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Vagal innervation of the gastrointestinal tract arises from dorsal motor nucleus while that of the heart largely from nucleus ambiguus in the cat

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Vagal innervation of the gastrointestinal tract arises from dorsal motor

nucleus while that of the heart largely from nucleus ambiguus in the cat

J.H. Hsieh

a,b

, R.F. Chen

c

, J.J. Wu

b

, C.T. Yen

c

, C.Y. Chai

a,)

a

Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan b

Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian UniÕersity, Chung Li, Taiwan c

Department of Zoology, National Taiwan UniÕersity, Taipei, Taiwan

Received 3 February 1997; revised 16 January 1998; accepted 21 January 1998

Abstract

The origin of medullary cells that form the cardiac vagal branch and the vagal branches in the lower thorax innervating the

Ž . Ž .

gastrointestinal GI tract was studied using horseradish peroxidase HRP , a retrograde transport tracer in the cat. The distributions of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons of the heart were studied with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Intracardiac ganglionic neurons were found mainly in the connective tissue surrounding the base of the pulmonary arteries and in an area in and dorsal to the interatrial septum. Following injection of HRP into the subepicardum where most of the cardiac postganglionic neurons reside, 91% of

Ž .

the labelled neurons were found bilaterally distributed in the nucleus ambiguus NA . A small population of labelled neurons was found

Ž . Ž .

in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus DMV and an intermediate zone IZ between the two nuclei. When HRP was injected into the left or right cardiopulmonary vagus branch, labelled neurons were found exclusively in the ipsilateral NA, DMV and IZ with a predominance in the NA. In the thorax, after they course around the heart, the left and right thoracic vagus nerves divides into a left and a right branch, respectively. The left branch of the left thoracic vagus joins the left branch of the right thoracic vagus to form the anterior vagus nerve at 3 cm above the diaphragm. The right branch of the right thoracic vagus nerve joins the right branch of the left thoracic vagus to form the posterior vagus nerve. After application of HRP into the right or the left branch of the left thoracic vagus, HRP labelled cells were found in the left DMV. Similarly, after application of HRP into the left or the right branch of the right thoracic vagus, labelled cells were found in the right DMV. On the other hand, when HRP was injected into the anterior vagus, labelled neurons were found bilaterally in the DMV. This suggests that all rostral branches of the thoracic vagus have their origin in the ipsilateral DMV, and intermixing occurs only at the caudal level near the diaphragm. Findings of the present experiments suggest that parasympathetic preganglionic neurons innervating the GI tract are located exclusively in the DMV while those of the heart are located mainly in the NA. Within the DMV, GI vagal neurons were found medially from the level 0–2.5 mm rostral to the obex. In contrast, cardiac vagal neurons were found in the lateral edge of the DMV at the level 0–1 mm rostral to the obex. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron; Horseradish peroxidase; Retrograde tracing; Intracardiac ganglionic neuron

1. Introduction

The vagus nerve extensively innervates the thoracic and abdominal viscera. As early as 1845, the Weber brothers

Ž began to study the influences of vagus on the heart Hoff,

.

1936 . Subsequently, the vagus nerve has been found to exert an important control over the cardiac rhythm, rate, and contractility of the heart. The vagal cardiac innervation of vagus, however, has long been a source of controversy. Uncertainties remain regarding the origin and distribution

)

Corresponding author. Tel.: q886 2 27899105; fax: q886 2 27829224.

of its preganglionic motoneurons within the medulla ob-Ž

longata that innervate specific cardiac targets Hopkins and .

Ellenberger, 1994 .

Ž .

Projections from the nucleus ambiguus NA and the

Ž .

dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus DMV effecting

parasympathetic influences over cardiac functions have been extensively studied. Various approaches have been

Ž

used, including, physiological Geis and Wurster, 1980;

. Ž

Norman et al., 1985 , tract tracing Ciriello and Calaresu, . 1982; Getz and Sirnes, 1949; Norman et al., 1985 , and

Ž .

degeneration techniques Massari et al., 1995 . Location of cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons have been found in

Ž

both DMV and NA Cabot et al., 1991; Ciriello and

0165-1838r98r$19.00 q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Ž . PII S 0 1 6 5 - 1 8 3 8 9 8 0 0 0 2 7 - 7

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Calaresu, 1982; Getz and Sirnes, 1949; Geis and Wurster, 1980; Izzo et al., 1993; Massari et al., 1995; Nosaka et al.,

.

