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Trigeminal neuralgia: differences in magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of neurovascular compression between symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves

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Trigeminal neuralgia: differences in magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of neurovascular compression between symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves

Madoka Suzuki, DDS,aNorio Yoshino, DDS, PhD,aMasahiko Shimada, DDS, PhD,aAkemi Tetsumura, DDS, PhD,a Tomoka Matsumura, DDS, PhD,bHaruhisa Fukayama, DDS, PhD,band Tohru Kurabayashi, DDS, PhDa

Objectives. Neurovascular compression (NVC) of the trigeminal nerve is the primary cause of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) but is known to occur in both symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the relationship between the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings regarding the site of NVC and the manifestation of TN symptoms.

Methods. In 147 patients with unilateral TN, the presence or absence of NVC was evaluated on MRI in both symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves. In cases with NVC, the shortest distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the responsible vessel was measured.

Results. The mean distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the site of NVC in asymptomatic nerves (3.85 2.69 mm) was significantly greater than that in symptomatic nerves (0.94 1.27 mm). When the distance was 3 mm or less, the rate of the manifestation of TN symptoms was 83.1% (103/124). On the other hand, it was only 19.6% (9/46) in cases with a distance of greater than 3 mm.

Conclusions. Whether or not NVC of the trigeminal nerve was symptomatic was closely related to the distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the responsible blood vessel. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015;119:113-118)

It is widely accepted that trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is primarily caused by neurovascular compression (NVC) at the root entry zone (REZ) of the trigeminal nerve in the cerebellopontine angle cistern.1-3 Thus, microvas- cular decompression (MVD) is considered the most effective treatment for patients with TN.4The diagnosis of NVC is generally made by MR angiography and MR cisternography.5 It has also been reported that NVC patterns on MRI are closely related to the region of neuralgic manifestation.5 On the other hand, NVC is also known to occur in asymptomatic nerves, that is, those contralateral to TN symptoms or those in asymptomatic subjects.6-10 Thus, the clinical signifi- cance of NVC detected on MRI has not been fully established. Clarifying the distinction between symp- tomatic and asymptomatic NVC would further increase the validity of MRI for the treatment planning for TN.

In asymptomatic NVC, vascular contact may be present at sites distal to the REZ of the trigeminal nerve.

Thus, the likelihood of NVC causing clinical symptoms of TN is thought to be closely related to the distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the responsible blood vessel. However, to our knowledge, few studies have evaluated the relationship between this distance and the manifestation of TN.

Against this background, the purposes of this study were to analyze MRIfindings regarding the location of NVC in both symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves, and to evaluate the relationship between thesefindings and the presence or absence of clinical symptoms of TN.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study was approved by our institu- tional review board (No.895).

Patients

The subjects were 147 consecutive patients with idiopathic TN (61 men and 86 women; age range, 21-93 years; mean age, 64.7 years) who underwent MRI at our hospital from April 2010 to November 2012. Cases with brain tumor or multiple sclerosis were excluded from the study. Recurrent cases after MVD were also excluded. All 147 patients had unilateral TN. Of those, 88 had TN on their right side and 59 on their left side. The diagnosis of TN was made according to the criteria of the International Headache Society.11 Imaging examinations

A 1.5-T superconducting system (Magnetom Vision, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany) with a 2.5 mT/m

aDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.

bDepartment of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.

Received for publication Jun 30, 2014; returned for revision Sep 8, 2014; accepted for publication Sep 11, 2014.

Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2212-4403/$ - see front matter

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2014.09.013

Statement of Clinical Relevance

Neurovascular compression (NVC) is known as the primary cause of trigeminal neuralgia. This study revealed that whether NVC is symptomatic or not is closely related to the distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the responsible blood vessel.

113

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maximum gradient capability and a circularly polarized head coil was used to obtain all MR images.

In all patients, transverse T1-weighted spin-echo im- ages (repetition time/echo time [TR/TE]¼ 560/14 msec) and T2-weighted turbo spin-echo images (TR/TE, 5000/

96 msec; echo train length, seven) were obtained with a field of view of 230  230 mm, a matrix of 256  256, and a section thickness of 3 mm with a 1-mm intersection gap. These images were used to rule out the diagnoses of multiple sclerosis and brain tumor.

