Volume 2013, Article ID 372781,5pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/372781
Case Report
Rare Giant Granular Cell Ameloblastoma: A Case Report and an Immunohistochemical Study
Santosh Hunasgi,
1Anila Koneru,
1Dinesh Singh Chauhan,
2and Yadavalli Guruprasad
21Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka 584103, India
2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, AME’s Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka 584103, India
Correspondence should be addressed to Santosh Hunasgi; drsantosh31@gmail.com Received 20 January 2013; Accepted 13 February 2013
Academic Editors: M. H. K. Motamedi and M. J. Wahl
Copyright © 2013 Santosh Hunasgi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Aims. The aim is to present a case of rare giant granular cell ameloblastoma and to review the pertinent literature highlighting the molecular aspects of its pathogenesis by analyzing the expression of CD-68, Bcl-2, and𝛽-catenin. Methods. H and E stained sections showed large odontogenic islands showing peripheral ameloblast-like cells and central stellate reticulum-like cells with extensive granular cell transformation surrounded by fibrous stroma. Polyclonal rabbit anti-CD 68, anti-Bcl2, and anti-𝛽-catenin were stained immunohistochemically. Results. CD-68 showed a moderate to strong staining intensity in granular cells. Moderate staining of Bcl-2 was expressed by the peripheral columnar cells of tumor islands and negative in the granular cells. Expression of𝛽-catenin was generally weak, except for only the focal areas that showed a moderate staining intensity and weak in peripheral cells. Conclusion.
The present case of giant granular cell ameloblastoma is a rare entity. Development of monstrous size is indicative of ameloblastomas persistent growth. Granular cell transformation in ameloblastomas probably occurs as a consequence of extensive molecular changes. Immunohistochemical studies help us to know the pathogenesis of this granular cell ameloblastoma. Therefore, an effort has been made here to study the expression of Bcl-2, CD-68, and𝛽-catenin.
1. Introduction
Ameloblastoma is the second most common odontogenic tumor, being clinically and histologically diverse. These tumors have several distinct clinical types, including solid, unicystic, desmoplastic, and peripheral ameloblastomas.
Ameloblastomas are further subclassified as follicular, plex- iform, granular, basal cell, and acanthomatous [1].
Granular cell ameloblastoma (GCA) is a less common histological subtype of ameloblastoma. The English lan- guage literature search has revealed approximately 30 studies regarding this rare subtype of ameloblastoma [2]. It is known to be locally aggressive among all the ameloblastomas and is important to separate GCA from other ameloblastomas because of higher incidence of malignancy and metastases [3].
The granular cells are rich in lysosomal granules, in which there is marked transformation of the cytoplasm,
usually of stellate reticulum-like cells, so that it takes a very coarse, granular, and eosinophilic appearance. This “granular change” is thought to be due to a dysfunctional status of neo- plastic cells, and the pathogenesis of this tumor seems to be age related. Thus, acquisition of granular cell phenotype has been attributed to an aging or degenerative change in long- standing lesions [4].
Ameloblastomas can show slow and asymptomatic growth, because of this, patient seeks treatment only after the lesion has grown remarkably large size [5]. Therefore neglected ameloblastomas may become enormous and cause gross facial deformities that pose considerable problems in management. In English language literature, 10 cases of giant ameloblastomas (3 cases of Follicular and 7 cases of plexiform) are reported till date [5,6]. However, there are no cases of giant granular cell ameloblastomas reported.
Thus the purpose of this paper is to present a case of Rare giant granular cell ameloblastoma and to review
Table 1: The expression of CD 68, Bcl2, and𝛽-catenin in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in a granular cell ameloblastoma.
Examined proteins Staining intensity
Peripheral cells Central cells Granular cells
CD 68 No staining Weak Moderate to severe
Bcl2 Moderate to severe No staining No staining
𝛽-Catenin Weak Moderate to severe Moderate
the pertinent literature highlighting the molecular aspects of its pathogenesis by analyzing the expression of CD-68, Bcl-2, and𝛽-catenin in the present case.
2. Case Report
A 39-year-old female patient reported to our hospital with a complaint of a large painless swelling over the left side of the face. She had first noticed the swelling 10 years ago which was painless with minimal extraoral manifestation. The patient neglected the swelling due to its painless nature and slow growth.
