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英國維吉諾音樂的探討(II)A Research on English Virginal Music (II)

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文學、音樂、戲劇之協奏:英國文藝復興時期---英國維吉諾音樂的探討

English Renaissance: Literature, Music and Drama in Concert

English Vir ginal Music (Ⅱ)

計畫編號:NSC 90-2411-H-110-024

執行期限:90 年 8 月 1 日至 91 年 7 月 31 日

主持人:李美文

執行機構及單位名稱:國立中山大學音樂系

計畫參與人員:陳怡孜、郭鎧榕 (研究生)

一、中文摘要 十六世紀英國作曲家為維吉諾創作的 作品非常多,由於當時宮廷把持音樂出版 的權力,大部分作品並未公開編輯發行, 許多作品手稿被分散在喜愛音樂的貴族手 中,導致很難統計維吉諾作品數目及考證 創作日期。有關維吉諾音樂作品的手抄 本,收藏於大英圖書館就超過三十冊,另 外於牛津大學、劍橋大學,紐約市立圖書 館也有相當多的收藏,更有不少散落於不 同大學或私人的收藏,其中不乏專業水準 的手抄本,但大多數都出自業餘之手,也 因此有不少錯誤出現。維吉諾音樂所運用 的鍵盤語法相當先進並具多樣性,使用包 括各類型音階、琶音、重覆音、和聲織度、 節奏設計,大跳音程以及各種鍵盤技巧。 許多音樂具有描述性標題,大部分維吉諾 音樂與變奏曲、舞曲和民歌或宗教旋律有 關,變奏曲可能使用民歌旋律、宗教音樂 或舞曲節奏作為主題加以變奏;舞曲則包 含帕望舞曲、嘉利雅德舞曲、帕薩麥左舞 曲、沙塔瑞羅舞曲或吉格等,創作手法包 含複音音樂方式,以旋律為主之作曲手 法。有關維吉諾音樂之演奏詮釋,首先對 樂器本身之演進與結構需有所瞭解,而後 需從史料中探討裝飾音之運用、指法的使 用,對於速度與表情則依民歌、舞曲或宗 教歌曲之韻律、原有歌詞涵義,以及樂曲 織度來決定。 關鍵詞:維吉諾、英國文藝復興時期、鍵 盤獨奏、演奏法。 Abstract

The English composers in 16th to early 17th centuries write many virginal music. Due to the control rights of publication by court, most of the music was not published publicly and it is therefore difficult to find out the exact date of these compositions. There are more than 30 manuscript collections in British Library. Besides these, the Oxford University, Cambridge University and New York Public Library also have many collections. Others are in different Libraries of different Universities and private hands. The Idiomatic technique of keyboard music developed by the composers in English Renaissance include all kinds of scale passages, arpeggios, repeat notes, filling harmony, rhythmic devices and so on. Most of virginal music are in the form of variations and dances. The themes or cantus firmus might use a folk tune, sacred melody, dance rhythm. The popular dances at the time were pavane, galliard, passamezza, satorelo and gigue. The texture of music included the vocal style polyphonic, melody dominant homophonic and a lot of virturostic passages. There are certain practical considerations of performance practice to be observed. The issues include ornamentation, fingering, articulation, tempo and expression. It is important to understand the structure of virginal instrument. The tempo and expression have to based on the rhythm and tempo of dances, the way of singing folk tunes and sacred melody, the text of the songs and the texture of music. The

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ornamentation and fingering have to investigate through the manuscripts and treatises.