1982; Standish et al., 1994 . Some investigators consider that preganglionic neurons are located primarily in NA

ŽMcAllen and Spyer, 1976; Stuesse, 1982, 1984 while.

others have suggested that they lie primarily in DMV ŽCohen et al., 1970; Todo et al., 1977 . Species variation. may account for some of the discrepancies. For example, in the pigeon, vagal neurons exist exclusively in the DMV ŽCohen et al., 1970 . There may be a dominant contribu-.

Ž .

tion from NA in the cat, dog and pig Hopkins, 1987 ; whereas both NA and DMV may be important in the rat ŽIzzo et al., 1993; Nosaka et al., 1982; Standish et al.,

. Ž .

1994 and rabbit Jordan et al., 1982 .

Another possible variation may arise from differences in injection sites. Injection of horseradish peroxidase

ŽHRP , a retrograde tracer, into the cardiopulmonary.

branches of the vagus usually produces labelling of neu-Ž

rons in both DMV and NA Ciriello and Calaresu, 1982; .

Maqbool et al., 1991 . Selective injection into the heart of the cat, however, has produced labelling predominantly in

Ž .

NA Stuesse, 1982 . Therefore, the first objective of the present study was to compare the pattern of HRP labelled neuron resulting from selective injection of the tracer into either the postganglionic neuronal pool of the heart or the cardiopulmonary branch of the vagus in cats.

Ž . The role of the vagus nerve in gastrointestinal GI function has also attracted considerable attention, but com-paratively less effort has been placed on this subject ŽPagani et al., 1985 . Anatomical studies have shown that. the NA contains cell bodies with their preganglionic vagal

Ž

fibers projecting to GI tract Gwyn et al., 1985; Jou et al., . 1993; Kalia and Mesulam, 1980; Takayama et al., 1982 .

Ž .

Williford et al. 1981 reported that microinjections of

Ž .

bicuculline, a gamma aminobutyric acid GABA antago-nist, into the NA of cats produces a significant increase in the motility of antrum and pyloric sphincter. These effects were reversed by microinjections of muscimol, a GABA agonist, into the same brain area. Thus, the effect of bicuculline was interpreted to be a blockade of the in-hibitory GABAergic tone on the NA, thus resulting in an augmentation of parasympathetic activity in the stomach.

On the other hand, neuroanatomical studies have shown that DMV contains one of the most important cell groups

Ž

innervating the stomach Bieger and Hopkins, 1987;

Laughton and Powley, 1987; Pagani et al., 1988; Takayama

. Ž

et al., 1982; Yamamoto et al., 1977 , pancreas Pagani et .

al., 1984; Rinaman and Miselis, 1987 and other

abdomi-Ž .

nal organs Kalia and Mesulam, 1980; Stuesse, 1982 .

Ž .

Using HRP, Fox and Powley 1985 clearly demonstrated a longitudinal columnar organization within DMV repre-senting separate vagal innervation of the abdominal organs

Fig. 1. The diagrammatic representation of vagus branches injected with HRP in the present study. These included the left cervical vagus, the right and the left cardiopulmonary branches of the vagus, the right and the left branches of the right thoracic vagus, the right and the left branches of the left thoracic vagus, and the anterior vagus nerves.

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Ž . in a topographical manner. Okumura and Namiki 1990 reported that in rats the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons innervating the stomach are site-specifically orga-nized within the DMV.

Based on the aforementioned considerations, the second objective of the present study was to re-examine the origin

Ž

of the vagus nerve to the GI tract Dennison et al., 1981; Ewart et al., 1988; Getz and Sirnes, 1949; Izzo et al., 1993; Kalia and Mesulam, 1980; Kalia and Sullivan, 1982; Karim et al., 1984; Takayama et al., 1982; Yamamoto et

.

al., 1977 . Unlike most of the studies of examining vagal innervation in the abdomen, in which the tracer was in-jected either into a branch of the abdominal vagus or into

Ž .

the target organs Ciriello and Calaresu, 1982 , we studied the origin of the vagal branches to the GI tracts by injecting HRP into five different vagal branches within the lower thorax. In this way, we sought to determine if the GI tract and the heart were differentially innervated by the

DMV and the NA. Furthermore, new knowledge regarding the branching pattern of the vagus in the lower thoracic level and the location of the cell bodies of these branches was also explored.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Distribution of the intracardiac ganglionic neurons (acetylcholinesterase labelled in the heart)

The purpose of this experiment was to pin point the location of the densest vagal postganglionic neurons in the heart. Three cats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with

Ž .

