDMlID
'
~
+={IID
JJige
:
( - )
~~1Si~gJei§j 1. ¥~~to/J *f4~ 2. -fiJ~ImW~!HlI[txijt 3. ~WmrlI[ijtl7 4. ~r-'FQ~M!allltl7 5. ttt*rjtt~~llgl7 6.1~~ 7. ~~*A-ftllgl7 (=)~~A:><:~~1§i§j 8. ~m~ 9.{lffirlI[*it
10. :R~~jftE 11.AX*it
(-)El~JJ.X;~p'!i§je
t-
~
*
it Al*
(~J,t
it.¢!.*-
.±..it ;"*i >;! <I' ory :k~
: Fo1~
~
1HO'JIk~~?-
"*
1fd~
,
~A,
<.::. -t- -
i!t-,"c. :k"*
it11 ory lIT 1&.1'.
>.
~§. :t. D}j ~It~ ~ • ~:l1:. : ~:k::B ~<1'.-:.; , 2005 '12.*~~~~
tj.-t
I§gffifD~J~gffipJTm:J~HtmB~W~~Jl' Il* 7
~gfij.~B~~O~~fO~,*g~ ~~jJ~tx1f~~$WF~~Ji!9-:xs~¥!f9*~01f~Pi-'
;!t~¥*.-ttl~~1[91AB~-ffl~t!:~1l'
WM~Im~Mm~.~~#,~m~~w~*~.o~m;!t~~
• •
,~~l~¥IJf§f~B"J*i5* 0 :ftfr'~~J~*,Pit~tio~*i5~~
:
W§ltA::;tpJTrm~{tmB~~it'
-EIt~ . 7.F~B~~01fgfD-IiJ~jl''t~Jf'
~ElPAmll~lt:&x1r~fi 0r
X1t
J
~-{~tN~ft~E~~~~~~~8PJ 0 ~xllt-~¥~B"J*~,
~"6J¥~A~<~*~>PJT:z::;;::
rim-'¥-
Ax '
tj1rfflZ72~J ' rffirn rAX1tfflZJ
'trr~rX1tJ
-~PJ 0 ~X~c
ul
t
ure -8PJ '
~IJDfU~~#;t-ff~fflZZ~,
f§~$EJ
r&~~Z$~;
H
ers
ko
vits
fD
Kl
uck
h
ohn
:±5'&
rX1rElPJEJ~!~~ rnApJT
EI
J~B~-:g~5t
J
e
'
fD
~@lillpJT§)t rX1t~ ' A~JiJL\!lpJT~~tfj*ZW1.1rnI~~~thJ'
W
~~B"J~~ 0 X1tB~pg1~
,
-EI*lJJi
¥
z
'
tio
E
dw
ar
d
B.Tylor
pJT
~0
:
Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, · art, law,
morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society.
*~~M~X1tB"Jpg¥~5t~~o/]~X1r~tx1J~jX1r
'
:t±ti$X1t~{FfflJ~X1ttj:&*~
:t$X1r
!JX:
~
~x1t
-
*~Pli
O
0**rffi 8
Z
'
x1tJ7~z$A
' rffiW:t±f('t't
~~~, IDJXtiO
Lee
Cronk
pJT§)t:
rX1t~t±frfw~B~m}@,(sociallytran
smitt
ed
inform
ati
on)J
f) 0fF~-1rn1J5l1i:t±~0R
'
:1t;!t~-1~W~A::;t,
pJTrm~{tmB"Jx1t~N'
"6J
tj5t~~1~Ri* f:E0 ~-{~M*'
r*~J B~~¥~~£*~1f~,
f§~$~X~ O~~)£Jj,--i- <~1\::'~ft-4fr) ';'R.~f.7' 1982 '~jl:. 09
~ ~ F*:k~l:lf<
*-
E! ;'-1> ~ ~ 1\::') '1f-~ l' ~*-* '
2004 ' 1f-~ 00
4=*00*
(-jjL~1\::') ,l/tit,*!!ill.J*~,A <;f±~<'tl-t.4l-) 'iE'f~f.7' 1995 ,~jl:. 0o
""li
9
0 Lite {1M);(R,
I
f
~A 1t~:
c
m
~
fi
'
I)j\M~-§f15
-iWl:¥
~fl::J ~;, fO
8'J~ law, itted 'Q]" Literacy , mU~mf[]:qt¥J~tJ;
{8~~t±fl8"J~~, ft
frF
i
T
.1:)'M~:jt~f$fJJl3t:~ . 41f~A~91-W.f'F-g-l:]! ffijfif~r'BmpfTm:¥!-{FmS"J~D~
"
~ij~fO~J!{e
0 l£~f~~-;(x. ,
r:)(fl::*~J J1J~t§f.f;fj); rwr~j(Oij~J ffij § , HJ-f~A'
~~1t!!~t£$1iiJfiI~ , ~~.tl.~m~.~~~ft~~~§.,m~~~m~W@A~.m
fifMm~mli~;fif~~m~ffili~'fifm;fj);-~~~S"J~~~#'m~~:)(
fl::~* o
Hirsch
f.f:)(ft:*!l{'F7tzoT~m~f):
r~~~~ ~~A~~~~~ M ~.~,~~~aa~~f *M~~ .o *ft~. '~k~**M~~~~.ft~~~'~~A~ft~&~ ~~, @~-~~~,-~±~ o~~.Al~4~~. ;~~~~~f
~A
*
~4~~ ~1r'at '
~~~ A~@ ~~ :;t1
t.