Keywords: Virginal, English Renaissance,

keyboard solo music, Performance Practice. 二、緣由與目的 維吉諾音樂雖存留下為數不少的手抄 本,但絕大部分都還未被改寫為現代記 譜,也未被出版。因此如欲親眼目睹這些 作品,只能至收藏手抄本的各圖書館、博 物館,和私人收藏查看。雖然維吉諾音樂 在一六三○年後,在鍵盤樂器史上消失匿 跡,直至十九世紀末到二十世紀初,才經 由各國音樂學者,引起音樂人的重視。而 其受重視的重要原因之一,是維吉諾音樂 展現之鍵盤技巧比起當代其他地區受聲樂 影響,以對位、模仿手法為主要創作之技 巧先進許多,不論是音階、琶音、重覆音、 分解和弦、各種節奏都出現在維吉諾樂譜 中,而維吉諾使用之樂曲型態更是多樣, 除各式的舞曲、變奏曲,也有許多具描述 性標題樂曲,使用題材除新創外,包括民 歌、宗教歌曲都受作曲家青睞。 筆者從深入研究樂器和親自彈奏樂曲 的經驗中,體會出如欲全盤瞭解維吉諾音 樂,除對這時代之政治、社會、文化需深 入研究之外,同時對樂譜、樂器也須有完 整的分析,歸納與整理,希望藉此研究的 結果幫助音樂學習者接受並瞭解維吉諾音 樂。 本計劃最主要的目的有二: 1. 藉此研究建構維吉諾音樂完整之歷史 背景、創作手法與研究詮釋,作為音 樂教學的教材。 2. 喚起音樂學者對文藝復興及英國維吉 諾音樂產生學習的興趣,並對演奏此 類音樂不再陌生,不要使這些美好的 音樂成為無聲的樂譜。 三、研究報告應含的內容 本研究共分為六個部分。第一部份陳 述研究目的、範圍和方法,並對相關主要 文獻做探討。 第二部分整理出所有可能找到樂譜之 維吉諾音樂之基本曲式、特有創作手法和 所使用特殊維吉諾之語法。 第三部分對十六世紀鍵盤音樂作曲規 範、彈奏技巧之發展及記譜法之問題研究 奠定基礎。 第四部分對英國維吉諾音樂所使用之 曲式如變奏曲 (定旋律使用舞曲或民歌為 主題等)、舞曲 (包括帕望舞曲、嘉利雅德、 帕 薩 麥左、沙塔瑞羅或吉格等) 深入研 究,以幫助音樂學習者。 第五部分整理出英國維吉諾音樂演奏 詮釋之基本原則;包括裝飾音之運用、指 法的使用、速度的決定、表情的選擇和音 樂之抑揚等。 第 六 部 分對維吉諾樂器之發展、構 造、發聲原理、彈奏特殊技巧深入瞭解, 將對演出者在現代鋼琴詮釋及彈奏維吉諾 音樂有實質的幫助。 透過實際彈奏練習,將縮短與維吉諾 音樂之距離,於教學上會有極大助益。 四、參與計劃成果自評 為探討英國維吉諾音樂,本研究採用 文獻法,從研讀書籍、文章及論文,將資 料整理以證明論點。有關維吉諾作品,筆 者是從曲式、創作語法和演奏法上之問題 加以仔細分析。為使此研究更具完整性與 正確性,筆者親自學習維吉諾音樂以完全 瞭解不同作曲家之風格,同時於二○○二 年六月十一日赴英國大英博物館與圖書館 做更深入探討,並至劍橋、Clandon,與 Hanpstead。 除 仔 細 研究其保存之手抄本 外,也有機會接觸到文藝復興時期留下之 維吉諾,期望此研究能以完整而正統的面 貌呈現給讀者。 已於二○○二年四月二十六日國立中 山 大 學 文 學 院 主 辦 Renaissance Culture: Popular and Courtly 學術研討會發表論文 “The Development of Keyboard Idiom in Fitzwilliam Virginal Book”,並受邀將於二 ○ ○ 三 年 五 月 至 美 國 Wisconsin 州 的 Kalamazoo 發表論文。

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出版之樂譜

Brookes, Virginia. British Keyboard Music To c.1660, Sources and Thematic Index. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. (*)

Byrd, William. My Ladye Nevells Booke of Virginal Music. Ed., Hilda Andrews. New York: Broude Brothers, 1955.

Cofone, Charles, ed. Elizabeth Rogers Hir Virginal Booke. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1975.

Dart, Thurston. Ed. Clement Matchett’s Virginal Book. London: Stainer&Bell LTD., 1957. Huray, Peter le, ed. The Fingering of Virginal Music.

London: Stainer&Bell LTD., 1980.

Maitland, J. A. Fuller and Barclay Squire, ed. The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. New York: Broude Brothers, 1979.

Stevens, Denis. Ed. The Mulliner Book, from Musica Britannica Ⅰ, London: Stainer&Bell LTD., 1951.

Stone, Kurt, ed. Parthenia. New York: Brude Brothers, 1951.

Ward, John. Ed. The Dublin Virginal Manuscript. Wellesley College, 1964.

(*) 此書中包含此次研究所深入探究之未出版手 抄本,由於其數量繁多,在此不便一一贅述。

西文參考書目

Adams Robert Lee. The Development of a keyboard Idiom in England During the English Renaissance. Diss., Washington University, 1960.3 Vols.

Alison, J. M. “Art to Enchant”: Musical from and Dramatic Theme in three of Shakespeare’s Comedies. Diss., University of New Brunswick, 1992.

Andrews, Hilda. “Elizabethan Keyboard Music: My Ladye Nevells Booke, 1951.” Musical Quarterlyxvi(1930), 59-71.

Bedbrook, Gerald Stares. Keyboard Music from the Middle Ages. New York: Da Capo Press, 1973. Boehrer, Bruce Thomas. Monarchy and Incest in

Renaissance England: Literature, Culture, and Kinship. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.

