葉綠素衍生物之光敏抗菌研究
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(2) 342. 台灣農業研究 第 68 卷 第 4 期. performance liquid chromatography; HPLC) 分析並與標準品比對,為脫鎂葉綠素 (pheophytin、phytin) 或 脫 鎂 葉 綠 酸 (pheophorbide、 phorbide),如圖 1 所示。利用發光二極體 (light1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100. (A). emitting diode; LED) 藍光 (光量子束密度 560 J m -2 60 min -1) 照射小鼠胚胎纖維細胞 (Sandos inbred mice thioguanine/ouabain-resistant cell; STO cell),進行 MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] 細胞存 活率測試。如圖 2 所示,與未照光對照組 (PC) 為存活率 100% 比較,照光控制組 (CK) 細胞 存活率為 69.7% ± 6.3%,而添加濃度 1 μg mL -1 的葉綠素 (chlorophyll a, 標準品) 或葉綠素衍 生物 phytin、phorbide 照光處理試驗組,STO 細 胞 存 活 率 分 別 為 29.1% ± 3.8%、14.6% ± 2.1% 及 23.4% ± 0.5%,細胞存活率極顯著下 降 (P < 0.01)。由此顯示,照光造成的細胞傷 害,添加葉綠素衍生物會降低細胞存活率,此 結果顯示葉綠素衍生物具光敏性,因此接續評 估其抑菌效功。. 0 -100. 0. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14 16 Minutes. 18. 20. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14 16 Minutes. 18. 20. (C). 300 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100. 0. 0 -100. 0. 葉綠素光敏物的抗菌試驗 痤 瘡 桿 菌 (P. granulosum) 經 reinforced clostridial medium (RCM) 培養液活化、稀釋, 取 100 μL 菌液 (CFU 104 mL-1) 塗布於 RCM 培 養 基。 表 面 乾 燥 後, 加 入 濃 度 0.5 μg mL -1 待 測 試 光 敏 樣 品 100 μL, 塗 抹 均 勻。 表面乾燥 後,以 LED 藍光 (280 J m-2 30 min-1) 照射,移入 37℃厭 氧 培 養 72 h 進 行 光 敏 抗 菌 試 驗, 每 組 做 3 重複。葉綠素光敏物抑菌試驗顯示,與未 照光對照組 (PC) 為存活率 100% 比較,照光 處理控制組 (CK) 痤瘡桿菌 (P. granulosum) 存. STO cell survival rate (%). Peak (mv). 900 700 500 300 1000. (B). 2. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14 16 Minutes. 18. 20. 圖 1. 葉綠素 a、脫鎂葉綠素及脫鎂葉綠酸 HPLC 分析圖。 Fig. 1. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay of chlorophyll a, pheophytin and pheophorbide. (A) Chlorophyll a standard (STD); (B) pheophytin; and (C) pheophorbide.. 120.0. Phototoxin at blue LED 560 J m-2 60 min-1. 100.0 **. 80.0 60.0 40.0. **. 20.0 0.0. PC. **. CK chlorophyll a phytin Photosensitizer. **. phorbide. 圖 2. 照光及光敏物對小鼠胚胎纖維細胞存活率的 影響。 Fig. 2. Effects of illumination and photosensitizer on survival rate of Sandos inbred mice thioguanine/ ouabain-resistant (STO) cells..
(3) 343. 葉綠素光敏抗菌研究. 活 率 為 43.8% ± 5.9%, 而 添 加 葉 綠 素 (chlorophyll a, 標 準 品) 或 葉 綠 素 衍 生 物 phytin、 phorbide 照光處理試驗組,痤瘡桿菌存活率分 別為 36.1% ± 1.5%、23.8% ± 1.2% 及 8.3% ± 0.7%,如圖 3 所示。顯示痤瘡桿菌本身即含有 光敏物質,外加不同光敏物質,可以增加細菌 的感光度、提升抑菌效力,脫鎂葉綠酸 (phorbide) 對痤瘡桿菌所引發的光敏抑制效力尤其 顯著 (P < 0.01)。 葡萄球菌 (Staphylococcus sp. BCRC10783) 經 nutrient broth (NB) 活 化 培 養、 稀 釋, 取 100 μL 菌 液 (CFU 10 4 mL -1) 塗 布 於 nutrient agar (NA) 培養基,加入濃度 0.5 μg mL -1 光敏. Survival rate (%). 120.0. 樣品 100 μL。表面乾燥後,以 LED 藍光 (280 J m -2 30 min -1) 照射,移入 37℃培養,每組做 3 重複。抑菌試驗顯示,相對於未照光對照組 (PC) 葡萄球菌所需生長時間 48 h,照光控制 組 (CK) 及添加光敏物試驗組,葡萄球菌所需 生長時間為 96 h,生長時間比對照組延遲 2 d; 照光控制組存活率 64.1% ± 5.5%,試驗組添加 chlorophyll a, (0.5 µg mL -1)、phytin (1 µg mL -1) 和 photide (1 µg mL -1) 存活率分別為 54.3% ± 0.2%、44.5% ± 0.6% 及 39.8% ± 2.9%,如圖 4 所示。 適合的光敏劑處理,在可見光藍光 (波長 420–470 nm)、特定照度及光照時間下照射, 即能對微生物產生失活作用,是一項簡單安全 的 抗 菌 技 術。 初 期 試 驗 顯 示, 菠 菜 葉 綠 素 降 解所生產的光敏物質,HPLC 分析顯示並非單 一 成 分, 而 是 以 phytin 或 phorbide 為 主 要 成 分的混合物,添加於 STO 細胞,痤瘡桿菌 (P. granulosum) 或葡萄球菌,確實對 LED 藍光產 生光過敏反應,而使存活率下降;而製備葉綠 素光敏劑技術相對簡單 (Kang et al. 2018),試 樣在冷凍、避光保存一年濃度無顯著變化,具 有應用為天然光敏劑來源的潛力。文獻報告顯 示,光敏抗菌對格蘭氏陽性菌 [Gram-positive; G(+)] 有效,對格蘭氏陰性菌 [Gram-negative; G(-)] 則否 (Tang et al. 2004; Tang et al. 2008), 這與菌的組成結構有關 (Malik et al. 1992; Min-. P. granulosum at blue LED 280 J m-2 30 min-1. 100.0 80.0 60.0. ** **. 40.0. **. 20.0 0.0. **. PC. CK chlorophyll a phytin Photosensitizer. phorbide. 圖 3. 照光及光敏物對痤瘡桿菌存活率的影響。 Fig. 3. Effects of illumination and photosensitizer on survival rate of Propionibacterium granulosum.. Survival rate (%). 120.0. Staphylococcus sp. at blue LED 280 J m-2 30 min-1. 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0. (0 .5 ph μg or ) bi de (1 ph μg or ) bi de (0 .5 μg ). μg ) (1. ph yt in. ph yt in. ch lo ro ph yll a. (0 .5. μg ). CK. PC. 0.0. Photosensitizer. 圖 4. 照光及光敏物對葡萄球菌存活率的影響。 Fig. 4. Effects of illumination and photosensitizer on survival rate of Staphylococcus sp..