B9
J!-ti't
~<tit.t 0 Jr
.:;t1
t.
*..
~4
fH~p~::FM '
~k
*"
-100 A~
-;t ~J!-
14ff
Bg 0m
~{,-:ii Jtt. j fm
~1tif<.
'
1t
4\
1r,
B
9
:;t1t.
~~1
it
1til
~ 1til1~1*
4
0 J:)(ft:~itl3"Jm:~ttft;fj);'8~AfrH§lir.~l¥Jl·~*i
'
AEt±ficf;!h~mm1;%t¥JMfJ~
, t!1~~
*~~:)(fl::t¥JffHt1 0 JJ!~t±fl5tI*mW'
-f~A~~pfT~l4t~~WI
'~\~Ji1tE$~fmWr~I{'F 0 ~~~Ugffi"
W
g
ffi
"
~gffi " Itflgffi '
~~:)(* ~"
tj1/itJ~J1J~l&tEl.A!/o/J ' ~~l£~J.f{Wr~I3"JIf'F~f.v:~~~~t¥J£'UJ!lttfj
A
~~' W
• •
*ft&ffin~.~.S"J~~W~~o W.l¥J• •
'~Um~~A~
Jf~
;
1
tE
j(o
~
*~
~
t¥J
O~MI~
~
,
~
Al7
~*
s"J
~~z
-
([i)
0:)(1t
*JH
!IJ
~
f~Af.fJj);:)(ft:~}gj(D
"
7
m "
*~"
Rx
l-)~Jj);tiIJ~~f?~l7 0 E:ftm~B"JJ¥l3\i1£Jj);~f~At¥JfMf~15[ 0
:)(
ft~lt~= f~Rf-;(x.s"J~r~,
jJ;,;t~1~AS"J*~fOij~17
(Qu ali ty andCompetence) ,
E
IlJ
J-)MWJ{~A1t£lRfr"mW~r:p Jm~TpfT~I3"JB~fi:l£t±1f.1:).
&
e*~.*.( ~u*~~~~*.~
•
•
)
,~~~~#t*~~~_H.~~.~~. rW~#tt~A~' ;f± .... fIi}.ftf¥~JJ. J sJf~:tll.*~ I!!1'" 1997 ' {; ,H:. 0
"*
~Hirsch. E.D.• Kett. 1.F.. Trefil. 1. ~~(The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy) ~Introduction; HoughtonMifflin Co. 1993. NY. U.S.A.