sodium pentobarbital 35 mgrkg . Each cat was perfused through the descending aorta with 0.9% physiological saline, followed by 2 l fixative of 1% paraformaldehyde

Ž and 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH

Fig. 2. Distribution of the intracardiac ganglionic neurons in the heart labelled with acetylcholinesterase. A–D show various levels of the heart in

Ž . Ž . Ž .

transverse sections from its base A to the apex D . Two groups of the postganglionic neurons were found. A ventral group arrows located between the

Ž . Ž . Ž .

aorta Ao and pulmonary artery Pa shown in A, B, C and D. The other group arrowheads located dorsal to the atria and within the intra-atrial septum as shown in B, C and D. In D the region marked in black is the right ventricular wall. Br, Bronchus; LA, left atrium; Pv, pulmonary vein.

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. Ž . Ž

7.3 . The heart myocardium , large vessels aorta, pul-.

monary artery, pulmonary veins and vena cava , inferior trachea and a portion of lung and esophagus in the region near the heart were removed and stored 1–2 days in the same fixative with 30% sucrose at 48C. The tissues were embedded in gelatin and stored 3–5 days in phosphate

Ž .

buffer with 30% sucrose. Serial frozen sections 100 mm were cut transversely and processed for histochemical

Ž demonstration of the acetylcholinesterase reaction Woolf

.

and Butcher, 1981 . An alternate series of sections were mounted on gelatin-subbed slides and allowed to air dry. The sections were cleared with xylene and coverslipped. The serial sections were examined systematically and the distribution of acetylcholinesterase labelled neurons in the heart was plotted onto outlines of sections using camera

Ž .

lucida attached to an stereomicroscope Wild M3Z .

2.2. Identification of the origin of Õarious thoracic Õagal branches by retrograde HRP technique

A total of 38 cats were used. Each animal was

anes-Ž .

thetized intraperitoneally with pentobarbital 35 mgrkg , Ž

intubated with a endotracheal tube Mallinckrodt, size

.

4.5–5.0 mm i.d. and artificially ventilated.

2.2.1. Injection of HRP into the subepicardium

After identification of the locations of cardiac ganglia, intracardiac injections of HRP were administered at these locations to trace the origin of the cardiac vagal pregan-glionic neurons. Six cats were thoracotomized between the fourth and fifth ribs. In each animal after the pericardium was incised by means of a 10-ml Hamilton syringe, 20%

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of intracardiac ganglionic neurons in the heart, stained with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Transverse section of the heart at

Ž .

the level corresponds to Fig. 1, C in a different cat. Inset shows the enlarged view of neuron clusters in the connective tissue of the right atrium RA . The labelled cells were many and densely stained. Ao, aorta; LA, left atrium. Scale bar in inset s 100 mm; scale bar s 1 mm.

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Ž .

HRP Boehringer in physiological saline was injected

directly into the base between the pulmonary artery and aorta, and the dorsum of the interatrial septum, where

Ž

vagal postganglionic neurons are located Calaresu and .

Louis, 1967 . The total injection for each animal was approximately 10 ml.

2.2.2. Injection of HRP into the cardiopulmonary branch

In six cats the lateral incision was made along the fourth rib of the thorax. The cardiopulmonary branch of

Ž the vagus nerve nearradjacent to the azygous vein the

. Ž .

right side or the heart the left side was identified as

Ž .

caudal vagal nerves Phillips et al., 1986 . Criteria for a Ž .

cardiac branch of the vagus nerve included: i a branch of Ž . the vagus distal to the recurrent laryngeal nerve; ii the branch terminated in the cardiopulmonary plexus near the

Ž .

atrium; iii electrical stimulation of the nerve produced pronounced bradycardia with a current less than 0.2 mA. In three cats the left cardiopulmonary branch, and in the other three the right branch, were exposed and injected. For each of the cardiopulmonary branches less than 3 ml HRP was injected.

2.2.3. Injection of HRP into the fiÕe Õagal branches in the thorax

In 20 cats, a lateral incision was made along the eighth rib of the thorax to expose the two vagus nerves and their

Ž .

four branches Fig. 1 . The right thoracic vagus nerve courses near the heart on the dorsal surface of the esopha-gus to the left side where right and left branches are formed. The left vagus in the thorax near the heart tra-verses across the ventral surface of the esophagus to the right side where it splits also into right and left branches. The right branch of the right vagus nerve joins the right branch of the left vagus nerve to form the anterior vagus nerve about 3 cm from the diaphragm. The left branch of the right vagus nerve joins the left branch of the left vagus nerve to form the posterior vagus nerve about 1 cm from the diaphragm. The anterior and the posterior vagus nerves descend through the diaphragm to become the anterior and the posterior vagus branches of the abdominal vagus,

Ž .

respectively Prechtl and Powley, 1985 . Approximately

Ž .

