立 政 治 大 學

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

1

1. ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ

1.1 ࣴزङඳᆶ୏ᐒ

ΓᆶΓϐ໔аᇟЎࣁ୷ᘵٰ໺ሀૻ৲ᆶྎ೯ཀۺǴӵ݀ᇟЎޑຒׇ٬ҔᒱᇤǴόՠຒό

ၲཀǴຒׇڻ܁ޑѡηΨ཮зΓಯᅟ΋ઢǹӢԜ࡞྽Ӧ٬ҔᇟقǴωૈ୼ӳӳӦҬඤૻ

৲ᆶཀۺǶӢԜǴҁፕЎ௖૸ӵՖճҔ೬ᡏמೌࡌᄬрѡηख़ಔ၂ᚒጓᇙᕉნǴаٮᏢ ғግಞᇟЎޑ҅ዴຒׇϐҔǶ

ᇟЎࢂ࣬ϕྎ೯аϷ໺ၲૻ৲ਔόё܈લޑπڀǴ܌аӵՖ҅ዴӦ٬ҔᇟЎǴஒࢂ

ᇟقᏢಞޣ΋ঁख़ाޑфፐǶᇟЎޑБԄεठ΢ёϩࣁȨ᠋ȩǵȨᇥȩǵȨ᠐ȩǵȨቪȩѤঁ

୷ҁኳԄǴӢԜᏢಞᇟЎޑ؁ᡯεठ΢Ψ٩ׇёϩࣁȨ᠋మཱȩǵȨᇥܴқȩǵȨ᠐вಒȩǵ Ȩቪ҅ዴȩѤঁ໘ࢤǹԶ࿶җ೭Ѥঁ؁ᡯޑ૽ግǴᇟقᏢಞޣёаඓඝډ୷ᘵޑᇟЎૈ

ΚǶךॺයఈࡌᄬр΋ঁႝတᇶշѡηख़ಔрᚒጓᇙᕉნǴڐշᏢғӧፐᎩਔ໔ԾᏢᇟ ЎǴҁፕЎ܌ว৖ޑ၂ᚒጓᇙᕉნ(аΠക࿯ᆀҁጓᇙᕉნ)ЬाࢂଞჹᇟقᏢಞޣ܌೛

ीǴஒаԾฅᇟقೀ౛ࣁπڀǴයఈว৖р΋ঁૈ୼ڐշᇟقᏢಞޣግಞᇟЎޑѡηख़ ಔ၂ᚒጓᇙᕉნǴ຾ԶᔅշᇟقᏢಞޣዕ஼ᇟЎޑதҔѡࠠᆶЎݤࢎᄬǹךॺ׆ఈҁጓ ᇙᕉნନΑёаගٮ๏Ꮲғ଺ፐࡕግಞǵፐᎩԾᏢϐѦ[23]ǴӕਔΨૈ୼ᙖҗႝတ೭ঁ

2

൞ϟٰ֎ЇᏢಞᑫ፪եပޑᏢғᏢಞᇟЎǶ

ѡηख़ಔ၂ᚒ൩ࢂஒѡηѺ໶ຒׇࡕᡣᏢғख़ཥಔӝຒׇޑෳᡍ၂ᚒǴόၸӧख़ཥ ಔӝຒׇޑਔংԖёૈ཮ᎁၶډΠय़ޑୢᚒǶӵȨϞϺך೏ކࠈΑǶȩᆶȨI put a book on a table.ȩ೭ٿѡѺ໶ຒׇౢғѡηख़ಔ၂ᚒϐࡕǴᏢғନΑ௨рচҁޑѡηϐѦǴΨ ёа௨рȨϞϺކ೏ךࠈΑǶȩᆶȨI put a table on a book.ȩӧЎݤ΢ӝݤՠᇟཀ΢ࠅԖ

