嘉南藥理科技大學專題研究計畫成果報告
計畫名稱
黃芩中抗腫瘤成份之萃取與分離研究
計畫類別:□個別型計畫 □整合型計畫 計畫編號:CNPH94-7
執行期間:94 年 1 月 1 日至 94 年 12 月 31 日
計畫主持人:魏明治
計畫參與人員:魏明治
執行單位:嘉南藥理科技大學藥學系
中華民國 95 年 2 月 24 日
一、前言
行政院衛生署的統計數據顯示[1],在台灣地區,慢性肝病、肝硬化等疾病向來高居十 大死亡原因之列;而惡性腫瘤自 71 年起,已經連續 20 年蟬聯國人主要死亡原因的榜首,
其中肝腫瘤更是常年來 ( 80-93 年)高居男性癌症主要死亡中的首位。此外,衛生署的統計 資料亦顯示,癌症死亡人口有逐年增加的趨勢,且此種趨勢預估仍將持續,同時部份癌症 更有年輕化傾向;全民健保每年支付癌症治療費即高達新台幣 100 億元,平均每位癌症病人 每年約需花費 14 萬元的健保資源。Safary 與 Beck [2]於 1980-1999 年間的統計資料指出,
亞洲地區國家之 B 型肝炎帶原者約佔全世界的 75 %,而慢性 B 型肝炎患者中有 75-90 %的 機率會轉變為肝癌,同時肝癌亦屬於世界十大癌症之一。因此,治療肝相關疾病的藥物研 發,對於全民健康的保護,乃是一項相當重要之課題。
肝藏是人體內最大的腺體機器官,成年人之肝藏質量約為 1400-1600 公克,為體內進 行代謝的主要場所。當肝藏受到損傷時,會產生發炎反應,輕微的可藉由免疫系統修復或 肝細胞再生而恢復,但若傷害持續,而重複發炎,則會進一步惡化,造成肝纖維化(hepatic fibrosis) 及肝硬化(liver cirrhosis)。造成肝藏損傷的原因很多,大致上分為化學性傷害及病 毒性傷害兩種,前者如酒精、藥物濫用或中毒;後者如 B、C 型肝炎病毒等。據研究顯示,
於肝纖維化的過程中,肝藏內的各種細胞激素(cytokine)扮演著很重要之角色[3, 4]。肝藏細 胞的損傷並非完全由毒物所引起,受損的細胞亦會吸引發炎細胞之聚集,進而活化內皮細 胞及肝藏星狀細胞等,並持續地引起周圍的肝藏細胞受損,甚至死亡。Svegliati-Baroni 等 人[5]於肝纖維化的動物體內實驗模式中,觀察到活性氧化物的生成;故證實活性氧化物之 形成,是肝藏損傷造成肝纖維化的原因之一。活性氧化物所造成之氧化壓力或脂質過氧 化,會活化星狀細胞及調節膠原蛋白基因的表現。由氧化壓力刺激產生的 paracrine,或由 Fe2+/ ascorbate 產生的自由基,均會刺激肝藏星狀細胞的活化增生與膠原蛋白之形成;當肝 藏持續受損及增生,於遺傳學上的變異機率可能會升高,伴隨著肝纖維化及肝硬化,進一 步的可能演變成肝癌(hepatocelluar carcinoma) [6]。根據流行病學統計資料顯示,肝癌是一 種相當惡性的癌症,於肝癌發生的高危險區,如東南亞、中國大陸沿海區域及撒哈拉沙漠 以南之非洲國家等,肝癌每年的患病者約高達一百二十萬人,居世界癌症發生率的第八 位,分別為男性的第六位及女性第十一位,年死亡人數至少達一百萬人[7]。肝癌發生的可 能危險因子,包括 B、C 肝型炎病毒造成之慢性感染及肝硬化、酒精性慢性肝病、肝毒性 物質之暴露、肝硬化、家族有肝癌病人、有肝病既往史、紅血球 Rh 系統 C 抗原陽性、營 養不良、長期酗酒、先天性新陳代謝之缺陷,以及服用過量藥物,如類固醇、荷爾蒙、動
情素等。