(4) 344. 台灣農業研究 第 68 卷 第 4 期. nock et al. 2000),更進一步的致病性微生物的 抑制應用,有待後續跨領域投入。. 引用文獻 Ganz, R. A., J. Viveiros, A. Ahmad, A. Ahmadi, A. Khalil, M. J. Tolkoff, N. S. Nishioka, and M. R. Hamblin. 2005. Helicobacter pylori in patients can be killed by visible light. Lasers Surg. Med. 36:260–265. Itoh, Y., Y. Ninomiya, S. Tajima, and A. Ishibashi. 2001. Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris with topical δ-aminolaevulinic acid and incoherent light in Japanese patients. Br. J. Dermatol. 144:575–579. Kang, Y. R., J. Park, S. K. Jung, and Y. H. Chang. 2018. Synthesis, characterization, and functional properties of chlorophylls, pheophytins, and Zn-pheophytins. Food Chem. 245:943–950. Kharkwal, G. B., S. K. Sharma, Y. Y. Huang, T. Dai, and M. R. Hamblin. 2011. Photodynamic therapy for infections: Clinical applications. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:755–767. Malik, Z., H. Ladan, and Y. Nitzan. 1992. Photodynamic inactivation of Gram-negative bacteria: Problems and possible solutions. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 14:262–266.. Minnock, A., D. I. Vernon, J. Schofield, J. Griffiths, J. H. Parish, and S. B. Brown. 2000. Mechanism of uptake of a cationic water-soluble pyridinium zinc phthalocyanine across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:522–527. Park, Y. J., W. Y. Lee, B. S. Hahn, M. J. Han, W. I. Yang, and B. S. Kim. 1989. Chlorophyll derivatives: A new photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer in mice. Yonsei Med. J. 30:212–218. Song, B. H., D. H. Lee, B. C. Kim, S. H. Ku, E. J. Park, I. H. Kwon, K. H. Kim, and K. J. Kim. 2014. Photodynamic therapy using chlorophyll-a in the treatment of acne vulgaris: A randomized, single-blind, split-face study. J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 71:764– 771. Tang, L., J. P. Cao, K. Wu, W. L. Shao, H. Z. Hu, and G. F. Zhang. 2004. Lethal photosensitization of chlorophyllin ester. J. Wuxi Univ. Light Ind. 23:58–61. (in Chinese with English abstract) Tang, L., L. Xu, Y. Han, and H. Mao. 2008. Preparation and photosensitive antimicrobial activity of pheophorbide. Chinese J. Antibio. 33:474–476. (in Chinese with English abstract).
(5) 葉綠素光敏抗菌研究. 345. Antibacterial Photosensitive Activity of Chlorophyll Derivatives Shu-Hui Yang1,* and Chien-Ya Hung2. Abstract Yang, S. H. and C. Y. Hung. 2019. Antibacterial photosensitive activity of chlorophyll derivatives. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 68(4):341–345.. The combination of a photosensitizer and a specific light source to generate reactive oxygen species for the inhibition of microbial growth is a developing antibacterial technique. In this study, the chlorophyll of spinach was degraded to prepare photosensitizer chlorophyll derivatives. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the main component was pheophytin or pheophorbide. The photosensitivity could be enhanced and resulted in the decrease of survival rate when pheophytin or pheophorbide was added to Sandos inbred mice thioguanine/ ouabain-resistant (STO) cells, Propionibacterium granulosum and Staphylococcus sp. (BCRC10783), with light-emitting diode (LED) blue light at illuminance of 5.6 J m-2 60 min-1, 2.8 J m-2 10 min-1 and 2.8 J m-2 30 min-1, respectively. The results indicate that chlorophyll derivatives have the photosensitivity property and can be applied as an antibacterial photosensitizer. Key words: Chlorophyll derivative, Photosensitizer, Antibacterial, LED blue light.. Received: May 1, 2019; Accepted: August 12, 2019. * Corresponding author, e-mail: debbie@fthes-tari.gov.tw 1 Associate Research Fellow and Head, Department of Management and Utilization, Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experimental Branch, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC. 2 Assistant Research Fellow, Department of Management and Utilization, Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experimental Branch, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC..
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