MR angiography was performed using a 3D fast imaging with steady-state precession (3D-FISP) sequence with the following parameters: TR/TE 39/6.5 msec, 20-degree flip angle, 230  230-mm field of view, and 256  512 matrix. The other imaging pa- rameters included a slab thickness of 60 mm with 60 sections, yielding transverse images with a section thickness of 1 mm. The acquisition slab was oriented in the transverse direction on the sagittal and coronal scout images so that both sides of the trigeminal nerve could be included in the image. After obtaining transverse images, coronal reformatted images were also obtained by using a multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) algorithm.

MR cisternography was performed using a 3D constructive interference in steady state (3D-CISS) sequence with the following parameters: TR/TE 12.25/

5.9 msec, 70-degreeflip angle, 230  230-mm field of view, and 512  512 matrix. The other imaging pa- rameters included a 34-mm slab thickness with 34 sections, which yielded transverse images with section thicknesses of 1 mm. The acquisition slab was oriented in the same direction asinthe 3D-FISP sequence. Coronal reformatted images were also obtained by using an MPR algorithm.

Image analysis

All 3D-FISP and 3D-CISS images were independently and separately evaluated for the presence or absence of NVC by two radiologists (M.S and N.Y.) who were blinded to the clinical findings. NVC was regarded as present when no cerebrospinalfluid (CSF) was visible between the vessel and the nerve in both of transverse and coronal 3D-CISS images. 3D-FISP images were used to determine whether the responsible blood vessel was an artery or a vein. When disagreement existed about the presence or absence of NVC, a consensus was reached through discussion. In cases with NVC, the same two radiologists used a DICOM viewer (Syngo Via version: VA20A, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany) to independently and separately measure the shortest distance between the trigeminal nerve root and the responsible blood vessel. The details of the mea- surement methods are shown inFigure 1. To evaluate both intra- and interobserver agreement, they measured the distance twice, with a 1-week interval. The mean

value of the four measurements (two observers, two measurements each) was adopted as the distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the responsible blood vessel in each case, and this distance was compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 21.0 software (New York, NY). Interobserver agree- ment regarding the presence or absence of NVC was evaluated by the

k

-coefficient. The

k

values were interpreted as follows: less than 0.40, poor agreement;

0.40-0.59, fair agreement; 0.60-0.74, good agreement;

and 0.75 or more, excellent agreement.12The intra- and interobserver agreements for the distance from the tri- geminal nerve root to the responsible blood vessel were evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). An ICC of 0.20 or less was considered to indi- cate slight agreement; 0.21-0.40, fair; 0.41-0.60, mod- erate; 0.61-0.80, substantial; and 0.81 or more, almost perfect. The Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-square test were used to compare symptomatic and asymp- tomatic nerves in terms of the mean value and distri- bution, respectively, of the distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the responsible blood vessel.

RESULTS

The interobserver agreement for the presence or absence of NVC was excellent (

k

¼ 0.8534). For the measured distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the Fig. 1. The measurement methods of the shortest distance between the trigeminal nerve root and the blood vessel at the site of neurovascular compression (NVC). (A, B) The medial and lateral margin of the entrance of the trigeminal nerve into the brain stem, respectively. (C, D) The site of NVC on the medial and lateral side of the trigeminal nerve, respectively.

When the contact was seen on both medial and lateral sides of TN, either shorter one of the two distancesddistance between A and C or that between B and Ddwas measured. When the contact was seen only on either side, the distance on the corresponding side was measured.

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responsible blood vessel, the intraobserver ICCs for the two observers were 0.903 and 0.936, both of which were almost perfect. Further, the interobserver ICC was 0.972, which was also almost perfect.

As shown in Table I, the frequencies of NVC of symptomatic and asymptomatic trigeminal nerves were 76.2% (112/147) and 39.5% (58/147), respectively.

Forty-five patients (30.6%) had NVC of both symp- tomatic and asymptomatic nerves, 67 (45.6%) of only symptomatic nerves, and 13 (8.8%) of only asymp- tomatic nerves. In the remaining 22 patients (15.0%), NVC was not observed with either nerve. The respon- sible blood vessels in the cases with NVC are shown in Table II. In both symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves, the most common blood vessel was the superior cerebellar artery, followed by the vein. The arterial NVC was significantly more frequent in symptomatic nerves (77.7%; 87/112) than in asymptomatic nerves (53.4%; 31/58) (P< .002, chi-square test).

The mean value of the distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the responsible blood vessel in the cases with NVC was 0.94 1.27 mm for symptomatic nerves (112 cases), and 3.85  2.69 mm for asymptomatic nerves (58 cases). The latter was significantly larger than the former (P< .0001). The distribution of the distances for both symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves is shown in Table III. When the distance was 3 mm or less,

symptomatic nerves were more common than asymp- tomatic nerves. On the other hand, when it was greater than 3 mm, this relationship was not found. Specifically, the rate of TN occurrence was 83.1% in cases with a distance of 3 mm or less (103/124), compared with 19.6% in cases with a distance greater than 3 mm (9/46).