肝癌的治療目前常採用化學療法、放射線療法、外科手術或合併療法等。前兩種方法 是以細胞壞死(necrosis)的途徑來殺死癌細胞,而在殺死腫瘤細胞的同時,其他正常細胞亦 受到大量傷害,造成病患在治療過程中身體受到極大的不適。而外科手術處理則採手術切 除或肝藏移植。各種療法雖可以單獨進行或合併使用,但對於大多數的肝癌病患,因為肝 細胞壞死之處太多,且普遍性肝功能均不佳,故治癒率有限[8]。因此,如何研發更有效率 之抗肝癌藥物,乃屬當務之急。癌症化學防禦的觀念是目前治療或研究癌症的重點之一,
其主要是藉由天然物中的活性成份以預防、減緩或終止癌之形成過程[9, 10]。具有癌症化 學防禦能力的物質,可經由阻斷 DNA 的途徑,抑制癌症之發展,也可以誘發尚未成癌的 細胞進行分化或凋亡。為達到抗癌的預期效益,這些化學防禦物質通常需要長期的使用,
故基於藥物安全性(無毒、無副作用)之考量,期能由天然植物中萃取、分離出有效的抗癌 藥物,與目前臨床上的抗癌療法結合,以減輕對病患的副作用,而又可以達到抗癌目的。
近年來,藉由天然物中所分離出有效的抗癌藥物,以進行腫瘤細胞計畫性凋亡機制研究,
已成為研究治療癌症藥物發展的方向之一[11]。例如研究者曾由不同的天然植物中分離出 各種有效成份,如 baicalein [12-15],bergenin [16, 17],chebulagic acid [18],corilagin [19, 20],gallic acid [21, 22],geraniin [23, 24]與 tercatain [18]等處理人類的肝癌細胞株,觀察這 些成份對肝癌細胞株的毒性與生長抑制情形。
黃芩為唇形科植物黃岑 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi 的根,別名黃金茶、山茶根、爛 心草、黃芩茶、土金茶根,是一種相當古老的中藥,已使用了上千年,安全無害,早記載 在神農本草經中,並列為中品。主要生長於向陽草地山坡及休荒地上。主產于河北、山西、
內蒙古、河南及陝西等地。以山西產量最多,河北承德產的品質最好。黃芩是多年生草本,
苗長尺餘,莖幹粗如箸,葉從地向四面叢生,類紫草,高一尺許,亦有獨莖者,葉細長,
青色,兩面相對,六月開紫花,根黃如知母粗細,長四五寸,春、秋季採挖。黃芩根細深 長,根條易斷,採收時需要深挖,不能刨斷根。去掉殘莖及鬚根,曬半幹剝去外皮,捆成 小把,再曬乾或烘乾;在晾曬過程中,避免暴曬過度發紅,同時防止水濕雨淋,黃苓見水 變綠,最後發黑影響品質。黃苓成品呈圓錐形,扭曲不直,外形似腐木,長 8-25cm,直徑 1-3cm,表面棕黃色或深黃色,上部有明顯網紋,下部有細紋,表面有稀疏根痕。新根堅 實而質硬,稱為條苓,斷面黃色,中間紅棕色,外層有層狀圓環,遇水受潮變為黃綠色。
老根中間呈暗棕色或棕黑色,枯朽狀或已成空洞稱為枯碎芩,氣微,味苦。選用藥材時以 條長 10 釐米以上,中部直徑 1 釐米以上,去淨粗皮,無雜質,蟲蛀與黴變者為佳;條長 4 釐米以上,中部直徑 1 釐米以下,但不小於 0.4 釐米,去淨粗皮,無雜質、蟲蛀與黴變者
次之。
黃芩為傳統上常用之中藥材,應用歷史悠久,據記載,於臨床應用已有 2000 多年的 歷史。黃芩味苦,性寒,歸肺、心、肝、膽、大腸經,清熱瀉火,燥濕解毒,止血、安胎,
主治肺熱咳嗽、暑溫胸悶嘔惡、肝火頭痛、目赤、濕熱黃疸、瀉痢、血熱吐衄、胎動不安、
癰腫瘡毒。此外,近代的臨床研究[25]顯示,黃芩之甲醇萃取物於大白鼠受慢性膽管結紮 模式 (bile duct ligation),以及四氯化碳等不同作用機轉之肝毒化物,所誘發之肝纖維化與 脂質過氧化 (lipid peroxidation)具有顯著的抑制作用。Shimizu 等人[26, 27]亦證實,黃芩可 抑制小白鼠的肝纖維化及肝癌成長。依據 Sagara 等人[28]及 Xie 等人[29]的研究顯示,黃 芩中含有 Baicalein、baicalin 及 wogonin 等三種重要的保肝與抗腫瘤成份。其藥理學之研究 分述如下:
1. 保肝作用
Kimuya 等 人 [30] 曾 以 不 同 的 肝 損 傷 模 式 , 使 小 白 鼠 形 成 脂 質 過 氧 化 (lipid peroxidation),再分別經口投與 baicalein、baicalin 及 wogonin,發現此三成份均具有抗氧化 能力,可預防肝細胞障害作用。蔡等人[31] 亦發現,baicalein 對於 tert-butyl hydroperoxide 所誘發大白鼠肝細胞氧化損傷具有保護作用。Abe 等人[32] 則發現,baicalein 與 baicalin 有促進大白鼠膽汁分泌作用。Lin 與 Shieh[33, 34]使用 D-半乳糖胺 (D-galactosamine)、對 位乙醯胺酚 (Acetaminophen)及四氯化碳等三種不同作用機轉之肝毒化物,以誘發大白鼠 產生肝細胞障礙,再分別以 baicalein、baicalin 及 wogonin 等三成份處理,結果發現此三成 份均具有抗發炎與保肝的作用,其中以 baicalin 呈現最佳的抗炎作用,而 wogonin 之保肝 效用較好。Huang 等人[35] 亦發現,wogonin 具有抗 B 型肝炎病毒之能力。
2. 防癌與抗癌
以 baicalein、baicalin 與 wogonin 等成份(尤其是 baicalein)進行抗癌機制探討之文獻甚 多,包括人類各種的細胞株,如肝癌[14, 15, 36-41]、膀胱癌[42]、乳癌[43-45]、胃癌[46]、
前列腺癌[47-49]、胰臟癌[50, 51]與腸癌[43]等。結果顯示,這些成份對於癌細胞均具有成 長抑制或凋亡的作用。
3. 心血管疾病之作用
Takizawa 等人[52]研究顯示,baicalein 可以降低由於血管收縮素所引起的急性高壓現 象。也有研究者[53-56]指出,baicalein 可抑制因花生四烯酸、phenylephrine 與血小板因子 引起的細胞增生及移動,防止粥狀動脈硬化斑塊形成。Kimura 等人[57]發現,baicalein 能
明顯抑制鈣離子的增加,而降低 peptide 誘導之 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1)生成,
故推測 baicalein 可用於動脈硬化症或糖尿病之防治。
4. 抗過敏作用
Baicalein 與 baicalin 對於主動性過敏反應、被動性過敏反應、實驗性氣喘與過敏性皮 膚炎均有抑制作用[58- 61],其作用機制大致包括抑制毛細血管透過性作用[62- 64]、影響 前列腺素之生成[65, 66] 、抗乙醯膽素作用[67-70]、阻斷 typeⅣ過敏反應[71]、抑制白三烯 素 B4 與 C4 之釋放,降低過敏反應[72]與調節嗜鹼細胞之生長及分化[73, 74]等。
5. 抗發炎作用
Baicalein、baicalin 及 wogonin 等對於大白鼠因 carrageenin 引起的腳爪浮腫,有抑制作 用,其中尤其以 baicalin 的作用最為顯著[75]。baicalein 與 wogonin 可抑制 lipopolysaccharide 誘導巨嗜細胞產生一氧化氮,並減少誘導型一氧化氮合成之蛋白表現量,其中以 wogonin 的效果較強[76]。Butenko 等人[77]發現,baicalein 可抑制白三烯素之合成,具有抗發炎的 特性。也有研究指出,baicalin 可與化學激素結合,而產生抗發炎活性[78]。
