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Intramuscular hemangioma presenting with multiple phleboliths: a case report

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Intramuscular hemangioma presenting with multiple phleboliths:

a case report

A. Zeynep Zengin, DDS, PhD, Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD, and A. Pinar Sumer, DDS, PhD

A rare case of intramuscular hemangioma of the masseter muscle with multiple phleboliths is described, highlighting features evident in plain radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A 21-year-old woman presented with a complaint of swelling of the right masseter muscle. A plain radiograph from the soft tissue of the right cheek showed a large number of round, target-like radiopacities that varied in size. Ultrasound revealed a lobulated cystic lesion in the right masseter muscle with increased echogenicity. MRI showed a space-occupying lesion in the right masseter muscle, which was isointense on T1-weighted image close to the muscle tissue and hyperintense on T2-weighted image, containing fields with no signal septations. A plain soft tissue radiograph can demonstrate phleboliths and aid in the diagnosis of an intramuscular hemangioma. In addition, nonionized techniques such as ultrasound and MRI can provide useful information to clinicians regarding the location of calcifications and the structure of masses. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013;115:e32-e36)

Developmentally, intramuscular hemangiomas (IMHs) represent congenital vascular malformations.1The pre- dominant complaint is the presence of a slowly enlarg- ing mass. IMHs are classified according to their histo- logic appearance as either capillary, cavernous, or mixed small/large vessel types. They generally develop in patients during the first 3 decades of life2with no gender predispositions.

Fifteen percent of IMHs occur in the head and neck region,2,3with the masseter muscle is the most common site.4The differential diagnosis of a mass in the mas- seter muscle includes benign muscular hypertrophy, lymphadenopathies, a sialocele of the parotid gland duct, and various parotid and muscle neoplasms.1,5

Phleboliths are calcified thrombi that are a charac- teristic feature of hemangiomas, occurring in 15%-25%

of IMHs.2,3,6They are generally variable in size,7found in multiple number, and cause no subjective symptoms.

The diagnosis of IMHs can be difficult, because of the deep intramuscular location, rare incidence, and lack of specific symptoms that suggest a vascular-origin lesion. Definitive preoperative diagnosis has been re- ported in ⬍8% of cases.8 Although standard radio- graphs are simple and constitute an important diagnos- tic tool in diagnosing the phleboliths within the mass,5 other diagnostic imaging modalities, such as comput-

erized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),9,10and ultrasound.11also play a significant role in the preoperative diagnosis of IMHs.

To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has included plain radiography, ultrasound, and MRI im- ages of an IMH with phleboliths in the maxillofacial region. The present report describes an IMH of the masseter muscle with multiple phleboliths, highlighting the features evident in plain radiography, ultrasound, and MRI.

CASE REPORT

A 21-year old woman presented with a complaint of swelling of the right masseter muscle causing a cosmetic deformity. The swelling had been present since 6 months of age and had gradually grown as the patient aged. A temporary increase in the size of the mass was observed when the patient cried, laughed, or performed handstands.

Besides caries on the right upper first molar, no dental disease was observed. The patient’s medical and family history were unremarkable.

On physical examination, there was asymmetry to her face (Figure 1). Bimanual palpation of the right cheek revealed a mass with hard nodules of various sizes. The mass was immobile and could not be definitively separated from the masseter muscle or the parotid gland. There were no bruits or pulsation present. Intraoral examination revealed normal-col- ored mucosa and normal discharge from the right parotid gland.

Periapical films from the soft tissue of the right cheek (Figure 2) and the decayed upper right first molar (Figure 3) showed large numbers of round target-like radiopacities vary- ing in size from 2 to 10 mm. Based on radiographic and clinical findings, the lesion was suspected to be a sialolith or phlebolith, and the patient was sent for ultrasound and MRI, respectively. Ultrasound examination showed a lobulated cys- tic lesion,⬃2 ⫻ 5 cm in size, located in the right masseter Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Uni-

versity of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey.

Received for publication Dec 26, 2011; returned for revision Feb 19, 2012; accepted for publication Feb 25, 2012.

