ઝݾऄᖂေᓵΔ6 ࠴ 2 ཚΔ 1ΰ2009α
ટᖠĈೃට௪̨ྲྀࠂՀĈࠛណᔈ
ࡦདᇄߒႀϞୢտȃӫځЅ
ႫသแԒ߭᠌րᘞϞ؏
˕˕ശଽݲ94ԑ࡙Ѯΰԅ1530ဴ
ӗٱրؚຟݙ
ᛥܴ೯
* ᄢ! ौ ৸უፖ।ሒհܑ֗ٽࠓޑᣂሽᆰ࿓ڤॿᦞհܒឰΔ൫।ሒਢܡץܶॺ ֮ڗհዌΛሽᆰ࿓ڤհॺ֮ڗګ։ਢܡ᥆࣍।ሒΛ৸უፖ।ሒհܑঞ ᔞش࣍ထ܂հॺ֮ڗګ։հዌழΔܒឰհഗᄷ۶Λሽᆰ࿓ڤհዌڇ۶ ጟൣउڂ৸უፖ।ሒհٽࠓۖլ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨΛሽᆰ࿓ڤհထ܂ᦞॿᦞܒ ឰհޡᨏ۶Λݺഏऄኔ೭ߠᇞլԫΖء֮ܛא່ऄೃ94 ڣ৫Ղڗร 1530 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެഗ៕Δ։࣫ભഏထ܂ᦞऄኙॺ֮ڗګ։հ৸უፖ।ሒܑ հഗᄷΔ٦ᇞ࣫ભഏထ܂ᦞऄᦞூࠏAltai ூԿޡᨏྒྷᇢऄհ壄ᆠΔࠀᤩ * ୯ҥҬ೯εᏢࣽמݤࡓࣴز܌ঋҺୋ௲ǵѠम୯ሞ୍ݤࡓ٣୍܌Ьࡓৣǹम୯ ճނεᏢݤᏢറγǶ ዺВǺ2009 ԃ 7 Д 13 Вǹ௦ҔВǺ2009 ԃ 8 Д 20 В ɡ 1 ɡ৸უፖ।ሒ։֗ٽࠓڇࠟଡூࠏխሎشհ壄პΖᓵঞֺለઔ࣫ݺഏऄ ኔ೭ञរհࢬڇΔ᠖堚ઌᣂጊᆠΔཚ౨ࠌᦰृኙڼംᠲհᨠኘᘊ࣍٤૿Ζ
ᜢᗖӷǺWhelan ਢǵLotus ਢǵAltai ਢǵSSOǵ่ᄬ ԛׇ ಔᙃǵ ࡘགྷᆶ߄ၲǵှᄬ ၸᘠ ܜᚆǵΟᡯෳ၂ݤǵߚЎӷԋ ϩ
Cite as: 6 TECH. L. REV., Oct. 2009, at 1.
The Distinction and Merger Between Expression
and Idea and the Steps to Decide the
Infringement of Computer Program
An Analysis of the Supreme Court Criminal
Judgment No. 94-Tai-Shang-Tze-1530, 2005
Ming-Tung Lo
Abstract
The dichotomy and merger between idea and expression is highly related to the judgment of the infringement of computer program. Shall the expression be limited to literal element of work? Can the non-literal element of computer program possi-bly be categorized as expression? If it is possible, then what is the criterion for drawing such a distinction? Under what kind of circumstances, can the expression be regarded as having been merged with idea? And what is the process to make such a judgment of infringement?
In this regard Taiwan judicial decisions have submitted different opinions. Based upon Supreme Court Criminal Judgment No. 94-Tai-Shang-Tze-1530, 2005, this article analyze the criterion for the distinction between idea and expression, and then analyze the contents of the three-step procedure by which judges in Altai applied the principle of the dichotomy and merger between idea and expression to
decide the infringement. Finally, in conclusion, this article makes some comments on relevant mentioned above cases, serving as a reference for readers to have a panoramic observation.
Keywords: Whelan, Lotus, Altai, SSO, Structure-Sequence-Organiza-tion, Idea and Expression, Dissection-Filtering-AbstracStructure-Sequence-Organiza-tion, Three-Part Test, Three-Pronged Test, Non-Literal Ele-ments
1. !"
৸უፖ।ሒհܑ֗ٽࠓঞΔԯਢᇞެထ܂Գ֗ܓشԳܓ墿ᓢડࢬ հψ壄ᒯ݁ᘝωΰdelicate equilibriumα1֫Ζݺഏထ܂ᦞऄร10 යհ 1 ࡳΚψࠉءऄ࠷հထ܂ᦞΔࠡঅᥨႛ֗࣍ᇠထ܂հ।ሒΔۖլ֗࣍ࠡࢬ। ሒհ৸უΕ࿓ݧΕ፹࿓ΕߓอΕᖙ܂ֱऄΕᄗ࢚ΕΕ࿇Ζωࠡمऄᎅ ࣔጠψءයထ܂ᦞհഗءऄΔٍፖ၉࣐ڶᣂհཕᐝತขᦞ࠰ࡳร 9 ය ร2 ႈࢬࣔࡳ2Ƕω൫ሽᆰ࿓ڤհ৸უፖ।ሒڕ۶։Λሽᆰ࿓ڤխհψॺ֮ ڗګ։ωΰnon-literal elementsα3ڇ۶ጟणउՀױዌګٽࠓΛԾ࣍ܒឰሽᆰ࿓ ڤਢܡॿ୭הԳထ܂ತขᦞழΔڇܒឰመ࿓խᚨආش۶ጟޡᨏΛ݁ڶৱ۞ ᓵ֗ऄኔ೭ூࠏ܂ֺለઔߒΖ ່ऄೃ94 ڣ৫Ղڗร 1530 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެ4ԯਢଈ৫༉ܒឰሽᆰ࿓ڤਢ ܡዌګॿᦞࣔᒔ।قܒឰհֱऄհூࠏΖᇠூܒެਐנॺ֮ڗຝ։Δڕࠠ 1ЇԾThe Harvard Law Review Association, Copyright LawɡScope of Protection of Non-Literal Elements of Computer ProgramsɡSecond Circuit Applies an “Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison” Test.ɡComputer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., NOS.
91-7893, 91-7935, 1992 U.S. App. Lexis 14305 (2d Cir. June 22, 1992), 106 HARV. L. REV. 510, 510 (1992). 2 ҁచЎࣁ 1998 ԃ 1 Д 21 Вբݤঅ҅ਔ܌ཥቚǴځҥݤҗЇԾඵችౢֽጓ ᇙǴ1998 ԃ 1 Д 21 Вբݤϩঅ҅చЎჹྣϷᇥܴǴᙯЇԾᛥܴ೯Ǵբݤ ፕȐ˩ȑǴ।4-233Ȑ2004ȑǶ 3 ႝတำԄϐߚЎӷԋϩёх֖ၗϐᒡΕϷᒡрԄǵၗ่ᄬǵำԄዸϐीǵಔ ᙃ Ϸ ࢬ ำ ǵ ᑻ ჿ ᒡ р Ȑoutputsȑǵ ٬ Ҕޣ ࣚय़ ǵ ᑻჿ ϐࢬ ำ Ϸԛ ׇǶThomas J. Smedinghoff, Developments in Software Copyright Law, 3 SOFTWARE L.J. 637, 640 (1990); ΞԜᜪႝတำԄߚЎӷԋϩх֖ΟᜪǺ1.ำԄҞޑዸϷচۈዸϐ่ᄬǵԛׇϷಔᙃǹ2. ٬Ҕޣࣚय़ϐ่ᄬǹ3.ӧᑻჿᡉҢᏔၗૻϐևȐthe presentation of information on screen displaysȑǴsee Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Paperwork Software Int’l, 740 F. Supp. 37, 46 (D. Mass. 1990).
4
നଯݤଣ 94 ԃࡋѠӷಃ 1530 ဦӉ٣ղ،ǴљݤଣݤᏢၗᔠسǺhttp://jirs. judicial.gov.tw/Index.htmǶ
໌ࢤսᚨࠠထ܂ᦞঅᥨհᔞΙሽᆰ࿓ڤհॺ֮ڗհዌΰstructureα5Εڻ ݧΰsequenceα֗ิ៣ΰorganizationαٍ᥆অᥨհᑑऱΖ۟࣍ሽᆰ࿓ڤਢܡ ॿᦞհܒឰঞאᇞዌΕመៀࢨࢼᠦհֱڤհΖܒެ壄ᆠፖભഏᜤ߶ऄೃհ ٣ᦀூࠏAltai ூ6հܒެრڱԫીΖ܀ᇠூ࿇ڃא৵Δऄೃ94 ڣ৫ Ղޓΰԫαڗร 222 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެ7ঞഗ࣍ Whelan ூ8Ⴓ৵հܒެࢬࢴག شΔܛኙ࣍ሽᆰ࿓ڤዌհঅᥨܡࡳհߠᇞΖ່۟࣍ऄೃ94 ڣ৫Ղڗ ร 6398 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެ9ঞᒔᎁא։࣫ᇞዌထ܂ዌհֱऄܒឰထ܂ڶྤॿᦞএ ᥆إᒔΔႛڇભࢨီᦫထ܂Δᚨଫආᖞ᧯ᨠ࢚֗ტᤚྒྷᇢֱऄΖߒຶࣴ ฆ࿇سڂ۶Λೃܒެኙ࣍ Whelan ூհᇞᦰਢܡፖભഏऄኔ೭հ ᇞᦰԫીΛٍڶ։࣫հؘΖ ء֮ଈ٣֧տছ༿່ऄೃ֗ऄೃհܒެڱΔ٦༉ሽᆰ࿓ڤ ॺ֮ڗګ։ڇભഏထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᒴದ֗ભഏထ܂ᦞऄՂ৸უፖ।ሒܑ֗ ٽࠓհܒឰഗᄷ൶ಘΔࠀ։࣫ࢬא֧ીছ༿ݺഏ່ऄೃፖऄೃ ߠᇞ։ࣴհڂΕေտݺഏ່ऄೃࢬགشհભഏᜤ߶ऄೃհထ܂ᦞऄᦞ ூࠏAltai ூԿޡᨏྒྷᇢऄΔא᠖堚ञᤜհࢬڇΔࠀࠎآࠐऄኔ೭ሽᆰ ࿓ڤॿᦞܒឰഗᄷհەΖ 5 ႝတำԄх֖ࣗӭኳಔǴӚኳಔڀԖόӕфૈǴԶӚኳಔ໔ϕϐᜢ߯ջᄬԋ่ᄬǴ
see Steven R. Englund, Idea, Process, or Protected Expression?: Determining the Scope of Copyright Protection of the Structure of Computer Programs, 88 MICH. L. REV. 866, 871 (1990).
6
Computer Assoc. Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992).
7
Ѡଯݤଣ 94 ԃࡋ׳Ȑȑӷಃ 222 ဦӉ٣ղ،ǴљݤଣݤᏢၗᔠسǺ http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/Index.htmǶ
8
Whelan Assoc., Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Lab., Inc., 797 F.2d 1222 (3d Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1031 (1987).