10 m1 HRP 20% were injected directly into the thoracic anterior vagus nerve and each of the four vagal branches; one branch for each cat. No injection was made in the posterior vagus nerve because of technical difficulty in approach.

Injection of HRP to the nerves was made under a stereomicroscope by puncturing the nerves directly with the sharp tip of the Hamilton syringe when the nerves were

Ž

large. If the nerves were small e.g. the cardiac pulmonary .

nerves injections were made through a glass micropipette with a tip about 30 mm in diameter. The rest of the micropipette, which had been sealed with silicone rubber, was attached to Hamilton syringe. The tracer was injected

Ž .

deeply into the nerve at slow rate 30 s . Any leakage, if

occurred, was immediately wiped away and washed with saline.

2.2.4. Injection of HRP into the cerÕical Õagus

In three cats, the left cervical vagus was exposed and

Ž .

injected with 10–20 ml of HRP 20% through a Hamilton syringe.

2.2.5. Demonstration of HRP neurons

After HRP injection, the chest wall was closed and the animal was allowed to recover from anesthesia and given postoperative care. Four to five days later, the cat was re-anesthetized and perfused transcardially with 0.9% saline, followed by 2 l of a fixative solution containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M

Ž .

phosphate buffer pH 7.3 , and finally washed with 2 l of

Ž .

0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.3 containing 30% sucrose at 48C. The brain stem was removed and stored in 30% sucrose solution at 48C for 24 h. Subsequently, the brain

Ž stem was serially sectioned at 40 mm on a cryostat

Re-.

ichert-Jung, 2800 Frigocut E . The sectioned tissues were

Ž .

treated with tetramethylbenzidine TMB as the

chro-mogen for the demonstration of HRP reaction product

ŽMesulam, 1978 . The sections were counterstained with.

Table 1

The distribution of HRP labelled neurons in the medulla of cats at various

Ž . Ž . Ž .

levels, rostral A or caudal P to the obex in mm after injection of HRP into the subepicardium of the heart or cardiac nerves

Levels P0.5 A0.0 A0.5 A1.0 A1.5 A2.0 A2.5 A3.0 A3.5 Ý

( ) HRP on the subepicardium ns 6 DMV L 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 0 20 R 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 IZ L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 R 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 NA L 3 19 31 27 18 14 5 2 0 223 R 1 21 18 19 17 16 9 3 0 ) Heart total 5 42 55 49 37 34 16 7 0 245 ( )

HRP on the left cardiac nerÕe ns 3

DMV L 1 0 0 3 0 1 2 1 4 12

IZ L 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2

NA L 5 4 7 8 19 10 18 8 2 81

S 6 4 7 11 19 11 22 9 6 95

( )

HRP on the right cardiac nerÕe ns 3

DMV R 1 4 1 5 1 8 8 6 0 34 IZ R 1 0 3 0 3 1 1 1 1 11 NA R 2 6 5 0 4 9 16 2 2 46 Ý 4 10 9 5 8 18 25 9 3 91 a R and L 10 14 16 16 27 29 47 18 9 186 nerve total

Numbers listed in the table are the total number of labelled neurons counted from three or six animals as indicated.

n, Number of animal; DMV, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus; IZ,

interme-diate zone; NA, nucleus ambiguus. L, left medulla; R, right medulla. Ý, total number.

a

Ž 2

Distribution significantly different 9=2 contingency table, x test,

. P - 0.05 .

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neutral red or thionin and examined under a microscope ŽNikon . The labelled cells in every other section were. counted under the microscope by marking the x–y

posi-Ž

tion of every neuron on a x–y plotter Hewlett Packard .

7090A which was coupled to the mechanical stage of the microscope.

3. Results

3.1. Distribution of intracardiac ganglionic neurons

In three cats, the distributions of intracardiac ganglionic neurons of the heart were determined. The labelled cells were found to be distributed in the connective tissue of

Ž

large vessels aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, .

cranial vena cava, caudal vena cava , atrium and atrial septum. The diameter of the neurons varied from 20 to 30 mm. Two major groups of neurons were found in the heart. One group was distributed between the aorta, pulmonary

Ž .

artery and right atrium Fig. 2A–D . The other group was found in the tissue of the atrial septum, the dorsal side of

Ž .

the right atrium near the sinoatrial node Fig. 2C , or the

dorsal atrial septum and two sides of the dorsal atrium

ŽFig. 2D . Representative photomicrographs of a dense.

population of neurons on the right side of the right atrium are shown in Fig. 3. No ganglionic cell were found in the ventricle.

