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97-100 國科會成果報告書 國科會成果報告書 國科會成果報告書 國科會成果報告書

鉤藤對 kainic acid 誘發慢性癲癇動物模型治療之研究

計畫類別:****個別型計畫 □整合型計畫

計畫編號:NSC 97-2320-B-039-011-MY3 執行期間:97 年 08 月 01 日至 100 年 7 月 31 日

執行機構及系所:中國醫藥大學針灸研究所

計畫主持人:謝慶良

共同主持人:唐娜櫻、羅婉瑜 計畫參與人員:蒲曉韻

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中文摘要 中文摘要 中文摘要 中文摘要

我們的先前研究已知鉤藤能減少kainic acid(KA)誘發Spragrue-Dawley(SD)

大鼠的癲癇發作,鉤藤的這個作用與氧化自由基的抑制或清除有關。又我們發現 KA誘發癲癇發作大鼠的大腦皮質之macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

和Cyclophilin A都減少,以及KA注射6週後在海馬區可以觀察到mossy fiber sprouting。KA治療後會導致癲癇發作閾值降低,出現再發性的癲癇發作,這種 癲癇發作類似人類mesial temporal lobe epilepsy,主要的病理變化在海馬區。KA 誘發癲癇發作的腦損傷於齒狀核(dentate nucleus)會出現sprouting of mossy fiber,而人類頑固性癲癇小孩死後的組織也有相似的組織再生。選擇性海馬區神 經細胞的損傷和mossy fiber sprouting可以作為癲癇形成和自發性癲癇發作產生 的原因。顳葉性癲癇有海馬硬化(temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis)的患者其海馬區有嚴重的神經細胞喪失,astrogliosis 和mossy fiber sprouting,如此推測海馬區域神經細胞的喪失隨後進行性mossy fiber sprouting 可 以是提供癲癇形成(epileptogenesis)的重要因素。因此,本研究第一年的目的 是建立慢性癲癇動物模型,以及探討鉤藤對KA誘發癲癇病灶形成之效用。結果 顯示SD大鼠於KA腹腔注射誘發癲癇發作6週後:1)大鼠海馬區域Timm’s stain的 optic density(OD)值增加,而鉤藤治療能減少這些Timm’s stain OD值的增加;

2) 海馬CA1和CA3區域的NeuN免疫染色陽性細胞數目減少,但鉤藤治療6週能使 這些減少增加;3) 海馬stratum oriens(SO),stratum radiate (SR)和hilus區域 之glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)免疫染色陽性細胞數目增加,而鉤藤治 療6週能使這些增加減少;4) 海馬CA1,CA3以及Hilus區域的S100B蛋白表現增 加,而這些增加能被鉤藤治療6週的減少;5) 海馬CA1,CA3以及Hilus區域的 GABAA receptor沒有意義的變化,而鉤藤治療6週也不能改變GABAA receptor。

第二年的目的是以蛋白質的表現探討鉤藤的抗癲癇機轉,結果顯示,控制組的蛋 白表現>2 fold正常組和鉤藤組的蛋白點有5個,鉤藤組>2 fold正常組的蛋白點 只有3個。第三年的目的以電氣生理及組織化學染色方法進一步探討鉤藤的抗癲 癇機轉,結果顯示1)大鼠海馬CA1區域的population spike的振幅增加,而鉤藤治 療2週能使這些增加降低;2) 海馬CA1和CA3區域的NeuN免疫染色陽性細胞數目 減少,但鉤藤治療2週能使這些減少增加;3) 海馬區域的GFAP免疫染色陽性細 胞數目增加,而鉤藤治療2週能使這些減少增加;4) 海馬區域的S100B蛋白表現 增加,而這些增加能被鉤藤治療2週減少;5)海馬區域的γ-aminobutyric acid

(GABAA) receptor以及transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1(TRPV1)

receptors沒有意義的變化,而鉤藤治療2週也不能改變GABAA receptor。

基於以上結果,我們推論鉤藤的抗癲癇作用是經由神經保護作用減少神經 細胞死亡來達成。

關鍵詞 關鍵詞 關鍵詞

關鍵詞::::鉤藤鉤藤鉤藤、鉤藤、、慢性癲癇模型、慢性癲癇模型、慢性癲癇模型慢性癲癇模型、、Mossy fiber sprouting、、 、、、Kanic acid,,,蛋白圖譜,蛋白圖譜蛋白圖譜 蛋白圖譜

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Abstract

Our previous studies have known that Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) can reduce epileptic seizures induced by kainic acid (KA), and these effect of UR result from its suppressive and scavenging effect of oxygen free radicals generation. We also find that the reduction of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and cyclophilin A in the cerebral cortex in the KA-induced epileptic seizures rats, and also find that mossy fiber sprouting generates in the hippocampus region 6 weeks after KA administration.

The threshold decreases and became to repeat seizures after KA administration, and this seizure is similar to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in human because the main pathological changes in the hippocampus. KA-induced brain damage results in

generation of mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate nucleus of hippocampus, and that is similar to the reorganization in death child with intractable epilepsy. Selective

neuronal damage and mossy fiber sprouting of hippocampus may be the etiology of epileptogenesis and spontaneous epileptic seizure. Severe loss of neuronal cells, astrogliosis and mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus region in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with hippocampal sclerosis, suggestive that neuronal loss of hippocampus following mossy fiber sprouting may provide an important factor of epileptogenesis. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to establish a chronic epilepsy animal model, and to investigate effect of UR on the epileptogenesis induced by KA in the first year. Results: 1) the optical density (OD) of Tim’s stain in the dentate region of hippocampus increased 6 weeks after KA-induced epileptic seizures in SD, these increase could be decrease by UR treatment; 2) the counts of NeuN immunostaining positive cells decreased in the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus 6 weeks after KA-induced epileptic seizure, and these decrease could be increase by UR treatment; 3) the counts of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immnuostaining positive cells increased in the stratum oriens (SO),stratum radiate (SR) and hilus regions of hippocampus 6 weeks after KA-induced epileptic seizure, and these increase could be reduce by UR treatment; 4) the expression of S100B increased in the CA1, CA3 and hilus region of hippocampus 6 weeks after KA-induced epileptic seizure, and these increase could be reduce by UR treatment; 5) the GABA

(γ-aminobutyric acid ) receptor was no changes in the CA1, CA3 and hilus region of hippocampus 6 weeks after KA-induced epileptic seizure, and also no changes was observed by UR treatment. The purpose of second year was using protein expression of proteomic analysis to investigate the anti-epileptic mechanisms of UR. Results: 5 proteins spot (more than 2 fold than in the normal or UR groups) was fund only in the KA-induced group, and 3 protein spot (more than 2 fold than in the normal group) in the UR groups. The purpose of third year was using electrophysiology and

immunohistochemistry stain to study the anti-epileptic seizure of UR. Results: 1) the