9
നଯݤଣ94 ԃѠӷಃ 6398 ဦӉ٣ղ،ǴљݤଣݤᏢၗᔠسǺhttp://jirs.judicial. gov.tw/Index.htmǶ
2. !"#$%&'()*+
2.1
ശଽݲ 94 ԑ࡙Ѯΰԅ 1530 ဴӗٱրؚ
່ऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղڗร 1530 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެጠΚψ༉ԫထ܂ۖߢΔ֮ ڗءߪࡐএထ܂ᦞঅᥨհᑑऱΔኙ࣍ॺ֮ڗຝ։Δڕࠠ໌ࢤսᚨࠠထ܂ᦞ অᥨհᔞΖሽᆰ࿓ڤထ܂এਐץਔऴ൷ࢨၴ൷ࠌሽᆰ࿏᧯ขسԫࡳ࣠ ؾऱΔࢬิګਐחิٽհထ܂Δٍܛط֮ڗΕᑇڗΕฤᇆࢨᑑಖຫ૪ ΰstatementαࢨਐחΰinstructionαࢬิګΙլᓵא۶ጟΰၸࢨ܅ၸߢα ᐷᐊࢨࠠໂ۶ጟ܂شΔࡐ᥆ထ܂ᦞऄࢬጠհሽᆰ࿓ڤထ܂Δࠡה܂ᄐߓอ࿓ ڤΰoperating programαΕპᒘΰmicrocodeαΕ೫࿓ڤΰsubroutineαٍ᥆ሽ ᆰ࿓ڤထ܂Ζྥ۞74 ڣ 7 ִ 10 ֲထ܂ᦞऄଥإΔሽᆰ࿓ڤထ܂٨Եထ܂ᦞ অᥨհኙွאࠐΔᙟሽᆰઝݾհֲᄅִฆΔኙ࣍ॺ֮ڗհዌΕڻݧ֗ิ ៣Εפ౨।հਐחዌΰmenu command structureαΕڻ్פ౨।ࢨ᎖ܗ༴૪ ΰlong promptsαΕ؎ႃਐחΰmarco instructionα10Εࠌشृ૿ΰuser inter-faceαΕ؆ᨠ֗ტᤚΰlook and feelαਢܡ݁ڇထ܂ᦞঅᥨհᒤΔᐉհऄ ೃ۞ᚨࢨࡡطᦸࡳᖲᣂലΰ۞္Գࢨܫ္Գ്ࠆڶထ܂ᦞঅᥨαሽᆰ࿓ڤ ղאᇞዌΕመៀࢨࢼᠦנࠡխᚨ࠹অᥨհ।ሒຝ։Δലࠠڶ৫ࢼွࢤհ৸ უࢨᄗ࢚ֆ٥ತข֗ഗ࣍யࢨሽᆰຌ࿏᧯פ౨؆ຝڂైࢬૻࠫຝ։ղא ៀೈΙ٦༉ܫਢܡམᆖ൷ᤛ۞္Գࢨܫ္Գࢬࠆڶထ܂ᦞঅᥨհ।ሒຝ։ ֗Բ࿓ڤၴኔᔆઌۿ࿓৫Δףאܒឰਢܡॿ୭۞္Գࢨܫ္Գհထ܂ᦞΖω ڶᣂࠌشृ૿ਢܡᚨղঅᥨԫᆏΔٵܒެٍਐנΚψࠌشृ૿এਐ όԳፖሽᆰၴյ೯אݙګሽᆰࡳՠ܂հٺጟૠύΰall devices by which the human users can interact with the computer in order to accomplish the tasks the computer is programmed to performαΖڼጟࠌشृ૿Δץਔ࿓ڤਐחᦀ೯10
Ԝೀϐ Ȩmarcoȩᔈ߯ȨmacroȩϐᇤǴԜᒱᇤղᘐ߯܍᠍ܟբύ܌ᆀϐȨ marco instructionȩᒱᇤԶٰǴඟᒱᇤـᛥܴ೯ǴբݤፕȐIȑǴ। 190Ȑ2005ȑǶ
տ૿ࢨቹݮտ૿Ζࢬᘯቹݮտ૿ΔܛਐሽᆰࠌشृഗءՂ៶طቹقፖሽᆰյ ೯Δאሒګሽᆰ࿓ڤࢬݙګհפ౨Ζሽᆰ࿓ڤխՕຝ։໌ທࢤڇ࣍࿓ڤᄗ ࢚֏ΰconceptualizingαຝ։֗ࠌشृ૿ຝ։Δ໌ທԫጟٽᔞհࠌشृ ૿ΔૠृᏁॺൄ৫հ໌ທࢤΰcreativityαΕࡨࢤΰoriginalityαΕ֗ ኘԺΰinsightαΖڼጟࠌشृ૿ឈ᥆ॺ֮ڗΔۿٍထ܂ᦞࢬঅᥨհᒤ Ζω
2.2
Ѯᢊଽ้ݲ 94 ԑ࡙ΰȞΙȟԅ 222 ဴӗٱրؚ
ছၲ່ऄೃܒެᔭ࿇ڃ৵Δऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղޓΰԫαڗร 222 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެঞආլٵߠᇞΔᏍڃԫᐉྤᆞܒެհՂ္ΰᇠூآ٦Ղ္ۖ ᒔࡳαΔܒެጠΚψԾॺ֮ڗհዌΕڻݧ֗ิ៣ܛࢬᘯհSSO ਢܡٍ᥆࣍ ሽᆰ࿓ڤထ܂հԫຝ։Δല SSO ီ࠹ထ܂ᦞհঅᥨࡨߠ࣍ 1986 ڣભഏᜤ ߶Ղ္ऄೃ Whelan ூΔܛᎁထ܂ᦞऄլႛঅᥨᇠሽᆰ࿓ڤհࡨᒘ֗ؾ ऱᒘΔࠀᝫঅᥨᇠ࿓ڤհόዌΕႉݧ֗ዌທύΔ൫֧ದᄕՕհޅေΔ ਐόࣔ᧩ऱசᠦԱ२ۍڣࠐભഏࢬᙅ༛ऱထ܂ᦞᓵ֗መװհܒࠏύΔࠡ ৵ࠀլ٦ආشΔ֠א 1992 ڣڇ Apple v. Microsoft ூ່᧩ထΔᇠூᎁΚ όొհפ౨ႈؾΔࢨृਢሒګਬႈפ౨ۖၞ۩հ࿓ݧΔፖሽᇩᐸᇆᒌΕ ॰ނ֗ሽီፖᙕ࣋ᐙᖲհ൳ᕴΞΞࠡהൄߠհࠌشृ૿ԫᑌΔࠀլڇ ထ܂ᦞᒤհᒤᡱփύΔࠀၞԫޡᎅࣔΚόڇᣊۿขխΔ༉ጩڼհਬࠄ פ౨ႈؾሼٵΔՈլ।قܛڶॺऄݻհംᠲژڇΔຍڶױ౨ഗ࣍פ౨հ ەၦΔۖࠌᤁञขֲᑑᄷ֏ΰstandardizationαᒽԱύΔڂڼΔڕ࣠ऄ ೃ൷࠹ᤔ࣠ሽᆰڶᣂࠌشृ૿ऱόᨠტύհᓵᓳΔόլႛᄎᨃᤔ࣠ሽᆰ אܓشထ܂ᦞհঅᥨΔലპຌऱီ࿗ࡉ༡ཏऱᄅᑪຌ᧯ඈೈڇؑհ؆Δ Ոᄎॴᡶࠡהᐗࠌشڼᣊᑑᄷ֏հࠌشृ૿ύΔܛࣔػ।قထ܂ᦞࠀ լ౨অᥨሽᆰ࿓ڤխࢬឆܶհֱऄࡉ࿓ݧΰߠ Paul Goldstein ထΔᆺࣥ Δπᓡထ܂ᦞρΔ89 ڣ 12 ִठΔ 356-362αΖਢءٙ۞္Գ്ࠉ SSO ່ึפ౨ྒྷᇢऄ֗؆ᨠტᤚྒྷᇢऄᛀ᧭ࠡၲ࿇հຌ᧯ᖙ܂መ࿓հᨠტΕ।ሒΔᚨ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄհঅᥨΔٍᣄᎁڶᖕΖω!
2.3
ശଽݲ 94 ԑ࡙Ѯΰԅ 6398 ဴӗٱրؚ
່ऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղڗร 6398 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެঞࡅᚨছ༿່ऄೃհߠ ᇞΔᎁኙԫထ܂ױࠌشᇞዌऄΔ൫ᎁᚨڇؘழଫආᖞ᧯ᨠ࢚֗ტᤚྒྷ ᇢऄΔܒެጠΚψڇܒឰቹݮΕ᥊ᐙΕભΕီᦫࠠڶᢌࢤࢨભტࢤհ ထ܂ਢܡݻழΔڕࠌشፖ֮ڗထ܂ઌٵհ։࣫ᇞዌֱऄาᆏֺኙΔ ڶࠡܺᣄ৫ࢨױ౨؈ࠡֆؓΖڂڼڇᔆհەၦழΔ֠ᚨףࣹრထ܂ၴհ όᖞ᧯ᨠ࢚ፖტᤚύΖω2.4
ࠉᄂਰٽШၶᢎᄆ
ᨠኘ່ऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղڗร 1530 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެհփ୲Δբࣔػ।قঅ ᥨထ܂խॺ֮ڗհګ։ۖࠠڶ໌ࢤհዌΕڻݧ֗ิ៣Δܛԫࢬጠհ SSOΔࠀආشભഏᜤ߶ऄೃհထټ٣ᦀ Altai ூհࢼᠦΰᇞዌαΕመៀֺ֗ለ հԿޡᨏྒྷᇢऄΔጠএऄኙ࣍ထ܂ᦞऄᓵਮዌհԫՕޡΔྥۖΔ৸უ ፖ।ሒڇॺ֮ڗګ։հ։֗ٽࠓຝ։ΔڇᇠܒެխսآڶᖲᄎԵᤩΖ ਊ৸უፖ।ሒհܑ֗ٽࠓഗᄷࠀྤԫࡳΔ܀ྤॺڇઝᖂΕᢌΕ֮֏հၞ ޡ֗໌܂೯ᖲհቔᚐࢨ壄壀ࢬڶᦞհঅᥨၴޣ࠷ؓᘝΖ൫ڇܒឰભΕቹݮ ࢨࠡהီᦫထ܂ਢܡॿᦞழΔڂᇞዌထ܂հᑓڤࢨዌڶࠡܺᣄΔ໌܂ृ հ໌რૹڇ࣍ႚሒܓشृհီᤚᐛΔਚࡵאψᖞ᧯ᨠ࢚֗ტᤚωΰࢨ؆ ᨠ֗ტᤚα܂ܒឰհঞΖڼإਢ່ऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղڗร 6398 ᇆ ٩ࠃܒެհ壄ᆠࢬڇΖ ऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղޓΰԫαڗร 222 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެլٵრছ༿່ ऄೃհߠᇞΔᎁભഏWhelan ூ11ឈঅᥨሽᆰ࿓ڤհዌΕڻݧ֗ิ៣Δ൫ ֧ದᄕՕޅေΔਐࣔ᧩ऱசᠦԱ२ۍڣࠐભഏࢬᙅ༛ऱထ܂ᦞᓵ֗መ װհܒࠏΔࠡ৵ࠀլ٦ආشճճΔ൫ᇠܒެڴᇞGoldstein հრ৸Δٍᎄᄎ 11 Whelan, 797 F.2d 1222.ࠡה৵ᥛܒެ֘ኙགش Whelan ூհڂΖਊ Goldstein ֗৵ᥛூٙ֘ኙ Whelan ூհطΔլڇ࣍ Whelan ூሽᆰ࿓ڤհॺ֮ڗګ։༼ࠎঅᥨΔۖ ڇ࣍ Whelan ூႛࢭᎁ࿓ڤհ່ึפ౨᥆৸უۖլ࠹অᥨΔࠡהհዌΕڻ ݧ֗ิ៣ঞ݁᥆।ሒΔኙ࣍।ሒհঅᥨᒤመ࣍ᐈᠾۖբ12Δਢऄ ೃছ༿հܒެհᓵᢞਢܡإᒔբ᧩ڶጊᆠΙԾڶᣂࠌشृ૿հঅᥨΔڇ 1992 ڣ Apple v. Microsoft ூ13ܒެٍႛጠᇠࠌشृ૿ႛࠠڶొհפ౨ؾ ऱΔ᥆࣍ᑑᄷ֏հפ౨ႈؾΔڂ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓհڂΔլᚨאထ܂ᦞऄঅ ᥨΔࠀॺᘯࠠڶࢤॺొפ౨ႈؾհࠌشृ૿ܛլ࠹অᥨ14Ζਢ אΔऄೃհܒެࢬߠᇞਢܡݔᔞٍڶ։࣫ေᓵհؘΖ
3. ,-./012'3456789#$:
';<
3.1
ࡦདᇄߒႀୢϷྛܻछᖒ٤ਰٽݲ
৸უፖ।ሒհܑᄭ۞ભഏထ܂ᦞऄΖભഏᜤ߶່ऄೃ 1879 ڣڇ 12 ၁ـPaul Goldstein Ǵယप݅ǴፁբǴ। 356-357Ȑ2000ȑǶȐȨ܍ቩޑᖄ ْٖນݤଣࡰрǴ၀ႝတำԄύόڙբݤߥៈޑϩǴΏࢂѬޑ୷ҁᢀ ۺǶѳԶፕǴᗨฅ၀ղ،܈ၲډΑଓ҅ကޑҞޑǴࠅܴᡉޑ৺ᚆΑ߈ԭԃٰऍ ୯܌ᒥൻޑբፕǼӢࣁǴӵ݀ע೭ኬޑղ،ᜪҔӧቩᜪ՟Ȭᛥஏኻᆶ ಹယȭȐRomeo and Julietȑ೭ኬޑЎᏢբࠔϐǴٗሶբନΑคݤߥៈ၀ቃ ύȬ࣬ངޑᠰΓϩձٰԾእჹޑৎȭ೭ঁ୷ҁཷۺϐѦǴхࡴ၀ቃҁޑΓނࠠǵ ᐕўङඳϷதـޑӼ௨܌ԖಔԋाનǴஒᕇளբޑߥៈǶԶ೭ኬޑ่ ݀Ǵஒֹӄ৺ᚆբޑݤϷၸѐޑղٯǶȩ13
Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 799 F. Supp. 1006 (N.D. Cal. 1992), modified, 821 F. Supp. 616 (N.D. Cal. 1993), aff’d, 35 F.3d 1435 (9th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1184 (1995).
14
Id. 799 F. Supp. at 1023 (“The elements of such an arrangement ‘of a computer-generated
screen display’ serve a purely functional purpose in the same way that the visual displays and user commands of the dashboard … serve as the user interface of an automobile.”).
Baker v. Selden ூ15૿ᜯಖߓอ౨ܡᓿղထ܂ᦞհᗑᦞܓհञᤜ16Ζ່ ऄೃᒔᎁထ܂ᦞऄᚨႛঅᥨ৸უհ।ሒۖլ֗࣍৸უհഗءঞΔ൫༉ߓञ հಖֱऄȐa particular method of bookkeepingȑਢܡᚨ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨ ԫᆏΔܒެঞጠΚψڕآࠌشխࠏق༺ቹհֱऄΕቹݮࢨࠡהઌۿհփ ୲Δᇠඒᖂܛྤऄၞ۩Δঞኙ࣍ᇠݾ؏ۖߢΔᇠֱऄ֗ቹݮᚨᎁএؘࠃ ٙΔᚨ݁᥆࣍ֆ٥ತข17Ζωࠉ່ऄೃհߠᇞΔᇠூܫࢬࠌشհቹݮࢨ ༺ቹ݁এႚሒࠡ৸უȐideasȑհψؘࠃٙωȐnecessary incidentsȑΔڂڼ ݁լ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄհঅᥨ18Ζ1976 ڣભഏထ܂ᦞऄร 102 යࠀ֮ࣔԵڼ৸უ ፖ।ሒ։հঞ19Ζ
3.2
ࡦདᇄߒႀϞୢտӵרᄂϞᔖҢ о 1998 ԑ
ҳݲϞࠉ࣏ٽ
1998 ڣထ܂ᦞऄଥإছΔ৸უፖ।ሒܑհᓵբཬ࣍ऄኔ೭Ζထ ܂ᦞऄছጥᖲᣂփਙຝထ܂ᦞࡡᄎא 76 ڣ 7 ִ 7 ֲΰ76αփထڗร 15Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1879).
16
Id. at 101.
17
Id. at 103 (“[W]here the art [i.e. the method of accounting] it teaches cannot be used without
employing the methods and diagrams used to illustrate the book, or such as are similar to them, such methods and diagrams are to be considered as necessary incidents to the art, and given therewith to the public ....”) (example added); see also Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201, 217 (1954).
18
ࡐᡉฅӦǴӧҁਢҹϐፕၸำΏࢂԋԭԃࡕࡘགྷᆶ߄ၲፕϐ୷ᘵǶSee Com-puter Assoc. Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693, 707 (2d Cir. 1992) (“The Portion of Baker v. Selden, ... which denies copyright protection to expression necessarily incidental to the idea being expressed, appears to be the cornerstone for what has developed into the doctrine of merger.”).