3.2. Distribution of HRP-labelled neurons in medulla 3.2.1. Comparison of results between subepicardium and cardiac pulmonary nerÕe injections

In six cats, HRP was injected into the subepicardium of the heart between the pulmonary artery and aorta, and the dorsum of the interatrial septum. A total of 245 HRP

Ž .

labelled neurons n s 6 was found bilaterally distributed within three medullary regions, i.e. the NA, the DMV and

Ž .

an intermediate zone IZ between the two nuclei. The majority of HRP labelled cells was located in the region

Ž

within and ventrolateral to the NA 223r245 or 91.0%,

. Ž

Fig. 9 . A few were found in the lateral DMV 20r245 or

. Ž

8.2% and only two in the IZ 2r245 or 0.8%, Table 1, .

Fig. 9 . The highest density of the labelled neurons in NA was at the region 0.5 mm rostral to the obex. In three cats, HRP was injected into the left cardiopulmonary vagus

Ž . Ž . Ž .

Fig. 4. HRP labelled neurons found in ipsilateral DMV A , intermediate zone B and NA C after injection of HRP into the right cardiac branch of vagus nerve. D–F show the enlarged HRP labelled cells found in DMV, IZ and NA, respectively. Scale bar in C, 1 mm, applies to A–C. Scale bar in F, 50 mm, applies to D–F.

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Fig. 5. HRP labelled neurons were found in DMV bilaterally after

Ž .

injection into the anterior vagus nerve An . They were found ipsilateral to the injection side when HRP was injected into either the left branch of

Ž .

the left thoracic vagus LL or the right branch of the right thoracic vagus

ŽRR . Scale bar s 500 mm..

branch. After the injection, labelled neurons were found

Ž . Ž

ipsilaterally in the left NA Fig. 4C,F , DMV Fig. 4A and

. Ž .

D and IZ Fig. 4B and E but predominantly in the NA. In another three cats receiving HRP injection into the right cardiopulmonary vagus branch, labelled neurons were found ipsilaterally in the right NA, DMV and IZ, also with

Ž .

predominance in the NA Table 1 . When these two nerve injected groups were combined, it was found that labelled

Ž

neurons were significantly higher in NA 127r186 or

. Ž .

68.3% than in DMV 46r186 or 24.7% . The density of HRP labelled neurons in the nerve injected group reached

a maximum in the medulla at 2.5 mm rostral to the obex. In contrast, the density of labelled neurons in the heart injected group were at a maximum at the level 0.5 mm rostral to the obex. The distribution of the labelled neurons between the nerve and the heart injected groups is

signifi-Ž 2 .

cantly different x test, P - 0.05, Table 1 .

3.2.2. Injection of HRP into the fiÕe Õagal branches in the lower thorax

In a group of 20 cats, HRP was injected into each of the five vagal branches in the lower thorax, namely, the anterior vagus, the right and left branches of the right thoracic vagus and the right and left branches of the left

Ž .

thoracic vagus n s 4 each . In all these injections, HRP labelled cells were consistently and exclusively localized

Ž within the DMV and other region of the brain stem Figs.

. 6 and 9 .

Figs. 5 and 6 show representative photomicrographs of HRP labelled neurons on both sides of DMV after injec-tion of HRP into the lower thoracic vagus nerve. The

Ž .

number of labelled cells is large Figs. 7 and 8 . When HRP was injected into either the right or the left branches

Fig. 6. A representative example showing the presence of that HRP labelled neurons in the medial DMV after injection in the lower thoracic vagus nerve. In A, it shows a lower while in B, a higher magnification of labelled neurons in the right DMV, when HRP was injected into the anterior vagus nerve. The boundary of the DMV is marked with a dotted

Ž .

line in A. Note the large number of HRP labelled neurons arrows located medially, while no neurons labelled in the lateral DMV

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Fig. 7. Composite drawing showing the distribution of HRP labelled neurons in DMV throughout various levels of the medulla from 3.5 mm rostral to the

Ž . Ž .

obex A3.5 to 1.5 mm caudal to the obex P1.5 after injection of HRP in one animal, each in one of the five vagal branches. After injection of HRP into

Ž . Ž .

the left LL and right RL branches of the left thoracic vagus, all labelled neurons were found in the left DMV. After injection of HRP into the anterior

Ž . Ž . Ž .

vagus An , HRP labelled cells were found in DMV on both sides. After HRP was injected into the right RR and left LR branches of the right vagus, all HRP-labelled cells were observed in the right DMV. A, rostral; P, caudal to the obex.

of the left vagus in the thorax, HRP-labelled cells were Ž

observed exclusively within the left DMV Fig. 5LL, Fig. .

