Schmid, 1996) (mapping) (source domain) (target domain) Lakoff &amp

1992: 256

ICM [ (release/spread)] [

(manipulate)] [ (inchoative)] [ (apart)]

ICM

(configuration) ICM

(prepositional) (image schema) (metaphor)

(metonymy)

(Lackoff, 1987)

(Langacker, 1987;

Lackoff, 1987; Johonson, 1987; Ungerer & Schmid, 1996) (mapping) (source domain)

(target domain) Lakoff & Johnson

(1980) 70%

(contiguity) —

ICM

4.1 1: open

[ ]

(container image)

(container metaphor)

Lakoff & Johnson 1980

(substance) There’s a lot of land in Kansas.

(container object) (container substance)

The ship is coming into view; I have him in sight.(Lakoff

& Johnson, 1980)

(44) a.

b.

c.

d.

(ontological metaphor)

(RACE IS CONTAINER OBJECT)

(45) (46)

(45) a. In washing the window, I splashed water all over the floor.

b. How did you get into window-washing as a profession?

c. He is in love.

(46) a.

b.

c.

1

(47) a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

1

(47)a --

(47)b (47)c

(47)d (47)e

Johnson (1987: 47) (restraint removal schema) - 1

- 1 (48) a.

b.

(48)a, b (47)

(48)a, b

1

(construction distribution)

(intransitive resultative) (49)

(49) a. --

b. --

4.1.1 1a

(interior) (boundary)

(exterior) & 1998 - 2(a) [ ]

- 2(b) - 2(c)

- 2

(spread

out) 1 (50)a

(a) (b) (c)

1

& 1998

Boucher &

Osgood, 1969

OPEN IS POSITIVE ² (51)

(50) .

(51) .

4.1.2 1b

(manner)

(52)a.

1 ! b ! a !

2

2071

(52)b.

(52) a.

b.

4.1.3 1c

1

1c: (53) (54)

(53) a.

b.

c.

(54)

(53)a

(blockage)

(53)b

(53)c

(54)

4.1.4 1d

1c

1d (55)a, b

(55)c

(55) a.

b. Sogo

c.

4.1.5 1e

The committee has kept me in the dark about this matter. You’d need an electron microscope to find the point of this article. 2001

Sweester (1990)

(56) a.

b.

(56)a

(56)b

4.1.6 1f

(57) . D2/ 2004/01/12

(58) .

( FORBIDDEN / LIMITED STATE IS A CONTAINER )

(57)

(58)

4.2 2: manipulate

1 open

Johnson (1987: 45) (compulsion schema) 2

ICM

A B

- 3 F1

- 3 2

A B

! ICM - 4

(off)

(on) 1

2

2 1

- 4 2

Time lm tr

F1

2 manipulate Pustejovsky (1995)

(mental space)

( 2001) (59) use

a~d cut, wear, consume, travel (Pustejovsky, 1995)

(59) a. John used the new knife on the turkey.

b. Marry has used sort contact lenses since college.

c. This car uses unleaded gasoline.

d. My wife uses the subway every day.

2

(60) a.

b.

c.

(61) .

(60)a

3

(60)b

(60)c

(61)

* *

* (2000) Copestake &

Briscoe (1995) (blocking)

Grice (Maxim of manner)

3

*

4.2.1 2a

(62)a~d 2

* * *

* *

(62) a.

b.

c.

d.

4.2.2 2b

1 2

[ ]

(63)

(63) .

2 [ ]

- 1 [ ] 2

4

5

- 1 [ ]

4

5 401

4.3 3: start

1 2

(ACTIVITY IS CONTAINER)

(START AN EVENT/ACTIVITY IS TO OPEN A CONTAINER)

3: start (64)a, b

(64) a.

b.

3 [ ]

3

(65) .

(65)

3

kh g ⁶ 3

3 - 2

3 3

- 2 3

3

*

*

(66) a.

b. *

c. *

3

6 g [53]

3

(67) a.

b. *

(68) a.

b. *

(69) a.

b. *

3

1 2

1984: 127 3

(70) a. 1

b.

c.

(71) a. 2

b.

c.

(72) a. *

b. *

c. *

3+X

(73) a.

b.

3 (range)

3 X

X

V (analogy) (reanalysis)

(74) a.

b. Hello Kitty 30 7-11

c.

4.4 4: apart

V-

(Hopper

& Thompson 1984: 736)

Talmy (1991)

(conceptual conflation of events)

(macro-event) (framing event)

(supporting event)

(domain-schematizing) Talmy

V-

4 -O.

V- (iconicity)

2001 Greenberg(1966:103)

(valency) blush (She blushed.)

give (The sales girl gave Jane the parcel.)

(the sales girl) 2001

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ]

4 ICM

ICM

V

Teng(1977) (1998)

Teng (verb-particle)

( theme)

(75) a.

b.

c.

V

(predictable) ⁷ (inception)

V

(1998: 393)

1.

A.

B.

7 This special interpretation of the particle is entirely predictable from the nature of the verb concern. 1977

2.

( )

1. “ ”

( )

2.

(

( ) 1. “ ”

2.

A.

“

”

B.

C. “ ”

( ) 1.

2.

( ) “ ”

“ ”

1.

2. ( )

1.

“ ”

2.

3.

8

- 3 V-

1997 >

(physical) >

- 3 V

V-R

8

4

V

9

4

9 918

10

1.

(76) a.

b.

2.

(77)

1.

(78)

2.

“ ”

(79) a.

b.

10

10

1. (80)

(80)

(81)a (81)b

(81)c

(81) a.

b.

c.

2. (82)a (82)b

(82) a.

b.

10

4. (83)

(83)

1999

(84)

(84)

- 4 4-1

4.4.1 4a

V-

4a 4a

11

4

11

4

(85)a 4a

(85)b

(85) a.

b.

(86) a.

b.

4a 3: start

4

-V V-

3 -V (aspectual verb)

4a V- (phase marker) 1992; 2004

(onset)

(preparatory stage) (87)c The teacher starts to scold

(nucleus) (cancelled) (87)d

(87)d (initial temporal) (realized)

(87) a.

b.

c.

d.

e. *

V- (inchoative)

V Freed (1979: 38-39) - 5

(88)

(89) *

- 5: V V

ONSET initial endpoint NUCLEUS CODA

3

4a

(90) a. *

b. *

c. *

4.5

ICM

ICM

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] 1 start

1a 1b 1c

1d 1e 1f

[ ]

2 manipulate 2a 2b [

] 3 start [ ]

4 apart 4a

- 6

V V

V 4a

(aspect)

(the distribution pattern of action through time) (Talmy, 1985)

26

(1983)

V

- 6

ICM 3: START

2: MANIPULATE 4: APART

1: OPEN

1a:

1b:

1d:

1e:

1f:

2b:

2a: 4a:

1c: