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量子物理

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(1)

102學年上學期高二物理

黃信健

(2)

電磁學、光學與

量子物理

(3)

課程表

日期 內容

2013/10/19 (一) 1電荷、靜電的應用

2013/11/02 (二、三) 2 電力與電場

2013/11/16 (四) 3高斯定律

2013/11/30 (五) 4電位

2013/12/14 (六) 5電容

201312/28 (七) 6電流與電阻

2013/01/11 (八) 7電路

(4)

電磁學

What causes the “sparking” of a wintergreen lifesaver?

(5)

電磁學

(6)

電磁學 (Electromagnetism)

電學(Electricity)

1. 電荷 2. 電場

3. 高斯定律 4. 電位

5. 電容

6. 電流與電阻 7. 電路

(7)

磁學 (Magnetism)

8. 電流與磁場 9. 電磁感應

10. 物質的磁性

11. 反射、折射、干涉、繞射 12 量子物理

(8)

1-1 電荷、電力與電場

1.1 電荷(electric charge)

1.2 庫倫定律 (Coulomb’s law ) 1.3 靜電的應用

(9)

1.1 電荷

•摩擦充電

•塑膠棒(負荷電)與毛皮(正荷電)

•玻璃棒(正荷電)與絲綢(負荷電)

•感應充電

(10)

正荷電與負荷電

(11)

摩擦充電

(12)

感應充電

(13)

The Electric Interaction

(14)

Charge is quantized

The electric charge (e) is discrete (quantized)

SI unit: coulomb (C), defined in term of ampere

C e

n ne

q

10 19

6 . 1

3,...

2, 1,

= ,

(15)

Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment

Quarks: q = e / 3 or 2e / 3

(16)

The radioactive decay

The annihilation process (對滅) He

Th

U 234 4

238  

e

e

Charge is conserved

(17)

The pair production process (對生)

The bubble (cloud) chamber

e e

Elementary Particles

(18)

1.2 Coulomb’s Law

y permitivit /

10 85

.

8 12 2 2

0 C N m

2 2

9 0

2 2 1

/ 10

99 .

4 8

1 N m C

k

r q k q

F



(19)

Ex. 1-1 一庫倫負電荷含有多少電子

Ex. 1-2 氫原子內電子與質子之間電 力與重力之比

19 6.25 1018e C/e

10 1.6

1.00Coul e

N q

 

 

  

 

39

47 11 2

27 31

2 2 11

2

8 11 2

19 2 2

2 9

2 0

2 1

10

10 6

. 3 10

3 . 5

10 67

. 1 10

11 . 10 9

67 . 6

10 2

. 8 10

3 . 5

10 60

. 10 1

4 9





p e

P e g

e

P e g

e

m Gm

q Kq F

F

N m

kg kg

kg Nm r

m F Gm

N m

C C

m N r

q F q



(20)

Ex. 1-3 鐵(Fe26)原子核中,兩個相距 一個原子核半徑的質子間之斥力

•R = 410-15m

•如此大之斥力,必須有更強的核力與 之抗衡,方能維持原子核的穩定。

 

mC

N lb

C m N

r q

Fe qP P 14 ~ 3

10 4

10 60

. 10 1

99 .

4 8 15 2

19 2 2

2 9

2 0



(21)

1.3 靜電的應用

Ink-Jet Printing

Soil Decontamination

Electroplating

Electromagnetic Predators

Electric Precipitator

Xerography

Laser Printer

(22)

Ink-Jet Printing

(23)

An ink drop with m 1.31010kg

C Q 1.51013

mm 64

. 2 0

2 , 1

2 2 2

x

x y

y

mv y QEL

t v L

t a y

m QE m

a F

N/C 10

1.4 E

m/s 18

v cm, 6

. 1 L

6 x

(24)

Soil Decontamination and Electroplating

(25)

Electromagnetic Predators

(26)