G*~~.1B-*. U'p~~~, ~~Jf-*-~~I>~"t.J.!.) , {;";!.'XSJt1t~ I!!1.Jt!l ' ppI1-50 ' 2001 1t'-6 }J , {; ;It 0
~},Jr~g~~§t:r:pskJJEflIWM~
;
1:t~r~9~m~r:pT~~E! 5tPfT~SkJ1±~fO~*1±~f*~~r:pskJEI~
,
i&1i5J;))?d~~tiBflI 0 -tilllg~DillE! c1:t~SkJ~~fOJt:fttt~~~~*W<:55IJAskJIfrzi~9skJrn~Hf,
,
J;))?dallt1:E)(1l::~7%r:pskJ~~tiBflI 0 ~D1lt7tllgt),~EIJHffiMIDiskJ~J!t~oottf:ffPJrI=l9~
,
ffit~K~~SkJWftttARiJJ,@;-1'F'
:tt[O]~1j ~li.SkJ~~ffi)(~SkJ~$o(
•
•
)*~~r ~~. '~mum~J~r*~u 'J¥;t~~f@J~~ 0
tf'i~~*A7tJf:rWi~~1ifskJW1:f 0 ~~~~*IJJ5tr:p
,
~*A7ts';:Jtg:§JII*:t!~~$*±i&JiM*& 0
8q:
~*
~skJ*
~ g~(COll
ege)
J;)
~f:Jt)(Jif[
tw~~~~fft~~ ~±:
;
~~IH~;zi&'
~~AW*~~(professionalsc
hool
s)
,
9D1t;!f1:~J1:'
~~~J1:
'
~~tHjl:~J1:'
~~~J1:~,
t~~~?*skJgJII**'
I&1~~*8kJ~flI'
$JIf:X~~.~,
~i&7tm J;)jJ1,k
(¥J\ )*
0 -gt~~*~=v:j{}:±i&W~~~J1:skJiM& 0 *~~~1:t-F7mlis ~,k~AWF9skJ~;'~*'
fl~~S';Jd'~~*t.fS::t!~ffuj~N1:EW*~Ji:i:9-:X'
~rm~~¥IJpfTttH~1¥f 1a~r
fFmi7t J
,z~(pg 0 !f!-WJ~pfTBW r:ttrPl&\11~f4El J
~g~m'
fBBD¥J[$~~~ ~I&~SkJ~~ o ~*~m~**~ ~' *~ili~M~ffi '~~~*~~~~o ~rm**tti~~tft~1ifBkJJif[~-B~~~lfI&i~:tt~fft'
1:Eg'~~~~IiIJL3Z. ~*~Rg~,
t~1~giffl
'
~$8ifflW~~~Jif[g~4D;
:;itJt:1£8q:~ J;)f4t~~*~±:SkJ~F**/->-tt**'
:;it
Jt:t~~~7%SkJf4t~*~;t~~~MZ1;~:W*skJ1~mH~~1Jol2tI~lf
'
;ij~m§'~~1111R~lliH~1l::
'
~¥51l::skJ~rs]rlfIJtUM~rmE 02002~if5z:JffmG=v:
r
~
$f~1if7EIDU~
ID
Ij~
R
~
J
4!)
,
~,k**r'E'J$f~Wz~
*
'
frM~;z~JHIIJ 0 §~~~~$2003~4FljCmG rl~j~~WEH~~l'rtIJ¥~fr.r£tJm
'
~ttt r~DfPJ~B!r'E'J$f~W1:t1!r~~W~~~mG~:&~WJ
:&
r~DfPJt~W~J*1l::
'
~~lt1l:::&~D~*~mskJ*JTB~1-t~pfTmskJA7tJ~JJi¥*f~~~,
~t±l TiWi$f~ 4D ;f. ~1l :lk {b: {t;l,if<:k
'*
l!!l rt\ <tt 11 M] .ll: 1:-# jf3.0 ~ \!9 ¥ . ill ~Hi lP~1it ~!tIt • 1999 • 'f J)1t 0D
@ r ~ -1f <tt it
z
fbi. JJt t 'l ~fl1t J {~. #-2002 1f-:lR.t¢:#~Hfi r, -iriii: Jt ;iii: ;TQ -.It..i • d! f; 14' Jf;~ i;-:k -$ ~ .~A. ~J :ii:.;;t .K-k~k.@University of California. Santa Barbara;j3t;fil1t;-.K-k:li~H.'-#-f"l ~ ~A.' ~W
t!-4fdf<. .'!-iJl-' f;t.?ttt·~~AA-~~.·.*.·~~ro'£~~-1fA.o
o
r ~-1f <ti 1f Z ,j.'VJt t'l ~ jHr J #-2003 ~4}] 17 El foJ {t,lUX -Vi ~JJt tHll. % o;t • §] #r;it ,*J~ r..Ht1t ' ~:#~H1\ rD, ~Jl r*J ~:st 14- 0
~*1±
Q~{I t~ij~ U3J~'JITJ
S"J
I*ii~
W~ ~~ I#J~i:l ~%f ~~~ W&M~M~,~~m*~n~ffiW~n~~· : R*.~~W~~~~·~1Jf4~~-g-WErJ*JT
.
f)tftJf~~W&~&~WS"J*~.