此外,Baicalein 及 baicalin 亦被證實具有抗病毒之效用,如 B 型肝炎病毒[35]、人類 免疫不全由病毒[79- 88]及流行性感冒病毒[89- 92]等,以及抗菌活性[93-99]。以上的研究 結果得知,黃芩不僅具有保肝作用,亦為一擁有抗腫瘤功效的中藥草。黃芩之功效廣泛,
於臨床應用上並可與其他生藥搭配為複方使用。根據大陸中成藥產品目錄第一部的統計資 料,66 種蜜丸中有 45 種含黃芩,64 種片劑中有 46 種應用黃芩,36 種湯劑也有 25 種用黃 芩;換言之,於中成藥方劑中約有 70%含有黃芩。常見的中藥複方中含有黃芩者如三黃瀉 心湯、三黃石膏湯、半夏瀉心湯、生薑瀉心湯、甘草瀉心湯、大柴胡湯、小柴胡湯、柴胡 清肝湯、柴胡桂薑湯、柴胡桂枝湯、柴葛解肌湯、洗肝明目湯、消痔丸、乾薑黃蓮黃芩人 參湯、涼血地黃湯、清上防風湯、清心蓮子湯、清肺湯、清氣化痰湯、清涼湯、清濕化痰 湯、膈涼散、黃蓮上清丸、黃蓮阿膠湯、黃蓮解毒湯、黃芩湯、普濟消毒散、散腫潰堅湯、
溫清散、當歸龍薈丸、當歸六黃湯、葛根黃蓮黃芩湯、頓嗽湯、潤腸湯、龍膽瀉肝湯、鼻 良湯、蓮子清心湯、導滯湯、乙字湯、人參瀉肺湯、小續命湯、甘露散、辛夷清肺湯、防 風通聖散等多味中藥複方。由此可知,目前黃芩的應用和開發越來越受到國內外醫學界的 關注,需求量也隨之急劇增加。
基於過去之研究基礎,以及對於百花蛇舌草、半枝蓮及冬凌草等生藥中的保肝與抗肝 癌活性成份之萃取研究,已稍具基礎。為深入瞭解保肝與抗腫瘤活性成份之生藥材的化學
組成與抗癌活性,下年度擬以黃芩為研究對象,以三年為期,利用不同的溶劑、不同的萃 取方法,以萃取黃芩之活性成份,以及執行成份分離及純化的工作,並探討各種條件萃取 所得之萃取液及各成份之抗肝癌活性。
二、研究內容
本研究計畫分別以溶劑以及超臨界二氧化碳萃取黃芩中之活性成份,如 baicalein 等,
探討萃取條件對成份萃取量之影響。實驗內容分述如下:
一、溶劑萃取
1. 首先將中草藥研磨至一定大小,並測定水份含量,以利於後續萃取量的計算(以乾基為 基準)。
2. 以 intraday 及 interday 兩變異係數,評估 HPLC 分析 baicalein 等成份的精確性與再現性。
3. 以水及不同濃度之乙醇水溶液當萃取劑,並逐一探討不同的萃取條件,如樣品顆粒、溫 度、與萃取時間等諸變因,對於黃芩中之活性成份,如 baicalein 等成份萃取量的影響,
以期獲得最適之萃取條件。各種萃取條件之萃取液經由高效率液相層析儀定量分析,
以作為最佳萃取條件之指標。並測試各成份萃取的回收率,以評定萃取方法及條件的 良窳。同時,為評估各成份萃取量的再現性,原則上以每一萃取條件萃取三次,視相 對平均誤差而定,必要時並作更多次萃取。
4. 以各種不同的有機溶劑,例如 n-hexane 等作為萃取劑進行萃取,亦尋求最佳之萃取條 件。
二、超臨界二氧化碳萃取
1. 超臨界二氧化碳萃取裝置,如圖一所示,係以 ISCO 公司產製的超臨界流體萃取裝置為 主,加以改良而成,可允許測量壓力至 40Mpa 之數據。欲萃取之樣品是裝填於樣品匣 (cartridge)中,俟達到設定之溫度、壓力及平衡後,即可進行萃取;而萃取物係被收集 於凝氣瓣的 U 型管內。
2. 稱取一定重量研磨後之中草藥置於樣品匣(cartridge)中,並以雙幫浦系統分別輸入二氧化 碳與共溶劑,俟達到設定之溫度、壓力及平衡後,即進行萃取,並在萃取槽末端出口,
以溶劑加冰浴法收集萃出物,萃取結束後,再以 HPLC 分析萃出物中各成份的濃度。