༾֮ৡ౦ޑӕӷຒόӕຒׇಔӝǶ

྽ႝတӧղᘐเਢޑ҅ዴᆶցਔǴӵ݀ԖΓႣӃஒ೭٤ӕӷຒόӕຒׇޑเਢࡌ࿼

ӧၗ਑৤္Ǵ൩ёа೸ၸ೭٤ႣӃࡌ࿼ӳޑเਢکᏢғޑเਢ଺КჹǴᙖԜղᘐᏢғޑ เਢࢂցӝ౛ǶёࢂϺΠޑѡηՖځӭǻӵ݀؂΋ѡ೿ा೭ኬ࿶ၸΓπѐࡌ࿼ёа௨р ޑ܌ԖเਢǴஒ཮брཱུεޑਔ໔ᆶᆒઓжሽǴᗨฅᇥӵ݀ႝတᓯӸΑӭঁเਢ൩ёа ᡣᏢғԖനଯޑเᚒԾҗࡋǴՠࢂԵቾډ೭ሶ଺ޑӕਔ܌Ѹ໪брޑਔ໔ᆶᆒΚǴ܌а ךॺ൩όளόགྷགྷځдБݤǴᡣᏢғѝૈ௨р੝ۓޑเਢǹ܈ࢂӃᔅ௲ৣᑔᒧрёૈޑ ӝݤޑѡηǴӆፎ௲ৣவ೭٤ѡηύᒧрдᇡࣁӝݤޑѡη଺ࣁเਢ໣ӝǶ܌аԵቾډ ਔ໔ᆶᆒΚޑज़ڋǴ྽ךॺ،ۓाࡌ࿼ѡηख़ಔ၂ᚒጓᇙᕉნਔǴाय़ᖏډޑୢᚒ൩ࢂ

ӵՖωૈᡣᏢғ೿ѝૈ௨р੝ۓޑเਢǴ܈ࢂ௨р௲ৣ܌ࡰۓޑเਢ໣ӝ္ޑځύ΋

ঁǶ

ଷ೛ךॺעȨI have never seen such good students.ȩ೭΋ঁमЎѡѺ໶ຒׇࡕጓᒠԋ ѡηख़ಔޑ၂ᚒǴٗሶเਢନΑёаࢂচҁޑѡηȨI have never seen such good students.ȩ ϐѦǴΨёа௨ԋȨSuch good students I have never seen.ȩ܈ࢂ௨ԋȨNever have I seen such good students.ȩ೭ኬޑѡηǶӵ݀ࢌঁس಍Ӄ߻ؒԖҔΓπБԄࡌ࿼࣬ᜢޑӕӷຒόӕ ຒׇเਢޑ၉Ǵٗሶӧ೭ঁਔংǴ၀س಍൩ѝ཮ղᘐ௨рȨI have never seen such good students.ȩޑᏢғเჹǴځдᏢғջ٬௨рΑќѦٿѡځύޑҺՖ΋ѡǴΨ೿཮೏၀س

3

಍ຎࣁᒱᇤޑเਢԶᇤղǹՠࢂӧჴሞғࢲύǴќѦٿѡࢂӝЯЎݤޑѡηǴΨࢂёа

೏Γॺ܌ௗڙޑᇥݤǴԶ՟ЯؒԖၰ౛ᡣႝတ֋ນᏢғȨSuch good students I have never seen.ȩᆶȨNever have I seen such good students.ȩ೭ঁѡηࢂᒱᇤޑǶ

ჹܭ΢΋ࢤޑΟঁमЎѡǴӵ݀Ӄऊ״ಃΒঁӷѝૈ༤ΕȨhaveȩޑ၉Ǵٗሶ൩Ѹ

໪ाӆऊ״ځѬޑӷωૈᡣᏢғ௨р੝ۓޑเਢǴӢࣁȨI have never seen such good students.ȩکȨNever have I seen such good students.ȩ೭ٿѡ཮ӅӕٰᝡݾȨಃΒঁӷѝ