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amplitudes of population spike increased in the hippocampus CA1 region 2 weeks after KA-induced epileptic seizures in SD, these increase could be decrease by UR treatment; 2) the counts of NeuN immunostaining positive cells decreased in the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus 2 weeks after KA-induced epileptic seizure, and these decrease could be increase by UR treatment; 3) the counts of GFAP

immnuostaining positive cells increased in hippocampus 2 weeks after KA-induced epileptic seizure, and these increase could be increased by UR treatment; 4) the expression of S100B increased in the hippocampus region 2 weeks after KA-induced epileptic seizure, and these increase could be reduce by UR treatment; 5) the GABA and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) receptors were no changes in the hippocampus region 2 weeks after KA-induced epileptic seizure, and also no changes was observed by UR treatment

Based on the mentioned-above results, we suggest that the anti-epileptic effect of UR mediates via the neuro-protection and reducing neuronal cells death.

Key words: Uncaria rhynchophylla; chronic epilepsy animal model; Mossy fiber sprouting; Kainic acid; Protemic analysis.

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一 一 一

一、、、、前言前言前言前言

癲癇是因慢性的腦損傷導致一群神經細胞同期性、過度放電、反覆發作的慢性疾 病。台灣至少有10 萬以上的癲癇患者,至目前為止用抗癲癇藥物或手術治療大 約只有75%的癲癇患者可以得到良好控制,其餘的25%則成為困難控制的頑固性 癲癇患者(關尚勇,2001),因此尋求更理想的癲癇治療方法是身為醫師的職責。

癲癇是發作性疾病的一種,根據傳統中醫理論是因肝系中陰與陽間的不平衡,陰 虛而陽亢造成肝風內動的結果,因此中醫治療癲癇用具有平肝熄風的中藥或方 劑,如天麻、鉤藤、石決明,鎮肝熄風湯、天麻鉤藤飲等(孫孝洪,1992)。

Kainic acid(KA)是由Digenea simplex 海藻中分離出來類似麩氨酸鹽(glutamate)

的物質,具有強的神經興奮毒性作用。大鼠或貓腹腔於腦內注射KA所引起的腦 損傷的主要病變部位在海馬區域(hippocampus region),行為出現wet dog shakes,facial myoclonia 和paw tremor 等類似人類複雜性部分性癲癇發作

(complex partial seizure),又稱為精神運動性癲癇(psychomotor seizure)(Ben-Ari, 1985;Nitecka et al., 1984;Schwob et al., 1980;Tanaka et al., 1990;Tremblay et al., 1984;Wuerthele et al., 1978),因此KA能誘發類似人類精神運動性癲癇發作的 動物模式,也能提供hippocampus 區域正常和病理功能的更好理解

(Ben-Ari,1985)。我們先前的研究結果已知Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠腹腔注 射KA(12 mg/kg)約20 分鐘後,會發展出wet dog shakes,paw tremor 和facial myoclonia等行為,wet dog shakes 於注射後60-80 分鐘時達到頂峰,大約維持至 注射後3小時(Hsieh et al., 1999a;Hsieh et al., 1999b;Hsieh et al., 2001a;Hsieh et al., 2001b)。又,鉤藤治療的大鼠能減少KA誘發的癲癇發作,鉤藤的這個作用 與氧化自由基的抑制或生成有關(Hsieh et al., 1999a)。鉤藤和天麻對於抗癲癇,

兩者有協同互補的作用(Hsieh et al., 1999b)。鉤藤於大鼠能抑制hippocampus 區域KA誘發的apoptosis、microglia activation,以及inducible nitric oxide synthase

(iNOS)和neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS)陽性染色細胞(Tang et al., 2010)。

有研究發現鉤藤對於N-methyl-D-asparate(NMDA)誘發的神經細胞損傷 有保護作用(Lee et al., 2003a),以及經由抑制NMDA誘發的apoptosis 來保護 NMDA 所引起的細胞毒性(Lee et al., 2003b)。KA治療後會導致癲癇發作閾值

(threshold)的全體的減少,造成晚期的自發性癲癇活動(spontaneous seizure activity)(Sperk, 1993)。KA誘發癲癇發作持續狀態後,會出現連續性、再發 性的癲癇發作,這種遲發性自發性癲癇發作十分類似人類mesial temporal lobe epilepsy,主要的型態變化在海馬區(Morimoto et al., 2004)。KA誘發癲癇發作 的腦損傷在齒狀核會出現sprouting of mossy fiber,這種現象在人類頑固性癲癇小 孩死後的組織也有相似mossy fibre pathway 的組織再生(reorganization)(Sperk, 1993)。選擇性神經細胞的損傷和mossy fiber sprouting可以作為癲癇形成和自發 性癲癇發作產生的原,雖然有研究指出在電氣刺激杏仁核(amygdala)引發癲癇 發作大鼠的海馬區域(hippocampus)之mossy fiber sprouting與神經細胞損傷

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(neuronal damage)的嚴重度有相互關係,但mossy fiber sprouting並不需要伴隨 自發性癲癇(spontaneous seizure)的發生(Nissinen et al., 2001),以及在杏仁 核和海馬區域電刺激點燃(kindling)大鼠的mossy fiber sprouting 不因損傷產生 而靠著神經細胞的活化(neuronal activation)(Adams et al., 1997)。有的研究 發現在Ihara 癲癇大鼠的全身性強直性─陣攣性癲癇發作(generalized tonic and clonic convulsion)和海馬齒狀回(dentate gyrus)分子層(molecular layer )的 mossy fiber sprouting,兩者之間有正相關的關係(postive correlation),因此推 論mossy fiber sprouting 是一種由於突觸間組織再生(synaptic reorganization)的 續發性型態轉變,也就是由於癲癇放電之構造上的神經可塑性(structural

neuroplasticity)(Amano et al., 1999)。在顳葉性癲癇有海馬硬化(temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis)的患者發現海馬區有嚴重的神經細胞喪失,

