腎臟功能
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(2) 腎臟功能 全年無休 24 小時工作 Filtration and reabsorption function: 把身 體裡過多的水份、電解質及新陳代謝後 的廢物，經由尿液排出身體外 Endocrine and metabolism function: 分泌 腎素、紅血球生成素及活性維生素 D3 的 功能 .
(3) Renal Replacement Therapy.
(4) Renal Replacement Therapy 透析俗稱洗腎 HD (hemodialysis). 血液透析. PD (peritoneal dialysis). 腹膜透析. Kid/Trans (kidney transplantation). 腎臟移植.
(5) Transplantation Peritoneal Dialysis. Hemodialysis.
(6) 優缺點 HD. PD. Kid/Trans. 優 點. 1. 快速有效地清除廢 物和水份 2. 由醫護人員執行. 1. 持續而溫和的透析方式，有 助於殘餘腎功能的保存 2. 可在家執行透析治療 3. 無扎針之苦 4. 血壓較穩定，對心血管影響 較小. 1. 不須定期透析 2. 飲食限制少 3. 有良好的生活 品質. 缺 點. 1. 每週須前往洗腎中心 ,. 每 次治療都須扎針 2. 透析中或後，可能會有抽 筋、頭暈不適或疲倦感 3. 透析中水份及血壓變化大 ，較不利於心肺血管系統 4.Chronic blood loss ，易有貧 血情形 5. 可能感染 B 型、 C 型肝炎 、愛滋病等 6. 飲食須較嚴格控制. 1. 有可能感染腹膜炎 2. 血脂增加 3. 蛋白質的流失. 1. 必須長期服用 抗排斥的藥物， 副作用 : 感染 a nd others 2. 移植腎可能發 生排斥及再度失 去腎臟功能.
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(8) 衛生署 CKD 照護計畫 半年追蹤一次 半年追蹤一次 三個月追蹤一次 三個月追蹤一次 二至四週追蹤一次.
(9) Estimated GFR (I) Ccr: overestimates GFR (proximal tubular secretio n in advanced RF) Curea: underestimates GFR (urea is reabsorbed in th e distal nephron) When measurement of GFR by a direct test is not available, the average of the sum of the creatinine and urea clearance is recommended. Ccr (ml/min)= Ucr X V (24-hr urine, ml) --------------------------------Pcr X 1440 (min) .
(10) Estimated GFR (II) . Cockcroft-Gault equation In men: Ccr= (140- Age) X Body weight in kg -----------------------------------------72 X serum Creatinine In women: men Ccr X 0.85.
(11) In Taiwan 中央健康保險局 一、長期透析適應症：（請勾選） □ （一）絕對適應症：肌酐酸廓清率 Ccr < 5 ml/min 或血清肌酐酸 Cr ≧ 10.0 m g/dl （二）相對適應症： 糖尿病患者：重度慢性腎衰竭且 Ccr* ≦15 ml/min 或血清 Cr ≧6.0 mg/dl 且伴有下 列任何一種併發症者 【註：重度慢性腎衰竭之定義為慢性腎衰竭為期至少三個月且腎功能逐漸衰退者】 非糖尿病患者：重度慢性腎衰竭且 Ccr* ≦10 ml/min 或血清 Cr ＞ 8.0 mg/dl 且伴 有下列任何一種併發症者 【註：重度慢性腎衰竭之定義為兩側腎臟顯著萎縮 ( 多囊腎例外 ) 或慢性腎衰竭為期 至少三個月且腎功能逐漸衰退者】 二、伴隨症狀： ( 請務必勾選 ) □ 1. 心臟衰竭或肺水腫 □ 2. 心包膜炎 □ 3. 出血傾向 □ 4. 神經症狀：意識障礙，抽搐或末稍神經病變 □ 5. 高血鉀（藥物難以控制 ） □ 6. 嚴重酸血症 ( 藥物難以控制 ) □ 7. 噁心、嘔吐 ( 藥物難以控制 ) □ 8. 惡病體質 (cachexia) □ 9. 重度氮血症 (BUN > 100 mg/dl) □ 10. 其他 （請說明）：.
(12) Preparation for dialytic treatment Explain the timing of complete renal fa. ilure and provide forms of available the rapy 提早準備 HD: create an AV fistula in advance PD: implantation of peritoneal catheter 減少尿毒所引發不適的症狀與徴後及合 併症 減少雙腔導管放置時的危險。 .
(13) Principles of Hemodialysis.
(14) 透析用血管通路 . . Blood flow of 200 to 400 ml/min are necessary Blood from veins is inadequate & repeated puncture of a large artery is not feasible 暫時性 vascular access (by Nep Dr.) . femoral, int. jugular vein, subclavian vein. . A double lumen catheter: temporary or semipermanent with cuffs. 永久性 vascular access (by CVS Dr.) . A fistula is created (surgically anastamosing a superficial artery and nea rby vein). . A prosthetic graft (PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene), if a native vein is not available because of vessel fibrosis and atrophy (due to prior needling, p hlebitis, or other injury).
(15) Standard of A-V Fistula. V. A.
(16) arterialization of the vein.
(17) Mechanism of HD . . . Diffusion ( 擴散 ) bi-directionally across a semipermeable membrane 與濃度差、膜表面積大小、膜之擴散係數有關 Ultrafiltration ( 超過濾 ) 因幫浦推動而產生壓力，另外透析液流動製造出負的壓力 Convection ( 對流 ): solvent drag Absorption ( 吸附 ): some of the dialyzers.
(18) 透析用水水處理 . 積層過濾器 軟水器 活性碳過濾器 逆滲透機 (reverse osmosis) 5μ 及 0.2μMicrofilter 紫外線 定期水處理機器維修 定期透析用水水質檢驗及 細菌培養.
(19) Water source. Multi-media filter 0.2m filter DI. UV sterilizer. RO purification unit. Carbon filter 1. Dialysis machine. UF filtration. UF tank. Carbon filter 2. Water softener. Cartridge filter 5 m.
(20) Dialyzer (hollow fiber) . Membrane material is sp un into fine capillaries, t housands of which are pa cked into bundles with bl ood flowing through capi llaries while dialysate is circulated on the outside of the fiber bundle..
(21) Types of Artificial Kidney (1).
(22) Adequacy of HD . . Measure the delivered dose of dialysis By use of a pre- and post-dialysis urea sample Urea reduction ratio (URR) or KT/V (K = clearance, T = dialysis time, & V = volume of distribution of the patient) A URR of 65% and a KT/V of 1.2 per treatment are minimal standards for adequacy Lower levels of dialysis treatment are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
(23) Complications of vascular access Intimal hyperplasia→stenosis→ throm. bosis Infection (Staphylococcus aureus) Aneurysm formation, particularly in t he prosthetic graft.
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(25) Critical Care Nephrology -continuous renal replacement therapy.
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