On extra oral examination, a large well-defined swelling measuring approximately 12 cm× 10 cm was found in the left cheek, mandible, and submental region (Figure1). Swelling was soft to firm in consistency with normal overlying stretched skin and no sinus or discharge observed. Intraorally, massive swelling was noticed from 31 to retromolar area, pushing the tongue to the contralateral side. Tongue move- ments were restricted. Crowding and extrusion of lower left anterior and premolars were observed.
Radiographic examination revealed a multilocular radi- olucency, extending from left condyle and coronoid to right central and lateral incisors, with thinning of lower border of mandible (Figure2). Surgically excised hemimandibulec- tomy specimen measured 12 × 9 × 10 cm and weighed 1200 grams (Figure 3). A followup of one year showed no recurrence.
3. Methods
3.1. Histopathological Analysis. H and E stained sections showed large odontogenic islands showing peripheral amelo- blast-like cells and central stellate reticulum-like cells with extensive granular cell transformation surrounded by fibrous stroma (Figure 4). The granular cells exhibited coarsely granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and small pyknotic nuclei (Figure5). Therefore, a final diagnosis of ameloblastoma, gra- nular cell variant, was given. The patient was followed up for 1 year and showed no signs of recurrence.
3.2. Immunohistochemical Analysis. Polyclonal rabbit anti- CD-68, anti-Bcl-2, and anti-𝛽-catenin (Biogenix Life Sci- ences Limited, CA, USA) were used for immunohistochem- istry employing the super sensitive polymer HRP detection system. The sections were later counter-stained with Mayer’s hematoxylin. The presence of brown color at the site of target antigen was considered as immunopositive.
The immunoreactivity was assessed based on staining intensity. The staining intensity of positive cells was evaluated visually and classified as follows: weak, moderate, and strong intensity. Finally localization of positively stained cells was also assessed, that is, in peripheral ameloblast-like cells, cen- tral stellate reticulum like cells, and granular cells.
4. Results
The tumor cells of granular cell ameloblastoma showed posi- tive immunoreactivity to all proteins (Figures6,7, and8). The expression of CD-68, Bcl-2, and𝛽-Catenin is summarized in Table1. CD-68 showed a moderate to strong staining intensity in granular cells (Figure6). Moderate staining of Bcl-2 was expressed by the peripheral columnar cells of tumor islands and negative in the granular cells (Figure7). Expression of𝛽- catenin was generally weak, except for only the focal areas that showed a moderate staining intensity and weak in peripheral cells (Figure8).
5. Discussion
This study reports a case of granular cell ameloblastoma that developed at the posterior mandible of a 39-year-old female.
Based on a series of 20 cases of granular cell ameloblastoma, this tumor occurs at an average age of 40.7 years with no significant gender predilection and is found predominantly at the posterior region of the mandible particularly around the angle of the mandible. The age and the location of tumor of this case appear to be consistent with the study by Hartman [7].
The term “giant” or “extreme” ameloblastoma is reserved for lesions that are truly large and that cause gross asymmetry and regional dysfunction. Patients with extreme ameloblas- tomas are usually from rural areas of developing countries who delay the treatment due to fear of surgery [5]. In the present case, the tumor reached an enormous size over 10 years causing gross facial deformity. Till date, there have been ten reported cases of extreme ameloblastoma (Table2). The maximum size measured was17 × 15 × 13 cm reported by Acharya et al. [5] where as present case measured12 × 9 × 10 cm. All reports were of large tumors involving half of the mandible, and histological diagnosis in these ten cases was either follicular or plexiform type of ameloblastoma [5]. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of giant granular cell ameloblastoma.
Granular cell change in classic ameloblastoma is a well- recognized phenomenon. There has been considerable inter- est as to the nature of granular cells in ameloblastoma ever
Table 2: A review of clinical features, tumor size, and histopathological type of giant ameloblastomas that were previously reported and the present case.
