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(1)

An EEG-based Approach for Evaluating Graphic Icons from the Perspective of

Semantic Distance

Fu-­‐Yin  Cherng,  Wen-­‐Chieh  Lin,  Jung-­‐Tai  King,  Yi-­‐Chen  Lee

National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan

(2)

Physical Digital

1

(3)

Graphic icons for interface Design

2

Improve Scannability

vs.

Universal

(4)

3

(5)

How to evaluate the effectiveness of icons?

(6)

Semantic Distance

5

Function Icon

(7)

Close

Print

～ ～

Far

5

Semantic Distance

(8)

Key indication of good icons

[cf. Setlur et al., 2014; Warnock et al., 2013]

Measured by behavior and self-report methods Effectiveness of conveying information

5

Close

Print

～ ～

Far

Semantic Distance

(9)

[cf. Huang et al., 2015]

Complicated cognitive states and difficult to determine semantic distance by behavioral measures alone.

Print?

6

T?

(10)

Complicated cognitive states and difficult to determine semantic distance by behavioral measures alone.

6

Print?

T?

[cf. Huang et al., 2015]

Use physiological indicators to measure

and analyze cognitive stages.

(11)

Electroencephalography (EEG) based method

7

(12)

Directly related to cognitive events and states Used in evaluation and usability testing.

[cf. Chi et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2014]

7

Electroencephalography (EEG) based method

(13)

[cf. Chi et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2014]

Directly related to cognitive events and states Used in evaluation and usability testing.

Electroencephalography (EEG) based method

7

EEG-based method is a potentially powerful

tool for evaluating icons.

(14)

Research Goal

8

Propose EEG-based method to evaluate

human perception of icons, focus on how

users perceive semantic distance of icons.

(15)

Research Question #1

9

How do users perceive semantic

distance between icon and function?

Print

(16)

10

Research Question #2

How do semantic distance of icons affect

users in different scenarios?

(17)

Collection of Icons

6 functions: Calendar, Crop, Keyboard, Menu, Print, Setting

70 icons in gray tone

[cf. ICONFINDER; FLATICON; Google Images]

11

(18)

50 participants (24 females)

Classify

Semantic Distance

Not Closely Related

Very Strongly Related

[cf. Isherwood et al., 2007; Mcdougall et al., 1999]

12

Far icons

Close icons

(19)

19 participants (11 males), mean age: 21.1

Experiment 1

Function-icon matching

(20)

Print

Function Name

13 Experiment 1 | Design

(21)

13 Experiment 1 | Design

Icon Match/Mismatch?

(22)

Close Far

Semantic Distance

Factors:

13

Match Mismatch

Experiment 1 | Design

Icon Match/Mismatch?

(23)

Reaction time Error Rate

EEG Signal

14 Experiment 1 | Design

Measures:

Icon Match/Mismatch?

(24)

15 Experiment 1 | Result

Potential (μV)

Time (ms) -8

-4

0

4

8

0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Close Far Mismatch

(25)

Potential (μV)

Time (ms) -8

-4

0

4

8

0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Close Far Mismatch

16 Experiment 1 | Result

Selective Attention

N1

Early Cognitive Stage

icon shown

(26)

Potential (μV)

Time (ms) -8

-4

0

4

8

0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Close Far Mismatch

Close Icons attract more attention than far icons in early cognitive stage.

17 Experiment 1 | Result

Close

Selective Attention

N1

Early Cognitive Stage

(27)

Potential (μV)

Time (ms) -8

-4

0

4

8

0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Close Far Mismatch

17 Experiment 1 | Result

0.7

Close

Reaction time (sec)

Far Mismatch

0.9 0.8

Close

Close icon can attract more attention, thereby shortening reaction time.

N1

(28)

18 Experiment 1 | Result

Potential (μV)

600

-8

-4

0

4

8

Time (ms) 0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Close Far Mismatch

(29)

Potential (μV)

600

-8

-4

0

4

8

Time (ms) 0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Close Far Mismatch

19 Experiment 1 | Result

Semantic Incongruence

N400

Later Cognitive Stage

(30)

Potential (μV)

600

-8

-4

0

4

8

Time (ms) 0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Close Far Mismatch

Semantic distance level is distinguished in later cognitive stage.

20 Experiment 1 | Result

Semantic Incongruence

N400

Later Cognitive Stage

(31)

Potential (μV)

600

-8

-4

0

4

8

Time (ms) 0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Close Far Mismatch

21 Experiment 1 | Result

N400

Close

Error Rate (%)

Mismatch

0.7

19.9

5.6

Far

Close Mismatch

Opposite groups of semantic incongruence

reduce error rate.

(32)

Potential (μV)

600

-8

-4

0

4

8

Time (ms) 0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Close Far Mismatch

Vague semantic incongruence increases error rate.

22 Experiment 1 | Result

Close

Error Rate (%)

Far Mismatch

0.7

19.9

5.6

Far

N400

(33)

Participants’ behaviors provided basic findings, EEG results revealed causes of behaviors and performance in different cognitive stages.

http://www.userzoom.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/usability-lab.jpg

(34)

Experiment 2

Icon Selection Under Sliding

(35)

Selecting icon from sliding menu

23 Experiment 2 | Scenario

(36)

24 Experiment 2 | Design

Target Function

Target icon?