19
17 U.S.C. § 102(b) provides: “In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work.”.
5093839 ᇆࠤܛጠΚψਊထ܂ᦞऄࢬঅᎽृᨠ࢚հ।ሒֱڤΔۖॺᨠ࢚հ ءߪΔૉലਬԫچរհནढղאᢄቹࢨ᥊ᐙࢨאەᤄՂհԳ᧯ᅜṙقᒤ ৎႨထ܂ᙡႿ܂Δۖ࠷ထ܂ᦞृΔլᆃַהԳࠩᇠઌٵհଅནچរΔ אٵᑌऱནढ֗ߡ৫ᢄቹࢨ᥊ᐙΔٍլᆃַהԳ٦אᇠৎႨ໌܂ᙡႿ܂ Ζωऄೃ79 ڣ৫Ղ࣐ڗร 470 ᇆܒެխ֧شತቸऄԳՠᄐݾઔ ߒೃሽᆰፖຏಛՠᄐઔߒࢬհᦸࡳრߠאࠡᎁࡳݻհഗ៕Δࠡᦸࡳխ ಾኙூൣᜰࠏጠΚψࠌشທଃIC ࠐ໌ທଃۥᑓᚵٺጟլٵᑗᕴԯ᥆৸უࢨᨠ ࢚Δۖشאᑓᚵٺጟᑗᕴհሽᆰଃۥᑇᖕঞᨠ࢚հ।ሒΰexpressionαհԫ ຝ։20Ƕω݁բ֮ࣔࢭᎁ৸უፖ।ሒհܑژڇΖ ऄೃڇ 80 ڣ৫Ղ࣐ڗร 5742 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެޓጠΚψထ܂ᦞऄࢬ অᥨृထ܂հ໌ࢤΔڕထ܂ԳڇەהԳհထ܂৵Δء࣍۞աᗑمհ৸ ፂΕཕ؏Εٰݾۖංຫנᄅ໌ທנԫᗑم໌܂Δᇠ܂սլ؈໌ࢤΔࠀ լڂࠡམᆖ࠹הԳ໌܂հᐙۖڶฆΔܡঞլႛࣅޔ໌܂Գհ৸ፂΕ৸ უΔٍലᣤૹᐙ֮ᢌભհ࿇୶21Ζω֮ࣔࢭᎁ৸უאᑓُΔᒔم৸უ ፖ।ሒܑհഗ៕Ζءܒެឈڱڇ൶ಘᗑم໌܂հრᆠΔ܀ࠃኔՂբࢭᎁ৸ უࢨᨠ࢚ݻհٽऄࢤΔܒެ֮խࠀᎅࣔထ܂ᦞऄլঅᥨ৸უհطΔጠ ቤழזհூࠏΖऄೃխ։ೃڇ80 ڣ৫Ղڗร 357 ᇆاࠃܒެڱ ᔊٍٵΔጠΚψڂᨠ࢚ڇထ܂ᦞऄՂࠀྤᗑհඈהࢤΔԳԳ݁ױ۞طܓ شΔᄭנઌٵհᨠ࢚ࢨᨠ࢚հݻ݁ྤᆃַհ22Ζω۟࣍৸უፖ।ሒհ ܑΔٵூاࠃܒެ֮խ༚ᜰࠏጠΚψࠏڕߠਬԳࢬࣁଅནᅃࠋۖૹ፹ᑇ༑ ᅃׂএ᥆ॿ୭ထ܂ᦞΔ܀ࠉᇠଅནࣁᅃհߡ৫ΕۯᆜૹࣁᅃΔޢ༑ᅃ᜕ׂ ྥઌٵΔ݁᥆ᗑمհ໌܂Δ݁ࠆڶထ܂ᦞΔࠀྤॿ୭ࣁ᥊ڇছᅃׂհထ܂ᦞ ൣࠃΖω 20 Ѡଯݤଣ 79 ԃࡋܰӷಃ 470 ဦǴЇԾၗૻπǴඵችౢղ،༼ጓ ȐȑբǴ।367Ȑ1993ȑǶ၀᠘ۓਜஒ idea ࣁᢀۺǶ 21 ӕຏǴ।386Ƕ 22 ӕຏǴ।349Ƕ
ऄೃত։ೃ 83 ڣ৫Ղޓΰԫαڗร 139 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެٍጠΚ ψထ܂ᦞঅᥨόᨠ࢚ऱ।ሒݮڤύΰThe expression of ideaαΔۖլঅᥨᨠ࢚ ΰideaαءߪΖᔆߢհΔՅॺݻࢨᓤ፹הԳਝڶհထ܂Δࠠڶό໌ ࢤύܛױΖڂڼᨠ࢚ءߪڇထ܂ᦞऄՂࠀྤᗑհඈהࢤΔԳԳ݁ױ۞طܓ شΙᄭ۞ઌٵհᨠ࢚ࢨᨠ࢚հݻΔࠀྤᆃַհΖਚૹ፹ᓤٱהԳհଅན ᅃׂΔࡐ᥆ॿ୭הԳထ܂ᦞΙ൫ԲԳ٣৵ڇઌٵچរΕߡ৫Δࠀאઌٵයٙ ݙګࣁ᥊հٵԫଅནᅃׂΰࠏڕΔק־߫ీΕઊم໑ढ塢ࢨ᜔อࢌ৬ ᗰαΔ૿᜕᥆ݙ٤ઌٵΔ܀ڂ݁᥆ᗑم໌܂Δઃࠆڶထ܂ᦞΔԲृյլ࿇ سॿ୭הԳထ܂ᦞհംᠲ23Ζωऄೃ 86 ڣՂ္ڗร 5154 ᇆܒެ༚ ء࣍ઌٵհڱᔊጠΚψݺഏထ܂ᦞऄএঅᥨڶ໌ࢤհ壄壀Ղ໌܂Δۖॺঅ ᥨొհ৸უࢨᨠ࢚Δঞ᜕ڕܫࢬࠡᒔམፖಘᓵΔٍᣄᎁࠡᨠ࢚ࢨ৸ უএݺഏထ܂ᦞঅᥨհᒤΖωऄ೭ຝࢬ᥆հᛀኘߓอΔঞ࣍1995 ڣ 3 ִ 7 ֲΔطࣨᖯچֱऄೃᛀኘᆟא82 ڣೠᥛڗร 179 ᇆլದ္։ጠΚψԾܒ ឰ܂ਢܡݻΔࡐאԲृၴኔᔆઌۿഗᄷΔ൫ࢬᘯኔᔆઌۿΔԯਐ।ሒ ֱڤΰThe manner in which an idea is expressedαհઌۿΔॺᨠ࢚հઌʳ ʳ ۿ24ΖωՅڼ݁এထ܂ᦞऄร10 යհ 1 ࣍ 1998 ڣمऄհছհኔ೭ூࠏΖ
4. !"#$%&Abstractions Test'()*
4.1
ܪຫกၐݲϞଔྛЅཎဎ
ψࢼွྒྷᇢऄωΰAbstract Testαԯਢભഏထ܂ᦞऄՂܒܑԫထ܂ढփ ୲৸უࢨ।ሒհ່ૹᛀྒྷֱऄΖڼऄԯএભഏ Hand ऄࡴࢬଈ໌Ζ1930 ڣΔᜤ߶ऄೃHand ऄࡴڇભഏรԲ߲ಱՂ္ऄೃհ Nichols v. Universal Pic-tures Corp.ூ25࿇୶ڼྒྷᇢഗᄷΔܒެܫհሽᐙᏣءآॿ୭ܫᚭᏣհထ܂ 23 ЇԾᑵరЬጓǴբຊղ༼ጓȐΒȑȐΠȑǴ।2318Ȑ1996ȑǶ 24 ӕຏǴ।2105Ƕ 25
ᦞΔ4 ڣ৵Ծڇ Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.ூ26ࠌشڼྒྷᇢऄං Հ్ऄೃܒެΔᎁࡳܫհ܂ॿ୭ܫհထ܂ᦞΖ ࠉ Hand ऄࡴհߠᇞΔٚ۶܂ΰܑਢᚭᏣα݁ץܶՕՕ՛՛հࠃٙ ΰincidentsαΔڕലࠃٙດዬࢼᠦΰabstractionαΔঞᙟထࢼᠦࠃٙհᏺףΔ ᄎขس။ࠐ။ࢼွࢨ။ࠐ။ࠠڶཏሙࢤհψᑓڤωΰpatternsαΔڼጟࠠڶཏ ሙࢤΰgeneralityαࢨ৫ࢼွࢤհᑓڤױ౨ᔞش࣍ٚ۶ࠡהհ܂Δࢼᠦ۟ ່৵Δױ౨ਢໍՀॺൄཏຏԫࢤհ༴૪ΔࠏڕΔᚭᏣհᠲࢨᚭᏣհټ ጠܛਢΖਚڇڼԫຑۭհࢼᠦመ࿓խΔؘྥژڇਬᒵΔ၌။ڼᒵ৵Δঞ ڂࠃٙࢼᠦ৵Δᇠཏሙࢤհࢼွᑓڤԯ᥆ֆ٥ತขΰpublic domainαհ৸ უΔਚထ܂ᦞऄࢬլঅᥨ27Ζڼࠠڶཏሙࢤհࢼွᑓڤױژڇ࣍լٵᐋ ్Δཏሙࢤፖࢤΰspecificityαհܑܛެࡳ৸უፖ।ሒհഗᄷΖ Hand ऄࡴၞԫޡਐנΔڇެࡳ܂ਢܡॿ୭הԳထ܂ᦞழΔଈ٣Δᚨଡ ܑലࠟ܂հࠃٙດޡࢼᠦΔڕࠃٙࢼᠦ৵ࠟထ܂ઌٵຝ։݁ࠠڶཏሙࢤ հࢼွᑓڤΔঞآسထ܂ᦞॿ୭հംᠲΖޢຝ܂ٺڶլٵࢼွ࿓৫հཏሙ ࢤᑓڤΔֺለழؘႊࣹრބנࠟ܂່าპհ٥ٵᑓڤΰthe most detailed patterns common to bothαΖڕઌٵհᑓڤڶઌᅝհᑇၦࢨբڶઌᅝհრᆠ ΰsignificanceαΔᇠઌٵհࢼွᑓڤࠠڶψཏሙࢤωΔࠏڕΔࠟ܂ഗء ዌࢨൣᆏհᑓڤઌ२Δ܀ڂᇠࢼွᑓڤএࠠڶཏሙࢤΔঞႛএ৸უհᑓ
1930), cert. denied, 282 U.S. 902 (1931).
26
Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp., 7 F. Supp. 837 (S.D.N.Y. 1934), rev’d, 81 F.2d 49 (2d Cir. 1936), cert. denied, 298 U.S. 669 (1936).
27
Nichols, 45 F.2d at 121 (“Upon any work, and especially upon a play, a great number of
pat-terns of increasing generality will fit equally well, as more and more of incident is left out. The last may perhaps be no more than the most general statement of what the play is about, and at times might consist of only its title; but there is a point in this series of abstractions where they are no longer protected, since otherwise the playwright could prevent the use of his ‘ideas,’ to which, apart from their expression, his property is never extended. Nobody has ever been able to fix that boundary, and nobody ever can.”) (citation omitted).
ُΔլዌګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭Ζ֘հΔڕઌٵຝ։ڶઌᅝᑇၦࢨઌᅝრᆠΔۖԾ լࠠཏሙࢤΔࠏڕΔࠃٙႉݧΕߡۥհᐛΕᏣءհؒݝ݁᥆२ۿΔঞ᥆ ।ሒհݻΖ
ڇ Nichols ூխΔܫএᚭᏣ܂ψAbie’s Irish Roseωհ܂ृΔܫঞ এሽᐙᏣءψThe Cohens and the Kellysωհ܂ृΖHand ऄࡴᖕڼྒྷᇢֱ ऄΔ։ܑຫ૪ࠟ܂հาპᐛΔ٨נ່าპհઌٵհګ։ΰcommon ele-mentsαࢨᑓڤڕՀΚψఽയദৗΕߊՖᠨֱ։ܑფዿᥞፖྫ֜୮அહནΕ ጟගೣߠທګ׀ئ֘ኙΖωڼ٥ٵᑓڤᖕ Hand ऄࡴڇܒެխਐנΔ٣ছڰ բڶᑇຝ܂ࠌشٵᑌൣᆏؒݝΔڂڼ Hand ऄࡴᎁࡳڼጟዌࢨᠲ֜መ ࣍ཏሙΰtoo generalizedαΔԯܫ৸უհԫຝ։Δ᥆࣍ֆ٥ᇷขΔਚܒެ ጠΚψܫࠀآᑓُऄ৳ࢬլւհٚ۶ګ։ω28Ƕ ઌ֘ऱΔڇ Sheldon ூխΔHand ऄࡴঞࠌشࢼွྒྷᇢऄංՀ్ऄೃհ ܒެΖᇠூܫհᚭᏣፖܫհሽᐙΰmotion pictureα݁এڶᣂԫټڣ᎘Ֆ ڽছٚߊ֖հਚࠃΔ۩١հ೯ᖲঞএڂᇠߊ֖բኙՖᤂቤխհദ៖ข س ౡ Ζ ܫ հ ᚭ Ꮳ ΰplay αਢᖕ 1857 ڣ࿇سڇഏ ᤕᥞհထ ټ Madeleine Smith ᐉܒூٙޏᐊۖګऱΖܫམፖܫᓫܒאᇠᚭᏣޏࣁګ ሽᐙΔ܀ᠨֱآ౨ᓫᡚΔܫሑᜢጠە؆ԫຝՕીٵᑌא Madeleine Smith ᐉܒኔഗ៕ࢬᐷᐊհ՛ᎅհؒݝΔݙګټψLetty Lyntonωհሽ ᐙΖ
Hand ऄࡴڇܒެխଈ٣ᜢࣔΚψڕ࣠ܫਢ۞ܫࢨהԳհ܂խឯ ࠷ԫࢤհᑓڤΰgeneral patternαΔࠀآݻהԳհ।ሒֱऄΔঞܫ۩ ݙ٤ٽऄΖωྥ৵ΔHand ऄࡴ։ܑ٨ᜰܫሽᐙൣᆏ֗ܫᏣءխ٥ڶհ ψౡནωΰthreat sceneα֗ψڽՋནωΰdeath sceneαΔਐנՖߡ ছٚߊ֖ౡհመ࿓֗Ֆߡڕ۶Հࠀॴַᇠߊޣඑհาᆏڇܫ֗
28
Id. (“[T]he defendant took no moreɡassuming that it took anything at allɡthan the law
ܫհထ܂༓ݙ٤ઌٵΔۖܫထ܂խࢬ༴૪ౡհནޓኔ֗הԳ՛ ᎅࢬآߠΔۖܫሽᐙൣᆏຶྥઌۿΔߩߠএݻ۞ܫᏣءΖܫਝբݻ ܫᚭᏣᄕڍาᆏΔڼጟาᆏڜඈհڻݧΰthe sequence of detailsαբॺࢬ ᘯ৸უհᒤΔۖᚭᏣհ।ሒֱऄΔࠡኙڼآࠠཏሙࢤհาᆏհݻբማ ။ٽࠌشᒤΔॿ୭ܫհထ܂ᦞ29Ζ
4.2
ܪຫกၐݲϞ੫ᘈ
ڼྒྷᇢऄޏ᧢ႚอထ܂ᦞऄՂױ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨΰcopyrightabilityαհᒤ ΖHand ऄࡴڇ Nichols ֗ Sheldon ࠟூࠌشࢼွྒྷᇢऄழΔ堚ᄑچ᧩قΚ ዌګထ܂ᦞॿ୭հݻբլૻ֮࣍ڗګ։ΰliteral elementsαݻΔۖ֗࣍ॺ ֮ڗᑓُΖࠉHand ऄࡴհߠᇞΔᚭᏣհؒݝΰthe setting of actionαΕߡۥ հ હ ན ΰthe background of characters α Ε ࠃ ٙ հ ڻ ݧ ΰ the sequence of eventsαΕᏣءհาᆏΰthe details of the plotαΕߡۥհᔆΰthe nature of characterαΕ೯ᖲΰmotivationsα݁٨ֺለܒឰհەΔኙ܂ױထ܂ᦞ ࢤᒤԫ़ׂ֚ΔᐙႳ৵ભഏထ܂ᦞऄࠫհ࿇୶Ζ
ࠡڻΔࠌشڼྒྷᇢऄᓳֺለ܂ၴ٥ٵᐛழΔࠡࢬᗴᙇֺለհᑓڤ ࢨᐛᚨሒࠩٽհาპᐋڻΰto a reasonably detailed level of patternαΖࠉ Hand ऄࡴհߠᇞΔᅝֺለ܂հᐛழΔᚨጐױ౨Եֺለ܂าᆏאބנ ٥ٵհᑓڤΔ٦ܒឰਢܡ٥ٵհᑓڤࠠڶཏሙࢤΔאެࡳਢܡዌګထ܂ᦞऄ Ղࢬᘯ।ሒհॿ୭ΖڂڼΔHand ऄࡴڇ Sheldon ூਐנΔԫټբૡദհՖ ፂᥨآࠐհദৗΔۖՀවאছհൣԳΔڼᑓڤԯਢࠠڶཏሙࢤհ৸ უΔլ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨΖ܀ਢΔڕ࣠ԫټॳݪհ៱ფٻԫټբૡദՖႂ ΰheroineαഀতભׄגൣዚޣᦟΔᇠՖڂஎٲ֗ᤂໂխհദ៖Δሑא ᢐ strychnine ڽᇠߊΔࠀॴַᇠߊڇڽছؚሽᇩޣඑΔڼᣊᑓڤࠀլ ࠠڶࢼွհཏሙࢤΔڕսઌٵࢨ२ۿΔঞ᥆।ሒհݻۖዌګထ܂ᦞհॿʳ 29 Sheldon, 81 F.2d at 54.