astrogliosis 和mossy fiber sprouting,這些型態上的轉變是一種新的功能性突觸的 形成(the formation of new functional synapses),如此推測海馬區域神經細胞的 喪失隨後進行性mossy fiber sprouting 可以是提供癲癇形成(epileptogenesis)的 重要因素。又,mossy fiber sprouting 伴隨著突觸密度增加,說明mossy fiber terminal 不僅是構造的,而且可能也是功能的,這些功能性glutamatergic mossy fiber terminals與顆粒細胞的樹狀突(dendrites of granule cell)間發生突觸可以作 為癲癇發作的開始(Proper et al., 2000)。在癲癇大鼠,Aberrant mossy fiber sprouting 增加了顆粒細胞和增加癲癇發作敏感性之間的興奮性連接(excitatory connection),以及aberrant mossyfiber sprouting 的發展和癲癇發作的進展,兩者 之間有相互關係,因此mossy fiber sprouting 可以形成一個興奮性環繞(excitatory circuit)而提供顳葉癲癇的慢性狀態(Rao et al., 2006)。在小鼠以pilocarpine 誘 發癲癇持續狀態(status epilepticus)4-8 weeks 後,可以看到豐富的mossy fiber sprouting 進入內分子層(inner molecular layer),而所有小鼠發生自發性癲癇發 作。Pilocarpine誘發癲癇持續狀態所引起的行為和組織變化和顳葉性癲癇的發生 有密切的一致性。慢性癲癇動物模型(chronic epilepsy animal model)可作為癲 癇形成的進行之研究(Shibley and Smith, 2002)。在人類頑固性顳葉性癲癇患者 的顳葉皮質的brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF)的蛋白質濃度明顯的比 控制組增加2 倍,BDNF 的增加和neuropeptide Y(NPY)呈現有意義的相互關 係,推測BDNF 參與人類癲癇的形成包括NPY 的誘導(induction)在內(Takahashi et al., 1999)。有研究在pilocarpine治療大鼠的杏仁核注入BDNF,結果在海馬齒 狀回的顆粒層的mossy fiber axon 可以看到NPY 和BDNF 表現增加,以及mossy fiber sprouting 和對pilocarpine發作敏感,因此支持BDNF在海馬可以促進、強化 地驅動,癲癇發作活動的假說(Scharfman et al., 2002)。在大鼠的腹腔KA後12 到 24小時,可以在不同區域的腦組織增加BDNF(Katoh-Semba et al., 1999)。又,

在成人小鼠的dorsal hipoocampus注入KA 增大的顆粒細胞(granule cells)出現 BDNF 和TrK B,這個增加從KA 注射後的2到16週,維持到達12個月(Inoue et al., 1998)。癲癇發作大鼠的腦組織呈現BDNF 和NPY 兩者之間的動態(dynamic)

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和時間(temporal)的連結轉變,牽涉到癲癇的形成,推測BDNF 和NPY 兩種 物質之間在神經網路興奮的調節有功能上的連結(Vezzani et al., 1999)。由於 BDNF 在海馬內注射,急性期能導致過渡興奮(hyperexcitability)和癲癇發作活 動而促進癲癇形成,以及誘發自發性癲癇放電和引起glutamate 釋放等,但慢性 的連續注射exogenous BDNF 則會減少TrKB 的表現和TrK 磷酸化作用,導致喪 失對BDNF 的反應而抑制癲癇形成,所以認為BDNF 對癲癇形成的效應不在於 mossy fiber sprouting 而在於對excitability(Xu et al., 2004)。延長癲癇發作引發 長期間NPY在mossy fiber 的表現,NPY 從再發的mossy fiber 末端被自發性的釋 放(Nadler et al., 2007)。NPY 扮演一個有意義的角色於過渡興奮的情況

(condition of hyperexcitability)調節海馬的功能(Vezzani et al., 2002)。在KA 治 療大鼠於癲癇發作的急性期引發細胞外海馬NPY 表現增加,NPY 濃度的增加有 可能是減輕癲癇發作的一個內源性機制(Husum et al., 1998)。當基因體序列開 啟生物系統研究新的門後,後基因時代(post-genomic era)必須尋求如何轉譯這 個DNA 序列的訊息進入活細胞(living cells)、組織、和有機體(organization)

的理解,其中最主要的目標是去描繪蛋白質的功能、生物醫學的路徑和網路(Hust and Grant 2001)。蛋白質體(proteomics)與基因體(genomics)相類似,它是 蛋白質層次(protein level)大範圍基因表現(gene expression)的研究,特別在 蛋白質的功能和構造,它的優點勝過基因表現影像,能夠快速分析蛋白質的標記

(protein markers)(Wilkins et al., 1996;Wilkins 2002; Butterfield et al. 2006)。

蛋白質體能從單一樣本中包括蛋白質的分開、鑑定和量化(quantification)做分 析,它主要由兩個階段所組成:1)蛋白質的分離(separation of proteins),通常 用two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE)來分離蛋白質;2)蛋白質的分析和 鑑定(protein analysis and identification),主要是利用質譜分光計檢法(mass spectrometry)來分析和鑑定蛋白質(Lubee et al., 2003; Butterfield et al. 2006)。

蛋白質的決定比RNA 更貼近它的功能,類似基因體圖譜(mapping of genome)

一般,將發展出人類和動物腦的蛋白質圖譜(Quadroni and Lames 1999; Celis et al., 1998)。有研究指出蛋白質體也能用於腦缺血─再灌流損傷時所產生氧化緊迫

(oxidative stress)之相關抗氧化蛋白及它的同分異構物(isoforms)如superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1)和SOD2(Lubee et al., 2003)之識別。此外,蛋白質體也能 用來識鑑別藥物活性的生物標記(biomarkers)作為監測治療和毒性的反應

(Wilkins 2002)。有研究指出2-DE 配合Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF MS)和Nanoscale capillary LC-MS/MS 能夠做完整的蛋白質分析,提供蛋白質構造的訊息,鑑定和 轉譯後修飾的分析(analysis of posttranslational modifications)(Liu and Schey, 2005; Lo et al., 2007 a,b),其應用於蛋白質分析的範圍甚為包括血漿(plasma)、

血液(blood)、血球(blood cells)、腦脊髓液(cerebrospinal fluid)、組織(tissue)

包括腦組織、細胞(cells)、尿液(urine)和唾液(saliva)等(Aldred et al., 2004)。

我們先前的研究,在大鼠利用腹腔注射KA 誘發癲癇發作後,其腦組織的

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proteomic analysis of biomarker 的分析, 結果2-DE 和MASS assay 都顯示癲癇 發作大鼠的大腦皮質 macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)和Cyclophilin A 都減少;Western blot 顯示癲癇發作大鼠大腦皮質的MIF 和Cyclophilin A 的 蛋白質表現,以及RT-PCR 也顯示MIF 和Cyclophilin A 的基因表現減少(Hsieh et al., 2007)。

研究目的 研究目的 研究目的 研究目的::

因此,本研究的目的是建立慢性癲癇動物模型,以及探討鉤藤對KA誘發癲癇病 灶形成之效用及其機轉。我們在SD 大鼠腹腔注射KA (12 mg/kg)分別於KA 後2週後、6週後探討大鼠海馬區域電氣生理、病理組織以及蛋白質的表現,藉此 進一步的瞭解鉤藤的抗癲癇機轉。