© 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2212-4403/$ - see front matter

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2012.02.032

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muscle. Nodular structures with heterogeneous internal echo- genicities were found within the lesion (Figure 4). MRI showed a space-occupying lesion in the right masseter mus- cle, 45 ⫻ 22 mm in axial dimensions, isointense on T1- weighted images, close to the muscle tissue and hyperintense on T2-weighted images, containing fields in which no signal septations or calcific foci were detected. The benign lesion showed heterogeneous intense contrast in contrasted sections and nonuniform intense septations in the center; however, it did not show diffusion limitation in diffusion-weighted sec- tions, but did contain large no-signal fields along with micro- calcifications (Figure 5). The diagnosis of an IMH with phle- boliths was made based on these findings.

The patient was informed about her condition, and treat- ment options were discussed; however, the patient elected to forgo treatment at that time.

DISCUSSION

IMHs are congenital lesions representing 1% of all hemangiomas2,3 with 15% of lesions occurring in the head and neck region.2,3The most common site is the masseter muscle.12,13

Hemangiomas usually occur in the first 3 decades of life.13 It has been suggested that they arise from mal- formed tissue that has been subjected to repeated trauma13 or are the result of hormonal factors.12

IMHs rarely display any clinical symptoms or signs that reveal their vascular nature.5There are usually no overlying skin changes,14although there may be occa- sional reddish-blue discoloration.14,15 Thrills, bruits, compressibility, and pulsation are usually absent14; however, pain can be present.5,15 Situations that in- crease the venous pressure in the head increase IMH size.1 In the present case, the mass significantly en- larged during crying, laughing, or performing hand- stands, which all increase the blood pressure in the head and neck area. In this case, the oral mucosa of the patient was normal and pain was not present.

The formation of phleboliths typically causes no symptoms. Phleboliths consist of a mixture of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate salts16 and are thought to form when a fibrous component attaches to a developing phlebolith and becomes calcified. Radio- logically, they have either a radiolucent or a radiopaque core, and repetition of this calcification causes an on- ion-like appearance or concentric rings. In the maxill- ofacial region, they are usually multiple and vary in size. The differential diagnosis of phleboliths includes other causes of calcifications in the head and neck area, such as sialolithiasis, tonsilloliths, healed acne lesions, Fig. 1. Facial asymmetry due to intramuscular hemangioma.

Fig. 2. A periapical film from the soft tissue of the right cheeck clearly showing multiple round target-like radiopaci- ties varying in size from 2 to 10 mm (arrows).

Fig. 3. A periapical film from upper right molar, showing phleboliths (arrows).

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cysticercosis, miliary skin osteomas,7 calcified lymph nodes, and carotid artery calcifications.

Plain radiographs can show soft tissue calcifications.

The presence of round, smooth, and laminated phlebo- liths is pathognomonic for a cavernous hemangioma.17 The plain radiograph (Figure 2, periapical film taken from the cheek) of the present patient demonstrated multiple small (2- to 10-mm diameter) target-like opac- ities within the mass. In addition, other diagnostic im- aging modalities such as CT,15 MRI,9,10 and ultra- sound11 increase the accuracy of a preoperative diagnosis for this lesion. Ultrasound has been shown to be a reliable method for diagnosing alterations in the masseter muscle.18 MRI is considered to be the most useful imaging modality for tissue characterization and recognition of the extent of a lesion.9In general, vas- cular malformations and hemangiomas demonstrate hy- perintensity on T2-weighted images and isointensity on T1-weighted images9owing to the increased free water present within stagnant blood in the vessels.

The therapeutic approach is based on clinical factors such as age, cosmetic appearance, size, location, and depth of involvement. Many forms of therapy have been suggested, including cryotherapy, radiotheraphy, sclerosing agents, and steroids,12but the ideal treatment is complete excision of the tumor, thereby eliminating the phlebolith.7Even with this approach, local recur- rence rates ranging from 9% to 28% have been re-

ported.12 In addition, total excision of the masseter muscle has been recommended.19 In our case, the pa- tient was informed about the condition and treatment options discussed; however, she elected to forgo treat- ment at the time.

In conclusion, palpation of small hard nodules deep within the muscle that are diffuse and compressible should alert the clinician to the possibility of an IMH with phleboliths. Plain soft tissue X-ray image can show phleboliths, and nonionizing techniques, such as ultrasound and MRI, can provide useful information to clinicians about the location of calcifications and the extent of the lesion.