୭30Δطڼߩߠڇܒឰॿ୭ፖܡழΔψาᆏհ৫ωΰthe depth of detailαᄕ ૹΖ ٦ ृ Δ ڇ ֺ ለ ࠟ ܂ ٥ ٵ հ า პ ᑓ ڤ ழ Δ ؘ ႊ ࣹ რ ψ ၦ հ ై ω ΰquantitative elementα֗ᔆհైΖਚଣڕࠟᏣءၴႛڶ֟ၦาᆏઌٵΔۖ ڼาᆏԾྤߩ᎘ૹΔঞ᜕ࠌઌٵհᄕΰspecificαΔբױᎁࡳਢᑓ ُհ࣠Δ܀ڼೝྥ՛ၦհᓤ፹ΰreplicationαսॺထ܂ᦞঅᥨհᑑऱΔؘႊ ࠟ܂ڶઌᅝᑇၦհᑓڤࢨለڶრᆠհᆵΰsignificant segmentαઌٵΔֱ ౨ዌګထ܂ᦞ।ሒհॿ୭31Ζ ່৵ΔଖࣹრऱਢΔءྒྷᇢऄ༼ࠎԫଡڶயհݾΰtechniqueαࢨֱ ऄΰmethodαאܒࡳ।ሒਢܡኔᔆ२ۿΖࠉ Hand ऄࡴࢬقհֱऄΔ٣ൕ܂ խބנ່าპհរΰthe greatest degree of particularityαΔྥ৵٨נࢬ ڶઌۿհΖ່৵Δ٦ެࡳઌۿհਢ৸უհઌۿࢨ।ሒհઌۿΖHand ऄࡴ ᎁ ڕ ઌ ۿ հ ݁ բ ࠠ ໂ ઌ ᅝ ࿓ ৫ հ ཏ ሙ ࢤ ΰto certain level of generalityαΔঞႛএ৸უհઌۿΔፖထ܂ᦞհॿ୭ྤ௫Ζ
4.3
ܪຫกၐݲϞຟݙ
ڼጟࢼွᑓڤഗᄷྒྷᇢऄམ࠹ࠩٺጟޅေΖଈ٣Δڼऄאܫࢬᑓُृ ਢܡཏሙࢤհࢼွᑓڤᓳֺለհഗ៕Δڕࢬᑓُृԯࠠڶࢼွཏሙࢤ հᑓڤΔঞ৸უհᑓُΔլዌګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭Δ܀ኙ࣍ڕ۶ެࡳཏሙࢤਢ ܡژڇԫᆏࠀآ౨༼נ堚ᄑհᒵΔۖא܂հᑓڤյֺለਢܡ౨១֏ʳ ֺለհՠ܂ᖜޓ֧ದᔆጊΖᖂृ Abrams ܛᎁΚψڼࢼွྒྷᇢऄኔᔆՂ ࠀॺ։৸უፖ।ሒհֱऄΔۖႛਢܒܑࠟທ܂հ৸უࢨ।ሒڶྤ२ۿۖ բ32ωΙKaplan ඒޓޅေጠΚψࢼွྒྷᇢऄֺለ܂հᑓڤࠀլ౨྇᎘ֺ ለࠟທ܂հՠ܂ᖜΙڼጟྒྷᇢऄՈլ౨ܒܑኙ࣍܂ղထ܂ᦞঅᥨհ 30 Id. 31See HOWARD B. ABRAMS, 2 THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT § 14.03[B] (1993).
32
ᗑΰmonopolyαਢܡመ࣍ᐈᐖ33ωΙۖᖂृ Nimmer ٍਐנΚψڼऄࠀآ ܫ္ܠԳ۶ጟ࿓৫հࢼွױࠌ।ሒሀ။۟৸უ34ωΖ ྥۖΔאՂհޅေۿॺֆւΖᇨྥΔڼࢼွྒྷᇢऄࠀॺڕفᘎᇢ ΰlitmus paperαאݶຒᛀྒྷߒࢬᑓُृ৸უࢨ।ሒΔ܀ 1976 ڣભഏ ထ܂ᦞऄร 102(b) යኙࠟृհ։ࠀآ܂ࣔᒔհࡳΔۍڣᖵհܺᣄྤऄ ԫՔᇞެࠀॺڼྒྷᇢऄհመᙑΔฅຶΔڼྒྷᇢऄբਐנΚڕֺለ܂ၴॺ֮ ڗຝ։ᑓڤΰܶዌࢨڻݧαઌٵຝ։ࠠڶࢼွհψཏሙࢤωृΔঞႛ৸ უհઌۿۖլዌګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭ΖڂڼΔڼྒྷᇢऄڇܒឰ܂ਢܡኔᔆ२ۿ ֗ਢܡ᥆࣍।ሒհॿ୭ழΔսڶઌᅝհࠌشᏝଖΖऄೃ94 ڣ৫Ղޓ ΰԫαڗร 222 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެٍጠΚψ༉ԫထ܂ۖߢΔ֮ڗءߪࡐএထ܂ᦞ অᥨհᑑऱΔኙ࣍ॺ֮ڗຝ։Δڕࠠ໌ࢤսᚨࠠထ܂ᦞঅᥨհᔞΖω۟ ࣍ॺ֮ڗຝ։ڕ۶ܒឰ৸უࢨ।ሒΔ່ऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղڗร 1530 ᇆ٩ࠃ ܒެঞආشᇞዌΕመៀࢨࢼᠦ٦ղֺለհֱऄΔڼܛڼࢬጠհࢼᠦྒྷᇢ ऄΖ ឈྥڕڼΔࢼွྒྷᇢऄࢬࠌشհᇞዌऄኙ֮࣍ᖂࢨሽᆰ࿓ڤᔞٽ࣍ᇞ ዌհထ܂ࡐݔᔞΔ܀ኙ࣍ೡૹભტࢨီᤚհထ܂ΔࠏڕΔભထ܂ࢨီᦫ ထ܂Δొࠌشڼᇞዌऄࠀլݙ٤ֆؓΔڼழܛڶଫشᖞ᧯ᨠ࢚ტᤚྒྷᇢ ऄΰڕՀ૪αհؘΖ່ऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղڗร 6398 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެܛጠΚ ψڇܒឰቹݮΕ᥊ᐙΕભΕီᦫࠠڶᢌࢤࢨભტࢤհထ܂ਢܡݻ ழΔڕࠌشፖ֮ڗထ܂ઌٵհ։࣫ᇞዌֱऄาᆏֺኙΔڶࠡܺᣄ৫ࢨ ױ౨؈ࠡֆؓΖڂڼڇᔆհەၦழΔ֠ᚨףࣹრထ܂ၴհόᖞ᧯ᨠ࢚ፖ ტᤚύωױᇷᅃΖ 33
Id. n.277 (quoting BENJAMIN KAPLAN, AN UNHURRIED VIEW OF COPYRIGHT 48 (1967)).
34
4 DAVID NIMMER & MELVILLE B. NIMMER, NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT § 13.03[A](a) (2005) (“It does not, of course, tell us where in any given work the level of abstraction is such as to cross the line from expression to idea.”).
5. Whelan !
35"#$%&'()
5.1 Whelan ਰϱৠЅڏᇄ SSO Ϟᜰ߽
SSO এ ψ ዌ ω ΰ structure α Ε ψ ႉ ݧ ω ΰ sequence α ֗ ψ ิ ៣ ω ΰorganizationαհ១ጠΔ Becker ऄࡴڇ 1986 ڣհ Whelan ூࢬࠌش36Ζࢬ ᘯ່ึפ౨ྒྷᇢऄΔԯਐܒឰሽᆰ࿓ڤհݻߒ৸უލࢨ।ሒհݻ ழΔೈᆖط֮ڗհֺኙ؆Δᚨ۞ሽᆰ࿓ڤ່ึࢬሒګפ౨֗࿓ڤհዌΕ ႉݧΕิ៣ܒឰΖሽᆰ࿓ڤထ܂հ່ึؾᑑࢨפ౨৸უΔࠡ塒ሒګڼᇠ ؾᑑࢨפ౨ࢬॺؘႊհዌΕႉݧΕิ៣Δ݁।ሒۖॺ৸უΔထ܂ᦞ ऄࢬঅᥨհᒤΖ ᒴڇ܂ԫထ܂հॿᦞܒឰழΔࡐྥཏሙආ۩ࢼွྒྷᇢऄΔ܀ຏൄڇܒ ឰሽᆰ࿓ڤڶྤॿᦞழΔսࠌشࡨᒘࢨؾऱᒘհ֮ڗֺኙऄΖڇ Whelan ூխΔรԿ߲ಱՂ္ऄೃBecker ऄࡴܒެጠΚψऄೃڇ Baker v. Selden ூբ ༼נԫጟܑ৸უፖ।ሒհֱऄΖڇBaker v. Selden ூխΔऄೃല Selden ԫ ࢬሒګհؾᑑΰendαီ৸უΔءூٍױڕᇠூԫΔەߓञሽᆰ࿓ ڤ ࢬ ݙ ګ հ פ ౨ ެ ࡳ ৸ უ ፖ । ሒ ։ հ ഗ ᄷ Ζ ང ߢ հ Δ ထ ܂ հ ؾ ᑑ ΰpurposeαࢨפ౨ΰfunctionαԯਢထ܂հ৸უΙሒګᇠؾᑑࢨפ౨ࢬॺؘ ႊ ΰnot necessary α հ ٚ ۶ ֱ ڤ ݁ ല ਢ ᇠ ৸ უ հ । ሒ Ζ ଣ ڕ ڶ ڍ ጟ ֫ ΰvarious meansαױሒࠩᇠრհؾᑑΰdesired purposeαΔঞڂᇠᣊࢬᙇᖗ ࠌشհ֫ࠀॺሒګᇠؾᑑࢬؘΔਚᇠ֫এ।ሒΔۖॺ৸უ37Ζω
35
Whelan Assoc., Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Lab., Inc., 797 F.2d 1222 (3d Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1031 (1987).
36
٩ݤ۔ Becker ϐـှǴ่ᄬǵԛׇϷಔᙃΟޣࢂёϕ࣬ඹඤޑȐinterchangeableȑǹ
see id. at 1224 n.1.
37
Id. at 1236 (“The line between idea and expression may be drawn with reference to the end
sought to be achieved by the work in question. In other words, the purpose or function of a utilitarian work would be the work’s idea, and everything that is not necessary to that pur-pose or function would be part of the expression of the idea .... Where there are various
ਢΔBecker ऄࡴᎁΔܫհሽᆰ࿓ڤխհ৸უႛႛਢψ׃᠔ኔ᧭ հڶயิ៣ωΰthe efficient management of a dental laboratoryα38Ζ܀ڂ ڶڍጟլٵհ࿓ڤዌΰprogram structureαױאݙګᇠؾᑑΔߓञհሽᆰ࿓ ڤዌࠀॺݙګᇠؾᑑհؘ֫Δڂڼܫሽᆰ࿓ڤխհॺ֮ڗዌΰץ ਔᚾூዌΕᘛኟ᧩ቝΕ೫࿓ڤα݁᥆ሽᆰ࿓ڤ৸უհ।ሒΔۖॺ৸უء ߪΔࠡኔᔆઌۿױዌګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭Ζ Whelan ூڇભഏထ܂ᦞऄՂԯਢቤழזհߺ࿓ᅾΖڇڼհছΔထ܂ᦞऄ ኙ࣍ሽᆰ࿓ڤհঅᥨսೖఎ֮࣍ڗհࢨດڗດ۩հᓤ፹ΔWhelan ூଈ৫ ࢭᎁሽᆰ࿓ڤॺ֮ڗຝ։հዌΕิ៣֗ႉݧڇԫࡳයٙՀױ।ሒۖထ ܂ᦞऄհঅᥨᒤΔࠡრᆠױᎅԼ։Ζ
5.2 Whelan ਰϞຟቋ
ྥۖΔWhelan ூኙ࣍৸უ֗।ሒհ։থመ࣍ᐈᠾ១ฃΔ࣐ᖄીঅᥨ֜ መۖᐙ֮֏ΕઝᖂհၞޡΖBecker ऄࡴࢴආش Hand ऄࡴհࢼွྒྷᇢ ऄΔۖආش່១հֱڤאܒܑ৸უፖ।ሒΔᎁႛڶሽᆰ࿓ڤհ່ึؾऱ ࢨפ౨թױψ৸უωΔࠡ塒ٚ۶ሒګᇠ৸უհ֫݁᥆।ሒΖ൫༉ኔᎾۖ ᓵΔሽᆰ࿓ڤհዌΕႉݧ֗ิ៣ڶࠄءขᄐࢬཏሙࠌشऱΔڶࠄਢ ڂ࠹ሽᆰ࿏᧯ࢨࢬჸࠌشհຌ᧯ࢬૻࠫΔਚឈڶࠡהհ।ሒֱऄΔ ܀ኔᙇᖗհ़ၴࢨᙇᖗհ़ၴᄕࠡڶૻΖڕ݁ီ।ሒۖᓿղထ܂ᦞհঅ ᥨΔലᐙהԳհܓشΔၞۖڶᡶഏ୮ઝᖂ֮֏հ࿇୶Ζ ભഏထ܂ᦞऄᦞᖂृ Nimmer ܛေᓵጠΚψឈྥ Whelan ூհ࣠ਢ إᒔऱΔ܀ऄࡴڇᇠூࢬਮዌհᄗਔࢤঞΰsweeping ruleα֗ᐈᠾհߢ ΰbroad languageαലထ܂ᦞհঅᥨۼ֜Ζᇠܒެኙྤᒔࡳݮणհᨠ࢚ࠏ means of achieving the desired purpose, then the particular means chosen is not necessary to the purpose; hence, there is expression, not idea.”).38
ڕό٤ຝհዌύΰoverall structureαઃ༼ࠎထ܂ᦞऄհঅᥨΔآەᐞڼԫ ዌڇႚอထ܂ᦞऄՀਢܡױঅᥨΔբᏺףᓿղထ܂ತขᦞאٵ࣍റܓ ᦞঅᥨհଅᙠΖەᐞࠩࠀྤറܓᐉհڜ٤ᖲࠫΔٍآא༿܂ᓿղറܓ հයٙΰquid pro quo of disclosureαΔᝪ۩൷࠹ထ܂ᦞঅᥨΔ࣠ױ౨ਢԫ ߀ᣄΰdisastrousαΖڇຌ᧯ՠᄐհ໌რ࿇୶ױ౨ڂڼ٤૿ࢤհထ܂ᦞঅᥨ ࢬพஒ39Ζω ഗ࣍Ղ૪طΔWhelan ூհ։৸უፖ।ሒழࢬشհྒྷᇢഗᄷլඝᘾܛ ࠡה৵ᥛூٙࢬଥإΖ൫ࢬଥإृႛ։৸უፖ।ሒհഗᄷլ٦אሽᆰ ࿓ڤհψ່ึפ౨ωഄԫഗᄷۖբΔॺᘯࠠڶ໌ࢤ֗ࢤհዌΕڻ ݧ֗ิ៣ٍլ࠹অᥨΖՀ૪հLotus ூ֗ Altai ூࢬঅᥨृܛሽᆰ࿓ڤհॺ ֮ڗຝ։Ζݺഏ່ऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղڗร 1530 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެٍᎁኙ࣍ॺ֮ڗ հዌΕڻݧ֗ิ៣Εפ౨।հਐחዌΕڻ్פ౨।ࢨ९ۭհࡎח༼ق ցΕ؎ႃਐחΕࠌشृ૿խ᥆࣍।ሒຝ։ᚨ᥆ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᒤΖ
6. Lotus !"#$%&'(Three Elements
of the Legal Test)ʳ
6.1 Lotus ਰέौશกၐݲϞᆠဎ
Whelan ூኙ࣍৸უ֗।ሒհ։᧩᥆լݔբڕছ૪Δۖڇႚอထ܂հᏆ
39
4 NIMMER, supra note 34, § 13.03[A][1][d] (“Although Whelan reached the correct result given the facts that case, its sweeping rule and broad language extend copyright protection too far. Providing protection for such amorphous concepts as the ‘overall structure’ of a pro-gram, without considering whether such a structure is protectible under traditional copyright theories, increases the risk of granting copyright holders protection on a par with that pro-vided to patent holders. Such a result could be disastrous, give that neither the safeguard of patent examination nor the quit pro quo of disclosure is required to receive copyright protec-tion. Creative development in the software industry may well be stifled by overly broad copyright protection afforded to programs that represent the basic building blocks for a par-ticular field.”).