並逐一探討不同的萃取條件,如樣品顆粒、溫度、壓力、二氧化碳流速、萃取時間及 共溶劑用量等變因,對於黃芩中之活性成份萃取量的影響,以期獲得最佳之萃取條件。
3. 測試各成份萃取的回收率,以及各成份萃取量的再現性。
三、結果與討論
3.1 HPLC 分析條件
HPLC 係 JASCO 公司產製,幫浦為 PU-986 智慧型高壓幫浦;偵測器為 UV/Vis 光電 二極體(photodiode)偵測器(MD-910) ,波長為 200nm。分離管柱為 Inertsil 5C18 ODS-2 的逆 向管柱,管柱內徑 4.6 mm、長度 250 mm。分析中烘箱溫度控制在 45℃,流動相為 0.1% H3PO4
水溶液(A)與 CH3CN (B) 的混合溶液。沖提方式為:分析開始至第 8 分鐘(0-8 min)之 A/B 為 78/22 (v/v);8-25 min 之 A/B 為 78/22 至 77/23 (v/v);25-60 min 之 A/B 為 77/23 至 57/43 (v/v) ;60-70 min 之 A/B 為 77/43 至 78/22 (v/v),流速為 1.5 mL/min ;32-40min 之 A/B 為 77/23 (v/v) ,流速為 1 mL/min ;40-60 min 之 A/B 為 77/23 變至 30/70 (v/v) ,流速為 1 mL/min 。流速的變化為:0 至 25 分鐘時流速從 1mL/min 變為 1.5mL/min;25 至 32 分鐘 時流速從 1.5mL/min 變為 1mL/min;32 至 55 分鐘時維持流速 1mL/min;55 至 60 分鐘時流 速從 1mL/min 變為 0.5mL/min;60 至 70 分鐘時流速從 0.5mL/min 變為 1mL/min。
3.2 標準品的 HPLC 層析圖
黃芩中 baicalin 等六種標準品於某一濃度下(Baicalin:12.5ug/mL, Apigenin:40 ug/mL, Baicalein:12.5 ug/mL, Wogonin:1.25 ug/mL, Chrysin:13.18ug/mL, Acacetin:75 ug/mL)之 HPLC 層析圖譜如圖二所示,顯示在 65 分鐘內,於 3.1 節中的 HPLC 分析條件下,各成份 均可達到良好的分離。由黃芩中相關活性成份的結構式(圖三),發現各成份中均含有 C=O、
C-OH 等極性鍵,故應均為極性化合物;而由圖二可知,這六成份的極性順序為 Baicalin >
Apigenin > Baicalein > Wogonin > Chrysin > Acacetin。
3.3 黃芩 HPLC 指紋圖譜的建立
中草藥指紋圖譜可作為中草藥定性與定量的標準層析圖,藉由各成份的定性與定量分 析,以達到生藥及製劑品質管制的要求。圖四顯示,於 HPLC 分析黃芩的前 10 分鐘,雖 然有波蜂糾結之情形,但在六種標準品波蜂出現處的 15-65 分鐘間並無發生波蜂重疊的現 象;經與標準成份的滯留時間及 UV 圖譜比對,可確定為本研究所要的六種目標活性成份
無誤,由此可建立黃芩之 HPLC 指紋圖譜。
3.4 黃芩中六種標準品檢量線資料
表一為 baicalin 等六種標準品的檢量線資料,顯示線性化係數(R)平方介於 0.995-0.999
之間,此意謂著這六條檢量線均具有一定水平之線性關係。
3.5 乙醇濃度對黃芩成分萃取量的影響
於 333K 下萃取 1 小時,觀察不同體積百分比的乙醇水溶液對於成份萃取量的影響。