二 二 二

二、、、、材料與方法材料與方法材料與方法材料與方法 1、鉤藤的萃取

鉤藤的製作是委託柯達科學中藥有限公司(桃園、台灣),將8000克的粗藥材加 8倍70%酒精煎煮35分鐘後過濾,濃縮,冷凍乾燥後得到566.63克(7.08%)的鉤 藤萃取物。將所得的萃取物以rhynchophylline(Matsuura Yakugyo Co., Ltd)作為 high performance liquid chromatography system (HPLC)鑑定鉤藤的標準品。

2、動物

本研究使用雄性SD大鼠,重量介於200-300克之間,它們購置於樂斯科動物科技 股份有限公司,飼養於中國醫藥學大學動物中心,採12 小時明暗控制和中央空 調系統調節溫度和溼度。實驗過程依據實驗動物倫理規範來進行。

3、慢性癲癇動物模型的建立,以及鉤藤對kainic acid 誘發癲癇病灶形成之效用 (1)電極的裝置

在SD大鼠的腹腔注射chloral hydrate(400 mg/kg),待動物麻醉後,將它們的頭 部固定於動物立體定位儀上,用剪刀剔除頭上的毛髮,之後用外科手術刀片從大 鼠頭部的正中線切開,並剝離使露出頭骨。用不鏽鋼的螺絲電極穿過頭蓋骨置於 兩側感覺運動皮質的硬腦膜上,做為記錄電極。另一不鏽鋼之螺絲電極放置於前 額竇上,做為參考電極。將兩電極線綁在大鼠頸部的肌肉,記錄表面肌電圖,最 後將所有電極連接到一個連結器上,並用牙粉將連結器固定於大鼠的頭部。電極 至少裝置4天後才施行實驗,記錄時將電極線從連結器接到腦波肌電圖記錄器

(MP 100WSW Biopac system,Inc.,Califonia,USA)。

(2)實驗流程

動物隨機分組後,腹腔注射KA前的15分鐘開始到注射後的3小時為止,觀察SD 大鼠的腦波和肌電圖,以及行為變化確定癲癇發作。KA誘發大鼠癲癇發作的腦

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波包括散在spike或sharp wave,以及continuous spikes 或continuous sharp

activities;行為包括wet dog shakes,paw tremor,facial myoclonia 或tonic posture,

generalized tonic-clonic seizure等。KA 腹腔注射後6 weeks用chloral hydrate(400 mg/kg)腹腔注射將大鼠麻醉後,經心臟灌流(0.37% sodium sulfide solution)

犧牲取腦,再用4% paraformaldehyde 作後固定。腦組織取出後浸于4%

paraformaldehyde 及30%之sucrose中脫水。待脫水完全之後將標本用cryotome 成40 µm(Timm’s stain)及16 µm(Hematoxylin-eosin 及immunohistochemistry stain)之切片,貯存於冷凍切片從-80℃冰箱中,用時取出。

▓▓

▓▓第一年第一年第一年第一年

分為實驗一和實驗二 分為實驗一和實驗二 分為實驗一和實驗二 分為實驗一和實驗二

★★

★★實驗一實驗一實驗一實驗一 1. 實驗分組

將18隻SD大鼠隨機分三組,每組六隻如下:

(a)正常組:用PBS(phosphate-buffer saline solution,1.0 ml/kg)溶液腹腔注射,

6 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

(b)控制組:腹腔注射KA(12 mg/kg),6週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

(c)鉤藤組:KA(12 mg/kg)腹腔注射後隔日開始,口服鉤藤1.0 g/kg/日,每週5 日,連續6週,最後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

2. Hematoxylin-eosin staining(HE,蘇木素伊紅染色法)

冷凍切片從-80℃冰箱取出後,先在室溫下放置10 分鐘使其乾燥,接著使用4%

paraforaldehyde 固定5 分鐘,將切片置於流動自來水中,沖洗5 分鐘,將切片浸 泡到蘇木素染缸中1 分鐘,接著將切片取出於流動自來水中沖洗10分鐘,沖洗完 將切片浸泡在伊紅素染缸中染色1 min。之後以漸增酒精濃度方式(75%,95

%,100%)脫水,經二甲苯浸潤組織三次後後,以封片膠濕潤封片。在光學顯微 鏡20倍下,觀察下針處海馬的完整性,並在光學顯微鏡400倍下觀察同側及對側 海馬區的神經細胞。

3. Imunohistochemistry stain(IHC,免疫組織化學染色)

(i) Glial fibrillary acid protein(GFAP)染色

本實驗中所使用的初級抗體為抗GFAP 初級抗體(1:200; Oncogene, Cambridge, MA)。將組織以PBS 稍微清洗後,於室溫下與3% H2O2/methanol 共同培養15 分鐘後,再次以PBS清洗一次,接著與10﹪正常動物血清(LsAB kit, Zymed, San Francisco, CA)於室溫下共同培養20 分鐘.培養時間到後,小心拭去血清,並 與初級抗體於室溫下共同培養30分鐘.然後以PBS 清洗3次,每次3分鐘,再與 二次抗體於室溫下共同培養10分鐘,之後重複以PBS 清洗3 次,再與

Ls-AB-peroxidase complex 共同培養10分鐘後,與DAB(Liquid DAB

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substrate kit, Zymed, San Francisco, CA)共同培養2-10分鐘,並以hematoxylin 作 對照染色,封片於光學顯微鏡下觀察。

(ii) NeuN Immunochemistry staining

先將覆載於玻片上之標本,於0.1M 的Tris buffer 中清洗兩次,每次五分鐘。接 著用1%的雙氧水浸泡,30分鐘之後用Tris buffer 清洗。配製Tris A(0.1%

tritonX-100 溶於0.1M之Tris 中)及Tris B(0.1% tritonX-100 及0.005% BSA 溶 於0.1M 之Tris 中),將標本置入清洗各10分鐘。加入normal goat serum(ABC kit, Vector Labs.)靜置45 分鐘後用tris A及B 清洗標本各10分鐘。加入抗體(antisera NeuN 稀釋5000倍)於4℃反應48 小時後用Tris A 及B 清洗標本各10 分鐘。接 著加入二抗(biotinylated secondary antibody against rabbit IgG made in goat, ABC kit, Vector Labs.)靜置45 分鐘後用Tris A 及B 清洗標本各10分鐘。微瀝乾之後,

加入avidin-biotin horseradish peroxidase complex(ABC kit, Vector Labs.)反應1小 時,最後用0.1 M 之Tris buffer 清洗三次,每次5分鐘。玻片微瀝乾後,使用DAB

(diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride)法呈色,並用蘇木紫-伊紅染色(H-E Stain)作counter stain 觀察抗體之表現,呈現棕色之細胞,即為NeuN 表現陽性 的細胞。

3. Timm’s stain

標本於120 ml的50% gum arabic、20 ml 的citrate 緩衝液、60 ml 的hydroquinone 及1 ml的19% silver nitrate 中呈色約60 分鐘。染色須時時觀察其呈情形,適當 呈色後,將玻片於流動的自來水中終止反應。灌流液配方Rat Distilled water NaH2PO4(g) Na2S(g) 400g 400 ml 4.76 4.68在40 倍的顯微鏡下觀察呈色完畢之標 本並用數位像機將影像輸出於電腦中,用圖像分析軟體(Image-Pro Plus 5.1, Media Cybernetics, Inc.)分析光密度。

4. 統計分析

計算海馬區域GFAP、NeuN陽性染色細胞數目,所得之數據,用one-wayANOVA 分析,比較組間之差異是否達到顯著差異(p < 0.05)。Mossy fiber sprouting 的 分析是根據Timm’s stain如下:於海馬齒狀回(dentate gyrus)顆粒層內側(inner molecular layer, IML)繪製一線測量IML光密度(optic density, OD)之平均值,

於顆粒層外側(outer molecular layer, OML)繪製另一線,其OD 即為背景值

(background)。再將OML 之OD 與IML之OD 相減,除以其OD之平均值所得 到之百分比,即為呈色之嚴重度,越濃之呈色會的到越大的百分比。得到之數據,

用one-way ANOVA 分析,比較組間之差異是否 達到顯著差異(p < 0.05)

★★

★★實驗二實驗二實驗二實驗二

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1.實驗分組

將18隻SD大鼠隨機分三組,每組六隻如下:

(a)正常組:用PBS(phosphate-buffer saline solution,1.0 ml/kg)溶液腹腔注射,

6 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

(b)控制組:腹腔注射KA(12 mg/kg),6週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

(c)鉤藤組:KA(12 mg/kg)腹腔注射後隔日開始,口服鉤藤1.0 g/kg/日,每週5 日,連續6週,最後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

2. Imunohistochemistry stain(IHC,免疫組織化學染色)

免疫組織化學然色方法與實驗一相同, 其項目為S100B 和 GABAA

3. 統計分析

The data are presented as mean ± SD, and a one-way ANOVA with Scheffe’s post-hoc test was used to examine differences between the groups. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

▓▓

▓▓第二年第二年第二年第二年 1.1.

1.1. 實驗分組實驗分組實驗分組實驗分組

將 9 隻 SD 大鼠隨機分成三組,每組 3 隻如下

1. 正常組:SD 大鼠腹腔注射 PBS 容液 1.0 ml/kg,6 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

2. 控制組:SD 大鼠腹腔注射 KA (12 mg/kg) ,6 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

3. 鉤藤組:同控制組,但 KA 注射後開始隔日口服鉤藤 1.0 g/kg/日,每週 5 日,連續 6 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

2. 實驗流程 A.

A.

A.

A. 蛋白質抽出蛋白質抽出蛋白質抽出蛋白質抽出(((Protein extractions(Protein extractionsProtein extractions)Protein extractions)))

For two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE), to remove blood by PBS, all tissues were homogenized with 0.5 ml lysis buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, USA) by homogenizer (MagNA Lyser, Roach). The protein lysates were centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 20min at 4℃ and supernatants were collected to do precipitation of acetone for protein purification. The protein pellet was denatured with sample buffer (8M urea, 4% CHAPS, 65mM DTE, 0.5%

ampholytes). The denatured proteins were incubated at 4℃ 2~3 hour before centrifuge 13,000 rpm for 15 mins and measured the protein concentrations, respectively (Lo et al. 2007a,b).

B. 二維膠電泳二維膠電泳二維膠電泳二維膠電泳((((Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, 2-DE)))

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We took 200µg protein extraction per sample for 2D-gel separation. The extracted sample was diluted with rehydration buffer consisted of a 8M urea, 4% CHAPS, 65mM DTE, 0.5% ampholytes, and a trace of bromophenol blue to 350 microliter finally. Then, applying the rehydration solution (containing sample) into 11 cm immobilized pH gradient pH 4-7 IPG strip (ReadyStrip IPG strip, Bio-Rad) overnight. Electrophoresis in the first dimension was focused for a total of 60 kVhr (PROTEAN IEF cell, Bio-Rad) at 20℃ and then stored at -20℃ until SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Before SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, IPG strips were equilibrated with 3 ml of a equilibrium solution containing 50mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 6M urea, 30% glycerol, 2% SDS, a trace of bromophenol blue, and DTE (1

% w/v) for 20 min, and followed with second equilibration for 20 min in the same equilibrium solution containing iodoacetamide (2.5% w/v) instead of DTE.

Finally, strip was transferred to the top of 12% polyacrylamide gels and held in position with molten 0.5% agarose in running buffer containing 25mM Tris, 0.192 M glycine, 0.1% SDS. Gels were run at 16mA/gel for 30 min followed by 50mA/gel for 4~5 hour (Lo et al., 2007a,b).

C. 蛋白質斑點的偵察和資料分析蛋白質斑點的偵察和資料分析蛋白質斑點的偵察和資料分析蛋白質斑點的偵察和資料分析(((Detection of protein spots and data analysis))))Gels were routinely stained with silver nitrate and then scanned by GS-800 imaging Densitometer with PDQuest software version 7.1.1 (Bio-Rad).

Protein spots were quantified and compared using the PDQuest software.

Consistently and significantly overexpressed spots were got the averages in each protein and selected for analysis with Nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (nano LC-MS/MS) (Lo et al., 2007a,b)

D. Enzyme digestion and nano LC-MS/MS analysis.

Each interested protein spot was cuted with pipette tip and transfer into a microcentrifuge tube (0.6 ml). The gel pieces were washed twice with 50µL of 50% acetonitrile (ACN):50% 200mM ammonium bicarbonate for 5 min, shrink with 100% acetonitrile until the gels turned white, then dry the gels for 5 min in a speed vac. At room temperature, The gel pieces were rehydrated in 15µL of 50mM ammonium bicarbonate (37℃, 4 min), and add an equivalent volume (15µL) of trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI) solution (20 ng/µL in 50mM ammonium bicarbonate), incubate at 37℃ for 4 hr or 30℃ for at least 16 hr.

After digestion, vortex and spin down the gel pieces, the supernatants were the peptides solution and storage at -20℃ until mass analysis.