Δࢼွঞբᓉګထ܂ᦞऄՂܒܑ৸უፖ।ሒֱऄհੌΔ܀ਢܡ౨ᔞش ࣍ሽᆰ࿓ڤ܂ΔঞլྤञᤜΖHand ऄࡴ࿇୶ڼऄழႛ༼֮֗ᖂΰliterary worksαΕᚭᏣ܂ΰdramatic worksα֗ሽᐙΰmotion picturesαհܒឰΔۖ լ֗࣍ଃᑗΕီᤚᢌΰvisual worksαΕࢨڶᣂઝݾհ܂ࠏڕሽᆰ࿓ڤ Ζ܀۞1990 ڣזದΔભഏ߲ಱՂ္ऄೃຬᥛආ࠷ࢼွྒྷᇢࠀ࿑ףଥإشא ܑሽᆰ࿓ڤհ৸უፖ।ሒΖʳ
ભഏᜤ߶چֱऄೃ1990 ڣ Lotus ூ40ܛਢ֧شࢼွྒྷᇢऄഗ៕Δ࿇୶ ࠡψԿైྒྷᇢऄωΰThree Elements of Legal Test for Copyrightabilityαא܂ ܒឰ࿓ڤհ৸უፖ।ሒ։ഗᄷထټூࠏΖKeeton ऄࡴڇᇠூխࠌشԿ ైྒྷᇢऄᛀྒྷܫထ܂խ࠹ထ܂ᦞঅᥨհګ։Δ܂ܒܑܫհ࿓ڤਢܡ ࠠڶထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨᔞհࠉᖕ41Κʳ 1.รԫైྒྷᇢऄհؾऱڇެࡳᠨֱထ܂ߓञհຝ։ߒ৸უࢨ।ሒΖ ڕ৸უΔঞլࠠထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᔞΖऄࡴආش1930 ڣ Hand ऄࡴࢬ༼נ հࢼွྒྷᇢऄ܂ܒឰհᓵഗ៕Δאཏሙࢤፖࢤܒܑ৸უࢨ।ሒհ ࠉᖕ42Ζʳ 2.รԲైྒྷᇢऄհؾऱএ༉բܒܑ।ሒհຝ։։࣫ࠡਢܡኙ࣍ᇠ৸ უհ।ሒֱऄᄕૹΰessentialαΔࢨਢܡএ।ሒᇠ৸უհഄԫࢨႛڶ֟ᑇ հ।ሒֱڤΖڕ।ሒᇠ৸უഄԫࢨᄕ֟ᑇհֱڤΔঞ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓۖլ 40
Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Paperback Software Int’l., 740 F. Supp. 37 (D. Mass. 1990).
41
Sherman Γᆀ Keeton ϐБݤࣁȨΟϩෳ၂ݤȩȐthree-part testȑǴsee 1 CARY H. SHERMAN, SANDISON R. HAMISH & MARC D. GUREN, COMPUTER SOFTWARE PROTECTION
LAW § 203.7(c) (1989). 42
Lotus, 740 F. Supp. at 60 (“F[irst], in making the determination of ‘copyrightability’, the
decisionmaker must focus upon alternatives that counsel may suggest, or the court may con-ceive, along the scale from the most generalized conception to the most particularized, and choose some formulationɡsome conception or definition of the ‘idea’ɡfor the purpose of distinguishing between the idea and its expression.”).
অᥨᇠ।ሒ43Ζ 3.รԿైྒྷᇢऄհؾऱڇ࣍բܒܑ।ሒࠀ္ݻհຝ։Δܒឰ ਢܡܫထ܂հኔᔆૹհຝ։ΰsubstantial partαΖڕॺኔᔆૹΔঞլዌ ګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭44Ζ
6.2
έौશกၐݲᇄႫသแԒ๖ᄺ߳៖Ϟᜰ߽
Lotus ூࢬආشԿైྒྷᇢऄΔႛڇรԫޡᨏ௫֗৸უፖ।ሒհܑհ ംᠲΔรԲޡᨏএ༉।ሒਢܡᚨፖ৸უٽࠓۖܒឰΔรԿޡᨏঞ௫֗ݻ հ।ሒኙ࣍ထ܂ۖߢਢܡኔᔆૹհᎁࡳΖ༉รԫၸۖߢΔLotus ூ հऄࡴএགش Hand ऄࡴࢬ࿇୶հࢼွྒྷᇢऄΔאਢܡࠠڶཏሙࢤࢨࢤ ܒឰհഗᄷΔܒឰሽᆰ࿓ڤհዌਢܡࠠڶထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᔞΖᇠூऄ ࡴ༉ሽᆰ࿓ڤհዌΕႉݧ֗ิ៣ױ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨএࢭ Whelan ூհߠ ᇞΔ܀ኙ۶ጟॺ֮ڗګ։հዌΕႉݧ֗ิ៣ᚨ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨԫᆏঞ૮ฆ ࣍ Whelan ூΔܑߨהຜۖࠌشࢼွྒྷᇢऄΔᎁഄڶڇࠠڶ໌ࢤΕॺႛ ࠠڶኔشढհొפ౨ࢤ45Εࠠڶࢤ֗ထ܂հኔᔆૹګ։ழΔֱ ࠠڶထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᔞΔ৵ထ܂ᦞऄڇሽᆰ࿓ڤᏆհ࿇୶Δၲ ԫ़ׂ֚Ζ 43Id. at 61 (“S[econd], the decisionmaker must focus upon whether an alleged expression of
the idea is limited to elements essential to expression of that idea (or is one of only a few ways of expressing the idea) or instead includes identifiable elements of expression not es-sential to every expression of that idea.”).
44
Id. (“T[hird], having identified elements of expression not essential to every expression of
the idea, the decisionmaker must focus on whether those elements are a substantial part of the allegedly copyrightable ‘work’.”)
45
Id. at 58 (“Even then the expression of the idea is not copyrightable if the expression does no
7. Altai !
46*+, -. /0%&'
ছ༿Lotus ூឈྥᤉ Whelan ூհ৵ᒔᎁሽᆰ࿓ڤհॺ֮ڗຝ։ױ।ሒ ۖ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨΔ܀༉৸უፖ।ሒհܒܑԫᆏΔႛགشࢼွྒྷᇢऄΔࠀ آಾኙሽᆰᄐհࢤڶࢬᓳᖞΖྥঞΔሽᆰ࿓ڤհᐷᐊឈױ౨ڶڍጟֱ ऄΔ༉ထ܂ᦞऄኙႚอထ܂ࢬشհؘནঞࢨٽࠓঞۖߢΔࠡ।ሒֱ ڤᚨ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨΔ።ഄڶ৸უհ।ሒֱऄഄԫࢨᄕࠡڶૻழΔ৸უࢨ ।ሒֱࡨٽࠓۖլ࠹অᥨΔהԳࡨ۞طᑓُΔ൫ኔᎾၞ۩ሽᆰ࿓ڤհၲ࿇ ழΔഗ࣍᧤ᙀዝᢂऄՂயհەၦΕഗ࣍ؑՂհ࿏᧯ᑑᄷբྤऄޏ ᧢Εࢨഗ࣍ᚨش࿓ڤႊ࠹ࠫ࣍܂ᄐߓอհࠫΔࠃኔՂ౨ᙇᖗृᄕڶૻΔ ۖႚอհࢼွྒྷᇢऄ֗Lotus ூኙڼࠀآղאەၦΔऴ۟ Altai ூֱڶၞԫޡ հ࿇୶Ζ7.1 Altai ਰܪᚔ ႆᘮ Шၶȶέ؏กၐݲȷϞᆠဎ
Altai ூխࢬආشհࢼᠦ መៀ ֺለྒྷᇢऄΰAbstractionЁFiltrationЁ Comparison TestαΔኔᔆՂܛԿޡᨏྒྷᇢऄ47Ζ១ߢհΔࢬᘯࢼᠦ መៀ ֺለྒྷᇢऄΔԯਢലထ܂ਢܡݻհܒឰ։ԿଡޡᨏΔรԫޡᨏএലሽ ᆰ࿓ڤᇞዌΕࢼᠦΔࠌհࢼွ֏Δٍܛലሽᆰ࿓ڤൕᖲᕴᒘΕࡨᒘΕᑇ ।ΕᑓิΰmoduleαΕൄڤΰroutineαΕڻൄڤΰsubroutineαΕ࿓ڤ່ึפ ౨ؾऱհԫࢤ༴૪։ᑇଡᐋ్Δؾऱএڇլឰࢼᠦመ࿓խΔࠌࠡᑓڤ௬ 46Computer Assoc. Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992).
47
ӧAltai ਢύǴݤ۔ӧᚒࣁȨSubstantial Similarity Test for Computer Program Structure: Abstraction-Filtration–ComparisonȩΠǴܴқஒԜղᘐБݤᆀࣁΟᡯෳ၂ำׇȐa three-step procedureȑǴ٠ϩձඔॊځΟᡯࣁǺȨStep One: Abstraction; Step Two: Fil-tration; Step Three: ComparisonȩǶSee id. at 706-10. ҭԖᆀϐࣁȨthree-pronged ap-proachȩǴsee Daniel A. Crowe, The Scope of Copyright Protection for Non-Literal Design
Elements of Computers Software: Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 37
ΔאঁڇՀԫޡᨏխܒឰᇠዌࢨᑓڤਢܡࠠڶထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᔞۖެ ࡳᚨܡៀೈΔڼޡᨏፖࢼွঞհࢼᠦመ࿓ݙ٤ઌٵΖรԲޡᨏመៀΔܛ ലլ᥆ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհຝ։ៀೈΔངߢհΔܛലآࠠڶ໌ࢤΕآࠠڶ ࢤࢨࠡהᚨ᥆ֆ٥ತขհዌៀೈΖรԿޡᨏঞലៀೈ৵հᚨ࠹অᥨհ।ሒ ၞ۩ਢܡኔᔆઌۿհֺለΖ
7.2
ᘮଶϞޟᇄࡦདᇄߒႀϞӫځϞᜰ߽
ଖࣹრऱਢڇรԲޡᨏհመៀ࿓ݧխΔऄࡴڇެࡳᚨៀೈհփ୲ழΔ ࠡࢬආشհഗᄷΔߒࠡኔᔆΔܛএ৸უፖ।ሒհٽࠓᓵΖᖕڼᓵᔞشհ ࣠Δլ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհګ։ԯਐΚ 1.ഗ࣍փຝயڂైەၦࢬެࡳհຝ։ሽᆰ࿓ڤհച۩່ૹயΔऄೃ ᎁሒګٵԫפ౨հຜஉឈױ౨ڶڍጟΔ܀່ڶயհച۩ֱऄথױ౨ڶ ԫጟࢨᄕࠡڶૻΖਚଣڂഗ࣍யհەၦۖૻᜍԱ।ሒֱڤհᙇᖗᒤΔڂ ۖທګ࿓ڤ।ሒֱऄհઌۿΔڇڼൣݮՀΔᚨᎁ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓΔ݁լ࠹ ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨΖ 2.ഗ࣍؆ຝڂైհەၦࢬެࡳհຝ։ܒެխਐנΔ࿓ڤհၲ࿇ृᆖൄ࠹ Հ૪հ؆ຝەᐞࢬૻࠫΔਚ।ሒፖ৸უᚨٽࠓΔۖඈೈڇထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᒤ հ؆Κ (1)ലࠐച۩ᇠ࿓ڤհሽᆰᖲᕴΰmechanical specificationsαΙ (2)ڼ࿓ڤፖࠡה࿓ڤΰ܂ᄐߓอࢨࠡהտ૿࿓ڤαհઌ୲ࢤΙ (3)ሽᆰ፹ທհૠᑑᄷΙ (4)ഗ࣍ࡳขᄐࢬᐷᐊհ࿓ڤΔᇠขᄐኙڼ࿓ڤհኔᎾᏁޣΙ (5)ሽᆰᄐཏሙ൷࠹հ࿓ڤᐷᐊክࠏΖ7.3 Altai ਰຟݙ ঙϭಝ Nimmer ៉ႆᘮݲ
ᇠூࢬࠌشรԫޡᨏհࢼᠦܛਢ Hand ऄࡴհࢼွᑓڤഗᄷྒྷᇢऄΔ܀ Altai ூխ Walker ऄࡴࢬ࿇୶հψመៀωথለ Hand ऄࡴࢬ༴૪ृ壄ᒯΖڇ Nichols ூխΔHand ऄࡴႛലထ܂խࠠڶཏሙࢤհګ։٨৸უΔࠠڶ ࢤृូᣊ।ሒΖ܀ڇAltai ூխΔऄࡴലڶཏሙࢤհᄗ࢚ۼ֗࣍ഗ࣍ய ࢨሽᆰհ؆ຝڂైࢬլլආ۩հ।ሒֱڤΖངߢհΔAltai ூ༉ሽᆰ࿓ڤ հॺ֮ڗګ։ዌਢܡࠠڶཏሙࢤհܒឰբࠌش৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓհঞۖղ ךኔ֗ଥإΔᇠூࢬආشհྒྷᇢऄႳ৵ᐖ৵ᥛூࠏࢬགش48Ζ Nimmer ᦸ࣍Ղ༿ሽᆰ࿓ڤհࢤ֗ᄅऱ։ֱ࣫ऄؘࢤΔԯጵٽᖞ ભഏᜤ߶ऄೃኔ೭ՂհߠᇞΔ࿇୶נψຑᥛመៀऄωΰThe Successive Filtering Methodα49Δࠀᎁຑᥛመៀऄլႛᔞٽ࣍ሽᆰ࿓ڤထ܂ᦞॿ୭հ ܒឰΔᅝྥױᔞش࣍ႚอထ܂հᇞ࣫Ζᖕ Nimmer հᓵΔܒឰሽᆰ࿓ ڤ۶ጟຝ։࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨΔᚨലՀ٨ګ։٣ຑᥛመៀඈೈΔࢬໍ塒ृܛ ࠹অᥨհຝ։Δྥ৵٦ፖ္ॿ୭ࠡထ܂ᦞհထ܂ढֺለਢܡኔᔆઌۿΔࠡ ຑᥛመៀհྒྷᇢᑑᄷڕՀΚ
1.ඈೈሽᆰ࿓ڤխႛ᥆ࢼွ৸უհګ։ΰExcluding Program Elements that Constitute Only Abstract IdeasαΖ
2.ඈೈ࿓ڤխڂ᧤ᙀΕயڂైࢬ֭հګ։ΰExcluding Program Ele-ments Dictated by Logic and EfficiencyαΖ
3.ඈೈ࿓ڤխ࠹؆ຝڂై֭ࢬݮګհګ։ΰExcluding Program
48
Πӈਢٯ֡௦ҔAltai ਢϐෳ၂БݤǺSega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510, 1525 (9th Cir. 1992) (“the Second Circuit’s approach is an appropriate one” ); Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of Am. Inc., 975 F.2d 832, 839 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (citing Atari, “the court must next filter the unprotectable components of the program from the protectable expression.”); Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 35 F.3d 1435, 1445 (9th Cir. 1994),
cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1184 (1995). See generally 4 NIMMER, supra note 34, § 13.03[F];
Morgan Chu & Andre Brunel, Computer Copyright and Trade Secret Litigation After Altai, 369 PLI/PAT 223, 236 (1993); Thomas M. Byron, As Long as There’s Another Way: Pivot
Point v. Charlene Products as an Accidental Template for a Creativity-Driven Useful Arti-cles Analysis, 49 IDEA 147, 156 (2009); Peter Lee, The Evolution of Intellectual Infrastruc-ture, 83 WASH. L. REV. 39, 79 (2008).
49
ments Dictated by External ConsiderationαΚ (1)࿏᧯ᑑᄷΰHardware StandardαΖ (2)ຌ᧯ᑑᄷΰSoftware StandardαΖ
(3) ሽ ᆰ ፹ ທ ᐗ ऱ ૠ ᑑ ᄷ ΰ Computer Manufacturers’ Design StandardsαΖ
(4)ሽᆰ࿓ڤࠌشृհᄐՂክΰTarget Industry PracticeαΖ
(5)ሽᆰຌ᧯ՠᄐڇૠ࿓ڤழհክΰComputer Industry Programming PracticesαΖ
4.ඈೈ࿓ڤխឯ۞ֆ٥ತขհګ։ΰExcluding Program Elements Taken From the Public DomainαΖ
5.ࢬ塒ګ։հઌۿࢤհ։࣫ΰAnalysis of any Remaining SimilaritiesαΖ
8. !"#$%&'()*+Look and Feel
Test,-./0)12345
ឈྥሽᆰ࿓ڤॿᦞհܒឰױאᇞዌհֱऄመៀ৸უհګ։Δ٦༉।ሒհ ຝ։ֺለࠟृਢܡڶኔᔆઌۿΖ൫ኙ࣍ီᦫထ܂ࢨڍ᧯Δאᇞዌհࢼွ ྒྷᇢऄ܂ॿᦞհܒឰഗᄷࠀॺֆؓΖڶழॺኔᔆઌۿհլٵሽᆰ࿓ڤױ ขسઌۿհભΕቹݮࢨီᦫထ܂ΔਚီᦫΕભࢨቹݮထ܂հψ؆ᨠ֗ტ ᤚωܛڶঅᥨհؘΔۖॺႛঅᥨᇞዌ৵ࠠڶ໌ࢤ֗ࢤհዌۖբΖ ່ऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղڗร 6398 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެܛ्ᎁڼߠᇞΔܒެጠΚψڇܒ ឰቹݮΕ᥊ᐙΕભΕီᦫࠠڶᢌࢤࢨભტࢤհထ܂ਢܡݻழΔڕࠌ شፖ֮ڗထ܂ઌٵհ։࣫ᇞዌֱऄาᆏֺኙΔڶࠡܺᣄ৫ࢨױ౨؈ࠡ ֆ ؓ Ζ ڂ ڼ ڇ ᔆ հ ە ၦ ழ Δ ֠ ᚨ ף ࣹ რ ထ ܂ ၴ հ ό ᖞ ᧯ ᨠ ࢚ ፖ ტ ᤚύΖωܛਐڼۖߢΖਊ؆ᨠ֗ტᤚྒྷᇢऄএᄭ۞ছ༿հᖞ᧯ᨠ࢚֗ტᤚ ΰTotal Concept and Feelαྒྷᇢऄۖࠐ50ΖڇAtari ூխΔऄೃܛܒެܫհ50
ထ܂բܫထ܂հᖞ᧯ᨠ࢚֗ტᤚΔऄࡴࠀ։࣫ਐנΚሽီሏᚭፖԫ ᢌ୮հ܂ࢨࠡהհီᦫထ܂ڶࢬլٵΔሽီሏᚭհᨠᓾृլᄎגาܑ ᢌ।ሒհาპհլٵΔհܮ֧Ժࠐ۞࣍ψᤁञհൎ৫ωΰintensity of competitionαΙࠡല࢙ီาᆏՂาპհլٵΔۖૹڇભᖂՂհܮ֧Ժ ΰaesthetic appealα51Ζ۟ 1986 ڣհ Broderbund ூΔऄೃޓག֧ڼྒྷᇢ ऄΔᎁܫ֗ܫհီᦫထ܂ឈطլٵሽᆰ࿓ڤࢬ፹܂Δ܀ڂထ܂ၴհᨠ ტઌٵΔਚዌګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭52Ζ
9. 67-893:;
ထ܂ᦞऄ֘ᚨֆ٥ਙհܓ墿ᓢડΔԫֱ૿مऄࢨചऄृؘႊ༼ࠎߩജ հ೯ᖲאቔᚐထ܂Գլឰچ໌܂Δਚႊࣹრঅᥨထ܂Գհ壄壀ࢬڶᦞΔԫֱ ૿ঞਢԱ֮֏ΕઝᖂΕᢌհၞޡΔؘႊඈೈထ܂հ৸უΕᨠ࢚ΕֱऄΕ ࿓ݧΕঞΕᖙ܂ࠌլ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄհঅᥨΔאࠌֆฒ۞طܓشᇠ।ሒࢬ ႚሒհᇷಛΖ൫ࠟृհၴڕ۶ፂᔞᅝհ݁ᘝԯګംᠲհࢬڇΖൕۖΔଣ ৸უፖ।ሒጹയլױ։ۖյຑழΔڼழڕᣤچঅᥨ।ሒΔല࣍ࠌ৸ უհᖑڶृᡐឰࠡ৸უΔۖ୭ഏ୮֮֏հ࿇୶Δፖထ܂ᦞऄհمऄؾऱլ ฤΖַڕڼհ࣠Δထ܂ᦞऄԯԾ࿇୶נψؘནঞω53֗ψ৸უ ፖ।ሒٽࠓঞω54ΔࠌڇԫࡳൣݮՀΔ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓۖլղঅᥨΖངߢ հΔڼழऄೃڶࠟጟᙇᖗΔࢨኙ।ሒղאঅᥨۖᦫٚ৸უထ܂ԳᗑΔ ϐҟ࣯Ǵࡺఁ߈ϐղ،ӭςׯᆀȨlook and feelȩǶ51
Atari, Inc. v. North Am. Philips Consumer Elec. Corp., 672 F.2d 607, 619 (7th Cir. 1982).
52
Broderbund Software v. Unison World, Inc., 648 F. Supp. 1127, 1136-37 (N.D. Cal. 1986).
53
ȨѸाඳচ߾ȩӧऍ୯բݤፕբύᆶȨӝٳচ߾ȩٳӈǴЭຎϐ՟Яᆶӝٳ চ߾ԖձǴՠჴ፦ځ܌ೀϐୢᚒҭࢂԖᜢࡘགྷᆶ߄ၲӝٳϐୢᚒǴࡺҁЎஒϐܫ Εࡘགྷᆶ߄ၲӝٳϐϩፕǶ
54
ᏢޣஒԜӝٳচ߾ᆀࣁȨࡘགྷᆶ߄ၲӕϐٯѦȩȐThe idea/expression identity excep-tionȑǴsee SHERMAN, HAMISH & GUREN, supra note 41, §§ 204.5(C)-(D).
ࢨਢᨃ৸უᤉᥛࠎषᄎ۞طܓشΔۖࠌࠠڶ໌ࢤհ।ሒໜ؈ڶயհऄ৳অ ᥨΖऄೃڇ૿ᜯڼࠟᣄݝ૿ழΔԯؘႊഗ࣍ֆ٥ܓ墿հەၦۖᙇᖗ৵ृΔٍ ܛࠌ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓી।ሒໜ؈অᥨհᔞΖ
9.1
҆ौൟශনࠌ
ࢬᘯψؘནωΰScenes a Faireα55ঞԯਐڇਬԫᣊᚭᏣΕ՛ ᎅᠲழΔኔᎾՂլױᝩ܍ؘۖႊආشਬࠄࠃٙΕߡۥΕؒݝࢨؒནΔឈᇠ ࠃٙΕߡۥΕؒݝࢨؒནհ।ሒֱऄፖהԳሼٵΔ܀ڂএᇠࡳᠲ լױࢨࢨ۟֟ਢᑑᄷհֱڤΔਚࠡ।ሒֱऄլዌګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭Ζڕ ٵ៱પᆣᆖEcclesiastes ࢬᎅΔ֜ၺࢍՀྤធࠃΔਚભഏऄࡴڇ Schwartz ூ56 ࢬጠ٤ຝհᚭᏣထ܂ױאᖺᜍګ 36 ጟൣउΔਚᜰࠏۖߢΔڕڶԳუᐷᐊᏣ ءΔ༴૪ోપ South Bronx ᤞኘհسΔהଚലৰ۞ྥچႛ౨༴ᢄψᔨ ΕݒՖΕָஈΕᐒඵ߫ᔖωፖࠠڶფዿᥞۨอ࣍堬հᤞኘಳດحᆞ ृհൣནࠀ٨ΖԾࠏڕڇকᙠ೯܂ᐙׂࢨሽီᐙႃΔࠡᠲΕൣፃΕᆏ݁ ᥆ઌۿΖڼጟᠲΕൣᆏΕࠃٙհႉݧ֜መཏሙΔאી࣍ឈྥઌۿΔ܀սլ ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨΖ ڼঞႳ৵ڍூࠏࢬ֧شΔא܂ܒឰထ܂ᦞݻհഗᄷ57Ζࠏ ڕΔڇ 1984 ڣ Landsberg ூխΔऄࡴܛጠΚψૉ।ሒਢᄭ۞ཏຏլ࠹অᥨ հ৸უΔۖࠡ।ሒֱऄԾএؘྥॵᙟ࣍৸უհཏຏؘནΔঞรԲ܂ृ᜕ এດᓤ፹รԫ܂ृհ।ሒΔรԲ܂ृٍլॿ୭ထ܂ᦞΔܡঞլ໓ᓿղรԫ 55Scenes a Faire ࣁݤЎǴScene ཀࡰᔍቃύϐѲඳǵᕉნǴԿܭ a Faire ߾ࡰȨaction to be doneȩǴΏࡰӧᔍቃ܈ᄺቃύǴόёᗉխӦ٬Ҕϐख़ाඳǴsee 4 Nimmer,
su-pra note 34, § 3.03[B][4].
56
Schwarz v. Universal Pictures Co., 85 F. Supp. 270 (S.D. Cal. 1949).
57
ЇҔԜղ،ϐਢٯཱུӭǴٯ See v. Durang, 711 F.2d 141, 143 (9th Cir. 1983) (“[T]he court properly applied the [scenes a faire] doctrine to hold unprotectable forms of expression that were either stock scenes or scenes that flowed necessarily from common unprotectable ideas.”).