7LL, RL . When HRP was injected into either the right or the left branch of the right vagus in the thorax, labelled

Ž neurons were found exclusively in the right DMV Fig.

.

5RR, Fig. 7LR and RR . Labelled cells were distributed in DMV along the rostro-caudal axis throughout an extent of about 5 mm, from 1.5 mm caudal to and 3.5 mm rostral to the obex. They were most abundant at the level 1–1.5 mm rostral to the obex. The majority of HRP labelled cells

Ž .

were found in the medial part of DMV Figs. 6 and 9 .

3.2.3. Injection of HRP into the cerÕical Õagus nerÕe

In three cats HRP was injected into the left cervical vagus nerve. A total of 8175 HRP labelled cells were

found. They were distributed ipsilaterally in three

Ž .

medullary regions, i.e. 74% 6078r8175 in the DMV,

Ž . Ž . Ž

23% 1839r8175 in NA and 3% 252r8175 in IZ Fig. .

9 .

4. Discussion

The most important findings of the present study are as follows: 1. Elucidation of the origin and the course of the vagus nerve in the lower thorax of cats; 2. Demonstration of differential patterns of retrogradely labelled cells in the medulla following HRP injection into the heart and the cardiopulmonary nerve; 3. Demonstration of the primary location of the cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons in NA at the obex level by the use of a more specific procedure of intracardial injection, and of the location of the GI vagal

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Ž . Ž . Ž .

Fig. 8. Distribution of HRP labelled neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus at the rostrocaudal axis, rostral A or caudal P to the obex in mm after injection of the tracer into the lower thoracic vagal branches. Numbers listed in the histogram are the average number of labelled neurons " SE counted from four animals for each nerve in a total of 20 cats. AnL, labelled neurons in left medulla after anterior vagus nerve injection; AnR, labelled neurons in right medulla after anterior vagus nerve injection; RL, right branch of the left thoracic vagus; LL, left branch of the left thoracic vagus; LR, left branch of the right thoracic vagus; RR, right branch of the right thoracic vagus.

neurons in the medial DMV at a level 1–2 mm rostral to the obex.

4.1. Origin of GI Õagal preganglionic neuron

The NA consists of two components, i.e. the ventral motor nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve and the nuclei

Ž .

of the vagus nerve Kalia and Mesulam, 1980 . Besides cardiovascular functions, this nucleus has been considered to be involved in other functions including swallowing, vocalization, and respiration. NA has been thought to play

a role in the integration of GI functions. For example,

Ž .

Kalia and Mesulam 1980 injected HRP into the cardia of the stomach in cats and observed labelled cells in NA.

Ž .

Takayama et al. 1982 reported that injection of HRP into the cardia of stomach in rats produced bilaterally labelled

Ž .

cells scattering in NA. Yamamoto et al. 1977 observed that after HRP injection into the pyloric ring in cats some cells were labelled in the medial NTS. On the other hand,

Ž

many investigators Dennison et al., 1981; Kalia and

Mesulam, 1980; Okumura and Namiki, 1990; Pagani et al., .

1984; Shapiro and Miselis, 1985; Stuesse, 1982 have

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la-Fig. 9. Summary diagram of the topographic organization of GI vs. heart preganglionic vagal neurons. A representative result from one animal was plotted for each column. An animal injected in the left branch of the left thoracic vagus was used to represent the GI group. Each dot represents one HRP labelled

Ž . Ž .

neuron. Note the strict laterality in neurons project to the cervical vagus vagus and the lower thoracic vagus GI .

belling in either NA or NTS after injection of retrograde

Ž .

tracers into the stomach. Norman et al. 1985 reported that in cats labelled cells were observed in DMV after HRP injection into the GI tract, at the level of 1.8 mm rostral to 1.0 mm caudal to the obex, with the most intense labelling in the region 0.7–1.0 mm rostral to the obex.

Ž .

Pagani et al. 1985, 1988 reported that in cats after HRP injection into the stomach labelled neurons occupy a length

of 5 mm in the DMV, with a highest density of labelling in the area from the obex to 2.0 mm rostral to the obex.