Nanoscale capillary LC-MS/MS was used to analyze the meaningful proteins involved in the reaction. All analysis was performed using an Ultimate capillary

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LC system (LC Packings, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) coupled to a QSTARXL quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystem/MDS Sciex, Foster City, CA, USA). The nanoscale capillary LC separation was performed on a RP C18 column (15 cm75 m i.d.) with a flow rate of 200 nL/min and a 60 min linear gradient of 5-50% buffer B. Buffer A contained 0.1%

formic acid in 5 % aqueous ACN; buffer B contained 0.1% formic acid in 95%

aqueous ACN. Data acquisitions were performed by Automatic Information Dependent Acquisition (IDA; Applied Biosystem /MDS Sciex). The IDA automatically finds the most intense ions in a TOF MS spectrum, and then performs an optimized MS/MS analysis on the selected ions. The product ion spectra generated by nanoLC-MS/MS were searched against NCBI databases for exact matches using the ProID program (Applied Biosystem/MDS Sciex) and the MASCOT search program. Carbamidomethyl cysteine was set as a fixed modification, while serine, threonine, tyrosine phosphorylation and other modifications were set as variable modifications. All phosphopeptides identified were confirmed by manual interpretation of the spectra (Lo et al., 2007a,b).

3.3.

3.3. 資料分析資料分析資料分析資料分析

分析各組鼠腦海馬 mossy fiber sprouting 區蛋白質的表現,根據蛋白質之表現 推測 KA 誘發慢性癲癇形成蛋白質的角色及鉤藤效用之機制。

▓第三年第三年第三年第三年

總共30隻SD大鼠被研究,分成實驗一、實驗二和實驗三

★實驗一:電氣生理學研究

1. 實驗分組

將9隻SD大鼠隨機分成三組,每組3隻如下

1)正常組:SD 大鼠腹腔注射 PBS 容液 1.0 ml/kg,2 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

2)控制組:SD 大鼠腹腔注射 KA (12 mg/kg) ,2 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

3)鉤藤組:同控制組,但 KA 注射後開始隔日口服鉤藤 1.0 g/kg/日,每週 5 日,連續 2 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

2. 電氣生理紀錄(electrophysiological recordings)

Adult male SD rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and decapitated. The brains were quickly removed and placed in ice-cold artificial CSF (ACSF) containing the

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following (mM): 119 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 26.2 NaHCO3, 1 NaH2PO4, 1.3 MgSO4, 2.5 CaCl2, and 11 glucose (the pH was adjusted to 7.4 by gassing with 5% CO2–95% O2).

Transverse hippocampal slices (450 µm thick) were cut with a vibrating tissue slicer (Campden Instruments, Loughborough, UK) and transferred to an interface-type holding chamber at room temperature (25°C). The slices were allowed to recover for at least 90 min and then were transferred to an immersion-type recording chamber and perfused at 2 ml/min with ACSF. For extracellular field potential recording, a glass pipette filled with 3 M NaCl was positioned in the stratum pyramidal of the CA1 neuronal layer and the population spikes (PSs) were recorded. Bipolar stainless steel stimulating electrodes (Frederick Haer Company, Bowdoinham, ME) were placed in the striatum radiatum to stimulate Schaffer collateral (SC) branches. PS activity was recorded by applying a short-duration voltage pulse (~1 msec) at the determined intensity every 30 sec. All signals were filtered at 2 kHz using a low-pass Bessel filter provided with the amplifier and digitized at 5 kHz using CED micro 1401 interface running Signal software (Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK).

3. 統計分析

The average size of the PS was used for statistical comparisons. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error. Statistical significance was tested using the Mann–Whitney U test. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

★實驗二實驗二實驗二實驗二:::免:免免疫組織化學染色研究免疫組織化學染色研究疫組織化學染色研究 疫組織化學染色研究 1. 實驗分組

將9隻SD大鼠隨機分成三組,每組3隻如下

1)正常組:SD 大鼠腹腔注射 PBS 容液 1.0 ml/kg,2 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

2)控制組:SD 大鼠腹腔注射 KA (12 mg/kg) ,2 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

3)鉤藤組:同控制組,但 KA 注射後開始隔日口服鉤藤 1.0 g/kg/日,每週 5 日,連續 2 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

2. 免疫組織化學染色

染色方法同上述,其項目為NeuN 和 GFAP。

3. 統計分析

The data are presented as mean ± SD, and a one-way ANOVA with Scheffe’s post-hoc test was used to examine differences between the groups. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

★實驗三:western blot 分

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1. 實驗分組

將12隻SD大鼠隨機分成三組,每組4隻如下

1)正常組:SD 大鼠腹腔注射 PBS 容液 1.0 ml/kg,2 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

2)控制組:SD 大鼠腹腔注射 KA (12 mg/kg) ,2 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

3)鉤藤組:同控制組,但 KA 注射後開始隔日口服鉤藤 1.0 g/kg/日,每週 5 日,連續 2 週後將大鼠犧牲取腦。

2.Western blot分析分析分析分析::::S100B proteins, GABAA, and TRPV1 receptors

Bilateral hippocampi were immediately excised to extract protein. Total protein was prepared by homogenizing hippocampi in lysis buffer containing 20 mmol/L imidazole-HCl (pH 6.8), 100 mmol/L KCl, 2 mmol/L MgCl2, 20 mmol/L EGTA (pH 7.0), 300 mmol/L sucrose, 1 mmol/L NaF, 1 mmol/L sodium vanadate, 1 mmol/L sodium molybdate, 0.2% Triton X-100 and a proteinase inhibitor cocktail for 1 hour at 4°C. Proteins were extracted (30µg per sample assessed by BCA protein assay) and subjected to 7.5% to 10% SDS-Tris glycine gel electrophoresis and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% nonfat milk in TBST buffer (10 mmol/L Tris [pH 7.5], 100 mmol/L NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20), incubated with primary antibody in TBST with bovine serum albumin, and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:500) was used as the secondary antibody. The membrane was developed with the ECL-Plus protein detection kit.

3. 統計分析

The data are presented as mean ± SD, and a one-way ANOVA with Scheffe’s post-hoc test was used to examine differences between the groups. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

結果 結果 結果 結果

▓▓

▓▓第一第一第一第一年結果年結果年結果年結果 (((Liu et al., eCAM. doi:10.1155/2012/194790)

1. 口服口服口服鉤藤口服鉤藤鉤藤6週鉤藤 週對週週對對對KA誘發慢性癲癇大鼠誘發慢性癲癇大鼠誘發慢性癲癇大鼠誘發慢性癲癇大鼠mossy fiber sprouting的效用的效用的效用的效用

SD大鼠腹腔注射KA誘發癲癇發作6週後,控制組海馬dentate nucleus區域mossy fiber sprouting的OD值比正常組和鉤藤組的OD值增加(both p < 0.0001),而鉤 藤組和正常組間mossy fiber sprouting的OD值相似,兩者間沒有意義統計差(p >

0.05)。

2. 口服口服口服鉤藤口服鉤藤鉤藤6週鉤藤 週週週對對KA誘發慢性癲癇大鼠對對 誘發慢性癲癇大鼠誘發慢性癲癇大鼠誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域海馬區域海馬區域海馬區域NeuN染色陽性細胞之染色陽性細胞之染色陽性細胞之染色陽性細胞之的效用的效用的效用的效用 SD大鼠腹腔注射KA誘發癲癇發作6週後,控制組海馬CA1區域NeuN染色陽性細 胞的數目比正常組和鉤藤組少(p < 0.0001, p < 0.05, respectively)。正常組海馬

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CA1區域NeuN染色陽性細胞的數目比鉤藤組多(p < 0.01)。

SD大鼠腹腔注射KA誘發癲癇發作6週後,控制組海馬CA3區域NeuN染色陽性 細胞的數目比正常組和鉤藤組少(both p < 0.001)。

3. 口服口服口服鉤藤口服鉤藤鉤藤6 週鉤藤 週週週對對KA誘發慢性癲癇大鼠對對 誘發慢性癲癇大鼠誘發慢性癲癇大鼠誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域海馬區域海馬區域海馬區域GFAP染色陽性細胞之染色陽性細胞之染色陽性細胞之染色陽性細胞之的效用的效用的效用的效用 SD大鼠腹腔注射KA誘發癲癇發作6週後,控制組海馬stratum oriens(SO)區域 GFAP染色陽性細胞的數目比正常組和鉤藤組多(p < 0.0001, p < 0.001,

respectively)。正常組海馬SO區域GFAP染色陽性細胞的數目比鉤藤組少(p <

0.05)。

SD大鼠腹腔注射KA誘發癲癇發作6週後,控制組海馬stratum radiate(SR)

區域GFAP染色陽性細胞的數目比正常組和鉤藤組多(p < 0.0001, p < 0.001, respectively)。正常組海馬SR區域GFAP染色陽性細胞的數目和鉤藤組相似沒有 意義的統計差(p > 0.05)。

SD大鼠腹腔注射KA誘發癲癇發作6週後,控制組海馬hilus區域GFAP染色陽 性細胞的數目比正常組和鉤藤組多(both p < 0.0001)。正常組海馬SR區域GFAP 染色陽性細胞的數目和鉤藤組相似沒有意義的統計差(p > 0.05)。

4. 口服口服口服口服藤對藤對藤對藤對6週週KA誘發慢性癲癇大鼠週 誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發慢性癲癇大鼠誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域海馬區域S100蛋白海馬區域 蛋白蛋白之蛋白之之的效用之的效用的效用 的效用

SD大鼠腹腔注射KA誘發癲癇發作6週後,海馬CA1,CA3以及Hilus區域的S100B 蛋白表現增加(正常組分別為33.2±6.6%, 19.2±5.5%, 50.2±7.9%;而控制組分別 為121.2±11.8%, 58.8±5.4%, 119.5±11.8%,),而這些增加能被鉤藤治療有意義的 減少(鉤藤組分別為65.3±10.3%, 28.2±3.2%, 61.5±7.2%)。

5. 口服口服口服口服藤對藤對藤對藤對6週週KA誘發慢性癲癇大鼠週 誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發慢性癲癇大鼠誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域海馬區域GABA海馬區域 A Receptor之之之的效用之的效用的效用的效用 SD 大鼠腹腔注射 KA 誘發癲癇發作 6 週後,海馬 CA1,CA3 以及 Hilus 區域的 GABAA receptor 在正常組分別為 10.7±2.2%, 5.8±0.5%, 4.7±0.8%,控制組分別為 9.5±3.3%, 4.8±0.9%, 3.5±0.7%,而鉤藤組為 9.8±2.2%, 6.7±2.0%, 7.2±2.2%,三者 之間呈現沒有意義的差。

▓▓

▓▓第二年結果第二年結果第二年結果第二年結果 口服

口服 口服

口服藤對藤對藤對6週藤對 週週KA誘發慢性癲癇大鼠週 誘發慢性癲癇大鼠誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域蛋白誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域蛋白質表現海馬區域蛋白海馬區域蛋白質表現質表現之質表現之之之的效用的效用的效用的效用

本研究分別以 17 公分二維電泳進行蛋白圖譜分析,實驗結果顯示,應用影像軟 體綜合比較 3 組的海馬體蛋白圖譜,有 4 個蛋白點是只會出現在控制組,未出現 在正常組和鉤藤組 更進一步放寬比對條件,發現出現在控制組蛋白表現>2 fold 正常組和鉤藤組的蛋白點有 5 個,另外為評估鉤藤療效,我們比較正常組及鉤藤 組蛋白圖譜,比對結果顯示有共有 271 個蛋白同時出現在這兩組實驗,但其中鉤

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藤組>2 fold 正常組的蛋白點只有3個。目前我們已經將比對結果確認並應用 in gel digestion 將以上 12 個蛋白點萃取出送驗再確認中。

▓▓

▓▓第第第第三三三三年結果年結果年結果年結果 (Lin and Hsieh, 2011)

1.口服口服口服鉤口服鉤鉤藤鉤藤藤2週藤 週對週週對對對KA誘發癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發癲癇大鼠海馬區域CA1 pyramidal neurons之的效用之的效用之的效用之的效用 我們利用brain slice,刺激CA3的schaffer collateral(SC)誘發CA1區域pyramidal neuron firing 。 於 正 常 SD 大 鼠 刺 激 SC 誘 發 CA1 pyramidal neuron 最 大 平 均 population spike的振幅約2.2±0.3 mV。SD大鼠於腹腔注射誘發癲癇發作2週後CA1 pyramidal neuron 之 population spike 為 4.1±0.4 mV , 而 鉤 藤 治 療 2 週 後 CA1 pyramidal neuron的population spike振幅減少至2.1±0.3 mV。

2. 口服口服口服鉤藤口服鉤藤鉤藤2週對鉤藤 週對週對週對KA誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域NeuN染色陽性細胞之的效用染色陽性細胞之的效用染色陽性細胞之的效用染色陽性細胞之的效用 正 常 大 鼠 用 PBS 治 療其 海 馬CA1 區 域 NeuN免 疫 染色 陽 性細 胞為322 ± 23.3 neurons/field,CA3 區域為61.3 ± 4.7 neurons/field。 KA注射2週後NeuN免疫陽性 細 胞 有 意 義 的 減 少 ( CA1 為 34 ± 4.6 neurons/field ; CA3 為 16.3 ± 1.9 neurons/field),而鉤藤治療2週後NeuN免疫染色陽性細胞增加(CA1為191.7 ± 48.6 neurons/field;CA3為37.3 ± 7.9 neurons/field)。

3.

3.

3.

3. 口服口服口服口服鉤藤鉤藤鉤藤鉤藤2週對週對KA誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域週對週對 誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域GFAP染色陽性細胞之的效用誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域 染色陽性細胞之的效用染色陽性細胞之的效用染色陽性細胞之的效用 正 常 大 鼠 用 PBS 腹 腔 注 射 其 海 馬 CA1 區 域 GFAP 陽 性 染 色 細 胞 為 28 ± 2 cells/field;hilus區域為57.3 ± 5.5 cells/field)。KA誘發癲癇2週後CA1之GFAP免疫 染色陽性細胞增加(CA1區域為158.3 ± 14.6 cells/field;hilar 區域為139.7 ± 12.4 cells/field)。鉤藤治療2週能有意義的減少KA所誘發的GFAP免疫染色陽性細胞

(CA1區域為 60.3 ± 4.1 cells/field;hilar 區域為67.3 ± 2.6 cells/field)。

4.

4.

4.

4. 口服鉤口服鉤口服鉤口服鉤 藤對藤對藤對藤對2 週週KA誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域S100 蛋白誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域誘發慢性癲癇大鼠海馬區域 蛋白蛋白蛋白、、、、GABAA 以及以及以及以及 TRPV1 receptors之的效用之的效用之的效用 之的效用

KA 於 SD 大鼠腹腔注射誘發癲癇發作 2 週後海馬區域的 S100B 蛋白表現增加

(120.7 ± 2.55 % 與正常大鼠用 PBS 腹腔注射比較),而鉤藤治療 2 週能有意 義的減少 S100B 蛋白的表現(107.6 ± 4.7 %與正常大鼠用 PBS 腹腔注射比)。

KA 誘發癲癇發作 2 週後海馬區域之 GABAA receptors 沒有意義的改變(92.9

± 5.17 %與正常大鼠用 PBS 腹腔注射比較),而鉤藤治療 2 週也不能有意義的 改變海馬區域之 GABAA receptor(96.2 ± 3.61 %與正常大鼠用 PBS 腹腔注射 比較)。相似的結果也被發現在 TRPV1 receptors。

討論 討論 討論討論

我們的研究結果顯示SD大鼠於腹腔注射KA誘發癲癇發作2週後:1)大鼠海馬

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CA1區域的population spike的振幅增加,而鉤藤治療2週能減少這些增加;2) 海 海區CA1和CA3區域的NeuN免疫染色陽性細胞數目減少,但鉤藤治療2週能使這 些減少增加;3) 海馬區域的GFAP免疫染色陽性細胞數目增加,而鉤藤治療2週 能使這些增加減少;4) 海馬區域的S100B蛋白表現增加,而這些增加能被鉤藤治 療2週減少;5)海馬區域的GABAA receptor以及TRPV1 receptors沒有意義的變 化,而鉤藤治療2週也不能改變GABAA 和TRPV1 receptors。

我們的研究也結果顯示 SD 大鼠於腹腔注射 KA 誘發癲癇發作 6 週後:1)大 鼠海馬區域 Timm’s stain 的 OD 值增加,而鉤藤治療能減少這些 Timm’s stain OD 值的增加;2) 海馬 CA1 和 CA3 區域的 NeuN 免疫染色陽性細胞數目減少,但鉤 藤治療 6 週能使這些減少增加;3) 海馬 SO,SR 和 hilus 區域之 GFAP 免疫染色 陽性細胞數目增加,而鉤藤治療 6 週能使這些增加減少;4) 海馬 CA1,CA3 以 及 Hilus 區域的 S100B 蛋白表現增加,而這些增加能被鉤藤治療 6 週減少;5) 海 馬 CA1,CA3 以及 Hilus 區域的 GABAA receptor 沒有意義的變化,而鉤藤治療 6 週也不能改變 GABAA receptor。由於 Timm’s stain 的 OD 值代表 mossy fiber sprouting 的濃度,而 mossy fiber sprouting 與癲癇病灶形成(epileptogenesis)有 密切關連,因此推論鉤藤治療能預防或減少 kA 治療大鼠癲癇病灶的形成。NeuN 免疫染色陽性細胞代表神經細胞,因此推論鉤藤治療 6 週能增加 KA 誘發癲癇發 作大鼠海馬區域的神經細胞的存活。GFAP 染色陽性代表星狀細胞(astrocyte),

因此推論鉤藤能減少 KA 誘發癲癇發作大鼠海馬區域的神經細胞的死亡。S100B 能增加細胞內鈣 free form 的濃度 (Barger and Van Eldik, 1992),而慢性癲癇患 者因神經細胞損傷使星狀細胞增加會導致 S100B 濃度增加(Griffin et al., 1995)。GABA 是 mammalian 神經系統主要的抑制性神經傳導物質,注射 GABA agonists 進入 epileptogenic region 被認為是治療癲癇的有效方法(Schramm and Clusmann, 2008)。TRPV1 與海馬的長期增強(long term potentialtion)有關(Marsch et al., 2007)。TRPV1 被認為參與癲癇過程由於在 temporal lobe epilepsy 的小鼠 的 denate gyrus, TRPV1 活化的能增加興奮環路的活動(Bhaskaran and Smith, 2010; Fu et al., 2009)。綜合上述的推論鉤藤治療 KA 誘發慢性癲癇大鼠有神經細 胞保護及預防癲癇病灶形成之作用,而鉤藤的抗癲癇作用與它的神經保護作用有 密切的關係。

另外,我們結果也 KA 在大鼠誘發癲癇發作 6 週後顯示有一些蛋白質的表現,

而這些蛋白質表現沒有出現在正常大鼠及鉤藤治療之大鼠,由於這些蛋白現中進 一步確定中,因此尚未有明確的答案。

結論 結論 結論 結論:::

大鼠腹腔注射KA 2週後其海馬CA1區域出現population spike振幅增加,以及神經 細胞死亡和星狀細胞及S100B蛋白質表現增加;KA注射6週後大鼠海馬區域的 mossy fiber sprouting、星狀細胞和S100B蛋白質表現增加,以及神經細胞死亡。

鉤藤治療2週或6週能減少海馬區域的population spike的振幅、mossy fiber

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sprouting的形成、神經細胞死亡以及S100B蛋白質表現,因此推論鉤藤的抗癲癇 作用是經由神經保護作用減少神經細胞死亡來達成。

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