(37)

Target Function

24 Experiment 2 | Design

: Calendar

(38)

Target Function

24 Experiment 2 | Design

: Calendar

Non-Target

(39)

Target Function

Target

24 Experiment 2 | Design

: Calendar

(40)

Target icon Close, Far Presenting Speed Slow, Fast

24 Experiment 2 | Design

Factors:

Target Function

Target

: Calendar

(41)

Reaction time Hit Rate

EEG Signal

25 Experiment 2 | Design

Measures:

Target Function

Target

: Calendar

(42)

26 Experiment 2 | Result

Potential (μV)

600

10 5 0

-5

N1

Fast & Close Fast & Far Slow & Close Slow & Far

0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Time (ms) 15

600

Target icon shown

(43)

27

Far target icons are easily ignored in fast speed.

Experiment 2 | Result

Potential (μV)

600

10 5 0

-5

N1

Fast & Close Fast & Far Slow & Close Slow & Far

0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Time (ms) 15

600

Selective Attention

N1

Early Cognitive Stage

Fast & Far

(44)

Potential (μV)

600

10 5 0

-5

N1

Fast & Close Fast & Far Slow & Close Slow & Far

0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Time (ms) 15

600

28 Experiment 2 | Result

Novelty in a Series of Information

N2

(45)

Potential (μV)

600

10 5 0

-5

N1

Fast & Close Fast & Far Slow & Close Slow & Far

0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Time (ms) 15

600

29

Close target icons are easily recognized in fast speed.

Experiment 2 | Result

Novelty in a Series of Information

N2

Fast & Close

(46)

Potential (μV)

600

10 5 0

-5

N1

Fast & Close Fast & Far Slow & Close Slow & Far

0

-100 100 200 300 400 500

Time (ms) 15

600

30

Close target icons are easily updated to working memory.

Experiment 2 | Result

Working Memory Updating

P3b

Far

Close

(47)

Novelty and close semantic distance of target icons are important, especially when searching in fast speed.

http://oemsolutions.agameautotrader.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/185649173.jpg

(48)

Experiment 3

Icon Selection From Grid

Exp 1

EEG Exp 2

(49)

Selecting icon from icon gird

31 Experiment 2 | Scenario

(50)

Print

32 Experiment 3 | Design

(51)

32 Experiment 3 | Design

Find and Click ‘Print’ icon

(52)

Find and Click ‘Print’ icon

32 Experiment 3 | Design

Target Surroun

ding

Surroun ding Surroun

ding

(53)

Grid Size 2x2, 3x3, 4x4

32 Experiment 3 | Design

Factors:

Target icon

Surrounding icon Close, Far

Find and Click ‘Print’ icon

Target Surroun

ding

Surroun ding Surroun

ding

(54)

Reaction time Error Rate

33 Experiment 3 | Design

Measures:

Find and Click ‘Print’ icon

Target Surroun

ding

Surroun ding Surroun

ding

(55)

4x4 Grid

Far/Far Close/Far

Far/Close Close/Close

(Target/Surrounding)

34

Close icons are good target icons.

Experiment 3 | Result

2.4 2.2

1.9

1.3

Reaction time (sec)

(56)

2.4 2.2 1.9

1.3

35

As surrounding icons, close icons distract participants.

Experiment 3 | Result

Far/Far

Close/Far

Far/Close

Close/Close

Reaction time (sec)

(Target/Surrounding)

4x4 Grid

(57)

36

Far icons always increase error rate.

Far/Far Close/Far

Far/Close Close/Close

Error Rate (%)

(Target/Surrounding) Experiment 3 | Result

(58)

Effect of surrounding icons increases with grid sizes.

37 Experiment 3 | Result

Surroun ding

Surroun ding

Surroun Target ding

Surroun ding

Surroun ding

Surroun Target ding

Surroun ding

Surroun ding

Surroun ding

Surroun ding Surroun

ding

2x2 3x3

(59)

Surroundings: Close Small Gird Size

Big Gird Size

Surroundings: Far

Make trade-offs between reaction time and

error rate based on screen size of applications.

http://www.smartwatchandroid.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/sony_smartwatch2-1.jpg

http://files.technobezz.com/files/uploads/2015/05/ipad.jpg

(60)

Summary

(61)

38

EEG-based evaluation complements behavioral measures and self-reports.

EEG

Self-report Behavior

Summary

(62)

39

EEG-based method is feasible and powerful tool for evaluating icons.

N1 N2 P3b

N400

Summary

(63)

Acknowledgement

104-2628-E-009-001- MY3, 102-2221-E-009-082-MY3, and 103-2911-I-009-101-.

Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) Anonymous Reviewers

For insightful comments

(64)

•

Identify perceptual effects of icons

•

Provide more refined method for evaluating icons

•

Demonstrate how findings from EEG enrich icon usability testing.

Fu-Yin Cherng | [email protected]

Questions?

An EEG-based Approach for Evaluating Graphic Icons from the Perspective of Semantic Distance

Wen-Chieh Lin | [email protected]

National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan

數據

Graphic icons for interface Design

參考文獻

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