Borren, Charles van den. The Sources of Keyboard Music in England. London: Novello&Co., Ltd., 1913.

Bray, R. 1970-71. “The Interpretation of music ficta in English music c. 1490-c.1580.” Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association xcvii, 29-45. Broen, Howard Mayer and Stanley Sadie, ed.

Performance Practice: Music Before 1600.

London: The Macmillan Press, 1989.

Caldwell, John. English Keyboard Music Before the Nineteenth Century. New York: Dover, 1973.

Dart, Thurston. “New Sources of Virginal Music .”

Music and Letters, xxxv (1954), 93-106. Dickson, A.E.F. “English Virginal Music.” Music

Reviewxvi (1955), 13-28.

Ferguson, Howard. “Repeats and Final Bars in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book.” Music and Letters, Ixiii(1962), 345-350.

Glyn, Nargaret H. About Elizabethan Virginal Music and It’s Composers. London: The New Remple Press, 1924.

Harley, John. British Harpsichord Music. Scholar Press, 1994.

---. William Byrd: Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. London: Scholar Press, 1997. Hendrie, G. “The Keyboard Music of Orlando

Gibbons.” Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, Ixxxix(1962), 1-15.

Hunter, D. “My Ladye Nevells Booke and the Art of Gracing.” In Brown, A. and Turbet, R. Byrd Studies, Cambridge (1922),174-192.

---. “The Implications of Fingering Indications of Virginalist Sources: Some Thoughts for Further Study.” Performance Practice Review, v (1992),123-138.

Hoag, B.B. The Performance Practice of Iberian Keyboard Music of the Seventeenth Century. Diss., New York University, 1980.

Holman, C.W. John Day’s Certaine Notes. Diss., University of Kansas, 1991.

Kite-Powell, Jeffery T. A Performer’s Guide to Renaissance Music. New York: Schirmer, 1994.

Koopman, T. “My Ladye Nevells Booke and Old Fingering.” The English Harpsichord Magazine, ii(1977), 5-10.

Le Huray, P. Music and Refortion in England 1549-1600. London: Herbert Jenkins. LTD., 1967.

Lowinsky, E. E. “Music in The Culture of Renaissance.” Journal of the History of Ideas, xv (1954), 509-537.

McGEE, Timothy J. Medieval and Renaissance Music. University of Toranto Press, 1988. Mellers, Wilfrid. “John Bull and English Keyboard

Music.” The Musical Quarterly, Ix (1954), 364,548.

Meighbour, Oliver. The Consort and Keyboard Music of William Byrd. London: Faber and Faber, 1978.

Newman, Karen. Fashioning Femininity and English Renaissance Drama. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Sargent, G. P. The Edition of Elizabeth Rogers: Virginal Book. Diss., Indiana University, 1965.

Sibiger, Alexander. Keyboard Music Before 1700. New York: Schirmer, 1995.

Schwandy, E. P. The Ornamented Clausula Diminuta in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. Diss., Stanford University, 1967.

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Walsingham Song.” Music and Letters, Ixv (1964), 108-113.

Stewart, J. D. Metrical and Tonal Stability in the Dance Music of the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. Diss., Indiana University, 1973.

The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians (1980). S.V. “Basse dances” by Daniel Heartz.

---. S.v. “Fingering” by Peter le Huray. ---. S.v. “Ground” by Richard Huson. ---. S.v. “Variation” by Thomas Walker. Troeger, Richard. Technique and Interpretation on

the Harpsichord and Clavichord. Bloomington: Indana University Press, 1987.

Wells, Robin Headlam. Elizabethan Mythologies in Poetry, Drama, and Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Whittaker, W. Gillies. “Byrd and Bull’s ‘Walsingham’ Variations.” Music Review, iii (1942), 270-279.

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行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告

※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※

※ 文學、音樂、戲劇之協奏:英國文藝復興時期--- ※

※ 英國維吉諾音樂的探討 ※

English Renaissance: Literature, Music and Drama in Concert

English Vir ginal Music (Ⅱ)

※ ※

※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※

計畫類別:□個別型計畫

■整合型計畫

計畫編號:NSC90-2411-H-100-024

執行期間:90 年 08 月 01 日至 91 年 07 月 31 日

計畫主持人:李美文

執行機構及單位名稱:國立中山大學音樂系

計畫參與人員:陳怡孜、郭鎧榕 (研究生)

本成果報告包括以下應繳交之附件:

■赴國外出差或研習心得報告一份

□赴大陸地區出差或研習心得報告一份

□出席國際學術會議心得報告及發表之論文各一份

□國際合作研究計畫國外研究報告書一份

執行單位:國立中山大學音樂系

九十一年

八月

一日

參考文獻

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