REFERENCES

1. Welsh D, Hengerer AS. The diagnosis and treatment of intra- muscular hemangiomas of the masseter muscle. Am J Otolaryn- gol 1980;1:186-90.

2. Rossiter JL, Hendrix RA, Tom LW, Potsic WP. Intramuscular hemangioma of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;108:18-26.

3. Elahi MM, Parnes L, Fox A. Hemangioma of the masseter muscle. J Otolaryngol 1992;21:177-9.

4. Dempsey EF, Murley RS. Vascular malformations simulating salivary disease. Br J Plast Surg 1970;23:77-84.

5. Scott JE. Haemangiomata in skeletal muscle. Br J Surg 1957;44:496-501.

6. Morris SJ, Adams H. Case report: paediatric intramuscular haemangiomata— don’t overlook the phlebolith! Br J Radiol 1995;68:208-11.

Fig. 4. Ultrasound examination shows 2 nodular structures with heterogeneous internal echogenicity⬃9 (A) and ⬃13 (B) mm thick, with smooth margins in the subcutaneous area (arrows).

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7. Mandel L, Perrino MA. Phleboliths and the vascular maxillofa- cial lesion. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:1973-6.

8. Clemis JD, Briggs DR, Changus GW. Intramuscular heman- gioma in the head and neck. Can J Otolaryngol 1975;4:339-46.

9. Yonetsu K, Nakayama E, Yuasa K, Kanda S, Ozeki S, Shi- nohara M. Imaging findings of some buccomasseteric masses.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;86:755-9.

10. Kakimoto N, Tanimoto K, Nishiyama H, Murakami S, Furu- kawa S, Kreiborg S. CT and MR imaging features of oral and

maxillofacial hemangioma and vascular malformation. Eur J Radiol 2005;55:108-12.

11. Kanaya H, Saito Y, Gama N, Konno W, Hirabayashi H, Haruna S. Intramuscular hemangioma of masseter muscle with promi- nent formation of phleboliths: a case report. Auris Nasus Larynx 2008;35:587-91.

12. Wolf GT, Daniel F, Krause CJ, Kaufman RS. Intramuscular hem- angioma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 1985;95:210-3.

13. Ingalls GK, Bonnington GJ, Sisk AL. Intramuscular hemangi- oma of the mentalis muscle. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985;60:476-81.

Fig. 5. A, T1-weighted sagittal MR scan shows isointense mass⬃5 ⫻ 6 cm in size with distinct borders in the right masseter muscle (black arrows). Millimetric slightly hyperintense nodular areas are seen within the homogeneous mass (white arrows). B, T2-weighted coronal MR scan shows millimetric hypointense structures (black arrows) in the hyperintense mass. C, Contrast- enhanced T1-weighted MR scan demonstrates many nonenhancement nodular structures (phleboliths) (black arrows) in the strongly enhancing mass with smooth borders (white arrow).

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14. Barnes L. Tumors and tumor like lesions of the soft tissue. In:

Barnes L, editor. Pathology of the head and neck. New York:

Marcel Dekker; 2001. p. 900-1.

15. Altug˘ HA, Büyüksoy V, Okçu KM, Dog˘an N, Peleg L, Eli I.

Hemangiomas of the head and neck with phleboliths: clinical features, diagnostic imaging, and treatment of 3 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;103:60-4.

16. Sano K, Ogawa A, Inokuchi T, Takahashi H, Hisatsune K.

Buccal hemangioma with phleboliths. Report of two cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988;65:151-6.

17. Heitzman Er Jr, Jones JB. Roentgen characteristics of cavernous hemangioma of striated muscle. Radiology 1960;74:420-7.

18. Serra MD, Duarte Gavião MB, dos Santos Uchôa MN. The use of ultrasound in the investigation of the muscles of mastication.

Ultrasound Med Biol 2008;34:1875-84.

19. Narayanan CD, Prakash P, Dhanasekaran CK. Intramuscular hemangioma of the masseter muscle: a case report. In: Cases. p.

J2009, 18. p. 7459.

Reprint requests:

A. Zeynep Zengin

Department of Maxillofacial Radiology Faculty of Dentistry

University of Ondokuz Mayis 55139 Kurupelit

Samsun Turkey

dtzeynep78@hotmail.com

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