Cost-sensitive Multiclass Classification Using One-versus-one Comparisons

Cost-sensitive Multiclass Classification Using One-versus-one Comparisons

Hsuan-Tien Lin

Assistant Professor

Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Taiwan University

Talk at Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, 12/12/2014

Based on the paper “Reduction from cost-sensitive multiclass classification to one-versus-one binary classification”, ACML 2014

Which Digit Did You Write?

?

one (1) two (2) three (3) four (4)

aclassification problem

—grouping “pictures” into different “categories”

How can machines learn to classify?

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 1 / 27

Learning from Data

?

examples (picture x_n, category y_n)

?

learning good

decision function g(x ) ≈ f (x ) algorithm

'

&

$

% -

6

learning model {gα(x )}

challenge:

see only {(x_n,y_n)}without knowing f (x ) or e(x )

=⇒? generalize to unseen (x , y ) w.r.t. f (x )

Mis-prediction Costs

? ZIP code recognition:

1:wrong; 2:right; 3: wrong; 4: wrong check value recognition:

1:one-dollar mistake; 2:no mistake;

3:one-dollar mistake; 4:two-dollar mistake evaluation by formation similarity:

1:not very similar; 2: very similar;

3:somewhat similar; 4: asilly prediction

different applications evaluate mis-predictions differently

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 3 / 27

ZIP Code Recognition

?

1: wrong; 2: right; 3:wrong; 4:right regular classification problem: only right or wrong wrong cost: 1; right cost: 0

prediction error of g on some (x , y ):

classification cost =Jy 6= g (x )K

regular classification:well-studied, many good algo- rithms

Check Value Recognition

?

1:one-dollar mistake; 2:no mistake;

3:one-dollar mistake; 4: two-dollar mistake cost-sensitive classification problem:

different costs for different mis-predictions e.g. prediction error of g on some (x , y ):

absolute cost = |y − g(x )|

cost-sensitive classification: new, need more re- search

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 5 / 27

What is the Status of the Patient?

?

H1N1-infected cold-infected healthy

anotherclassification problem

—grouping “patients” into different “status”

Are all mis-prediction costs equal?

Patient Status Prediction

error measure = society cost

C =

XXXX

XXXX XX actual

predicted

H1N1 cold healthy

H1N1 0 1000 100000

cold 100 0 3000

healthy 100 30 0

H1N1 mis-predicted as healthy:very high cost cold mis-predicted as healthy: high cost

cold correctly predicted as cold: no cost

human doctors consider costs of decision;

can computer-aided diagnosis do the same?

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 7 / 27

Which Age-Group?

?

infant (1) child (2) teen (3) adult (4)

small mistake—classify a child as a teen;

big mistake—classify an infant as an adult prediction error of g on some (x , y ):

C(y , g(x)), where C =









0 1 4 5 1 0 1 3 3 1 0 2 5 4 1 0









C: cost matrix

Cost Matrix C

regular classification C = classification cost C_c:









0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0









cost-sensitive classification C = anything other than Cc:









0 1 4 5 1 0 1 3 3 1 0 2 5 4 1 0









regular classification:

special case of cost-sensitive classification

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 9 / 27

Cost-sensitive Classification Setup

Given

N examples, each (input x_n,label y_n) ∈ X × {1, 2, . . . , K } × R^K; cost matrix C

K = 2: binary; K > 2: multiclass will assume C(y , y ) = min_{1≤k ≤K}C(y , k )

Goal

a classifier g(x ) that pays a small cost C(y , g(x )) on futureunseen example (x , y )

cost-sensitive classification:

more realistic than regular one

Our Contribution

binary multiclass

regular well-studied well-studied

cost-sensitive known(Zadrozny, 2003) ongoing(our work, among others)

a theoretical and algorithmic study of cost-sensitive classi- fication, which ...