ૈ༤ΕȬhaveȭȩ೭ঁచҹǹՠࢂӵ݀ךॺӧ΋໒ۈޑਔং൩،ۓऊ״ಃΟঁӷѝૈ༤ ΕȨneverȩޑ၉ǴٗሶǴૈ୼೏௨рٰޑѡη൩ѝԖȨI have never seen such good students.ȩ ೭΋ѡԶςΑǶךॺ׆ఈᙖҗ೭ᅿӧ੝ۓຒׇ΢ऊ״ࢌঁӷޑБԄٰᡣᏢғ೿ѝૈ௨р

੝ۓޑเਢǴ຾Զှ،ࡌ࿼ѡηख़ಔᚒ৤ਔѸ໪аΓπ຤ਔ຤ΚޑୢᚒǴ೭ΨࢂҁፕЎ ޑਡЈࡘགྷǶ

1.2 ࣴزБݤᆶԋ݀

ᗨฅᇥӵ݀ႝတᓯӸΑӭঁเਢ൩ёаᡣᏢғԖനଯޑเᚒԾҗࡋǴՠࢂ೭ሶ଺ޑӕਔ Ѹ໪брεໆޑਔ໔ᆶᆒΚǶԵቾډࡌ࿼܌ԖӕӷຒόӕຒׇޑเਢϐԋҁǴҁፕЎ၂ კ೸ၸ୷ᘵຒಔޑཷۺǴ٠ᙖҗ CYK ᄽᆉݤ(Cocke-Younger-Kasami Algorithm)[6][10]

܌ಔࡌޑও݋Ꮤ(аΠക࿯ᆀ CYK ও݋Ꮤ)ᔅշǴᡣᏢғѝૈ௨р੝ۓޑเਢǹ܈ࢂӃᔅ

௲ৣᑔᒧрёૈޑӝݤޑѡηǴӆፎ௲ৣவ೭٤ѡηύᒧрдᇡࣁӝݤޑѡη଺ࣁเਢ

໣ӝǶ

ҁጓᇙᕉნЬाӃஒѡηҔ୷ᘵຒಔޑБԄϩ݋рमЎѡύനλޑ׎৒ຒТᇟ (adjective phraseǴADJP)ǵӜຒТᇟ(noun phraseǴNP)аϷϟسຒТᇟ(prepositional phraseǴ PP)ޑ่ᄬǴӕਔ٩ԜϪԋ೚ӭ୔༧Ǵ٠ஒ೭٤୔༧а௨ӈޑБԄౢғຒׇፓ୏ࡕޑѡ

4

ηǶࣁΑᆀڥ΢ޑБߡǴচۈѡηϣޑຒׇӵ݀࿶ၸፓ୏Ǵךॺ൩ᆀຒׇፓ୏ࡕޑѡη ࣁ

໶ׇѡ

(deranged sentences)Ƕऩ໶ׇѡϝฅ಄ӝЎݤೕጄޑ၉Ǵ೭ኬޑ໶ׇѡ൩ᆀࣁ

ख़ಔѡ

(scrambled sentences)Ƕ

ךॺௗ๱аӝٳຒಔޑБԄ܈ࢂҗўϏՕও݋Ꮤ(Stanford Parser)[13]ޑᐒ౗ϩኧ௨ ӜǴٰᕭ෧Ԗख़ಔѡӸӧޑ໶ׇѡጄൎǴฅࡕӆ࿶җ CYK ও݋ᏔޑᑔᒧǴ٠ගٮ๏௲