܂ृឆ៲ڇؘནհ৵հࠠڶཏሙࢤ৸უհᗑᦞ58Ζω Nimmer ڇ࿇୶ࠡຑᥛመៀྒྷᇢऄழΔࠡࢬጠհψඈೈ࿓ڤխ࠹؆ຝڂ ై֭ࢬݮګհګ։ωΔٍਢഗ࣍ψؘྥནঞωΔᎁܒឰሽᆰ࿓ڤထ ܂ᦞհॿ୭ழΔऄೃؘႊലຍࠄݙګᇠ࿓ڤࡳפ౨ࢬլױࢨࢨ۟֟ਢᑑ ᄷֱڤհګ։ଵೈΔࠡխץਔഗ࣍࿏᧯ᑑᄷΕຌ᧯ᑑᄷΕሽᆰ፹ທᐗ ऱૠᑑᄷ֗ሽᆰ࿓ڤࠌشृհᄐՂክࢬݮګհ٥ٵຝ։Ζ
9.2
ࡦདᇄߒႀӫځনࠌ
ࢬᘯ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓঞΰThe merger doctrine of idea and expressionαএ ਐᅝ৸უፖ।ሒլױ։ᙃΰindistinguishableαΕլױ։ᠦΰinseparableαΔࢨ ᅝ।ሒࡳհ৸უհֱऄႛڶԫጟΰonly meansαࢨᄕࠡڶૻΰlimited num-ber of waysαழΔঞ।ሒፖ৸უٽࠓΔൕۖΔထ܂ၴհ।ሒ᜕ྥኔᔆઌۿΔ ٍլዌګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭Ζ
ร߲ಱՂ္ऄೃ࣍ 1971 ڣڇ Herbert ூխΔᐉڶᣂᨣՂ፫ᇎݮणհ ఇᣪܑಾΰjeweled bee pinsαհထ܂ᦞञᤜழΔܒެጠΚڇఇᣪՂᨣא፫ᇎ հఇᣪݮणႛ౨ڶԫጟܑհ।ሒֱڤΰjewelry pin in the form of a jewel en-crusted bee held only capable of a particular form of “expression”αΖڇڼጟ৸უ ፖ।ሒլױ։ᙃࢨլױ։ᠦհൣउΔݻהԳհ।ሒലլऄ৳ࢬᆃΰcopy-ing the expression will not be barredαΔڂڇڼൣउՀΔऄ৳ڕঅᥨᇠ।ሒ ല࣍ኙ৸უղྤයٙ֗ྤૻࠫհᗑঅᥨΔۖڼբ၌။ഏᄎمऄრቹհ ᒤ59Ζ
ڂڼΔڕ܂հ৸უፖ।ሒএլױ։ᙃழΔঞࠡ৵հ܂հ।ሒֱڤ᜕
58
Landsberg v. Scrabble Crossword Game Players, Inc., 736 F.2d 485, 489 (9th Cir. 1984) (“[A] second author does not infringe even if he reproduces verbatim the first author’s expression, if that expression constitutes stock scenes that flow necessarily from common unprotectable ideas, because to hold otherwise would give the first author a monopoly on the common-place ideas behind the scenes a faire.”) (citation omitted).
59
ྥፖᇠ܂ڶኔᔆհઌۿΔٍآ౨אॿ୭ထ܂ᦞᓵᚵΖ۞ᇠூא৵Δڼψլ ױ։ᠦհ।ሒωᨠ࢚ร߲ಱՂ္ऄೃࢬլឰආش60Δࠡהऄೃঞࠌش ψഒࡐچٽࠓωΰinextricably merged togetherαհΔᎁ।ሒፖ৸უڕ ߂լױ։ழΔࠌش৸უലլױᝩ܍ॿ୭।ሒհֱڤΔڼழགشהԳ৸უឈլ ܍ݻהԳհ।ሒΔ܀սլዌګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭61Ζ
ऄೃڇᐉڶᣂሽᆰຌ᧯ထ܂ᦞհञᤜழΔٍආشڼጟٽࠓঞܒឰ հഗ៕Ζڇ1983 ڣհ Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corporation ԫூխ62ΔܫFranklin ֆլܡᎁݻܫ Apple ֆհ 14 ጟሽᆰ܂ᄐߓ อ࿓ڤΰoperating system programαΔ܀ݼጠሽᆰ܂ᄐߓอ࿓ڤፖᚨش࿓ڤ լٵΔࠀॺထ܂ᦞऄࢬঅᥨհᑑऱΔۖΔԱࠌಾኙ Apple ֆሽᆰࢬၲ ࿇հຌ᧯౨ۍ։հۍڇᇠֆࢬسขհሽᆰՂࠌشΔࠌشፖܫֆࢬᐊհ Autostart Rom ݙ٤ԫᑌհ࿓ڤԯਢؘႊऱΔڂڼΔޣ Franklin ֆ۞۩ᐷ ᐊ܂ᄐ࿓ڤࠃኔՂլױ۩ΰnot feasibleαΖऄࡴ Sloviter ೈ֧ᆖᖕࠢᒔᎁሽᆰ ܂ᄐߓอ࿓ڤױထ܂ᦞঅᥨհᑑऱ؆Δࠀܒެጠૉڇ Apple ֆհ܂ᄐ ߓอ࿓ڤհ؆Δ౨໌ທࠡה࿓ڤאച۩ፖ Apple ֆհ܂ᄐߓอ࿓ڤઌٵհ פ౨ΔঞڼApple ֆհ܂ᄐߓอ࿓ڤ৸უհ।ሒΰexpression of ideaαۖ ထ܂ᦞऄࢬঅᥨΖڂڼΔءூհૹរڇ࣍ެࡳਢܡڇءூհൣݮΔ৸უፖ ।ሒբᆖٽࠓΰwhether the expression and idea have mergedαΖچֱऄೃᓳ ࣠Δࠀآ࿇ٚ۶ᢞᖕᢞࣔ Apple ֆհ܂ᄐߓอ࿓ڤሒګ Apple ֆ ৸უհഄԫֱऄΰonly meansαΔਚ Apple ֆհ࿓ڤࠠڶ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨ
60
See, e.g., Rachel v. Banana Republic, Inc., 831 F.2d 1503, 1507 (9th Cir. 1987) (“Even
simi-larity in expression is noninfringing when the nature of the creation makes simisimi-larity neces-sary.”); McCulloch v. Albert E. Price, Inc., 823 F.2d 316, 320 (9th Cir. 1987); Frybarger v. Int’l Bus. Mach. Corp., 812 F.2d 525, 530 (9th Cir. 1987); Sid & Marty Krofft Television Prod., Inc. v. McDonald’s Corp., 562 F.2d 1157, 1168 (9th Cir. 1977).
61
See, e.g., Franklin Mint Corp. v. Nat’l Wildlife Art Exch., Inc., 575 F.2d 62 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 880 (1978).
62
հᔞΖʳ
ڇছ༿ Landsberg ூխΔऄࡴೈ֧شছ༿ؘནঞ؆Δٍٵழൕױ ᙇᖗֱऄհڍኒܒឰထ܂ᦞঅᥨհᒤΔࠡܒެጠࠟጟ܂ਢܡڶኔᔆࠉࠡ ܂հࢤᔆۖࡳΔڕࠉ܂հࢤᔆΔኙ৸უհ।ሒֱऄᄕࠡڶૻΰnarrow range of expression of the ideasαΔঞ᜕ྥࠡ।ሒֱڤբਢດᓤ፹ΰverbatim reproductionαࢨࠟ܂ڶॺൄ൷२հრᆠΰvery close paraphrasingαΔٍլ ౨ᘯॿ୭ထ܂ᦞΖࠏڕΔڇઝ֤܂ΰfictional worksαհൣݮΔڇᏣൣ ዌ ΰsetting α Ε ࠃ ٙ ࿇ س հ ڻ ݧ ΰ sequence of incidents α ֗ Ꮳ խ հ ߡ ۥ ΰcharacterizationαژڶྤૻױ౨հ᧢֏ΰinfinite variationsαΔਚດݻࢨ ࠌشრᆠᄕ൷२հဲࡐྥࣔ᧩բዌګॿ୭ΔڇዌΕڻݧࢨߡۥհઌۿ ٍዌګݻΖ֘հΔڇᐊኔհ܂ΰfactual worksαΔհֱऄᄕࠡڶૻΔ ᜕բດݻΰdespite verbatim copying of expressionαΔ܀รԫ܂ृհ।ሒ ֱऄਝএؘྥॵᙟ࣍ᇠ৸უհཏຏནΰstock sceneαΔਚլዌګထ܂ᦞհ ॿ୭63Ζʳ
ڼጟψ।ሒֱڤڶૻঞ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓωհᓵٍᔞشڇڶᣂሽᆰ࿓ڤ ထ܂ᦞհञᤜΖڇছ༿ 1990 ڣհ Lotus ூΔऄࡴٍᎁΚଣ৸უհ।ሒֱ ऄԼ։ڶૻΰa quite limited number of the possible ways of expressing an ideaαΔঞ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓΰmergerαΖ܀ᆖֺለؑՂԿጟขΰVisiCac, Lotus 1-2-3 ֗ Microsoft’s Excelαא৵ΔᎁԿጟሽᆰຌ᧯ឈ݁ڇ।ሒ٥ٵհ ৸უ ሽᇢጩ।ΰan electronic spreadsheetαΔ܀।ሒֱڤኔᔆՂݙ٤լ ٵΔ᧩ྥᙇਐחዌΰmenu command structureα।ሒֱڤڶڍጟΔൕۖ ܫհVP-Planner ࿓ڤݻܫհ Lotus 1-2-3 ࿓ڤܛዌګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭64Ζʳ
ࠃኔՂΔNimmer ڇࠡࢬ༼נհຑᥛመៀྒྷᇢऄழΔࠡխհψඈೈ࿓ڤ խڂ᧤ᙀΕயڂైࢬ֭հګ։ωܛආڼٽࠓঞΔ്ሽᆰ࿓ڤ৸უհ
63
NEIL BOORSTYN, COPYRIGHT LAW § 10:14 (Clark Boardman Callaghan, Cumulative Supp. 1992).
64
।ሒֱڤ᜕ڶڍጟΔ൫ଣഗ࣍࿓ڤച۩հயەၦΔ࿓ڤհૠृ౨૰ ᙇᖗԫጟࢨࠟጟ।ሒֱڤΔڂؘۖႊඈೈࠡה।ሒֱڤழΔᇠࡳऱ।ሒല լ٦࠹অᥨΔࠀᜰڶᣂᇷறሽᆰ࿓ڤհ᧤ᙀዝᢂऄΰalgorithmαհڶૻ ࢤࠏΔᎁ່ڶயհ࿓ڤച۩ֱऄਝਢڶૻΔঞ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓΔۖᚨ ղඈೈڇኔᔆֺለհᒤհ؆Ζʳ
9.3
ࡦདᇄߒႀӫځনࠌӵרѧݲᄂϞၼҢ
ࣨᖯچֱऄೃᛀኘᆟ 82 ڣೠᥛڗร 179 ᇆլದ္։ጠΚψܒឰ܂ ਢܡݻΔࡐאԲृၴኔᔆઌۿഗᄷΔ൫ࢬᘯኔᔆઌۿΔԯਐ।ሒֱڤ ΰThe manner in which an idea is expressedαհઌۿΔॺᨠ࢚հઌۿΖܫ ࣥϤពΕܫ္Գֆࢬ।ሒհՖشᇿᕀΔࠡࢤᔆ݁ᐊኔհ܂ ΰfactual worksαΔઃא႕ۥᒵය।ሒΔֱऄᄕڶૻΰnarrow range of expression of the ideasαΖൕۖΔܫࣥϤពආشհዌቹֱڤΔ᜕ፖܫ္Գ ֆհ܂Δࠠڶ༓։ઌۿΔٍᣄຕᎁݻ65Ζω ່ऄೃ 86 ڣՂڗร 3391 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެޓၞԫޡᤩΚڕ।ሒհֱڤ ࠀॺڶૻழΔঞ᜕ྥᨠ࢚ױݻΔ܀ࠡ।ሒսױ౨ዌګॿᦞΖᇠܒެጠΚ ψܫࠌشհόዼഡቹύፖՂ္Գுထ܂ᦞڇ٣հڕܒެॵቹԫ A ቹ ᑌΔࡐ݁אόዼഡύᠲΔᄭ۞אόዼύόഡύհٵԫ࿙ᇩᨠ࢚Δ ྥόዼύհীኪྫڕόԳύհীኪΔٺڶլٵΔόഡύհ۪ထቹᑌ֗೯ ܂ΔٍࠀॺԫીΖۖࠃኔՂءூࠟृհഗءীኪፖቹᑌᐛΔඈ٨ֱڤΕᒵ ቹᑌΔ༓२ሼٵΔڶࠟृհቹூڇ࠴ױᇷֺኙΖᣊڼൣउΔ౨ܡᘯࠟृႛ এᄭ۞ઌٵհᨠ࢚ࢨנ۞ᨠ࢚հݻΔۖլ㶢֗ᠲࢨᨠ࢚।ሒݮڤհݻ Δ墌ڶઔޣհ塒چΖωڼԲऄኔ೭ூࠏհփ୲ឈآ༼֗ψ৸უፖ।ሒٽ ࠓωհټΔ܀բڶ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓհኔΖ 65 ᑵరЬጓǴඟຏ23Ǵ। 2105Ƕ10. !"