The latter was significantly lower than the former (P< .0001). In particular, in 22 cases with a distance greater than 5 mm, all cases but one were asymptomatic.

MR images of a representative case are shown in Figures 2and 3.

DISCUSSION

TN is characterized by unilateral electric shockelike pain that occurs along one or more sensory divisions of the trigeminal nerve.11,13-15It is widely accepted that TN is primarily caused by NVC at the REZ of the trigeminal nerve.1-3 The REZ is the transition zone between the central and peripheral nervous systems, where focal demyelination of trigeminal nervefibers is likely to occur due to continuous compression by overlying blood ves- sels. Such focal demyelination causes a“short circuit” of the action current in the demyelinated axons, leading to severe pain caused by excited painfibers with abnormal discharges.1-3 Janetta first reported that MVD, which eliminates the vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve, could lead to the relief of TN symptoms.1 At present, MVD is the treatment of choice for patients with TN because it has proven to be effective and has a high rate of long-term success.4

NVC is generally diagnosed by MR angiography us- ing Fast Low Angle Shot (FLASH), FISP, or SPoiled Gradient Recalled (SPGR) sequences and MR cis- ternography using CISS or Fast Imaging Employing Steady sTate Acquisition (FIESTA) sequences.5,16,17In our institution, we routinely use 3D-CISS and 3D-FISP.

CISS images can clearly depict both arteries and veins as low-signal-intensity structures, similar to the trigeminal nerve, whereas FISP images depict only arteries. Thus, by combining these two sequences, we can determine whether the responsible vessel is an artery or a vein.5 Table I. The presence or absence of neurovascular

compression (NVC) in symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves

Number of cases (%)

Symptomatic nerves Asymptomatic nerves

NVC (þ) 112 (76.2) 58 (39.5)

NVC () 35 (23.8) 89 (60.5)

Total 147 (100) 147 (100)

Table II. The responsible blood vessels in the cases with neurovascular compression

Responsible blood vessel

Number of cases (%) Symptomatic

nerves

Asymptomatic nerves

SCA 65 (58.0) 28 (48.3)

Vein 25 (22.3) 27 (46.6)

AICA 10 (8.9) 2 (3.4)

BA 5 (4.5) 1 (1.7)

PICA 3 (2.7)

VA 1 (0.9)

SCA and vein 1 (0.9)

SCA and AICA 1 (0.9)

BA and vein 1 (0.9)

Total 112 (100) 58 (100)

AICA, anterior inferior cerebellar artery; BA, basilar artery; PICA, posterior inferior cerebellar artery; SCA, superior cerebellar artery;

VA, vertebral artery.

Table III. The distribution of the distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the responsible blood vessel in cases with neurovascular compression

Distance

Number of cases

Symptomatic nerves Asymptomatic nerves

1 mm 71 11

1-2 mm 21 7

2-3 mm 11 3

3-4 mm 6 9

4-5 mm 2 7

>5 mm 1 21

Total 112 58

Mean distance 0.94 1.27 mm 3.85 2.69 mm

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The diagnostic criteria for NVC on MRI vary among researchers. In some studies, the presence of NVC has been defined by the lack of CSF intervention between the nerve and the vessel.5,8In our study, we diagnosed NVC when there was no apparent CSF between the two structures on both transverse and coronal consecutive MR images, and theorized that such diagnostic criteria would be useful in reducing false-positive NVC iden- tification. Using this approach, we found NVC in 76.2% (112/147) of symptomatic nerves. This fre- quency was considered consistent with those in previ- ous studies, which ranged from 71% to 93%.7,8,18,19For symptomatic nerves without NVC on MR images, the causes of TN might include arachnoid adhesions at the REZ, nerve atrophy,20and neuralgia after herpes virus infection.21 In addition, it is possible that our study included only a few cases with false-negative NVC results on MRI.

As mentioned above, NVC at the REZ is the primary cause of TN. However, it is well known that MR im- ages reveal NVC of not only symptomatic nerves but also of asymptomatic nerves. Tash et al.6reported that

NVC was found in 46% (79/170) of the trigeminal nerves in asymptomatic subjects. Similarly, NVC of the nerves contralateral to TN symptoms was identified by Anderson et al.7and Erbay et al.8in 71% (34/78) and 25% (10/40) of cases, respectively. Similarly, in our study, NVC was found in 39.5% (58/147) of asymp- tomatic nerves, defined as those contralateral to clinical symptoms. Thus, the clinical significance of NVC detected on MRI has not been fully established. Against this background, we aimed to distinguish symptomatic and asymptomatic NVC on MRI.