ৣ଺ࣁᒧڗเਢޑୖԵǶ೭٤฻ࡑ CYK ও݋Ꮤᑔᒧޑѡηךॺ൩ᆀࣁ

ংᒧѡ

Ƕᑔᒧޑ БԄ߾ࢂճҔ CYK ও݋ᏔǴ٩Ᏽ܌๏ۓޑЎݤೕ߾Ǵٰᔠᡍ܌ᒡΕޑংᒧѡࢂցӝЯ Ўݤǹऩংᒧѡёа೏ֹ᏾ও݋Ǵ൩೯ၸᑔᒧǴϸϐ߾೏ᑔᒧ௞ǶҁጓᇙᕉნӕਔΨග ٮ௲ৣ΋ঁԾ୏ϯᐒڋǴஒࢌ٤ӷऊ״ӧ੝ۓޑຒׇ΢ǴᙖԜٰၸᘠ௞ځѬӝݤޑӕӷ ຒόӕຒׇϐเਢ(Ψ൩ࢂख़ಔѡ)ǴᡣᏢғѝૈ௨р੝ۓޑเਢǴԶ೭٤೏ऊ״ӧ੝ۓ ຒׇ΢ޑӷךॺ൩ᆀࣁ

ᗕӷ

(anchors)Ƕ

ҁፕЎӧჴᡍޑ೽ҽ߾ϩࣁϖঁЬाޑ೽ҽ຾ՉǶಃ΋೽ҽࢂ CYK ও݋Ꮤவংᒧ ѡύᑔᒧёૈޑख़ಔѡޑਔ໔КၨჴᡍǹԜ೽ҽޑჴᡍᡉҢংᒧѡޑߏࡋຫอǴᑔᒧਔ ໔ΨຫอǴᆶךॺޑགྷႽ࣬಄ǶಃΒ೽ҽ௖૸๏ۓόӕޑЎݤೕ߾໣ਔǴংᒧѡ೯ၸ CYK ও݋Ꮤᑔᒧޑ௃׎ǹ၀೽ҽޑჴᡍکޔ᝺࣬಄ǴЎݤೕ߾໣ຫλǴ೯ၸᑔᒧޑѡ ኧΨຫϿǶಃΟ೽ҽ૸ፕўϏՕও݋Ꮤޑᐒ౗ϩኧߐᘖॶǴಃѤ೽ҽϩ݋ӝٳຒಔࡕޑ

ংᒧѡ఼ᇂ੿ჴख़ಔѡޑ௃ݩǴಃϖ೽ҽ߾ࢂಃΟᆶಃѤ೽ҽޑᆕӝჴᡍǴ೭Οঁ೽ҽ ޑჴᡍ֡ᡉҢংᒧѡ఼ᇂख़ಔѡޑѨᇤ౗ᆶ CYK ও݋Ꮤᑔᒧংᒧѡޑਔ໔ࣁ៾ᑽᜢ߯

(trade-off)Ƕ

ҁጓᇙᕉნΨගٮΑ࣬ᜢޑ٬Ҕޣϟय़Ǵ௲ৣёаӧϟय़΢ཥቚ܈ጓᒠѡηख़ಔ၂ ᚒǴᏢғ߾ёаӧϟय़΢ግಞѡηख़ಔ၂ᚒǶӕਔךॺΨ܍ௗΑЦࢅ໋฻Ꮲޣ[9]ޑᇟნ (context)ϟय़೛ीǴගٮᏢғӧӣเѡηख़ಔ၂ᚒਔޑӭ΋ᗺጕ઩Ƕ

5

1.3 ፕЎࢎᄬ

ךॺӧಃΒകӣ៝ႝတᇶշрᚒаϷѡηख़ಔޑ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ǶಃΟക߾ϟಏҁፕЎ܌ࡌ࿼

ޑጓᇙᕉნࢎᄬک٬Ҕޣϟय़ǶಃѤകϟಏҁጓᇙᕉნӧमЎѡηख़ಔ၂ᚒ΢ޑว৖Ǵ

ಃϖക߾ࢂϟಏύЎѡηख़ಔ၂ᚒ΢ޑ΋٤߃؁௖૸ǶനࡕಃϤകࢂ่ፕᆶ҂ٰ৖ఈǶ