圖五顯示,極性最高的 baicalin 於 20-60%乙醇水溶液中,具有較佳的抽取效果;極性其次 的 baicalein 於 40-70%乙醇水溶液中,有較好的抽取效果;而極性較小的 wogonin 與 chyrsin 需於相對較高濃度的乙醇水溶液中,才有較好的抽取效果。實驗結果符合極性相似者,可 互相溶解之原理。
3.6 溫度對黃芩成分萃取量的影響
以純水與 60%乙醇水溶液為溶劑,在溫度 303-353K 下萃取 1 小時,探討萃取溫度對萃 取量的影響。圖六顯示,以 60%乙醇水溶液為萃取劑時,baicalin 等成份在 313-343K 下,
具有較高的萃取量。
四、結論
以上是本研究計畫於冬凌草之 萃 取 研 究 中,有關萃取條件對於成份萃取量 影響的初步結果。本研究成果不僅於抗肝癌藥物之研發上極具參考價值,除了可 提供後續之抗肝癌藥理學研究外,同時對於科學中藥製程中萃取技術的改進與提 昇亦將有所貢獻。
五、圖表
表一黃芩中六種標準品檢量線資料
成分 濃度範圍(ug/mL) 檢量線方程式 R2
baicalin 10-180 (6 points) Y = 7589.905607 * X - 24084.94409 0.999 apigenin 60-320 (5 points) Y = 16533.74807 * X - 418451.4621 0.996 baicalein 50-200 (5 points) Y = 15421.51486 * X - 669502.2626 0.999 wogonin 6-18 (5 points) Y = 79924.85355 * X - 342938.6979 0.996 chrysin 63.3-189.9 (5 points) Y = 21024.62497 * X - 787784.362 0.999 acacetin 50-200 (5 points) Y = 10781.06993 * X - 23300.24462 0.999
圖一 超臨界二氧化碳萃取裝置圖
圖二 標準品的 HPLC 層析圖
Baicalin apigenin
Baicalein Wogonin
Chrysin Acacetin
圖三 黃芩相關活性成份的結構式
圖四 黃芩的 HPLC 指紋圖譜(抽取條件:50℃,60%Alc,60min)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Concentration(%)
0 20 40 60
Concents of components (ug/mg)
Baicalin Baicalein
0 20 40 60 80 100
Concentration(%)
0 1 2 3
Concents of components (ug/mg)
Wogonin Chrysin
圖五 乙醇濃度對黃芩成分萃取量的影響(抽取條件:60℃,60min)
20 40 60 80
Temperature (oC)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Concents of components (ug/mg)
Baicalin Baicalein
20 40 60 80
Temperature (oC)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Concents of components (ug/mg)
apigenin wogonin chrysin
圖六 溫度對黃芩成分萃取量的影響(抽取條件:60%Alc,60min)
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