introduces a methodology for extending regular classification algorithms to cost-sensitive ones with any cost

providesstrong theoretical support for the methodology

leads to some promising algorithms withsuperior experimental results

will describe the methodology and a concrete algorithm

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 11 / 27

Central Idea: Reduction

(iPod)

complex cost-sensitive problems

(adapter) (reduction)

(cassette player)

simpler regular classification problems with well-known results on models, algorithms, and theories

If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants—I. Newton

Cost-Sensitive Binary Classification (1/2)

medical profile x

? medical profile x₁

H1N1(1)

medical profile x₂ NOH1N1(2) predictingH1N1asNOH1N1:

serious consequences to public health predictingNOH1N1asH1N1:

not good, but less serious cost-sensitive C: ^{0 1000}

1 0



regular Cc:^{0 1} 1 0



how to change the entry from 1 to 1000?

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 13 / 27

Cost-Sensitive Binary Classification (2/2)

copy each case labeledH1N11000times

original problem

evaluate w/^{0 1000}

1 0



(x₁,H1N1) (x₂,NOH1N1) (x₃,NOH1N1) (x₄,NOH1N1)

(x5,H1N1)

equivalent problem evaluate w/^{0 1}

1 0



(x₁,H1N1), · · · , (x₁,H1N1) (x₂,NOH1N1) (x₃,NOH1N1) (x₄,NOH1N1) (x5,H1N1), · · · , (x5,H1N1)

mathematically:

0 1000

1 0



=1000 0

0 1



·0 1 1 0



Key Idea: Cost Transformation

0 1000

1 0



| {z }

C

=1000 0

0 1



| {z }

#of copies

·0 1 1 0



| {z }

Cc









0 1 1 1 3 2 3 4 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0









| {z }

C

=









1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1









| {z }

mixture weightsQ

·









0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0









| {z }

C_c,invertible

split the cost-sensitive example:

(x , 2)

=⇒ a mixture of regular examples {(x, 1), (x, 2), (x, 2), (x, 3)}

or a weighted mixture {(x , 1, 1), (x , 2, 2), (x , 3, 1)}

why split?

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 15 / 27

Cost Equivalence by Splitting









0 1 1 1 3 2 3 4 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0









| {z }

C

=









1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1









| {z }

mixture weightsQ

·









0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0









| {z }

C_c

(x , 2)

=⇒ a weighted mixture {(x, 1, 1), (x, 2, 2), (x, 3, 1)}

cost equivalence: for any classifier g, C(y , g(x)) =XK

`=1Q(y , `)C_c(`,g(x )) min_g expected LHS (cost-sensitive)

= ming expected RHS (regular when Q(y , `) ≥ 0)

Cost Transformation Methodology: Preliminary

1 split each training example (x_n,y_n)to a weighted mixture(x_n, `,Q(yn, `)) K

`=1

2 apply regular classification algorithm on the weighted mixtures

N

S

n=1

(x_n, `,Q(y<sub>n</sub>, `)) K

`=1

by cost equivalence,

good g for new regular classification problem

=

but what if Q(yn, `)negative?

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 17 / 27

Similar Cost Vectors

1 0 1 2 3 2 3 4



| {z }

costs

=1/3 4/3 1/3 −2/3

1 2 1 0



| {z }

mixture weights Q(y , `)

·









0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0









| {z }

classification costs

negative Q(y , `): cannot split

but ˆc = (1, 0, 1, 2) is similar to c = (3, 2, 3, 4):

for any classifier g,

ˆc[g(x )] + constant = c[g(x )]