Some studies have evaluated the relationship be- tween the severity of NVC and the presence or absence of clinical symptoms of TN. Lorenzoni et al.18 reported that nerve dislocation or distortion by the vessel was observed in 32% of cases on the symp- tomatic side, whereas there was always simple contact on the asymptomatic side. Anderson et al.7classified the severity of NVC into three gradesdsimple, mod- erate, or severedand reported that symptomatic nerves were more likely to be associated with more severe compression. Similar results have also been Fig. 2. Magnetic resonance (MR) images in a 76-year-old man with right trigeminal neuralgia. (A) 3D-CISS transverse image. (B) 3D-CISS coronal image. (C) 3D-FISP transverse image. (D) 3D-FISP coronal image. MR images revealed neurovascular compression on the symptomatic nerve (right side, arrows). The distance from the nerve root to the responsible blood vessel measured on the transverse image (A) was 0 mm. Both the trigeminal nerve and the blood vessel (artery) show low signal intensity on 3D-CISS images (A, B). On the other hand, on 3D-FISP images (C, D), the vessel shows high signal whereas the nerve shows intermediate signal intensity.

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reported by other researchers.9,22 According to these studies, it seems that consistent nerve dislocation or distortion by the offending vessel affects the mani- festation of TN.

Few studies, however, have evaluated the relation- ship between the site of NVC and the presence or absence of clinical symptoms. To our knowledge, the only study to have done thus far is that by Miller et al.9 They defined three sites of NVCdproximal, middle, and distaldand reported that NVC at the proximal site was significantly more frequent in symptomatic nerves than in asymptomatic nerves. However, they did not clearly define the range of the proximal site. Lorenzoni et al.18 evaluated the distance between NVC and the brain stem surface in symptomatic nerves and found that it was less than 3 mm in 39 cases and 3 mm or more in 42 cases. However, they did not compare the distance between symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves. Thus, the relationship between the site of NVC and the presence or absence of clinical symptoms has not been fully examined.

In this study, we measured the distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the site of NVC, comparing symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves. As shown in Table II, the mean distance in the asymptomatic nerves (3.85 2.69 mm) was significantly greater than that in the symptomatic nerves (0.94  1.27 mm). Further, whereas NVC at a distance of 3 mm or less was asso- ciated with a high frequency of symptoms, the rate of symptomatic NVC significantly decreased with dis- tances greater than 3 mm. In particular, in 22 cases with distances greater than 5 mm, all cases but one were asymptomatic. Thus, our study revealed that the fre- quency of clinical symptoms of TN was closely related to the site of NVC of the trigeminal nerve, that is, the distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the respon- sible blood vessel. Specifically, in most of the cases in which this distance was large, NVC caused no clinical symptoms of TN, presumably because it occurred at sites distal to the REZ of the trigeminal nerve. The true extent of the REZ cannot be defined on MRI. However, according to our results, it was considered that the Fig. 3. Magnetic resonance (MR) images in a 76-year-old man with right trigeminal neuralgia (the same patient as inFigure 2). (A) 3D-CISS transverse image. (B) 3D-CISS coronal image. (C) 3D-FISP transverse image. (D) 3D-FISP coronal image. MR images revealed neurovascular compression on the asymptomatic nerve (left side, arrows). The distance from the nerve root to the responsible blood vessel measured on the transverse image (A) was 5.2 mm. Both the trigeminal nerve and the blood vessel (artery) show low signal intensity on 3D-CISS images (A, B). On the other hand, on 3D-FISP images (C, D), the vessel shows high signal, whereas the nerve shows intermediate signal intensity.

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length from the trigeminal nerve root to the distal end of the REZ was usually 3 mm or less, and in only few cases was it greater than 5 mm. At least two anatomic studies have investigated the extent of the REZ. De Ridder et al.23dissectedfive cadavers and reported that the average length from the trigeminal nerve root to the distal end of the REZ was 2.6 mm. Guclu et al.24 re- ported that the average length in six cadavers was 4.19 mm. Although there may be individual differences in the extent of the REZ, we consider that our results are largely compatible with those of these anatomic studies.