~IDiij'j*~WW~g~~Wo
~1B I~IDiW*~W~~i~H~~WJ i§-JY!mJ!~'
I
~W~wEH:Ii~IIJ¥~t±:ii
Jq::rW
i§f~s"J~t~gt:
I*~.~~AA~*~ (A~~ ) ' ~~~~~AA~~~(A~3
~~)o~~**.~~~~~~~-'~k~~*.~~~~~~~ ~~~'~4~*A~~~~A~o~~~~~A'~~~~~~~~ ~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~A'~~A~~~ M]*~4RJ~M]1i*4R~~
,
'££A~J~g.,t±~~Jtd±M]1~*4R~~ 0 J 1~#~ffl~~~aT'~~~~~~#~~~~:~~~~~k~# ~*••
~'@~~~k~.~~~~~~H~,~a~~~~~~~ ~~'.*~A~~M~·~~~~~~~~~~~'~~~~~~~ ~~ iL.~ 0 Ji§mt~gt1-t~J§t~AS"J~y:t
'
~D~~~WfDW*~W~5trmffiH§~"iB"J~14~ 0 ~rm;ft1r,;gM~W*~W~R~±g~W*A~s"J~W
'
~IH~MX5ttfTW*A~M~~.~
• •
,~~.&m,~~~w~.~.*~w~¥~~~~~~~S1¥*JJJG7t 0 ~
§
Z
'
W*~W:¥A~~~~?;&W1JD~W*g)II*~ 0 ;g~~~~~?;&W1~W*?;&Wq::rtEB~1
'
~~:¥AfUf~'rfW*g)II*~S1g~5t;
*~S1JiJij~,
thM~mH~~*g)II~~
q::r
IL'
J
0W*?;&Wq::rS1~~?;&W
'
*~L~D~$~B1)(1r*.~W 1±~-@J 0-;!X
L '
~R*'±.tmWJJftW:S1-~~'I'1~D~fDt~ij~,
ij~~'ii]~DmJ~S1A.
~•
~~1'FW~~B1liiJJfm~~
,
§~-f~UH-tt±wr0~s"JWff 1±~=f~JW0 -;!XL'
±gR~'±.im~ B1H~W~~,
t)&tlt*IJ~D~iJ~,~,~S"Jij~1J'
~gh~~f~lEEiB1f~f~H;
;f5~-~.UW*L~~ff~1J'.~U~;ftB~W.m'~~li~~q::r~~~W
-,
ij*~L~~f~*,JHMJJH'<:
'
1£?TIra9~aJlt:p~~*±~~f31(,
1£~1]~~~f1I!M!II~f4~~A)(m 0 ~~a"J~~f4§
,
&\m~~{Fm~o~a"J~IlX~fD)(ftllm~t1' wg
~t]~~~~J'EI,~ , Mz~
I
ife;t~UltUfJMl~a"Joom -0 {lI~3'iJItJ~~~gffi'
~wg~J~~~±fm
'
~ 1~;tt~~~~fffi~¥IJE1:ftJJX:~W~~; ~
7~~fE*~§f~..
~m~~~t-t
..
~gt~~$1h;L9f.'
£~l£~{[gj~fEt:p~a~mm{.'~~,
~~~Tt
hh
M
f
D!i
x
frttJ
~
0**a"J*M~-f[gj~1'fLjt±~~fD~Wf~f~ 0 l£~O~*,~ma~fi:
'
£W7m1¥a"J~~}IHi~
;
jjWf~~IJ~~o~~,
~~~f~tI~o~~,
!:iJ8~~::ErmltJ~o~~~ 0fffi!¥,t
~~WJ!Jwgfffi § 'JJ[1i:*~i:hM~J!~a"J:tJ ~tt$W~A::tItJ:tt1lf ' ~~o~*~
~~
g~~
m
A
:tJ
.
~
o
fe.
~
~.£
M
~0:
k
*
~i.1f"*Jt
~~ /~ ~1)1
1
-*,t..
-
~t-
~~Z±
0-100
k
~1-~ ~-ttA.~ 9;!:l~:t
1t. ;ff ;fB ~-fj.Jt
€I-) jM
' -tt
~ G ~~tr.J
~~f.f:t
1t.;ff - ~;f..tr.J
!IX
~~.te. ~'~*'~~~.A-ft~ ft~~..
~mtr.J~h,-a~A~"~~
.. 1t
:k
;f
11t
1@'z:tlt.*.~~ 0f.t~~t± t:p~:tmflIa1W~I{'F~fffi § , ~~*MfOwg:tJ
'
Jl!~/f'j:jJ~~.
s"J
0 *~&\~mtJl~J)(1t~Hif.£*~t11a"J~~~W'
::t~!JtiE~?H~~JjJwg,
1tE
!IJJ
t
±
~lI¥.Hitti7
0$ .M* • • ~ (~~-~~k.~• • •~~~.~~• • ~4) ·.~~~k.rA~~#*'#
• ~A ~ J "t.f.t<f~Jfltit ' 2005 1f-6}] • • ~ 0
~.~**. (*t• •~~• • • :.~~~~) '.~~~k~ rA~~#. ·#.~A~J*~
~lt • 2005 1f-6 }] , ..~ 0
O.~"'*,tf-(~k.~A.t,f" ti.) . IjHf..,*(i1.kT·