constant can be dropped during minimization

shifting cost matrix by constant rows does not affect minimization

Cost Transformation Methodology: Revised









0 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0









| {z }

C

+









0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0









| {z }

constant rows

=









1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1









| {z }

mixture weightsQ

·









0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0









| {z }

Cc

1 shift each row of original cost to a similar and

“splittable” C(y , :), i.e., with Q(y_n, `) ≥0

2 split (x_n,y_n)to weighted mixture(x_n, `,Q(y<sub>n</sub>, `)) K

`=1

3 apply regular classification algorithm on the weighted mixtures

N

S

n=1

(x_n, `,Q(yn, `)) K

`=1

good g for new regular classification problem

=

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 19 / 27

Uncertainty in Mixture

a single example {(x , 2)}

—certain that the desired label is 2

a mixture {(x , 1, 1), (x , 2, 2), (x , 3, 1)} sharing the same x

—uncertainty in the desired label (25% : 1, 50% : 2, 25% : 3) over-shifting adds unnecessary mixture uncertainty:

 3 2 3 4

33 32 33 34



| {z }

costs

= 1 2 1 0

11 12 11 10



| {z }

mixture weights

·









0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0









| {z }

C_c

should choose a similar and splittablec withminimum mixture uncertainty

Cost Transformation Methodology: Final

1 shift original cost to a similar and splittable Cwith minimum “mixture uncertainty”

2 split (xn,yn)to a weighted mixture(x_n, `,Q(yn, `) K

`=1

with C

3 apply regular classification algorithm on the weighted mixtures

N

S

n=1

(x_n, `,Q(yn, `)) K

`=1

mixture uncertainty: entropy of each normalized Q(y , :) a simple and unique optimal shifting exists for every C

—Q(y , k ) = max<sub>`</sub>C(y , `) − C(y , k )

good g for new regular classification problem

=

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 21 / 27

Unavoidable (Minimum) Uncertainty

Original Cost-Sensitive Clas- sification Problem

1 2 3 4

individual examples with certainty

+absolute cost =

New Regular Classification Problem

mixtures with unavoidable uncertainty

new problem usuallyharder than original one

needrobustregular classification algorithm to deal with uncertainty

From OVO to CSOVO

One-Versus-One: A Popular Classification Meta-Method

1 for a pair (i, j), take all examples (x_n,y_n)that y_n=i or j

2 train a binary classifier g^(i,j)using those examples

3 repeat the previous two steps for all different (i, j)

4 predict using the votes from g^(i,j)

cost-sensitive multiclass classification

cost transformation

=⇒ regular (weighted) multiclass classification

OVO decomposition

=⇒ regular (weighted) binary classification cost-sensitive one-versus-one:

cost transformation + one-versus-one

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 23 / 27

Cost-Sensitive One-Versus-One (CSOVO)

1 for a pair (i, j), transform all examples (xn,yn)to xn,argmin

k ∈{i,j}

C(yn,k )

!

with weight

C(yn,i) − C(yn,j) 

2 train a binary classifier g^(i,j)using those examples

3 repeat the previous two steps for all different (i, j)

4 predict using the votes from g^(i,j) comes withgood theoretical guarantee:

test cost of final classifier ≤ 2X

i<jtest cost of g^(i,j) simple, efficient, and

takes original OVO asspecial case

CSOVO v.s. OVO

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 25 / 27

veh vow seg dna sat usp

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

avg. test random cost

CSOVO

OVO OVO: popular regular classification

meta-method,NOT cost-sensitive couple both

meta-methods with SVM

CSOVO often better suited for cost-sensitive classification

CSOVO v.s. WAP

veh vow seg dna sat usp

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

avg. test random cost

CSOVO

WAP a general

cost-sensitive setup with “random” cost WAP(Abe et al., 2004): related to CSOVO, but more complicated and slower

couple both

meta-methods with SVM

CSOVO simpler, faster, with similar performance

—a preferable choice

Conclusion

cost transformation methodology:

makesany (robust) regular classification algorithm cost-sensitive theoretical guarantee: cost equivalence

algorithmic use: anovel and simple algorithm CSOVO experimental performance of CSOVO:superior

Thank you for your attention!

H.-T. Lin (NTU CSIE) Cost-sensitive One-versus-one 12/12/2014 27 / 27