SL. no Year Age Sex Tumor size Histopathological type
1 1977 57 M Mental region to ramus of mandible Follicular ameloblastoma
2 1977 62 F Right wisdom tooth to left 1st premolar tooth region Plexiform ameloblastoma
3 1985 30 F 15× 14 × 12 cm Plexiform ameloblastoma
4 1990 33 M Right cuspid tooth to left mandibular condyle Follicular ameloblastoma
5 1991 39 F 11× 10 × 6 cm Plexiform ameloblastoma
6 1995 73 M 11× 11 × 14 cm Plexiform ameloblastoma
7 1997 62 F 17× 15 × 13 cm Plexiform ameloblastoma
8 1999 53 F 15.2× 11.4 × 12 cm Plexiform ameloblastoma
9 2005 53 M 14× 11 × 10 cm Follicular ameloblastoma
10 2011 35 F 15× 12 × 10 cm Plexiform ameloblastoma
11 Present case 39 F 12× 9 × 10 cm Granular cell ameloblastoma
Figure 1: Extra oral examination showed a large well-defined swel- ling measuring approximately12 × 9 × 10 cm in the left cheek, man- dible and submental region.
since it was recognized. The granular cells acquire small pyknotic nuclei and bulky cytoplasm filled with coarse eosinophilic granules indicating that there is an apoptotic process taking place. Several immunohistochemical studies showed increased apoptotic cells and decreased expression of antiapoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and p53 proteins in granular cell ameloblastomas [8]. Similarly in the present case, Bcl-2 expression was negative in granular cells.
In granular cell clusters, apoptotic cell fragments with condensed nuclei were phagocytosed by adjacent granular cells and degraded within lysosomes. Therefore, granular cells show positivity for CD-68, lysozyme, and alpha-1-anti- chymotrypsin indicating cytoplasmic lysosomal aggregates [8]. Similarly in the present case, CD-68 expression was moderate to strong in granular cells.
Cell signaling pathways related to cell proliferation and differentiation are lost or inactive in the granular cells. Hence, the cell signaling molecules such as𝛽-catenin, BMP-4, and Wnt-2 are altered in granular cells [9]. Similarly in the present case,𝛽-catenin expression was shown to moderate staining in granular cells. Finally, the immunohistochemical results in the present case highlights that Bcl-2 negativity in granular
Figure 2: Radiographic examination revealed a multilocular radi- olucency, extending from left condyle and coronoid process to right central and lateral incisors with thinning of lower border of man- dible.
Figure 3: Surgically excised hemimandibulectomy specimen mea- sured12 × 9 × 10 cm.
cells indicating an apoptotic process, CD-68 positivity in granular cells indicating the presence of lysosomal aggregates and𝛽-catenin cytoplasmic positivity in granular cells indicat- ing an altered cell signaling pathways.
Granular cell ameloblastoma is locally aggressive and has a relatively high chance of recurrence. Recurrence rate for granular cell ameloblastoma was reported to be 33.3%,
Figure 4: Large odontogenic islands showing peripheral amelo- blast-like cells and central stellate reticulum-like cells with extensive granular cell transformation surrounded by fibrous stroma (H and E 20x).
Figure 5: The granular cells exhibited coarsely granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and small pyknotic nuclei (H and E 40x).
Figure 6: CD-68 showed a moderate to strong staining intensity in granular cells (20x).
which is higher, compared to the more common follicular, plexiform, and acanthomatous subtypes [10]. The present case was followed up for one year and showed no signs of recurrence.
6. Conclusion
The present case of giant granular cell ameloblastoma is a rare entity. Development of monstrous size is indicative of
Figure 7: Moderate staining of Bcl-2 was expressed by the periph- eral columnar cells of tumor islands and negative in the granular cells (40x).
Figure 8: Expression of𝛽-catenin was generally weak, except for only the focal areas that showed a moderate staining intensity and weak in peripheral cells (20x).
ameloblastomas persistent growth. Granular cell transforma- tion in ameloblastomas probably occurs as a consequence of extensive molecular changes occurring in central stellate reticulum-like cells. Immunohistochemical studies help us to know the pathogenesis of this granular cell ameloblas- toma. Therefore, an effort has been made here to study the expression of Bcl-2, CD-68, and𝛽-catenin. Further studies on a large scale are essential for better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of ameloblastoma and its subtypes in providing diagnostic and therapeutic benefits.
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