電 磁 掠 食者

(27)

The torpedo ray and electric eel

(28)

Electroplaques

(29)

Electric Precipitator

(30)

影 印機

(31)

The copying process

(32)

Laser Printer

(33)

2 電場

(electric field) (Lines of force)

(34)

電場的定義

•電力: q與q0之間的電力 or

q在q0所建立的電場中受到的電力

m) (V

(N/C)

0

q E F

(35)

點電荷

(36)

帶電平板

(37)

二正電荷與電雙極

q0

(38)

電場的計算

電雙極

均勻帶電圓環

均勻帶電圓盤

(39)

電雙極

(40)

] 2 )

1 ( 2 )

1 4 [(

) 2 / (

4 1 )

2 / (

4 1

4 1 4

1

2 2

2 0

2 0

2 0

2 0

2 0

z d z

d z

q

d z

q d

z

q

r q r

q E E

E











兩電荷的電場相加

(41)

dipole) (electric

2 1

2 1 2

4

...)]

1 ( ...)

1 4 [(

...)]

)

! 1 ( 2 1 2

( ) ...)

! 1 ( 2 1 2

4 [(

3 0

3 0

2 0

2 0

2 0

z E p

z qd z

d z

q

z d z

d z

q

z d z

d z

q











) (

moment dipole

elcectric 電雙極矩

p

電雙極的電場

(42)

) (

4 1

4 1 4

1

2 2

0

2 0

2 0

R z

dE ds

r ds r

dE dq

ds dq

 







均勻帶電圓環

(43)

2 / 3 2 2

0 2

/ 3 2 2

0

2 2 0

/ 3 2 2

0

2 / 3 2 2

0

2 / 1 2 2

) (

4 )

( 4

) 2

(

) (

cos 4

) (

cos 4

) cos (

, cos

R z

qz R

z

R z

R ds z

dE z E

R ds z

dE z

R z

z r

dE z dE

R

 







 



 

均勻帶電圓環的電場

(44)

If z » R,

z

2

R

2

z

2

charge) point

a (like

4 1

) (

4

2 0

2 / 3 2 2

0

z q

R z

E qz





 

極限情形

(45)

rdr dA

dq 2

R z r r dr

dE z E

r z

rdr dE z

r z

rdr dE z

0

2 / 3 2

2 0

2 / 3 2 2

0

2 / 3 2 2

0

) 2 ( )

4 (

) (

2 4

) (

4

2



均勻帶電圓盤

(46)

2 0 0 2

0 2 / 1 2

2

0

0

2 / 3 2

2 0

) 2 1

2 (

2 ] / 1

) [ (

4

) 2 ( )

4 (

 

 

 

R z

z r z

z

dr r

r z z

dE E

R R

均勻帶電圓盤的電場

(47)

The electric field on an oil drop

C e N

g E R

F E

e g

R

Fg e

/ 10

65 .

9 1 4

) 3 3 (

4

6 3

3

A drop of R = 2.76m has 3 excess electrons,  = 920kg/m3

(48)

3 高斯定律 Gauss’ Law

Flux  enclosed charge

q

enc

A d E

0 0

(49)

4

(50)

E.S. for a uniform field, a point charge, and an electric dipole

等位面3例

(51)

5 電容器

(52)

6 I-V curves

conductor semiconductor

(53)

7 Multiloop Circuits

 The Junction rule: 流入接點之電流必等 於流出者

(Kirchhoff’s junction/current rule)

2 3

1

i i

i  

(54)

8 電流與磁場

The electric field and the magnetic field

Electromagnets and permanent magnets

(55)

9 電磁感應

How did the electric guitar revolutionize rock?

From acoustic to electric guitars

(56)

10 Magnetism of Matter

How can a clay- walled kiln

reveal Earth’s magnetic field of the past?

(57)

11 反射、折射、干涉、繞射

(58)

12 量子物理

參考文獻

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