10.1 ശଽݲڍրؚ֯հ᠌ݲ߳៖Ϟጒ൜ᘗЅܻߨ
МԅԙϷȂᄇܻհΡඪټᔖԤϞ߳៖
۞ 1930 ڣזၲࡨΔભഏᜤ߶ऄೃհထ܂ᦞऄூࠏբኙ࣍ԫထ܂հॺ ֮ڗګ։༼ࠎঅᥨΔ߱վྤᓵਢᇠഏհऄኔ೭ࢨᖂृߠᇞ݁ශྤฆߠΖሽ ᆰ࿓ڤຝ։Δ1980 ڣհ Whelan ூଈၲࠡጤΔᒔᎁሽᆰ࿓ڤհॺ֮ڗګ։ٍ ᚨղঅᥨΔྥ۞Lotus ூ߱ Altai ூΔભഏᜤ߶Ղ္ऄೃආشࢼွྒྷᇢऄ֗ഗ ࣍৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓঞΔኙױ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհሽᆰ࿓ڤዌղאᣤയհᛀ ီΖࠡ৵Δঅᥨհᒤޓ֗࣍ထ܂հ؆ᨠ֗ტᤚΖ൫ྤᓵආش۶ጟܒឰഗ ᄷΔભഏᜤ߶Ղ္ऄೃᖵڣࠐհߠᇞॺൄࣔᒔΔܛ݁ലሽᆰ࿓ڤհॺ֮ڗګ ։٨Եထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᒤΖ ݺഏ່ऄೃڍڣࠐធ֟ኙ࣍ԫ֮ᖂထ܂հॺ֮ڗګ։ਢܡᚨױ࠹ထ ܂ᦞऄঅᥨ֗ᚨঅᥨհ࿓৫।قࠡߠᇞΔሚᓵሽᆰ࿓ڤထ܂Δᇨભխլ ߩΖ܀2005 ڣא৵Δ່ऄೃছ৵ࠟଡܒެ݁ࣔػقထ܂ᦞऄհঅᥨᒤ ֗࣍ॺ֮ڗຝ։ΔۖץܶዌΕڻݧΕิ៣Εפ౨।հਐחዌΕڻ్פ౨ ।ࢨࡎח༼قڗցΕ؎ႃਐח֗؆ᨠ֗ტᤚΔ༉ထ܂Գᦞ墿հঅᥨۖߢΔ ጠএߺ࿓ᅾհቤழז٣ᦀூࠏΖ10.2 ശଽݲ௴Ңछᖒ٤ݲලႇ௴ҢϞܪຫกၐݲЅ
ᘮଶϞրᘞஅྥȂಒӫႫသแԒϞ੫ܒЅၥଉཾࣨ
Ϟሯؑ
ભഏᜤ߶ऄೃڇኔ೭ሎ܂ՂΔ۞Lotus ூ౻໌ԿైྒྷᇢऄΔ߱ Altai ூ ৬مԿޡᨏྒྷᇢऄַΔࢬආشհሽᆰ࿓ڤհॿᦞܒឰഗᄷբᘊ࣍ګᑵΖLotus ூհรԫైྒྷᇢऄ֗ Altai ூհรԫޡᨏྒྷᇢऄ݁ආش Hand ऄࡴհᇞዌ ऄΔא᧩ሽᆰ࿓ڤխॺ֮ڗګ։հዌΖլٵհڇ࣍ Lotus ூհรԫ ైଫܶ৸უፖ।ሒհܒឰΔۖAltai ூհรԫޡᨏႛૻ࣍ሽᆰ࿓ڤዌհࢼွ֏ΙLotus ூհรԲైྒྷᇢऄၞ۩৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓঞᔞشհᛀီΔڼٍ ᥆Altai ூհรԲޡᨏխመៀऄࢬࠌشհঞΖឈྥࠟூհֱऄᣊۿΔ܀༉৸ უፖ।ሒٽࠓຝ։ΔAltai ூհංዝঞለ Lotus ூ壄ᒯΔ֗࣍ڍጟഗ࣍փ ຝڂై֗؆ຝڂైࢬެࡳۖᙇᖗֱऄᄕڶૻհګ։Ζڼጟៀೈഗᄷࠀᖂ ृNimmer ආش܂ࠡຑᥛመៀऄհៀೈഗᄷΖ ݺഏ່ऄೃڇܒެխ堚ᄑਐࣔΚऄೃᚨ۞۩ࢨࡡಜᦸࡳᖲᣂലሽᆰ࿓ ڤղאᇞዌΔመៀࢨࢼᠦנࠡխᚨ࠹অᥨհ।ሒຝ։Δലࠠڶ৫ࢼွࢤհ ৸უࢨᄗ࢚ֆ٥ತข֗ഗ࣍யࢨሽᆰຌ࿏᧯פ౨؆ຝڂైࢬૻࠫຝ։ղ אៀೈΙ٦༉ܫਢܡམᆖ൷ᤛ۞္Գࢨܫ္Գࢬࠆڶထ܂ᦞঅᥨհ।ሒຝ ։֗Բ࿓ڤၴኔᔆઌۿ࿓৫Δףאܒឰਢܡॿ୭۞္Գࢨܫ္Գհထ܂ᦞճ ճΔࠡܒឰထ܂ॿ୭հഗᄷբፖAltai ூྤΔڼጟࢼᠦΕመៀֺ֗ለհԿޡ ᨏྒྷᇢऄᚨฤٽሽᆰ࿓ڤհࢤ֗ขᄐհᏁޣΖآࠐڶৱᨠኘऱਢݺഏऄೃ ਢܡᄎආભഏᜤ߶ऄೃڶᣂփຝڂై֗؆ຝڂైհٺႈඈೈഗᄷΔ֗ආش ۟۶ጟ࿓৫ۖբΖ
10.3 ശଽݲ௴ҢϞܪᚔȃႆᘮЅШၶϞέ؏กၐݲȂ
ڏրᘞ߭᠌ྥᇄ Whelan ਰड़ณԤտ
໌ࢤԯਢሽᆰ࿓ڤ࠹অᥨհؘයٙΔڇભഏထ܂ᦞऄՂࡐྤ᠇ ૪Δۖጵᨠભഏᜤ߶ऄೃհܒެ֗ᖂृհߠᇞΔWhelan ூࢬආشհႛڶ࿓ڤ հ່ึפ౨এ৸უۖࠡ塒ዌΕڻݧ֗ิ៣݁᥆࠹অᥨհ।ሒհߠᇞΔፖભ ഏᜤ߶ऄೃ۞1879 ڣࠐࢬ৬مհ৸უፖ।ሒ։ঞசᠦΔਚբኧኧࢍࢍ ཆඵΔऄኔ೭֗ᖂृհߠᇞ݁א Hand ऄࡴࢬ༼נհࢼွྒྷᇢऄ៴ءΔ ٦ࠉଡூհࢤެࡳ۶ጟᐋڻհॺ֮ڗհዌࠠڶཏሙࢤࢨࢤΔۖܒឰ ਢܡᚨ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨΖ࣍ച۩ៀೈ࿓ݧழΔኔᔆՂࢬሎشृܛ৸უፖ। ሒ։ঞΖ ݺഏ່ऄೃڇՂ༿ܒެխբࣔᒔ।قኙ࣍ॺ֮ڗຝ։հঅᥨΔԯאࠠ ڶ໌ࢤ٣ެයٙΔߩߠ༉໌ࢤհޣፖભഏऄྤΖ۟࣍ܒឰࠠڶ໌ࢤհዌΕڻݧ֗ิ៣ਢܡ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨԫᆏΔ່ऄೃ༚ጠψ۞ᚨࢨ ࡡطᦸࡳᖲᣂലΰ۞္Գࢨܫ္Գ്ࠆڶထ܂ᦞঅᥨαሽᆰ࿓ڤղאᇞ ዌΔመៀࢨࢼᠦנࠡխᚨ࠹অᥨհ।ሒຝ։Δലࠠڶ৫ࢼွࢤհ৸უࢨᄗ ࢚ֆ٥ತข֗ഗ࣍யࢨሽᆰຌ࿏᧯פ౨؆ຝڂైࢬૻࠫຝ։ղאៀ ೈωΔߩߠ່ऄೃڼጟߠᇞΔፖ Whelan ூొലሽᆰ࿓ڤ່ึפ౨ီ ৸უΔࠡהհዌΕڻݧ֗ิ៣݁ԫᄗီ।ሒݙ٤լٵΖऄೃ 94 ڣ৫Ղޓΰԫαڗร 222 ᇆ٩ࠃܒެא Whelan ூભഏᜤ߶ऄೃࢴགش طΔᎁࡳሽᆰ࿓ڤॺ֮ڗګ։հዌΕڻݧ֗ิ៣լࠠထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᔞ Δۖآᇡߒ Whelan ூհಥࢬڇ֗ࠡભഏᜤ߶ऄೃ৵ᥛܒެࢴথհట إڂΔ᧩֧؈ᆠΖ
10.4 ശଽݲրؚܛᇯٺҢޱࣨ७ᇄѴᢎЅཐឈџڧհ
᠌ݲ߳៖Ȃᇄछᖒ٤ݲϞкࢺրؚཎَࣺӣȂՄ
સђҬܖᄂҢސࠢҏ։ᔖ௶ଶӵհ᠌ݲ߳៖
Ϟጒ൜
ਊ Hand ऄࡴࢬࠌشհࢼွྒྷᇢऄএലሽᆰ࿓ڤᇞዌΔڼڇ֮ᖂထ܂ࡐ ᥆ױ۩Δ܀ڇભ֗ီᦫထ܂ܒឰॿᦞழΔঞԺڶآၚΔਚભഏᜤ߶ऄೃࢭ ᎁ؆ᨠ֗ტᤚٍ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄհঅᥨΔឈ۞ࢼွྒྷᇢऄܒឰآዌګॿᦞΔڶ ؆ᨠ֗ტᤚዌګݻΔսዌګထ܂ᦞհॿ୭Ζࠌشृ૿ຏൄএࠌشቹݮࢨ ฤᇆտ૿Δਢܡॿᦞٍᚨ۞؆ᨠ֗ტᤚܒឰΖ່ऄೃܒެհߠᇞ᥆إ ᒔΖ ൫ྤᓵ۞ᇞዌऄထ֫Δࢨ۞؆ᨠ֗ტᤚܒឰΔڕ࣠ࢬࠌشհ।ሒֱऄႛ ਢψొפ౨ႈؾωΰpurely functional itemαΔᇷಛขᄐࢬࠌشհᑑᄷ ֏ΰstandardizationα֫Δঞࠉ৸უፖ।ሒٽࠓঞΔٍᚨլղঅᥨΔڼܛ ભഏᜤ߶ऄೃ Walker ऄࡴڇ Apple v. Microsoft ூխհܒެ壄ᆠࢬڇ66Ζ66
Walker ऄࡴڇᇠூխࡐྥ।قլٵრ Whelan ூխऄࡴኙ࣍।ሒհঅᥨመ࣍ ᐈᠾհߠᇞΔ܀ਝآܡࡳሽᆰ࿓ڤॺ֮ڗհዌױ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨΔٍآߢ ֗ॺᑑᄷ֏ࢨॺొפ౨ႈؾհࠌشृ૿ࢨ؆ᨠ֗ტᤚܛլᚨ࠹অᥨΖڇ ࿑৵հԫ Apple v. Microsoft ூ67խΔऄࡴ࣍ࠌشመៀऄழΔٍࣔػലࠠڶ פ౨հ।ሒ٨լ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᑑऱ68ΖᇡߢհΔભഏထ܂ᦞऄբ֮ࣔ ࡳኔشढΰuseful articlesαլ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհഗءঞ69Δࠉભഏထ܂ ᦞऄร 101 යհࡳΔኔشढհૠΔႛᅝᇠૠࢬץܶհቹΕቹݮࢨ ᙡࠥհᐛױፖᇠढհኔشࢤᔆ૿։ᠦᙃᢝΔᇠᐛࠀױᗑمژڇழΔ ֱڶ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᔞ70Ζऄࡴᚨᐉ಼հञរڇ࣍Κڼኔشढխࢬܶ հᢌګ։౨ܡፖᇠኔشढڇᨠ࢚ࢨढՂ։ᠦۖᗑمژڇΔᇠᢌګ ։ਢܡ।ሒᇠኔشढհഄԫࢨڶૻֱऄۖբΖ ऄೃآ౨ࣔػ Whelan ூհߠᇞլ࠹৵ᥛܒެགشհటإ ڂΔܛאᇠூࢴགش܂طΔۖᎁሽᆰ࿓ڤհዌլᚨঅᥨΙԾլ 堚ᄑొኔشפ౨ႈؾࢨኔشढΔءܛᚨඈೈڇထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհᒤհഗ ءঞΔܛᝪ܂ሽᆰ࿓ڤհࠌشृ૿լᚨ࠹ထ܂ᦞऄঅᥨհංᓵΔٍ᧩এ 67
Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 779 F. Supp. 133, 136 (N.D. Cal. 1991), aff’d (rev’d as to fees), 35 F.3d 1435, 1444 (9th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1184 (1995).
68
Id. 779 F. Supp. at 136 (“Suppose defendant copied plaintiff’s abstract painting composed
entirely of geometric forms arranged in an original pattern. The alleged infringer could argue that each expressive element (i.e., the geometric forms) is unprotectible under the functional-ity, merger, scenes a faire, and unoriginality theories and, thus all elements should be ex-cluded prior to the substantial similarity of expression analysis.”).
69
ԖᜢԜȨuseful articleȩচ߾ϐፕǴ၁ـ 1 MICHAEL D. SCOTT, SCOTT ON COMPUTER
LAW § 3.25 (2003) (1991); Todd David Marcus, Fostering Creativity in Virtual Worlds:
Eas-ing the Restrictiveness of Copyright for User-Created Content, 55 J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y
U.S.A. 469, 493 (2008).
70
17 U.S.C. § 101 provides: “[T]he design of a useful article, as defined in this section, shall be considered a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work only if, and only to the extent that, such design incorporates pictorial, graphic, or sculptural features that can be identified separately from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article.”.
حመᖿංዝհ᠄ᎄΖ
10.5 ٺҢܪຫกၐݲրᘞ߭᠌ਢȂڏ੫ܒᇄලႇܒϞஅ
ྥӰএਰՄրᘞȂฒݲоМԅ఼ཿࣨۡ
ྤױᆜጊچΔאࢼွྒྷᇢऄհᇞዌᆖΔ٦אψཏሙࢤω֗ψࢤω հ։ᒮΔא܂։৸უፖ।ሒհഗᄷΔԯ່ࠋױ۩հຜஉΖ൫۶ᘯ ཏሙࢤፖࢤΔܑࠡᑑᄷڕ۶ΔԯਢԫܺᣄհംᠲΖHand ऄࡴڇ༼נ ࢼွྒྷᇢऄழΔٍࡖػ۞ࢭΚψڶԳམᆖ౨ജࡐࡳڼᒵ71Ζω30 ڣհ ৵Δڼܺᣄս౨ᇞެΔ৸უፖ।ሒհ։֗ࠡٽࠓսᏁࠉଡூެࡳ72Ζݺ ഏထ܂ᦞऄհمऄ֗ऄೃኔ೭ሎ܂Ղឈբࢭᎁ৸უፖ।ሒڶࢬܑΔ܀ኙ࣍ ܑհֱऄΕᇞዌհመ࿓֗ཏሙࢤࢨࢤհܒឰΕٽࠓհ࿓৫֗ەၦڂై ࡸآڶԵհ։࣫Δڶৱലࠐڇထ܂ᦞऄᓵ֗ኔ೭ޓ壄าհංዝΖ 71Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp., 45 F.2d 119, 121 (2d Cir. 1930) (“Nobody has ever been able fix that boundary, and nobody ever can.”).
72
Peter Pan Fabrics, Inc. v. Martin Weiner Corp., 274 F.2d 487, 489 (2d Cir. 1960) (“Decision must therefore inevitably be ad hoc.”).
!"#
ϛМਪᝲ
Paul Goldstein ထΔᆺࣥΔπᓡထ܂ᦞρΔնতቹנठΔקΰ2000αΖʳ ᇷಛՠᄐၞᄎΔπཕᐝತขᦞܒެნᒳΰԫαထ܂ᦞρΔᇷಛՠᄐၞᄎנठΔק ΰ1993αΖʳ ᘕႂැᒳΔπထ܂ᦞဪܒნᒳΰԲαΰՀαρΔփਙຝٱ۩Δקΰ1996αΖʳ ᢅࣔຏΔπထ܂ᦞऄᓵΰ҉αρΔ5 ठΔഏᎾ೭ऄ৳ࠃ೭ࢬנठΔקΰ2004αΖʳ ᢅࣔຏΔπထ܂ᦞऄᓵΰ҇αρΔ7 ठΔഏᎾ೭ऄ৳ࠃ೭ࢬנठΔקΰ2009αΖ़Мਪᝲ
ABRAMS, HOWARDB., 2 THELAW OF COPYRIGHT (1993).
BOORSTYN, NEIL, COPYRIGHT LAW (Cumulative Supp. 1992). KAPLAN, BENJAMIN, AN UNHURRIED VIEW OF COPYRIGHT (1967).
NIMMER, DAVID, & MELVILLE B. NIMMER, 4 NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT (2005).
SCOTT, MICHAEL D., 1 SCOTT ON COMPUTER LAW (2003) (1991).
SHERMAN, CARY H., SANDISON R. HAMISH & MARC D. GUREN, 1 COMPUTER SOFTWARE P RO-TECTION LAW (1989).
़Мѐ
Byron, Thomas M., As Long as There’s Another Way: Pivot Point v. Charlene Products as an
Accidental Template for a Creativity-Driven Useful Articles Analysis, 49 IDEA 147 (2009).
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