Ž After injection of HRP into the duodenum of cats Kalia

. Ž

and Mesulam, 1980; Todo et al., 1977 and rats Shapiro .

and Miselis, 1985 the origin of vagal preganglionic neu-rons innervating GI tract has been found bilaterally in

Ž

DMV. Several papers Berthoud et al., 1991; Kalia and .

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result after injection of HRP into the jejunum and ileum in cats. Injection of HRP into the proximal and the midpor-tion of the colon of the cat results in labelling of cells

Ž .

solely in the DMV Satomi et al., 1978 . Injection of HRP into the descending colon of the cat results in labelling of cells in the DMV and in the intermediolateral cell column

Ž .

of the S2 – 3 level Satomi et al., 1978 . However, no

labelled cells were observed in the DMV after HRP injec-tion into the distal colon.

In the present study, HRP was selectively injected into the five branches of the vagus nerves at the level of lower thorax. Efferent vagal fibers at this level innervate the lower esophagus and all the abdominal vagal targets. Our results showing confinement of labelled neurons to the DMV are in line with most of studies cited above. Thus, a conclusion can be drawn that the vagal preganglionic fibers to abdominal organs of the cat take their origin from DMV. A further conclusion is that the left and right vagus nerves begin to mix only at the lower thoracic level. Strict laterality occurs rostral to this level. Caudal to this level, visceral targets were innervated by vagal nerves originat-ing from both sides of the DMV.

The concept of a possible viscerotropic organization of DMV neurons innervating the abdominal viscera still

re-Ž .

mains controversial. The study of Yamamoto et al. 1977 in cats demonstrated that the stomach receives vagal fibers from neurons in DMV and that these fibers are organized bilaterally and longitudinally along the neuraxis of the nucleus mainly in its medial portion. McConnie et al.

Ž1988. reported that after application of cholera toxin

conjugated HRP to the cardia, the body or the pylorus of the stomach in rats, retrograde labelling cells can be found in the medial two thirds of DMV. Other studies including

Ž . Ž

those in fish Withington-Wray et al., 1986 , rat Altsch-. uler et al., 1991; Nosaka et al., 1982; Yoshida et al., 1989 ,

Ž .

and cat Pagani et al., 1985, 1988; Satomi et al., 1978 have demonstrated that the cells in DMV are organized into specific sites, innervating different parts of the abdom-inal viscera. This suggests a possible evidence of a vis-cerotropic organization of neurons in the DMV of these animals. Some authors maintain that vagal targets do not show discrete or topographic representation, at least in the

Ž .

DMV complex of the rat Shapiro and Miselis, 1985 , and Ž

the cat Hamlin and Smith, 1968; Kalia and Mesulam, .

1980 . The present results confirm that neurons in DMV that innervate the GI tract and the cardiopulmonary struc-tures are topographically organized. A larger portion of neurons that innervate the GI tract are located in the medial portion of the DMV, while a smaller portion of neurons that innervate the lungs and the heart are located in the lateral edge of the DMV.

4.2. Origin of cardiac Õagal preganglionic neuron

Numerous studies have attempted to identify the origin of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons innervating the heart. Previous studies have utilized injections of

retro-Ž

grade tracers into the cardiopulmonary nerve Hopkins and Armour, 1982; Maqbool et al., 1991; Sugimoto et al.,

. Ž .

1979 , myocardium Izzo et al., 1993 , atria or ventricles ŽStandish et al., 1994; Stuesse, 1982 or intracardiac gan-.

Ž .

glia Massari et al., 1995 . Controversy, however, still

remains regarding what proportion of the NA and DMV contributes to the preganglionic neuronal pool of the car-diac vagus. A possible source of variation may arise from different methods of injection, particularly when injections are made at different target sites. Thus, we compared the results derived from injections in the cardiopulmonary nerve and epicardium. Prior to HRP application, the injec-tion sites in epicardium were determined first by localiza-tion of the intracardiac ganglia by means of histochemical staining technique for acetylcholinesterase. The distribu-tion of the intracardiac ganglionic neurons found in the present study is consistent with the findings of Calaresu

Ž . Ž .

and Louis 1967 and Yuan et al. 1994 .