There are two main limitations to our study. First, the presence or absence of NVC was evaluated with MRI alone and was not confirmed with surgery. Although MRI findings are known to be highly consistent with intraoperative findings,5it is possible that a few cases were misclassified with regard to the presence or absence of NVC. Second, the patients included in our study all had unilateral TN symptoms, and we compared MRIfindings on the symptomatic side with those on the asymptomatic side. Further research will be necessary to confirm whether the nerves in asymp- tomatic subjects show MRIfindings similar to those of nerves contralateral to TN symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study revealed that whether or not NVC of the trigeminal nerve caused TN was closely related to the site where NVC occurred, that is, to the distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the responsible blood vessel. The manifestation of TN decreased significantly with distances greater than 3 mm and was rarely observed when it was greater than 5 mm.

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4.Barker FG, Janetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, Larkins MV, Jho HAD. The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigemi- nal neuralgia. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1077-1083.

5.Yoshino N, Akimoto H, Yamada I, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia:

evaluation of neuralgic manifestation and site of neurovascular compression with 3D CISS MR imaging and MR angiography.

Radiology. 2003;228:539-545.

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7.Anderson VC, Berryhill PC, Sandquist MA, Ciaverella DP, Nesbit GM, Burchiel KJ. High-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography and three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled imaging in the evaluation of neurovascular compression in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a double-blind pilot study. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:666-673.

8.Erbay SH, Bhadelia RA, Riesenburger R, et al. Association between neurovascular contact on MRI and response to gamma knife radio- surgery in trigeminal neuralgia. Neuroradiology. 2006;48:26-30.

9.Miller JP, Acar F, Hamilton BE, Burchiel KJ. Radiographic eval- uation of trigeminal neurovascular compression in patients with and without trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg. 2009;110:627-632.

10.Peker S, Dincer A, Pamir MN. Vascular compression of the tri- geminal nerve is a frequentfinding in asymptomatic individuals:

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11.Headache classification committee of the international headache society. The international classification of headache disorders, 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004;24:1-160.

12.Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159-174.

13.Love S, Coakham HB. Trigeminal neuralgia pathogenesis and pathogenesis. Brain. 2001;124:2347-2360.

14.Leclercq D, Thiebayt JB, Heran F. Trigeminal neuralgia. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2013;94:993-1001.

15.Kitt CA, Gruber K, Davis M, Woolf CJ, Levine JD. Trigeminal neuralgia: opportunities for research and treatment. Pain. 2000;85:3-7.

16.Raslan AM, DeJesus R, Berk C, Zacest A, Anderson JC, Burchiel KJ. Sensitivity of high-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography and three-dimensional spoiled- gradient recalled imaging in the prediction of neurovascular compression in patients with hemifacial spasm. J Neurosurg.

2009;111:733-736.

17.Zhou Q, Liu ZL, Qu CC, Ni SL, Xue F, Zeng QS. Preoperative demonstration of neurovascular relationship in trigeminal neu- ralgia by using 3D FIESTA sequence. Magn Reson Imaging.

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18.Lorenzoni J, David P, Levivier M. Patterns of neurovascular compression in patients with classic trigeminal neuralgia: a high- resolution MRI-based study. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:1851-1857.

19.Fukuda H, Ishikawa M, Okumura R. Demonstration of neuro- vascular compression in trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm with magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with surgicalfind- ings in 60 consecutive cases. Surg Neurol. 2003;9:93-100.

20.Baechli H, Gratzl O. Microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia with no vascular compression. Eur Surg Res. 2007;39:

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21.Davis LE, King MK. Shingles (herpes zoster) and post-herpetic neuralgia. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2001;3:401-411.

22.Masur H, Papke K, Bongartz G, Vollbrecht K. The significance of three-dimensional MR-defined neurovascular compression for the pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurol. 1995;242:93-98.

23.De Ridder D, Møller A, Verlooy J, Cornelissen M, De Ridder L.

Is the root entry/exit zone important in microvascular compres- sion syndromes? Neurosurgery. 2002;51:427-434.

24.Guclu B, Sindou M, Meyronet D, Streichenberger N, Simon E, Mertens P. Cranial nerve vascular compression syndromes of the trigeminal, facial and vago-glossopharyngeal nerves: comparative anatomical study of the central myelin portion and transitional zone: correlations with incidences of corresponding hyperactive dysfunctional syndromes. Acta Neurochir. 2011;153:2365-2375.

Reprint requests:

Norio Yoshino

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Graduate School

Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo

113-8549 Japan

norio.orad@tmd.ac.jp

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