The cardiopulmonary nerves contain many cardiac and

Ž .

pulmonary fibers McAllen and Spyer, 1978 . Injection into these nerves, therefore, labelled both cardiac and pulmonary vagal preganglionic neurons. On the other hand, epicardiac injection was more specific, and labelled only cardiac vagal neurons. The difference in the distribution of medullary neurons is consistent with the results of McAllen

Ž . Ž .

and Spyer 1976 , Hopkins and Armour 1982 , Maqbool

Ž . Ž .

et al. 1991 and Cabot et al. 1991 . They all found a rostrocaudal organization of pulmonary vs. cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons in the NA. Each NA of the cat is approximately 6–7 mm long. The pulmonary neurons are located more rostrally and the cardiac neurons caudally. In addition, our results confirm the previously described divi-sion of the nucleus into a rostral compact formation and a caudal diffuse formation occupying the remainder of the nucleus, with the cardiac vagal neurons residing in the

Ž

ventrolateral part of the caudal NA Kitamura et al., 1993; .

Lawn, 1966 .

Another interesting finding of the present study con-cerns the relative importance of the NA vs. DMV in the vagal innervation of the heart. In cardiopulmonary nerve injected cats, we found a significantly higher portion of DMV neurons labelled than that of the subepicardium

Ž .

injected cats 24.7% vs. 8.2% . This suggests that either the lateral DMV contains more pulmonary vagal pregan-glionic neurons or that nerve injection is a more effective means in labelling DMV neurons. Since nerve injection has not been shown to preferentially label small neurons in the central nervous system, we consider the first possibility is a more likely explanation. Further supporting evidence for this explanation comes from our finding that following injection of HRP into the cardiopulmonary nerve the high-est density of HRP labelled neurons was in the rostral

Ž .

medulla at the level 2–2.5 mm rostral to the obex ,

whereas the HRP labelled neurons following injection in the subepicardium region were concentrated at a more

Ž .

(12)

A quantitative comparison of the relative contribution of the DMV vs. NA in the cardiac vagal neuron pool was made possible by the cervical vagus injected animals. An average of 2725 neurons per animal was labelled by cervical vagal injection, 2028 of these were in the DMV and 613 in the NA. This was the total population to thoracic and abdominal organs. An injection into the heart produced an average of 40.8 labelled cells in the medulla per animal, 37.2 of these were in the NA and only 3 were in the DMV, representing 0.15% of the total DMV cells. In the densest zone of the cardiac vagal neurons, i.e. within the level 0–1 mm rostral to obex, we found an average of 22.7 NA cells and 1.7 DMV cells that projected to the heart. These were 8.3% and 0.15% of the vagal NA and

Ž .

DMV cells population 273 and 1154 respectively. Al-though cardiac injection may only label a small portion of the total cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons because the widely dispersed nature of the intracardiac ganglionic

neu-Ž

rons, the difference in proportion 55 times more labelled .

cells in the NA vs. DMV should be accurate. Quantita-tively, only three DMV cells per animal were found pro-jecting to the heart. This is in striking contrast to the average 1579 labelled cells in the DMV per animal after injection of the same tracer into the lower thoracic branches. Our conclusions, therefore, are that most DMV vagal neurons project to the GI, only a very small portion of the lateral DMV neurons project to the heart, and that NA devotes more than 50 times of its neurons to the heart than the DMV.

In summary, findings of the present experiment show that in cats the left and right vagus nerves begin to mix at the lower thoracic level with a very simple pattern, i.e. they each bifurcate, the inner branch of each nerve crosses sides to join the lateral branch of the other nerve, so that vagal branches caudal to the diaphragm has mixed origins from both sides of the medulla. Whether the bifurcation pattern has functional significance awaits further study. The second conclusion from the present experiment is that preganglionic neurons of the thoracic vagus are organized topographically in medulla oblongata. Neurons innervating the heart are located primarily in the NA, while those innervating the GI tract are located in the medial DMV. This will help clinical diagnosis in correlating the cardio-vascular or GI symptoms with the involvement of lesion in the region of DMV or NA.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr S.D. Wang for helpful advice in preparation of the illustrations and J.J. Pan for preparation of the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Drs S.H. Ngai, Professor Emeritus of the College of Physicians and Sur-geons, Columbia University, USA and C.V. Weaver, Pro-fessor of Fu Jen Catholic University for their helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was supported in

part by the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Foundation of Biomedical Sciences, Shih-Chun Wang Research Fund, and National Sciences Council, Republic of China Grants; NSC83-0412-B-033-003 and NSC84-2331-B-033-002.

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數據

Fig. 1. The diagrammatic representation of vagus branches injected with HRP in the present study
Fig. 2. Distribution of the intracardiac ganglionic neurons in the heart labelled with acetylcholinesterase
Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of intracardiac ganglionic neurons in the heart, stained with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry
Fig. 9 . A few were found in the lateral DMV 20r245 or
+4

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